Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sodium flux'

En conditions hivernales rigoureuses, l'application des fondants routiers (principalement du chlorure de sodium - NaCl) permet d'assurer la sécurité des usagers de réseaux. Toutefois, son utilisation généralisée entraîne des risques de contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques et terrestres. En milieu routier, le Na+ et Cl- sont transportés par les eaux de ruissellement vers des ouvrages de traitement tels que les bassins de rétention-décantation. Or, ces bassins n'ont pas la capacité de traiter efficacement cet apport de fondants sous forme dissoute. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le transfert de ces fondants au sein du système routier et de déterminer leur rôle dans la libération des polluants en période hivernale. Les caractéristiques du bassin situé à Azerailles (Lorraine, France) sur une route nationale moyennement fréquentée ont été étudiées, ainsi que les conditions météorologiques, les salages, la composition des matières en suspension (MES) et la concentration en éléments traces métalliques (ETM). Les résultats ont permis de montrer que entre 50 et 90 % du Cl- ont été collectés par le bassin. Il joue un rôle de tampon qui permet une libération du Cl- dilué durant la période de ruissellement suivant la période de salage. La présence de NaCl dans les eaux a joué un rôle sur la diminution de la qualité des matières en suspension, en mettant en évidence la présence de polluants organiques en période de salage. Elle entraîne également une modification de la chimie des eaux et une augmentation des polluants métalliques (zinc)
In severe winter conditions, the application of deicer salts (mainly sodium chloride -NaCl) ensures the safety of network users. However, its spreading carries contamination risks of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. On the road, Na+ and Cl- are transported by runoff water to retention-decantation ponds. These ponds do not have the capacity to efficiently treat this flux of deicer salts in dissolved form. In addition, they allow the modification of water and soil chemistry, generating the mobility of metallic pollutants. The objective of this thesis is to study the deicer salt transfer and to determine its role in the release of pollutants during winter. The characteristics of the pond located in Azerailles (Lorraine, France) on a medium-frequented national road were studied, as well as the weather and salting conditions, the composition of the suspended matters and the concentration of traces metals. The results highlighted that between 50 and 90 % of Cl- was collected by the pond. The pond acts as a buffer which allows a release of the collected Cl- diluted during the runoff period following the salting period. The presence of NaCl in runoff water reduced the quality of suspended solids with the presence of organic markers of road pollution and the increase of zinc. It also influenced the increase of zinc in water, the chemical composition and the speciation of elements

Influence of dust particles on the characteristics of premixed methane-air flames has been studied in this dissertation. Experiments are performed in a Bunsen burner type experimental set-up called Hybrid Flame Analyzer (HFA), which can be used to measure the burning velocity of gas, dust, and hybrid (gas and dust) premixed flames at constant pressure operating conditions. In the current study, analysis of particle-gas-air system of different types of dust particles (at particle size, dp = 75-90 µm) in premixed methane-air (ϕg = 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) flames. Coal, sand, and sodium bicarbonate particles are fed along with a premixed methane-air mixture at different concentrations (λp = 0-75 g/m3) in both laminar and turbulent conditions. First, the variation of laminar burning velocity with respect to the concentration of dust particles, and type of dusts are investigated for different equivalence ratios. Second, the laminar premixed flame extinction with inert and chemical suppressant particles are studied. Third, the variation of turbulent burning velocity of these hybrid mixtures are investigated against different turbulent intensities apart from the different concentrations and types of dusts. Fourth, the radiative fraction of heat released from turbulent gas-dust premixed flames are also presented against the operating parameters considered. Combustible dust deflagration hazard is normally quantified using the deflagration index (Kst) measured using a constant volume explosion sphere, which typically is a sealed 20-liter metal sphere where a premixed mixture is ignited at the center and the progression of the resulting deflagration wave is recorded using the pressure measured at the vessel wall. It has been verified from prior studies that the quantification of the turbulence by this method is questionable and there is a need to analyze the controlling parameters of particle-gas-air premixed system accurately through a near constant pressure operated experimental platform. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of dust particles on premixed methane-air flames at near constant pressure conditions. The turbulent burning velocity is calculated by averaging the measured flame heights and the laminar burning velocity is calculated through the premixed cone angle measurements from several high-speed shadowgraph images obtained from the experiments. The turbulent intensity and length scale of turbulence generated by a perforated plate in the burner is quantified from the hot-wire anemometer measurements. Radiative heat flux is also measured for each of the turbulent test conditions. The outcomes from these experiments are: 1. An understanding of the variation of turbulent burning velocity of gas-dust premixed flames as a function of dust type, turbulent intensity, integral length scale, dust concentration and gas phase mixture ratio. 2. An understanding of the flame extinction characteristics and variation of laminar burning velocity of gas-dust premixed flames as a function of dust concentration and gas phase mixture ratio. 3. Quantify the radiative heat flux and radiative fraction of heat released from gas-dust turbulent premixed flames as a function of dust type, turbulent intensity, dust concentration and gas phase mixture ratio. Dust type and concentration play an important role in deciding the trend in the variation of both laminar (SL) and turbulent burning velocity (ST). Coal particles, with the release of volatile (methane), tend to increase burning velocities except for fuel rich conditions and at higher coal concentrations at larger turbulent intensities. At a higher turbulent intensity and larger concentrations, higher ST values are observed with the addition of sand. Sodium bicarbonate addition, with the release of CO2 and H2O, decreased the burning velocity at all the concentrations, turbulent intensities and equivalence ratios. Laminar flame extinction was observed with the addition of sand and sodium bicarbonate particles at conditions exceeding certain critical dust concentrations. These critical concentrations varied with the equivalence ratios of gaseous premixed flames. The turbulence modulation exhibited by particles and particle concentration is evident in these observations. The independent characteristic time scale analysis performed using the experimental data provided further insights to the results. The chemical and convective times in gas phase confirm the broadened preheat thin reaction zone regime in the current test cases, which has an effect of attenuating turbulence and thereby the resulting turbulent burning velocity. The particle time scale analysis (Stokes number) show that the effect of particles and particle concentration is to slightly enhance the turbulence and increase the turbulent burning velocity at lower concentrations. However, the time scale analysis of particle vaporization (vaporization Damköhler number) indicate an increase in the vaporization rate for particles (coal and sodium bicarbonate) resulting in a decrease in their turbulent burning velocities at higher concentrations and turbulent intensities. Sodium bicarbonate has higher evaporation rate than coal at same level of turbulence and the absence of this effect for inert (sand) results in higher turbulent burning velocities at higher concentrations. An increase in the turbulent intensity increases the vaporization rate of particles. The investigation on radiative fraction of heat released by methane-air-dust turbulent premixed flames identified that, the addition of dust particles increases the radiative fraction irrespective of the dust type due to the radial and axial extension of flame. A unified approach to couple this multiple complex phenomenon of turbulence, particle interaction, particle vaporization and combustion in particle laden premixed gaseous flames is the direction for future research.

