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1
Akyol, Emel Özgen Tamerkan. "Synthesis of Magnesium Hydride And Sodium Borohydride At Low Temperatures/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2006. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/master/kimya/T000567.pdf.
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Wang, Yicheng. "Slow collisions of hydride ion and deuteride ion with sodium, potassium and cesium." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623770.
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The cross sections of charge transfer and electron detachment in collisions of H$\sp{-}$ and D$\sp{-}$ with Na, K and Cs have been measured for collision energies ranging from 3 to 300 eV. Both charge transfer and electron detachment are significant electron-loss mechanisms for H$\sp{-}$(D$\sp{-}$); both processes exhibit velocity-dependent isotope effects for H$\sp{-}$ and D$\sp{-}$. $\sigma\sb{\rm cg}$(E) displays high energetic thresholds for Na and K (about 20 eV for H$\sp{-}$ + Na and 40 eV for H$\sp{-}$ + K) yet no obvious one for Cs. $\sigma\sb{\rm e}$(E) does not depend on the target as much as $\sigma\sb{\rm ct}$(E) and displays near zero-energy thresholds. The relative importance of charge transfer as an electron-loss mechanism decreases as the mass of the alkali-metal increases.
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Hayward, Michael Andrew. "The synthesis and characterisation of some novel reduced transition metal oxides." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326022.
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Afonso, Louis Greg. "Studies of hydrogen storage in the sodium borohydride and magnesium nickel hydride composite system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43802.
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Complex metal hydrides typically have high enthalpies which lead to desorption temperatures
that are too high for practical use. Thermodynamic destabilization is one method used
to lower the enthalpy of decomposition and hence lower the temperature of desorption of
a complex metal hydride. A lower temperature (less than 100ºC) would enable waste heat
from a PEM(Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) fuel cell to drive the hydrogen desorption reaction.
NaBH₄ was destabilized by ball milling NaBH₄ and Mg₂NiH₄ in a 4:5 molar ratio,
respectively. Ball milling periods of up to 2 hours did not have an effect on the thermodynamics
or the kinetics of the system. Grain sizes of the two phases, NaBH₄ and Mg₂NiH₄,
were reduced during the first 30 minutes of ball milling. The decomposition enthalpy of the
system was measured and found to be 67 ± 4 kJ mol⁻¹
H₂
for the decomposition of Mg₂NiH₄
in the composite, 76 ± 5 kJ mol⁻¹
for the decomposition of NaBH₄ and 95 ± 7 kJ mol⁻¹
H₂
for the decomposition of NaH, which corresponds to measured desorptions at 275, 360 and
420 ºC respectively. The enthalpy of absorption corresponding to Mg₂NiH₄ in the composite
was 59 ± 4 kJ mol⁻¹
H₂
. During dehydrogenation of the NaBH₄ phase, the ternary
boride phase MgNi₂.₅B₂ is formed under a hydrogen back pressure of vacuum, 1 bar and 5
bar. The total capacity of the system is 5.1 wt%, and a capacity loss of 2.25 wt% hydrogen
was noted during cycling studies partially due to the formation of MgNi₂, which is a nonhydriding
phase, loss of Na from the sample holder, and the formation of large crystals of
Mg that could not be hydrogenated easily. Kinetic analysis was conducted and an activation
energy of 131 ± 24 kJ mol⁻¹ was determined for the decomposition of the Mg₂NiH₄ phase of the composite. XRD phase analysis showed that the Mg₂NiH₄ decomposed first starting
at about 275 ºC, followed by the decomposition of NaBH₄ at around 360 ºC. By 400 ºC,
XRD analysis showed that the MgNi₂.₅B₂ phase had formed. The effect of cycling on the
crystallographic phases showed a change from monoclinic to cubic for the Mg₂NiH₄ phase
of the composite as well as the formation of MgNi₂.
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Urbanczyk, Robert, Kateryna Peinecke, Michael Felderhoff, Klaus Hauschild, Wolfgang Kersten, Stefan Peil, and Dieter Bathen. "Aluminium alloy based hydrogen storage tank operated with sodium aluminium hexahydride Na3AlH6." Elsevier, 2014. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36284.
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Here we present the development of an aluminium alloy based hydrogen storage tank, charged with Ti-doped sodium aluminium hexahydride Na3AlH6. This hydride has a theoretical hydrogen storage capacity of 3 mass-% and can be operated at lower pressure compared to sodium alanate NaAlH4. The tank was made of aluminium alloy EN AW 6082 T6. The heat transfer was realised through an oil flow in a bayonet heat exchanger, manufactured by extrusion moulding from aluminium alloy EN AW 6060 T6. Na3AlH6 is prepared from 4 mol-% TiCl3 doped sodium aluminium tetrahydride NaAlH4 by addition of two moles of sodium hydride NaH in ball milling process. The hydrogen storage tank was filled with 213 g of doped Na3AlH6 in dehydrogenated state. Maximum of 3.6 g (1.7 mass-% of the hydride mass) of hydrogen was released from the hydride at approximately 450 K and the same hydrogen mass was consumed at 2.5 MPa hydrogenation pressure. 45 cycle tests (rehydrogenation and dehydrogenation) were carried out without any failure of the tank or its components. Operation of the tank under real conditions indicated the possibility for applications with stationary HT-PEM fuel cell systems.
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Kostka, Johannes. "Wasserstoffgenerator-Systeme auf Basis chemischer Hydride zur Versorgung von PEM-Brennstoffzellen im Kleinleistungsbereich." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-100204.
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Drei Wasserstoffgenerator-Systeme (WGS) auf Basis chemischer Hydride wurden in dieser Arbeit als Labormuster ausgelegt, gefertigt und in ihren Betriebseigenschaften analysiert. Es wurden ein 20 W-WGS und zwei 100 W-WGS untersucht.
Als chemische Hydride wurden Amminboran und Natriumborhydrid ausgewählt. Aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise einfachen Lagerfähigkeit, ihren moderaten Freisetzungsbedingungen und ihrer volumetrisch wie gravimetrisch hohen Wasserstoffdichten erschienen sie in besonderer Weise geeignet für Wasserstoffgeneratoren im Kleinleistungsbereich. Zwar zeigen diese chemischen Hydride zurzeit hinsichtlich ihrer Kosten, ihrer Energieeffizienz bei der Herstellung und ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit keine Vorteile gegenüber verdichtetem Wasserstoff, jedoch besitzen sie mit ihrer hohen, auf das Hydrid bezogenen Energiedichte ein positives Alleinstellungsmerkmal. Bei der Entwicklung der WGS standen daher neben der Betriebszuverlässigkeit und Regelbarkeit die Optimierung der systembezogenen Energiedichte WGS im Fokus.
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Selvaraj, Dinesh Kumar. "Solubility studies on the Na - F - PO4 system in sodium nitrate and in sodium hydroxide solutions." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2003. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07092003-173535/unrestricted/Dinesh%5FThesis.pdf.
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Behm, Mårten. "Electrochemical generation of polysulfide liquor and sodium hydroxide from white liquor /." Stockholm, 1998. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs98/behm0220.pdf.
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Gentek, Natalia, Melissa Jöe, Sofia Lindell, Karin Norgren, and Ellen Sjövall. "A rheological study of hyaluronan and sodium hydroxide at different concentrations." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354045.
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This thesis examines how the rheological properties change depending on the composition of hyaluronan, HA and sodium hydroxide, NaOH. This was performed to see if there was any relationship between the rheological properties of a sample depending on different compositions of HA and NaOH. Moreover, the fluidity of the samples was studied by investigating . Five concentrations of HA (11, 18, 20, 25, 33 wt%) were investigated with six concentrations of NaOH (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 wt%). Rheology was used to determine rheological properties of the composition and the rheometric data was obtained from three different measurements: time sweep, frequency sweep and amplitude sweep. G', G'' andwere investigated but no clear correlation was found. However, some patterns were detected for frequency sweep and amplitude sweep. The graphs generally followed the same shape and the compositions with 11% HA generally had the lowest G' and G'' values. Additionally, the majority of the samples, that could be measured, could be defined as fluids, due to being higher than 1.
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Lundblad, Helena. "Split of sodium and sulfur in a Kraft mill and internal production of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-158486.
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The removal of lignin in a Kraft pulp mill, with the aim to utilize the lignin as more value added green product than just firing lignin in black liquor, is possible with a LignoBoost plant. The LignoBoost plant uses sulfuric acid in the process and this results in an increased net input of sulfur to the pulp mills recovery cycle. The sodium/sulfur balance in a Kraft pulp mill is an important factor to be able to run a mill optimal. The increased input of sulfur into the mill when implementing a LignoBoost plant is therefore an issue to address. A too high sulfur/sodium ratio in the Kraft pulp mill is often solved by purging electrostatic precipitator dust from the recovery boiler. The major component of the ESP dust is sodium sulfate. When purging ESP dust from the recovery boiler the mill loose sodium and the need of sodium make-up increases. A large extent of the ESP dust that is not purged is returned to the recovery cycle of the mill via the evaporation plant. If the recycled sodium sulfate could be split and returned to the recovery cycle as one controlled sodium- and one controlled sulfur component or at least split into two flows where sulfur is enriched in one flow and sodium in the other flow, the sodium/sulfur balance would be easier controlled. In this master thesis the split of sodium and sulfur in sodium sulfate is addressed. The aim is to study opportunities to: • Enrich sodium and sulfur in two flows from the dissolved ESP dust, which is normally recycled to the evaporation plant. • Produce one sulfur component and one sodium component that can be utilized in the Kraft pulp mill, especially in an integrated LignoBoost process. • Accomplish this by using an electrochemical split of the sodium sulfate from the ESP dust to generate sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. To be able to produce one sulfur component and one sodium component from the dissolved ESP dust an electrodialysis with or without bipolar membranes is the method to use decided after contact with Eka Chemicals research and development department and literature studies. An electrodialysis cell produces sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, from the sodium sulfate solution, that can be used in the Kraft pulp mill. The difficulty by using an electrochemical cell with ion selective membranes is the need of a pure feed to the cell. If a high content of contaminations, such as multivalent ions, is present in the feed solution to the cell scaling can be formed. Scaling leads to shorter membrane life that result in higher operational cost for the cell stack. Due to the multivalent ions in the electrostatic dust a pre-treatment such as carbonate- and hydroxide precipitation removal of the ions is suggested, which results in a decrease of the multivalent ions in the feed solution. In previous work concerning electrochemical split of sodium sulfate the lack of utilization for the produced acid became negative in an economical point of view. The need of sulfuric acid to the LignoBoost plant is an advantage for the economical study. In this master thesis is: • An economical case study for the implementation of an electrochemical cell, electrodialysis with or without a bipolar membrane, in a Kraft pulp mill performed. • A sensitivity analysis performed and evaluated in the aim of addressing the change in payback time due to alternating: Sodium price Membrane life Utilization of the acid produced from the electrochemical cell. The economical case study concerns a Kraft pulp mill with a LignoBoost plant. Utilization of the acid to the LignoBoost- and tall oil plant is varied, as is the membrane life for the cell stack. The membrane life is varied due to the difficulty of predicting the ESP-feed solutions affect on the membranes. The feed solution has to be tested in a cell to decide the real life for the membrane in this case. The electrodialysis cell with bipolar membranes indicates promising economical gain for future implementation in a mill with LignoBoost lignin removal compared to the electrodialysis cell that indicates no economical gain for future implementation in a mill. For a mill with both a LignoBoost plant and a tall oil plant, i.e. optimized utilization of acid from the electrodialysis with bipolar membrane, and a five years membrane life in the cell, a payback of one and a half year can be reached. The same case but for an electrodialysis results in nine and a half payback years. The sensitivity analysis show that compared to the electrodialysis with bipolar membrane, the electrodialysis cell is more vulnerable to changes for the acid utilization, sodium hydroxide price and membrane life. The BME cell is most affected by changes in the sodium hydroxide price and the ED cell affects most by changes in the membrane life.
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Melle-Franco, Manuel. "Computer simulation of ionic solids of technological interest." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327447.
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Alqaralleh, Rania Mona. "Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22674.
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The rapid accumulation of municipal solid waste is a significant environmental concern in our rapidly growing world. Due to its low cost, high energy recovery and limited environmental impact anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising solution for stabilizing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Hydrolysis is often the rate-limiting step during AD of wastes with high solid content; this step can be accelerated by pretreatment of waste prior to AD.
This thesis presents the results of alkaline pretreatment of OFMSW using NaOH and KOH. Four different pH levels 10, 11, 12 and 13 at two temperatures 23±1°C and 80±1°C were examined to study the effects of the pretreatment on (i) enhancing the solubility of the organic fraction of the waste, and (ii) enhancing the AD process and the biogas production. The effects on solubility were investigated by measuring changes in the soluble COD (SCOD) concentrations of pretreated wastes and the enhanced AD was investigated by measuring volatile solids (VS) destruction, total COD (TCOD) and SCOD removal in addition to biogas and methane production using biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay and semi-continuous laboratory reactor experiments. Pretreatment at pH 13 at 80±1°C demonstrated the maximum solubility for both NaOH and KOH pretreated samples; however the BMP analysis demonstrated that pretreatment at pH 12 at 23±1°C showed the greatest biogas yield relative to the removed VS for both chemicals. Thus pretreatment at pH 12 at 23±1°C using NaOH and KOH were examined using semi-continuous reactors at three different HRTs: 10, 15 and 20 days. Pretreatment demonstrated a significant improvement in the AD performance at SRTs of 10 and 15 days.
13
iroký, Ján. "Sodium hydroxide treatment of lyocell and its effect on sorption and physicochemical properties." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.545715.
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Rechberger, Johann. "Stress corrosion cracking of rotor steels in carbonate/bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26321.
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In this study, the stress corrosion behavior of 3.5%NiCrMoV and 1%CrMoV steels was investigated. Tests were conducted at 95°C in carbonate/bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions. Results from slow strain rate tensile tests and fracture mechanics experiments were compared. A new, easily machinable, specimen geometry for fracture mechanics experiments was tested. The influence of pH, potential, microstructure and inclusions were studied.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was found with all three steels in the 3.5M NaOH solution at active, passive and transpassive potentials. In the 1M carbonate/
bicarbonate solutions, the 1%CrMoV steels showed very severe cracking only during slow strain rate experiments. No major difference in cracking behavior was found between a regular 3.5%NiCrMoV steel and a super clean 3.5%NiCrMoV steel with low Mn and Si content. In acidic CO₂/H₂O environments, crack tip blunting was observed due to strong dissolution processes.Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
15
Reed, Gregg Arthur. "Nucleophilicity of hydroxide, hydrosulfide, and anthrahydroquinone ions toward saturated and unsaturated carbon centers at high temperatures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5505.
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Wang, Ying. "Cellulose fiber dissolution in sodium hydroxide solution at low temperature dissolution kinetics and solubility improvement /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26632.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Deng, Yulin; Committee Member: Banerjee, Sujit; Committee Member: Frederick, James; Committee Member: Hsieh, Jeffery; Committee Member: Ragauskas, Arthur J.. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Thota, Ravi Meher. "Comparison of lime and sodium hydroxide for the control of gas production from sewage sludges." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020112/.
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Lekander, Maria, Troncoso Jonathan Fagerström, Abdelrahman Idjbara, Ida Karlsson, Teresia Lindgren, and Simon Ström. "A kinetic study of the degradation of hyaluronic acid at high concentrations of sodium hydroxide." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301379.
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During production of different Hyaluronic acid (HA) products Galderma use a high concentration of NaOH in the crosslinking process of HA. HA’s degradation kinetics are widely unknown at higher pH’s and is interesting for the future of product development of HA. Static Light Scattering (SLS) was used to determine the weight average molecular weight (MW ) of samples with four different NaOH concentrations, four temperatures, three reaction times and one t0 sample. The results were evaluated in forms of Arrhenius-graphs for different NaOH concentrations, the activation energy (EA ) with respect to pH and the reaction rate for each temperature with respect to NaOH concentration. It was found that the degradation of HA was more strongly affected by temperature than by NaOH concentration and that the EA did not show any significant signs of change between higher concentrations of NaOH.
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Yoslim, Jeffry. "The effect of surfactant on the morphology of methane/propane clathrate hydrate crystals." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3415.
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Considerable research has been done to improve hydrate formation rate. One of the ideas is to introduce mechanical mixing which later tend to complicate the design and operation of the hydrate formation processes. Another approach is to add surfactant (promoter) that will improve the hydrate formation rate and also its storage capacity to be closer to the maximum hydrate storage capacity. Surfactant is widely known as a substance that can lower the surface or interfacial tension of the water when it is dissolved in it. Surfactants are known to increase gas hydrate formation rate, increase storage capacity of hydrates and also decrease induction time. However, the role that surfactant plays in hydrate crystal formation is not well understood. Therefore, understanding of the mechanism through morphology studies is one of the important aspects to be studied so that optimal industrial processes can be designed.
In the present study the effect of three commercially available anionic surfactants which differ in its alkyl chain length on the formation/dissociation of hydrate from a gas mixture of 90.5 % methane – 9.5% propane mixture was investigated. The surfactants used were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), and sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS). Memory water was used and the experiments for SDS were carried out at three different degrees of under-cooling and three different surfactant concentrations. In addition, the effect of the surfactant on storage capacity of gas into hydrate was assessed.
The morphology of the growing crystals and the gas consumption were observed during the experiments. The results show that branches of porous fibre-like crystals are formed instead of dendritic crystals in the absence of any additive. In addition, extensive hydrate crystal growth on the crystallizer walls is observed. Also a “mushy” hydrate instead of a thin crystal film appears at the gas/water interface. Finally, the addition of SDS with concentration range between 242ppm – 2200ppm (ΔT =13.10C) was found to increase the mole consumption for hydrate formation by 14.3 – 18.7 times. This increase is related to the change in hydrate morphology whereby a more porous hydrate forms with enhanced water/gas contacts.
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Zhu, Fenfen. "Technological Development of an Effective Recycling System for Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator to be Raw Material in Cement Industry." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/66206.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14148号
工博第2982号
新制||工||1443(附属図書館)
26454
UT51-2008-N465
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻
(主査)教授 津野 洋, 教授 森澤 眞輔, 教授 酒井 伸一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Zethelius, Thea. "Natriumkarbonat som alternativ alkalikälla till natriumhydroxid : Impregnering och blekning av kemitermomekanisk massa." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72437.
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Arbetet handlade om att ta reda på om det går att byta ut natriumhydroxid mot natriumkarbonat som alkalikälla på CTMP-linjen, och gjordes på uppdrag av Stora Enso Skoghalls bruk. De områdena som studerades var impregnering och blekning av CTMP (kemitermomekanisk pappersmassa) samt hantering av natriumkarbonatlösning. Natriumkarbonatens löslighet vid olika temperaturer verifierades, blekning av CTMP med natriumkarbonat och natriumhydroxid utfördes, titrering av natriumhydroxid och natriumkarbonat mot natriumbisulfitlösning och en enklare laborationsimpregnering gjordes. Även aspekten av utrustning, kostnader och eventuell utfällning av kalciumkarbonat studerades. Resultaten visade att det krävs mer natriumkarbonat för att ersätta natriumhydroxid än vad man trott och att det totalt sett blir dyrare. Det finns dock en möjlighet att andra delar av bruket kan utföra bytet av alkali och gå med större vinst än vad CTMP-linjen går med förlust. Försöken visade även på temperaturökning vid tillredning av natriumkarbonatlösningen, utfällning av kristallsoda och behov av att den befintliga utrustningen kompletteras utifrån rekommendationer från kemikalieleverantören. Tidigare studier visade på eventuella försämringar av papperskvaliteten när natriumkarbonat används vid blekning av CTMP. Trots att natriumkarbonat är ett billigare alternativ till natriumhydroxid, och att det teoretiskt sett skulle fungera bra som en utbrytare, är det mycket som man behöver ta hänsyn till vad gäller natriumkarbonat och det krävs eftertanke för att saker ska görs på rätt sätt. Utifrån resultaten kan man dra slutsatsen att det inte ser ut som en bra ide att utföra bytet.The objective of this project was to see if it is possible to replace sodium hydroxide with sodium carbonate as an alkali source on the CTMP line, and it was done on behalf of the Stora Enso Skoghall Mill. The areas that were studied were the impregnation and bleaching of CTMP and also the handling of sodium carbonate solution. The solubility of sodium carbonate at various temperatures was confirmed, bleaching of CTMP with sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, titration of the sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate against sodium bisulfite solution and a simpler laboratory impregnation was performed. Aspects of equipment, costs and the possibility of precipitation of calcium carbonate were also studied. The results indicate that more sodium carbonate is needed than one thought for the substitution to be possible, and that it also becomes more expensive. There is a possibility that other parts of the mill can perform the replacement of alkali and go with greater profit than the CTMP line goes with loss. Experiments also showed an increase in temperature when preparing the sodium carbonate solution, precipitation of natron and the need for the existing equipment to be supplemented on the basis of recommendations from the chemical supplier. Previous studies showed possible deterioration of the paper quality when bleaching CTMP with sodium carbonate. Although sodium carbonate is a cheaper alternative to sodium hydroxide, and that it would theoretically work well as a substitute, it is much that one has to take into consideration in terms of using sodium carbonate and it is necessary to think things through before usage, so that things can be done properly. Based on the results, it is shown that the swap of alkali will be suboptimal.
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Moiseev, Igor V. "Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate, Phosphate, and Sodium Hydroxide On Texture and Acceptability of Turkey and Beef Rolls." DigitalCommons@USU, 1994. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5399.
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Processed turkey rolls were prepared with 1 or 3% whey protein concentrates WPC-50 (pH=5. 8 0) , WPC-60 (pH=4. 53) and WPC-75 (pH=6.85) containing 50, 60 and 75% protein along with controls (phosphate and no phosphate) . Control rolls made with 0.5% phosphate had the highest bind strength, and sensory evaluation scores. Only WPC-75 (1%) was acceptable as a binding agent and flavor enhancer. WPC-60 reduced pink discoloration of rolls, but flavor, bind and cohesiveness scores were unacceptably low. WPC-50 was not an effective binding agent. In general, rolls made with 3% WPC had lower scores for intensity of turkey flavor.
Bind strength and sensory characteristics were compared for restructured beef rolls formulated with 1% salt, 0.375% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or 0.07% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and 5, 10 or 20% added water. Controls also had 1% x salt, but no STPP or NaOH. Relative bind strength of rolls was STPP > NaOH > controls. Addition of 20% water reduced bind strength. Cooked yield, moisture content, beef flavor and texture of NaOH rolls were similar to STPP rolls. Bind strength and cohesiveness of NaOH rolls were lower than STPP rolls, but still acceptable.
For measuring bind strength of turkey and beef rolls, a sensitive and inexpensive penetrometer was developed. It was equipped with a top-loading balance, accessories, IBM-compatible personal computer and Quick-Basic program that allowed continuously collected penetration force data. at specific time intervals. Penetrometer bind strength and taste panel cohesiveness of turkey and beef rolls were highly correlated (r=0.89 and r=0.93, respectively).
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Modenbach, Alicia. "Sodium hydroxide pretreatment of corn stover and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis: An investigation of yields, kinetic modeling and glucose recovery." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/17.
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Many aspects associated with conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and other valuable products have been investigated to develop the most effective processes for biorefineries. The goal of this research was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the lignocellulose conversion process by achieving a more basic understanding of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids, including kinetic modeling and separation and recovery of glucose.
Effects of NaOH pretreatment conditions on saccharide yields from enzymatic hydrolysis were characterized in low- and high-solids systems. Factors associated with pretreatment and hydrolysis were investigated, including duration of pretreatment at different temperatures and NaOH loadings, as well as different solids and enzyme loadings. Under relatively mild pretreatment conditions, corn stover composition was essentially equivalent for all time and temperature combinations; however, components were likely affected by pretreatment, as differences in subsequent cellulose conversions were observed. Flushing the hydrolyzate and reusing the substrate was also studied as a method for inhibitor mitigation while increasing overall glucose yields. Flushing the PCS throughout the hydrolysis reaction eliminated the need to wash the pretreated biomass prior to enzymatic hydrolysis when supplementing with low doses of enzyme, thus reducing the amount of process water required.
The robustness of an established kinetic model was examined for heterogeneous hydrolysis reactions in high-solids systems. Michaelis-Menten kinetics is the traditional approach to modeling enzymatic hydrolysis; however, high-solids reactions violate the main underlying assumption of the equation: that the reaction is homogeneous in nature. The ability to accurately predict product yields from enzymatic hydrolysis in high-solids systems will aid in optimizing the conversion process.
Molecularly-imprinted materials were studied for use in both bulk adsorption and in column chromatography separations. Glucose-imprinted materials selectively adsorbed glucose compared xylose by nearly 4:1. Non-imprinted materials were neither selective in the type of sugar adsorbed, nor were they capable of adsorbing sugar at as high a capacity as the glucose-imprinted materials. Liquid chromatography with imprinted materials was not a suitable means for separating glucose from solution under the conditions investigated; however, many factors impact the effectiveness of such a separation process and warrant further investigation.
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Vegunta, Vijaya Lakshmi. "A study on the thermal stability of sodium dithionite using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy." Thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-197370.
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Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) is a powerful reducing agent. It has therefore been suggested to be used as an additive in kraft pulping to improve the yield. However, sodium dithionite easily decomposes and it is thus important to determine the effect of different conditions. The aim of this thesis has been to investigate the thermal stability of sodium dithionite under anaerobic conditions using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy under different conditions, such as heating temperature, concentration of the solution, heating time and pH. The stability of sodium dithionite was found to decrease with increasing heating temperature, concentration of sodium dithionite, heating time and pH. Sodium dithionite was found to be relatively stable at moderate alkaline pH:s 11.5 and 12.5, while a rapid decrease in stability with time was noted at higher heating temperatures and concentrations of sodium dithionite. Based on this study on the thermal stability of sodium dithionite, the following conditions are suggested as the most promising, when adding sodium dithionite to the kraft cooking as an additive; pH 12.5, with 0.4 M concentration of the solution, at a heating temperature of 100 °C.
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NABIL, MOHAMED. "Etudes des mecanismes de tolerance au chlorure de sodium et a une contrainte hydrique chez acacia nilotica ssp. Cupressiformis et ssp. Tomentosa." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF21687.
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Cette etude a porte sur l'analyse des effets du chlorure de sodium et d'une contrainte hydrique chez 2 sous-especes d'acacia nilotica. Au niveau de la germination, les graines d'acacia nilotica sont tolerantes a des concentrations en nacl atteignant les 200 mm avec seulement 50% de reduction de celle-ci. La croissance des plantes et les reponses physiologiques de 2 ssp. D'acacia nilotica (ssp. Cupressiformis (cu) et ssp. Tomentosa (to) ont egalement ete analysees. Apres un mois de stress: - salin (0,75, 100 et 200 mm en nacl) ; les plantes presentent une croissance active jusqu'a 100 mm ; elles survivent difficilement a 200 mm. La photosynthese, la conductance stomatique et la transpiration diminuent de facon tres importante. Les potentiels hydriques foliaires et osmotiques baissent avec la salinite. Les diagrammes de hofler confirment que l'ajustement osmotique a eu lieu sous tous les traitements. De plus, une hausse du module d'elasticite a ete observee en conditions de stress. L'ajustement osmotique et les modules d'elasticite eleves modifient la capacite des 2 ssp. A maintenir une balance hydrique positive. L'accumulation en ions (na#+, k#+ et cl#-) et en proline pourrait expliquer un tel ajustement. Acacia nilotica ssp. Cupressiformis presente une meilleure absorption de k#+ que tomentosa au-dela de 100 mm nacl. - hydrique ; les activites rubisco sont peu affectees par le stress. L'ajustement osmotique observe est du a une accumulation en sucres et en cl#-. Le stress ne modifie pas la teneur en proline dans les feuilles alors que sa concentration est multipliee par 4 dans les racines. Face a la salinite et a la deshydratation, les ssp. Etudiees adoptent 2 strategies: - l'evitement pour le maintien d'une teneur en eau relative elevee par diminution de la conductance osmotique, - la tolerance en supportant des potentiels hydriques bas par des modules d'elasticite eleves tout en maintenant la turgescence des cellules par diminution du potentiel osmotique
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RIBEIRO, VILMARIA A. "Estudo da preparação de eletrocatalisadores Pt-Sn/C por meio da deposição superficial de Pt sobre Sn/C utilizando diferentes metodologias para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do etanol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/25304.
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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Kothari, Ankit. "Effects of Fly Ash on the properties of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63534.
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This master thesis presents the effects of fly ash on the properties of alkali activated slag concrete, commonly referred as Geopolymer concrete (GPC). Cement manufacturer are major producers of CO2 which negatively affects the environment. Due to the increased construction activities and environmental concern, it is necessary to introduce alternative and eco-friendly binders for concrete. Slag and fly ash based concrete, which is by-product from industrial waste, is probably the best replacement for OPC concrete due to less or nil environmental issue. Most of the researchers have already concluded that slag and fly ash can be used as binders in concrete by activating them with alkali activator solution (e.g. by sodium silicate or sodium carbonate). In the present work concretes were produced by varying the proportion of slag to fly ash (40:60, 50:50, 60:40 & 80:20); amount of alkali activators (5, 10 & 14) and chemical modulus of sodium silicate (Ms) (0.25, 0.5 & 1). Setting times and compressive strength values were evaluated. Results showed that decrease in fly ash content irrespective of % of alkali activators and alkali modulus (Ms), the compressive strength was increasing and setting time was getting shorter. The produced concretes showed increasing compressive strength with increase in % of alkali activator for Ms 0.5 and 1, while for Ms=0.25 the strength was decreasing with increase in % of alkali activators. From this it can be concluded that, Ms=0.5 was the optimum point below which the reaction got slower. Based on the initial investigations, mix S8:F2-SS10(1) and S8:F2-SS10(0.5) showed most promising results in terms of fresh and hardened concrete properties and were easy to handle. Consequently, the above mentioned mixture was chosen to be studied in more detail. The experimental program for these mixes included determination of slump flow, compressive strength (7, 14, 28 days) and shrinkage (drying and autogenous). The results shows that, strength increased with time and comparatively mix with Ms=0.5 showed higher compressive strength than mix with Ms=1, due to higher alkalinity of the pore solution. Mix with Ms=1 showed higher drying shrinkage compared to mix with Ms=0.5, which was explained by higher alkalinity of the solutions (Ms=0.5) leading to rapid formation of aluminosilicate gel. Autogenous shrinkage appeared to be higher for mix with Ms=0.5. This was associated with lower modulus which leads to densification of concrete microstructure at early ages. Pore diameter decrease and the water trapped in the pores exerted increasing tensile stress resulting for higher autogenous shrinkage.
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Kopecký, Filip. "Možnosti využití odpadních slévárenských písků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216991.
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Considering increasing manufacture of metallic materials made in foundries increases also production of waste foundry sands. Foundry sands that remain after moulding and can not be reused in the prouction process anymore are usually not recycled nowadays and in the better cases they are clasified as a fill materials. These secondary raw materials are produced in relatively big amounts. Thats why is apropriate to search for their effective reuse. One of the possibilities is using of this materials in buliding industry. Thanks to their constitution and properties we can consider the possibilties of an alkaline activation, additional source to alkalit activated systems or like part of refractories.
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Ribeiro, Michael R. Garcia. "Sinergismo entre clorexidina e hidróxido de cálcio sobre as propriedades mecânicas da dentina radicular." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1404.
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Objective: To evaluted the synergistic effect of the solution of chlorhexidine 2 % (CHX) as endodontic irrigating and Calcium hidroxyde (HC) folder as osteoinductive material on mechanical properties of root dentin RMF , E and Off-set 2 % after 30 , 90 and 180 days. Methods: 90 bovine incisors were used to make bars dentin (BD's) were randomly divided into 3 groups controls (n= 10 per group) and 2 experimental groups (n= 30 per group) : negative control group (GCN= Distilled and deionized water – [WDD]) ; positive control group 1 (GCp1= NaOCl 2.5%/EDTA 17 %), positive control group 2 (GCp2= 2.0% CHX/ADD), Experimental group 1 (EG1= NaOCl 2.5%/EDTA 17% + HC) and Experimental group 2 (GE2= CHX 2.0%/ADD + HC). The GE 's were divided into 3 groups (n = 10) as the exposure time (T1= 30 , T2= 90 and T3= 180 days). The GC 's were considered baselines (T0). BD 's were tested as flexural strength to obtain the average values of RMF , E and Offset 2 % . The data were subjected to statistical analysis (α= 0.05). Results: In the highest averages of baselines RMF , E and Off-set 2 % were observed in the GCN and GCp2 (P< 0.05) . The RMF in GE2˃GE1 at all times evaluated (P<0.05). For E, GE1=GE2 in T1 and T3, GE2˃GE1 in T0 and T2. To Off-Set 2% GE2˃GE1 in all subgroups except in T2. It has been observed more frequently in BD's vertical fracture T3 for GE1 and GE2 to oblique (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest synergism positive trend solution of CHX 2.0% to HC for preserving the mechanical properties of the tested root canal over time. Clinical Relevance: Within the limitations of this in vitro study may be speculated that , clinically, the CHX 2.0% solution is an agent of preservation of the mechanical properties of root dentin.
Objetivo: Avaliou-se o efeito sinérgico da solução de Clorexidina 2% (CHX) como irrigante endodôntico e da pasta de Hidróxido de Cálcido (HC) como material osteoindutor sobre as propriedades mecânicas da dentina radicular de RMF, E e Off-set 2% após 30, 90 e 180 dias. Metodologia: Foram utilizados 90 incisivos bovinos para confecção das barras de dentina (BD’s), divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos controles (n=10 por grupo) e 2 grupos experimentais (n=30 por grupo): Grupo Controle negativo (GCn= Água destilada e deionizada-[ADD]); Grupo Controle positivo 1 (GCp1=NaOCl 2,5%/EDTA 17%); Grupo Controle positivo 2 (GCp2=CHX 2,0%/ADD); Grupo Experimental 1 (GE1=NaOCl 2,5%/EDTA 17%+ HC) e Grupo Experimental 2 (GE2=CHX 2,0%/ADD + HC). Os GE’s foram divididos em 3 subgrupos (n=10) conforme o tempo de exposição (T1=30, T2=90 e T3=180 dias). Os GC’s foram considerados baselines (T0). As BD’s foram submetidas ao ensaio de resistência flexural para obtenção dos valores médios da RMF, E e Off-set 2%. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (α=0,05). Resultados: Nos baselines as maiores médias de RMF, E e Off-set 2% foram observadas no GCn e GCp2 (P<0,05). A RMF no GE2˃GE1 em todos os tempos avaliados (P<0,05). Para E, GE1=GE2 nos T1 e T3, GE2˃GE1 nos T0 e T2. Para o Off-set 2% GE2˃GE1 em todos os subgrupos, exceto no T2. Observou-se nas BD’s maior frequência de fratura vertical no T3 para GE1 e oblíqua para GE2 (P<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem tendência de sinergismo positivo da solução de CHX 2,0% ao HC, por preservar as propriedades mecânicas da dentina radicular testadas ao longo do tempo.
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Liaw, Joshua Dong Xiong. "Evaluation of Corn Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles as a Functional Material to Replace Synthetic Resin in Wood Particleboards." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31622.
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Corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is mostly marketed as a livestock feed due to its high protein content of 30%. Recently, the proteins in DDGS have shown potential to act as binding agents along with melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. However, it is unknown if DDGS can be chemically functionalized as a natural binder to replace synthetic resin in particleboard. In this study, several formulations were tested using various concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatments with combinations of temperature, DDGS concentrations, particle sizes, and wax. FTIR results indicated that DDGS proteins were decoupled through acid or alkali treatments, and acid treated DDGS in particleboards displayed higher improvements in internal bond strength as well as the moisture resistance of the particleboards. These results suggest that acid or alkali treated DDGS has potential to act as a natural binder for manufacturing medium-density particleboard.
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Liu, Weiqing. "Solutions de cellulose et matériaux hybrides/composites à base de liquides ioniques et solvants alcalins." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00819908.
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La cellulose, composé organique le plus courant et polysaccharide le plus abondant sur Terre, est une ressource naturelle très importante. Les initiatives pour remplacer totalement ou partiellement les polymères pétrochimiques conventionnels avec des bio-polymères à base de cellulose ont donc attiré l'intérêt des chercheurs ces dernières décennies, non seulement parce que la cellulose est renouvelable et biodégradable, mais aussi en raison de ses propriétés intéressantes telles que la biocompatibilité et la stabilité chimique. De plus, les propriétés de cellulose peuvent être encore améliorées par des procédés chimiques, des modifications physiques ou en préparant des composites avec des charges fonctionnelles.Les études concernant d'étudier plusieurs aspects fondamentaux comme la dissolution de la cellulose afin de produire des matériaux et le test de nouveaux concepts autour de la modification de surface ou des revêtements, à l'échelle du laboratoire. Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit nos travaux concernant la caractérisation de solutions de cellulose dans deux solvants différents (hydroxyde de sodium aqueux et un liquide ionique) et la préparation de deux nouveaux types de matériaux à base de cellulose (un matériau hybride cellulose-amidon et un composite cellulose-noir de carbone), qui sont tous les deux préparés à partir de ces solutions de cellulose.
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Semenoff, Tereza Aparecida Delle Vedove [UNESP]. "A utilização do lauril-sulfato de sódio associado ao hidróxido de cálcio (HcT10) aumenta o fluxo salivar em pacientes submetidos à radioterapia." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102351.
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semenoff_tadv_dr_araca.pdf: 1185385 bytes, checksum: 97f3b267fd7c77b085b0e0d0f79c4d67 (MD5)Objetivo: Avaliar o fluxo salivar e a fração de eliminação cintilográfica de pacientes tratados com bochecho de lauril-sulfato de sódio associado ao hidróxido de cálcio (HcT10) durante ou após o tratamento radioterápico na região cervicofacial. Casuística e método: Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: O grupo I (G1) foi composto por pacientes pós-irradiados (n=20) e o grupo II (G2) por pacientes que seriam submetidos à radioterapia no início deste estudo (n=23). Os pacientes foram avaliados através de sialometria, tendo sido realizada uma coleta de saliva antes do início dos bochechos e 4 outras a cada 14 dias (C1-C5), e de cintilografia, sendo uma realizada antes do início dos bochechos e outra entre 3 e 4 meses depois. Dois pacientes do G1 e oito pacientes do G2 não fizeram as secundas cintilografias. Resultados: Houve, a partir de C4, aumento significativo na quantidade de saliva quando comparada à C1 (p<0,05) para o G1 e decréscimo da quantidade de saliva para o G2 mesmo com o uso do HcT10 (p<0,05). Os resultados da cintilografia demonstraram que houve aumento da função das glândulas parótidas do G1 (p<0,05), sem, entretanto haver diferenças para as glândulas submandibulares (p>0,05). Em relação ao G2 houve decréscimo da função de todas as glândulas salivares (p<0,05). Conclusão: O HcT10 mostrou-se benéfico para o aumento de saliva no G1, porém não foi capaz de manter a quantidade de saliva para o G2
Objective: To evaluate salivary flow and the scintigraphic elimination of patients treated with a rinse of sodium lauryl sulphate associated with calcium hydroxide (HcT10) during or after radiation therapy in the cervicofacial area. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: Group I (G1) was composed with post-irradiated patients (n=20) and Group II (G2) was composed with patients who were undergoing radiotherapy at the start of this study (n=23). Patients were evaluated by sialometry - one saliva collection before the start of mouthwash and 4 other every 14 days (C1-C5), and scintigraphy, the first one performed before the start of the mouthwash and the last one between 3 and 4 months later Two patients in G1 and eight patients in G2 did not perform the secondary scintigraphy. Results: There was, from C4, a significant increase in the amount of saliva when compared to C1 (p<0.05) for G1 and a decreased amount of saliva into G2 even with the use of HcT10 (p<0.05). The results of scintigraphy demonstrated an augmentation in the parotid gland function in G1 (p<0.05), without, however there are differences in the submandibular glands (p>0.05). Regarding the G2 to a decrease in light of all the salivary glands (p<0.05). Conclusion: HcT10 proved to be beneficial to increase salivary flow in G1, but it was unable to keep the amount of saliva for the G2
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Liaw, Joshua Dong Xiong. "Evaluation of Corn Distiller?s Dried Grains with Solubles as a Functional Material to Replace Synthetic Resin in Wood Particleboards." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31622.
Full textAbstract:
Corn distiller?s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is mostly marketed as a livestock feed due to its high protein content of 30%. Recently, the proteins in DDGS have shown potential to act as binding agents along with melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. However, it is unknown if DDGS can be chemically functionalized as a natural binder to replace synthetic resin in particleboard. In this study, several formulations were tested using various concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatments with combinations of temperature, DDGS concentrations, particle sizes, and wax. FTIR results indicated that DDGS proteins were decoupled through acid or alkali treatments, and acid treated DDGS in particleboards displayed higher improvements in internal bond strength as well as the moisture resistance of the particleboards. These results suggest that acid or alkali treated DDGS has potential to act as a natural binder for manufacturing medium-density particleboard.
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Cheng, Zhihan. "MECHANICALLY STRONG/ LOW FLAMMABILITY POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL) AEROGELS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case155266644473611.
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Spelling, Victor, Mathias Axelsson, Lovisa Ringström, af Rosenschöld Johanna Munck, and Anton Lindblad. "Mapping the intrinsic viscosityof hyaluronic acid at high concentrations of OH-." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325348.
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Hyaluronic acid is commonly used in dermatological fillers in the form of gels. It is established how these gels' firmness is affected by the amount of cross linker and hyaluronic acid respectively. However, the effect of hydroxide ions in solution is rather unknown. This thesis examines how the alkalinity of the solvent affects the intrinsic viscosity of 3 MDa hyaluronic acid by using the method of Ubbelohde capillary viscometry. Sodium hydroxide solutions between 2 and 10 wt% were prepared to study the variation in intrinsic viscosity at concentrations relevant for cross linking (1<wt%). From these respective solutions, four solutions of different mass concentrations of hyaluronic acid were made. The flow time of respective samples were measured between two points in the capillary viscometer in a controlled temperature of 25 °C with an SI Viscoclock to ensure a high accuracy.From the resulting flow times, the intrinsic viscosity was calculated. The intrinsic viscosity varied between 0,55 and 0,70. The relation between intrinsic viscosity and hydroxide ion concentration had a correlation coefficient r < 0,001. No trend could be ensured as the confidence interval for the intrinsic viscosity at the different concentrations was too large.
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Spier, Franciela. "Efeito dos tratamentos alcalino, ácido e oxidativo nas propriedades de amido de milho." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1338.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-30The starch market has been growing and improving, leading to search for products with unique functional properties that industry requirements. The use of native starches is limited, depending on the processing conditions such as temperature, pH, pressure restricting its application in industrial scale. The production of modified starch is an alternative that has been in development for some time in order to overcome one or more limitations of native starches, increasing its use in industry. The objective of this research was to evaluate the properties of corn starch chemically modified, alone or combined action by the acid, oxidative and alkaline. The corn starch granules were treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide at concentrations of 0.09% and 0.18%, with lactic acid solution, 2% and 4%, and a solution of sodium hypochlorite 1% and 2%. Later were neutralized, washed, dried, ground and stored. The starches were evaluated for amylose content, content of carbonyl and carboxyl, paste properties, diffraction of X-ray, swelling power and solubility and enzymatic susceptibility. The corn starch oxidized with sodium hypochlorite (2%) showed a reduction in levels of amylose and treated with alkali and acid increased. The oxidative treatment increased gradually, the levels of carbonyl and carboxyl with increasing concentration of sodium hypochlorite. Among the treatments studied the oxidative treatment was more interference in the pasting properties of starch increased the maximum viscosity and breakdown and reduce the pasting temperature and final viscosity. The interaction between the alkaline and acid treatments affected the crystallinity of maize starch. The oxidative treatment increased the solubility of corn starch at all temperatures examined, especially in the incubation temperatures are higher than the highest concentration (2%), significantly increased the rate of hydrolysis
O mercado de amidos vem crescendo e se aperfeiçoando, levando à busca de produtos com características específicas que atendam às exigências da indústria. A utilização de amidos nativos é limitado, em função das condições de processamento como temperatura, pH e pressão que restringem sua aplicação em escala industrial. A produção de amidos modificados é uma alternativa que vem sendo desenvolvida há algum tempo com o objetivo de superar uma ou mais limitações dos amidos nativos, aumentando sua utilização na indústria. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de amido de milho modificado quimicamente, de forma isolada ou combinada, pela ação alcalina, ácida e oxidativa. Os amidos de milho foram tratados com solução de hidróxido de sódio nas concentrações de 0,09% e 0,18%, com solução de ácido lático, 2% e 4%, e com solução de hipoclorito de sódio 1% e 2%. Posteriormente foram neutralizados, lavados, secos, moídos e armazenados. Os amidos foram avaliados quanto ao teor de amilose, teor de carbonila e carboxila, propriedades de pasta, difração de raio-X, poder de inchamento e solubilidade e suscetibilidade enzimática. Os amidos de milho oxidados com hipoclorito de sódio (2%) apresentaram uma redução nos teores de amilose e os tratados com álcali e ácido um acréscimo. O tratamento oxidativo aumentou os teores de carbonila e carboxila com o aumento da concentração de hipoclorito de sódio. Dentre os tratamentos estudados o oxidativo foi o que interferiu mais nas propriedades de pasta do amido, aumentando a viscosidade máxima e a quebra, além de reduzir a temperatura de pasta e a viscosidade final. A interação entre os tratamentos alcalino e ácido aumentou a cristalinidade relativa do amido de milho. O tratamento oxidativo aumentou a solubilidade do amido de milho em todas as temperaturas analisadas, principalmente nas temperaturas de incubação mais elevadas, sendo que na maior concentração (2%), aumentou significativamente a taxa de hidrólise.
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Dos, Santos Nuno Miguel. "Influence de traitements chimiques et enzymatiques sur la dissolution de pâtes de bois dans NaOH-eau." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00978915.
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Different pulps were chemically (nitren) and biologically (enzyme) treated in order to improve the chemical accessibility and dissolution capacity in cold NaOH. The treatments effect on the pulp properties was accessed by studying the changes on their chemical and macromolecular structure and by analyzing the dissolution performance in cold NaOH.The nitren treatment has the effect of removing a large part of the xylan present in a dissolving pulp and is also removing mannans. Increasing the nitren concentrations will extract also cellulose and decrease its mean molar mass. These extractions are favorable for the dissolution in cold NaOH-water, being more effective with higher nitren concentrations. A maximum of 44.7% increase on the dissolution yield was achieved.The new enzymatic treatment shows a higher efficiency on promoting fibers accessibility to NaOH ions, (directly correlated with the enzymatic load), allowing a maximum increase of 150% on the dissolution yield. A slight decrease of the average molar mass was also seen. The different pulps reacted differently to the treatments, showing that the pulping pretreatments have an influence on the enzymatic efficiency. Using a mixture of enzymes and endoglucanase showed that the synergistic effect of these two enzymes is more effective on cellulose activation.Both nitren and enzymatic treatments are improving the pulp chemical accessibility mostly by modifying the structure of the primary wall and S1 wall. This promotes the swelling of these wood cell structures, allowing the access of the NaOH solvating ions into fiber regions not accessible on the original pulp. The nitren is disassembling the fiber surface with extraction of hemicelluloses and degrading the cellulosic structure.The use of this enzyme on the cellulose pulps activation towards dissolution in cold NaOH is of great importance. It presents a high potential in both technical, with further development and industrial implementation, and fundamental research fields, with further studies on mechanisms of cellulose activation.The work was performed in Cemef - Mines ParisTech, Sophia Antipolis, France, and TI / Hamburg University, Germany and financed by Sappi, Tembec, Lenzing, Viskase and Spontex and had support from EPNOE (European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence).
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BRANDALISE, MICHELE. "Preparacao e caracterizacao de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C, PtBi/C, PtRuBi/C para eletro-oxidacao direta de etanol em celulas a combustivel do tipo PEM utilizando a metodologia da reducao via borohidreto de sodio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9522.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Alami, Jaafar el. "Recherche par des essais de traction lente des conditions de corrosion sous contrainte d'aciers faiblement allies." Paris, ENSAM, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENAM0006.
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Validation et application d'une technique d'etude de la corrosion sous contraintes: l'essai de traction lente. Definition d'une procedure experimentale pour la preparation des eprouvettes et choix de conditions experimentales optimales. Confirmation par l'essai de traction lente des resultats obtenus dans le cas de deux aciers 10cd9-10 et z10cdnbv0-2 lors d'essais statiques. Application de la methode de traction lente a la recherche des conditions de fissuration a 95**(o)c de deux aciers utilises dans les turbines francaises (20cnd8 et 26ncdv14-7)
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Oufkir, Abdelrhani. "Essais de bi-insertion de métaux alcalins dans les composés de stade 2 : ternaires graphite-NaH et binaires graphite-métal alcalin lourd." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10152.
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Les ternaires graphite-MX (MX=alliage ou hydrure d'alcalin M) sont instables en présence d'un métal alcalin M. Seul le mélange stœchiométrique du ternaire MH2/3C8 (M=K ou Rb) en poudre et M' liquide donne une bi-insertion. L'isobare du système graphite-césium est établi. En particulier, la stœchiométrie du stade 2 est déterminé : elle est variable entre CsC23 et CsC26. 8. Concernant la réaction du potassium sur CsC24 et selon les conditions expérimentales, plusieurs phases sont mises en évidence. La réaction du césium sur KC24 évolue vers CsC8 contrairement à la réaction précédente qui n'évolue pas vers KC8. L'étude de Pa (T) montre que le mélange (composé de bi-insertion, hétérostructure) a un comportement métallique classique. L'étude Ic (T) de divers composés CsCx de stade 2 a mis en évidence plusieurs transformations structurales
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FONTES, ERIC H. "Oxidação eletroquímica do etanol utilizando eletrocatalisadores PtRh/C em meio alcalino e sintetizados via borohidreto de sódio e redução por álcool." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28013.
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Os eletrocatalisadores PtRh/C foram preparados nas seguintes proporções atômicas: (100,0), (0,100), (90,10), (70,30) e (50,50). Os métodos empregados nas sínteses foram redução via borohidreto de sódio e redução por álcool. Os sais metálicos empregados foram H2PtCl6.6H2O e (RhNO3)3 e o suporte de carbono utilizado foi carbon Vulcan XC72, a composição metálica em massa foi de 20%; e o suporte, 80%. Os eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados por técnicas físico-químicas, espectroeletroquímica e por experimento em célula a combustível, cujo emprego se deu por uma célula unitária direta a álcool com membrana alcalina. Os eletrodos de trabalho foram preparados pela técnica de camada fina porosa. A técnica de difração de raios X permitiu verificar ligas metálicas, fases segregadas e calcular a porcentagem de ligas metálicas, bem como constatar os tipos de fases cristalinas. A técnica de espectroscopia no infravermelho permitiu verificar que a oxidação eletroquímica do etanol se dá pelo mecanismo indireto de oxidação, ou seja, para todos materiais estudados houve a produção de espécies intermediárias, em que PtRh(70:30)/C sintetizado pelo médodo de redução via borohidreto de sódio produziu grandes quantidades de CO2 e C2H4O. Rh/C mostrou-se ativo eletroquimicamente para ambos os métodos de síntese empregados. A técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão permitiu calcular o tamanho médio e a área superficial média dos eletrocatalisadores. As técnicas eletroquímicas permitiram verificar a estabilidade, potencial onset e pares redox dos sistemas considerados.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Hurley, Jeffrey S. "Phase transfer catalysis of deuterium exchange reactions : II kinetic and mechanistic studies of the thermal decomposition of glycolate and hedta in the presence of the sodium salts of hydroxide, nitrate, nitrite, aluminate and carbonate." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30717.
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Pèlach, Serra Maria Àngels. "Procés de destintatge del paper per flotació. Avaluació de l'eficàcia de l'eliminació de tinta." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7801.
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La tesi doctoral presentada té com a objectius principals l'estudi de les etapes fonamentals de desintegració i flotació en un procés de destintatge de papers vell de qualitats elevades per a poder millorar l'eficàcia d'aquestes etapes clau. Conté una revisió teòrica completa i molt actualitzada del procés de desintegració i flotació tant a nivell macroscòpic com microscòpic. La metodologia de treball en el laboratori, la posada a punt dels aparells, així com les anàlisis efectuades per a valorar la resposta del procés (anàlisi de blancor, anàlisi d'imatge i anàlisi de la concentració efectiva de tinta residual) estan descrites en el capítol de material i mètodes. La posada en marxa permet obtenir unes primeres conclusions respecte la necessitat de treballar amb una matèria primera homogènia i respecte la no significació de la temperatura de desintegració dins l'interval de treball permès al laboratori (20-50°C).
L'anàlisi de les variables mecàniques de desintegració: consistència de desintegració (c), velocitat d'agitació en la desintegració (N) i temps de desintegració (t), permet de discernir que la consistència de desintegració és una variable fonamental. El valor de consistència igual al 10% marca el límit d'existència de les forces d'impacte mecànic en la suspensió fibrosa. A consistències superiors, les forces viscoses i d'acceleració dominen l'etapa de desintegració. Existeix una interacció entre la consistència i el temps de desintegració, optimitzant-se aquesta darrera variable en funció del valor de la consistència. La velocitat d'agitació és significativa només per a valors de consistència de desintegració inferiors al 10%. En aquests casos, incrementar el valor de N de 800 a 1400 rpm representa una disminució de 14 punts en el factor de destintabilitat.
L'anàlisi de les variables químiques de desintegració: concentració de silicat sòdic (% Na2SiO3), peròxid d'hidrogen (% H2O2) i hidròxid sòdic (% Na2OH), proporciona resultats força significatius. El silicat sòdic presenta un efecte altament dispersant corroborat per les corbes de distribució dels diàmetres de partícula de tinta obtingudes mitjançant anàlisi d'imatges. L'hidròxid sòdic també presenta un efecte dispersant tot i que no és tant important com el del silicat sòdic. Aquests efectes dispersants són deguts principalment a l'increment de les repulsions electrostàtiques que aporten a la suspensió fibrosa aquests reactius químics fent disminuir l'eficàcia d'eliminació de l'etapa de flotació. El peròxid d'hidrogen utilitzat generalment com agent blanquejant, actua en aquests casos com a neutralitzador dels grups hidroxil provinents tant del silicat sòdic com de l'hidròxid sòdic, disminuint la repulsió electrostàtica dins la suspensió.
Amb l'anàlisi de les variables hidrodinàmiques de flotació: consistència de flotació (c), velocitat d'agitació durant la flotació (N) i cabal d'aire aplicat (q), s'aconsegueix la seva optimització dins el rang de treball permès al laboratori. Valors elevats tant de la velocitat d'agitació com del cabal d'aire aplicat durant la flotació permeten eliminar majors quantitats de tinta. La consistència de flotació assoleix valors òptims depenent de les condicions de flux dins la cel·la de flotació.
Les metodologies d'anàlisi emprades permeten obtenir diferents factors de destintabilitat. Entre aquests factors existeix una correlació important (determinada pels coeficients de correlació de Pearson) que permet assegurar la utilització de la blancor com a paràmetre fonamental en l'anàlisi del destintatge de papers vells, sempre i quan es complementi amb anàlisis d'imatge o bé amb anàlisi de la concentració efectiva de tinta residual. S'aconsegueixen expressions empíriques tipus exponencial que relacionen aquests factors de destintabilitat amb les variables experimentals.
L' estudi de les cinètiques de flotació permet calcular les constants cinètiques (kBlancor, kERIC, kSupimp) en funció de les variables experimentals, obtenint un model empíric de flotació que relacionant-lo amb els paràmetres microscòpics que afecten realment l'eliminació de partícules de tinta, deriva en un model fonamental molt més difícil d'interpretar. Mitjançant l'estudi d'aquestes cinètiques separades per classes, també s'aconsegueix determinar que l'eficàcia d'eliminació de partícules de tinta és màxima si el seu diàmetre equivalent és superior a 50 μm. Les partícules amb diàmetres equivalents inferiors a 15 μm no són eliminades en les condicions de flotació analitzades. Es pot dir que és físicament impossible eliminar partícules de tinta de diàmetres molt diferents amb la mateixa eficiència i sota les mateixes condicions de treball.
El rendiment del procés analitzat en funció de l'eliminació de sòlids per l'etapa de flotació no ha presentat relacions significatives amb cap de les variables experimentals analitzades. Únicament es pot concloure que addicionar quantitats elevades de silicat sòdic provoca una disminució tant de sòlids com de matèria inorgànica presents en les escumes de flotació.
The main objective of this dissertation is the research in fundamental stages of disintegration and flotation in a deinking process of high quality papers. This dissertation contains a complete and actual state of art in disintegration and flotation. All the experimental procedures used in the laboratory, final preparation and all the analysis attained to quantify the answer to the process are described in materials and methods chapter.
Analysis of mechanical variables involved in disintegration process lead to consider that disintegration consistency is the main variable of the process. The value of 10% consistency limits the existence of mechanical effects on fibrous suspension. Using higher consistencies, viscous and acceleration effects control the disintegration stage. It exists an interaction between consistency and disintegration time. This last variable can be optimised depending on the value of consistency used. The agitation speed is significant if it works at consistencies lower than 10%. In these cases, to increment the value of N from 800 to 1400 rpm represents a diminution of 14 points in deinkability factor.
Analysis of chemical variables involved in disintegration process provides significant results. Sodium silicate presents a high dispersing effect corroborated with distribution curves of ink particles diameters obtained by image analysis. Sodium hydroxide also presents a dispersing effect not so important as the effect of sodium silicate. These dispersing effects are due to the increase in electrostatic repulsions that these reagents give to the suspension. Hydrogen peroxide used generally as a bleaching agent, acts in these cases neutralising hydroxyls groups coming from sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide.
Analysis of hydrodynamic variables related to flotation process leads to their optimisation in the working range allowed in the laboratory. High values of agitation speed and air ratio used in flotation stage permits to eliminate higher amounts of ink particles. Flotation consistency is optimised in function of fluid conditions inside the flotation cell.
Analytical methodologies lead to obtain different deinkability factor. It exists an important correlation between these factors assured by Pearson's correlation coefficients. This good correlation allows assuring the utilisation of brightness as a fundamental parameter in deinking analysis of waste papers, always complemented with image analysis or with analysis of effective residual ink concentration. It can be obtained empirical expressions (exponential equations) that they can relate these deinkability factors with experimental variables.
Studies of flotation kinetics allow calculating kinetic constants (kBrighteness, kERIC, kSupimp) in function of experimental variables, obtaining a flotation empirical model. If this model is related to real parameters that affect elimination of ink particles by air bubbles, it inclines towards a fundamental model much more difficult to interpret. Using kinetic analysis, it can be determined that ink particle elimination effectiveness is maximum when ink particle diameter is higher than 50 μm. Particles smaller than 15 μm are not eliminated by flotation.
Yield process analysed as solids evacuated in foam flotation shows only a little relation with the presence of sodium silicate in disintegration stage. All other variables doesn't present a significant relation.
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Correia, Christiano Marinho [UNESP]. "Avaliação do fluxo salivar total não estimulado durante e após radioterapia, com o uso do lauril-dietileno-glicol-éter-sulfato de sódio associado ao hidróxido de cálcio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102353.
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correia_cm_dr_araca.pdf: 275887 bytes, checksum: 756fbfef30ea96ed1ecb1864b78586b4 (MD5)Os tratamentos utilizados para a prevenção da xerostomia não atingem a eficácia esperada pelos pacientes, podendo ainda produzir efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente o índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado de pacientes portadores de câncer de cabeça e pescoço durante e após tratamento radioterápico exclusivo tratados com a associação de laurildietileno- glicol-éter-sulfato de sódio e hidróxido de cálcio (HcT20). Este estudo foi realizado no Hospital Dr. Hélio Angotti envolvendo trinta e um pacientes (n=31) divididos em dois grupos: o grupo I composto por dezessete pacientes (n=17) submetidos à telecobaltoterapia, na dose total de 7.000 cGy e receberam o HcT20 durante o tratamento. O grupo II composto por quatorze pacientes (n=14) iniciaram o uso do HcT20 após a conclusão da radioterapia. Foram realizadas e mensuradas coletas semanais do índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado para os pacientes dos dois grupos. Os valores obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente através dos testes de aderência à curva normal, teste de Bartlett, teste de Friedman e teste de Wilcoxon, visando avaliar a eficácia do HcT20 tanto na prevenção da queda acentuada do fluxo salivar durante a radioterapia quanto na hipofunção salivar no período pós-radioterapia. Os pacientes do grupo I, ao término da radioterapia, mantiveram o índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado em relação aos valores basais; os do grupo II, que utilizaram a associação medicamentosa após radioterapia, apresentaram melhora acentuada no índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado em relação ao basal; e o uso do HcT20 apresentou melhor resultado quando utilizado durante a radioterapia.
The treatments used to prevent the xerostomy do not reach the efficiency expected by the patients, and it can have undesirable effects. The goal of this report was to make a quantifiable evaluation of the total non stimulated salivary flow index in patients with head and neck cancers during and after the exclusive radiotherapy with an association of lauryl-diethylene-glycol-ether sodium sulfate and calcium hydroxide (HcT20). This study was held at the hospital Dr. Hélio Angotti involving thirty one patients (n=31) divided into two groups: Group one had seventeen patients (n=17) submitted to fractioned radiation treatment in the head and neck region at the total dose of 7.000 cGy and had HcT20 during the treatment. Group two with fourteen patients (n=14) started with the use of HcT20 after the end of radiotherapy. A weekly and measured collection of the index of the total non stimulated saliva flow was done on the patients of both groups. The values that were obtained were analyzed statistically through the Bartlett test, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon test, to seek an evaluation of the effectiveness of the medication on the prevention of the intense drop of the salivary flow during the radiotherapy and do avoid the xerostomy during the postradiotherapeutic period. The patients from group one at the end of the radiotherapy kept the base index of the total non stimulated salivary flow, the ones from group two that used the medication association after the radiotherapy had a great improvement of the total non stimulated salivary flow and the usage of HcT20 had a better result on the index of salivary flow during the radiotherapy.
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Takase, Kazuya, M. Terashima, and K. Yoshimura. "Development and practical application of unhairing method without using sulfide - 205." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34133.
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Leather manufacturing industry uses a lot of water and chemicals, and it discharges large amounts of wastewater. The processing a large amounts of wastewater requires a huge cost. Therefore, reduction of amount of a pollution load in wastewater is a theme in many countries around the world. During the leather process, a lot of pollutants occur in the unhairing process. Some estimate that the amount of pollution generated in the unhairing process accounts for 70% of the entire leather manufacturing process. In this unhairing process, usually a large amount of sulfide is used. Sulfide is known to generate hydrogen sulfide and cause damage to the drain pipe. In Tokyo, strict criteria are set for draining sulfide to sewers. Therefore, reducing the amount of sulfide used is an important task for tanner. In addition, since sulfide has no degreasing effect, a large amount of surfactant is required in the unhairing process. However, to reduce the cost and the load of the wastewater, it is also required to reduce the amount of the surfactant used. Furthermore, in recent years, the types of usable surfactants have also been limited. Therefore, development of a method of effectively removing hair loss and degreasing without using a sulfide is urgent for the leather manufacturing industry.
On the other hand, pelts are widely used as raw materials for foods such as gelatin and collagen casing, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, sulfides are not originally recognized as food additives. Therefore, some companies are concerned about using pelts as a raw material for food using sulfide in the unhairing process. Also from this point of view, it is necessary to develop an unhairing method without using sulfides.
The method using sodium hydroxide has been studied for a long time. However, this method is hard in handling, and is difficult to set conditions such as concentration and temperature. That is, while successful at the experimental level, it has not been put to practical use. Therefore, we studied a method to solve the above problem using sodium hydroxide.
The method developed this time can reduce the pollutant in waste water, and the amount of water used in the unhairing process to 1/10 or less of the conventional one. Moreover, since it is not influenced by water temperature, it made it possible to stably remove hair irrespective of the season. The finished leather kept sufficient strength. In addition, sodium hydroxide reacts with fat in the skin and turns it into soap, so it shows the degreasing effect and contributes to reduce the dosage of degreasing agent.
Take-Away:
development of unhairing method without using sulfide
contributes to reduce the dosage of degreasing agent
reduce the pollutant in waste water
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Carreira, Cláudia de Moura. "Avaliação in vitro do controle microbiano e da neutralização de endotoxinas presentes em canais radiculares por nanopartículas de prata." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23145/tde-22032010-110054/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade da solução de nanopartículas de prata, utilizada como irrigante e medicação intracanal, em controlar os microrganismos e neutralizar endotoxinas no canal radicular. Para isso, foram utilizadas 48 raízes de dentes humanos padronizadas em 16 mm e com diâmetro apical correspondente a uma lima tipo Kerr no. 30. Os canais foram contaminados por 28 dias com E. coli e por 21 dias com E. faecalis e C. albicans. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=12), de acordo com a substância utilizada (solução irrigadora e medicação intracanal): G1) solução salina e solução salina (grupo controle); G2) hipoclorito de sódio 1% associado ao creme Endo-PTC e hidróxido de cálcio - protocolo tradicional da FOUSP; G3) solução de nanopartículas de prata 50 ppm e hidróxido de cálcio associado à solução de nanopartículas de prata; e G4) solução de nanopartículas de prata 50 ppm e solução de nanopartículas de prata 50 ppm. Foram realizadas cinco coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana: coleta de confirmação, imediatamente após a instrumentação (1ª. coleta) e outra após sete dias (2ª. coleta); imediatamente após a remoção da medicação (3ª. coleta) e outra após sete dias (4ª. coleta). A neutralização da endotoxina foi avaliada apenas nas quatro últimas coletas. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a análise estatística (Kruskall-Wallis e Dunn). Todas as soluções irrigadoras promoveram redução significativa dos microrganismos após a instrumentação (1ª. coleta) (p<0,05). Após 7 dias houve aumento do número de microrganismos em todos os grupos, voltando ao número inicial nos grupos instrumentados com solução salina e hipoclorito de sódio. Entretanto, apesar de ter ocorrido recolonização dos microrganismos no canal radicular dos espécimes instrumentados com solução de nanopartículas de prata, manteve-se redução estatisticamente significantemente do número de UFC/mL quando comparada à coleta de confirmação (p<0,05), demonstrando efeito residual. A medicação de hidróxido de cálcio eliminou 100% dos microrganismos e manteve os resultados após 7 dias (4ª. coleta) no grupo 2. No grupo quatro houve recolonização de E. faecalis e C. albicans após 7 dias de incubação. O hidróxido de cálcio foi a única substância avaliada que promoveu redução significativa (p<0,05) das endotoxinas. Assim, pôde-se concluir que o hipoclorito de sódio e a solução de NP-Ag reduziram significativamente a microbiota do canal, no entanto somente com a associação ao hidróxido de cálcio houve eliminação dos microrganismos em profundidade nos túbulos dentinários e redução das endotoxinas presentes no canal radicular.The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and endotoxin detoxified of solution of silver nanoparticles used as irrigating and dressing in root canals. Forty-eigth single-root human teeth were used. All root canals sized 16 mm and were enlarged to a Kerr file number .30. Root canals were infected for 28 days with E. coli and for 21 days with E. faecalis and C. albicans. The specimens were divided into four groups (n=12), according to the substance used (irrigating solution and dressing): G1) saline and saline (control), G2) sodium hypochlorite 1% with Endo-PTC cream and calcium hydroxide; G3) solution of Ag-NP 50 ppm and calcium hydroxide with Ag-NP; and G4) solution of Ag-NP 50 ppm and solution of Ag-NP 50 ppm. Five samplings of root canal were accomplished to evaluate the antimicrobial activity: confirmation sample, immediately after instrumentation (1st. Sample), and other after 7 days (2 nd. Sample), immediately after dressing removed (3 rd. Sample) and other after 7 days (4 th. Sample). The endotoxina detoxified was evaluated only in the last four samples by Limulus assay. Results were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn. All irrigation solutions caused significant reduction of microorganisms after instrumentation (1 st. Collection) (p <0.05). After 7 days there was increase of the number of bacteria in all groups, returning to the initial number of microorganisms in the groups prepared with saline and sodium hypochlorite, however, the recolonization of microorganisms in root canals of groups of solution silver nanoparticles was smaller than the number of confirmation sample (p <0.05), showing residual effect. The calcium hydroxide eliminated 100% of the microorganisms and the results remained after 7 days (4 th. Collection) for group 2. In group 4 there was recolonization of E. faecalis and C. albicans after 7 days. Calcium hydroxide was the only substance that measured a significant reduction of endotoxin (p <0.05). Thus, we concluded that the sodium hypochlorite and the NP-Ag significantly reduced the microorganisms of the root canal, but it is necessary the combination of calcium hydroxide to eliminated all microorganisms into dentinal tubules and detoxified endotoxins in the root canal.
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SANTOS, MONIQUE C. L. "Oxidação eletroquímica do metanol em eletrólito alcalino por intermédio de eletrocatalisadores PtRuIn/C preparados pelo método de redução por borohidreto de sódio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28042.
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Neste trabalho os diferentes sistemas eletrocatalíticos PtIn/C, PtRu/C, PtRuIn/C e suas diferentes proporções mássicas foram sintetizados pelo método de redução por Borohidreto de Sódio, a fim de serem utilizados como ânodo na célula a combustível alcalina de metanol direto (DMFC). Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de EDX, DRX e MET. O método de redução aplicado na síntese se mostrou efetivo, uma vez que as partículas apresentaram boa dispersão no suporte de carbono Vulcan XC72, de acordo com as analises de EDX e MET. Os resultados obtidos por DRX evidenciaram em todos os difratogramas apresentados a estrutura CFC da platina e um relativo deslocamento do pico equivalente ao plano (220) para valores maiores e menores que 2θ. O tamanho médio do cristalito e os parâmetros de rede calculados indicaram a inserção de átomos de Índio e Rutênio à estrutura da Platina, supondo a formação de ligas. A oxidação eletroquímica do metanol foi estudada por voltametria cíclica, cronoamperometria e curvas de polarização. Os experimentos eletroquímicos demonstraram que nos eletrocatalisadores binários com maior composição de Índio e Rutênio a eficiência catalítica frente a oxidação do combustível foi melhor e para os ternários, o eletrocatalisador que possuía maior composição de Rutênio se mostrou mais eficiente. Nos experimentos práticos em células a combustível, as curvas de polarização mostraram divergências de resultados com os obtidos por voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria, justificadas por problemas de prensagem e descolamento de MEA\'s em sistemas que apresentaram maior quantidade de cocatalisador como Índio e Rutênio.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Almlöf, Ambjörnsson Heléne. "Mercerization and Enzymatic Pretreatment of Cellulose in Dissolving Pulps." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-26960.
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This thesis deals with the preparation of chemically and/or enzymatically modified cellulose. This modification can be either irreversible or reversible. Irreversible modification is used to prepare cellulose derivatives as end products, whereas reversible modification is used to enhance solubility in the preparation of regenerated cellulose. The irreversible modification studied here was the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using extended mercerization of a spruce dissolving pulp. More specifically the parameters studied were the effect of mercerization at different proportions of cellulose I and II in the dissolving pulp, the concentration of alkali, the temperature and the reaction time. The parameters evaluated were the degree of substitution, the filterability and the amount of gel obtained when the resulting CMC was dissolved in water. Molecular structures of CMC and its gel fractions were analysed by using NIR FT Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the alkali concentration in the mercerization stage had an extensive influence on the subsequent etherification reaction. FT Raman spectra of CMC samples and their gel fractions prepared with low NaOH concentrations (9%) in the mercerization stage indicated an incomplete transformation of cellulose to Na-cellulose before carboxymethylation to CMC. Low average DS values of the CMC, i.e. between 0.42 and 0.50 were obtained. Such CMC dissolved in water resulted in very thick and semi solid gum-like gels, probably due to an uneven distribution of substituents along the cellulose backbone. FT Raman spectra of CMC samples and their gel fractions mercerized at higher alkaline concentration, i.e. 18.25 and 27.5% in the mercerization stage, indicated on the other hand a complete transformation of cellulose to Na-cellulose before carboxymethylation to CMC. Higher average DS values of the CMC, i.e. between 0.88 and 1.05 were therefore obtained. When dissolved in water such CMC caused gel formation especially when prepared from dissolving pulp with a high fraction of cellulose II. The reversible modification studied was the dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/ZnO. Here the effect of enzyme pretreatment was investigated by using two mono-component enzymes; namely xylanase and endoglucanase, used in consecutive stages. It was found that although the crystallinity and the specific surface area of the dissolving pulp sustained minimal change during the enzymatic treatment; the solubility of pulp increased in a NaOH/ZnO solution from 29% for untreated pulp up to 81% for enzymatic pretreated pulp.Baksidetext Cellulose can be chemically and/or enzymatically modified. Irreversible modification is used to prepare cellulose derivatives as end products, reversible modification to enhance solubility in the preparation of regenerated cellulose. The irreversible modification studied here was the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using extended mercerization of a spruce dissolving pulp. More specifically the parameters studied were the effect of mercerization at different proportions of cellulose I and II in the dissolving pulp, the concentration of alkali, the temperature and the reaction time. It was found that the alkali concentration in the mercerization stage had an extensive influence on the subsequent etherification reaction. The content of cellulose II had little effect on degree of substitution (DS) at low NaOH concentration, but tended to decrease DS at higher NaOH concentration in both cases compared with cellulose I. It was also found that the content of cellulose II correlates with the gel formation obtained when the CMC is dissolved in water. The reversible modification studied was the dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/ZnO. Here the effect of enzyme pretreatment was investigated by using two mono-component enzymes; namely xylanase and endoglucanase, used in consecutive stages. It was found that the solubility of pulp increased in a NaOH/ZnO solution from 29% for untreated pulp up to 81% for enzymatic pretreated pulp.
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Bento, André César. "SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ESPUMAS VÍTREAS CONTENDO TiO2 E UTILIZANDO HIDRÓXIDO DE SÓDIO COMO AGENTE ESPUMANTE." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2012. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1412.
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Previous issue date: 2012-04-10In this work, the effect of sodium hydroxide as a glass foaming agent using glass waste in the foam formulation was performed. During the synthesis process, the variation of temperature, heating rate and sintering time was investigated. Sample density and average pore sizes were estimated using mercury porosimetry. The morphology of the glass foams were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, phase formation was studied using X-ray diffraction, and chemical composition was estimated using X-ray fluorescence. As a result, glass foam with hierarchical density.
Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre a ação do hidróxido de sódio como agente formador de espuma vítrea usando resíduos de vidro em sua composição. Para a síntese, investigou-se a variação da temperatura, da taxa de aquecimento e do tempo de sinterização. Utilizando-se a técnica de porosimetria de mercúrio, para estimar a densidade e o tamanho médio de poros. A morfologia das espumas vítreas foi avaliada através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura de alta resolução (FEG) e as fases das espumas vítreas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de difração de raios X e a composição química estimada usando fluorescência de raios X.
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Huber, Charles Soares. "Minimização de afluentes e avaliação de sistema biológico de tratamento de águas residuárias em uma indústria de conservas vegetais." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2007. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br/handle/123456789/1254.
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Previous issue date: 2007-12-10The addition a chemical surfactant in the sodium hydroxide solution was evaluated in the peach peeling process. The results were compared to the traditional process, without chemical addition. It could be observed reduction from 57.14% in the sodium hydroxide consumption, 49.18% in wastewater generation of the fruit washing process and 42.81%, 16.02%, 45.45%, 24.16% and 31.82%, in the loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total suspended solids (TSS) and the settleable solids (SS), respectively. The fruit-cannery wastewaters must be treated. There are several processes that can be used for the removal of materials and chemicals that can degrade the environment. An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) of a cannery industry (fruits and vegetables) was evaluated. The system was assessed for 712 days and the efficiency of total DQO removal was evaluated. The start-up began with a mean organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.40kgDQO.m-3.d-1, and achieved a maximum OLR of 5.29kgDQO.m-3.d-1 in 307 days. The mean removal of total DQO was 86.87%. This study showed that even with the seasonality of production, the UASB reactor is a good alternative for the secondary treatment of fruit-cannery industry
Avaliou-se a adição de um surfactante químico à solução de hidróxido de sódio, utilizada no processo de descasque químico do pêssego. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o do processo tradicional, sem a adição desta substância. Observou-se reduções de 57,14% no consumo de hidróxido de sódio, 49,18% na geração de efluente líquido, no processo de lavagem da fruta e 42,81%, 16,02 %, 45,45%, 24,16% e 31,82%, nas cargas da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK), sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e dos sólidos sedimentáveis (SS), respectivamente. As águas residuárias originadas no processo de industrialização da fruta devem ser tratadas em uma estação de tratamento de efluentes. Existem diversos processos que podem ser utilizados para a remoção dos materiais e substâncias potencialmente prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Monitorou-se a partida e a operação de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB) tratando efluentes de uma indústria de conservas de frutas e vegetais. O sistema foi monitorado por 712 dias e avaliou-se a eficiência da remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) total. O início da operação do reator foi com uma carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada de 0,40kgDQO.m-3.d-1, atingindo-se uma COV máxima de 5,29kgDQO.m-3.d-1 em 307 dias. A remoção de DQO total foi de 86,87%. Este estudo mostrou que mesmo com a sazonalidade de produção, os reatores UASB são uma boa alternativa de tratamento secundário para a indústria conserveira