Obtention des composes a structure mixte par echange ionique en sel fondu d'ions lanthanides trivalents sur les cristaux d'aluminogallate de sodium, na::(1+y)(al::(1-x)ga::(x))::(11) o::(17+(y/2)), obtenus par la methode du fondant, avec 0,5y1 et 0x0,5. Caracterisation par des mesures de susceptibilite magnetique et conductivite electrique. Analyse des spectres rpe pour localiser les ions lanthanides dans les structures de type alumine beta ou mixte, pour lesquelles les etudes d'absorption optique, de fluorescence et de declin de fluorescence indiquent des proprietes optiques differentes des ions ce**(3+), nd**(3+), eu**(2+) et eu**(3+)

L'originalité de la thèse est de considérer des catégories de matériaux très divers (matières en suspension, nutriments dissous et totaux, ions dissous) pour des bassins couvrant une grande gamme de variabilité hydrologique (2000 années-stations de concentrations et débits journaliers en France, Europe et Etats-Unis pour des tailles de 600km² à 1 000 000 km²) et en testant 9 méthodes de calcul des flux innovantes ou couramment utilisées. Pour chaque méthode de calcul, la comparaison des flux annuels estimés à partir des suivis discrets et des flux annuels de référence permet d'évaluer les incertitudes en termes de biais et d'imprécisions. Ces incertitudes ont pu être étudiées en lien avec la variabilité hydrologique, hydrochimique et sédimentologique des matériaux. Les résultats de la thèse sont donc de deux ordres : (1) fondamental, avec la mise en relation des incertitudes avec les deux facteurs de contrôle -W2% et b50sup- qui caractérisent les variabilités des débits et des concentrations, (2) appliqué, avec l'optimisation des suivis en terme d'intervalle d'échantillonnage et de durée de calcul des flux et la détermination des incertitudes sur les populations de flux déjà publiées.

Les propriétés physiques d'un matériau sont intimement liées à sa structure cristalline et dans le cas d'ions dopants aux sites qu'ils occupent. La première partie de ce travail est dédiée au matériau diphosphate de sodium et de zinc Na2ZnP2O7, cristallisé out vitreux et ceci pour les ions dopants Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ et Eu3+. Les phases cristallisées ont été obtenues par la méthode Czochralski, les verres par trempe à partir de l'état fondu. Un ensemble de caractéristiques physiques ont été mises en jeu (Raman, infrarouge, RPE, absorption optique, luminescence) pour déterminer les sites occupés par les ions dopants et l'influence sur les propriétés optiques. La deuxième partie de cet travail consiste à une meilleure connaissance des matériaux diélectriques sans plomb appartenant à la famille pérovskite et plus particulièrement à la solution solide NaNbO3-BaTiO3. Des monocistaux ont été obtenus par la méthode des flux et caractérisés en utilisant plusieurs techniques : diffraction X, microanalyse, évolution thermique des domaines ferroélectriques-ferroélastiques, mesures diélectriques, piézoélectriques et pyroélectriques.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o fluxo salivar e a fração de eliminação cintilográfica de pacientes tratados com bochecho de lauril-sulfato de sódio associado ao hidróxido de cálcio (HcT10) durante ou após o tratamento radioterápico na região cervicofacial. Casuística e método: Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: O grupo I (G1) foi composto por pacientes pós-irradiados (n=20) e o grupo II (G2) por pacientes que seriam submetidos à radioterapia no início deste estudo (n=23). Os pacientes foram avaliados através de sialometria, tendo sido realizada uma coleta de saliva antes do início dos bochechos e 4 outras a cada 14 dias (C1-C5), e de cintilografia, sendo uma realizada antes do início dos bochechos e outra entre 3 e 4 meses depois. Dois pacientes do G1 e oito pacientes do G2 não fizeram as secundas cintilografias. Resultados: Houve, a partir de C4, aumento significativo na quantidade de saliva quando comparada à C1 (p<0,05) para o G1 e decréscimo da quantidade de saliva para o G2 mesmo com o uso do HcT10 (p<0,05). Os resultados da cintilografia demonstraram que houve aumento da função das glândulas parótidas do G1 (p<0,05), sem, entretanto haver diferenças para as glândulas submandibulares (p>0,05). Em relação ao G2 houve decréscimo da função de todas as glândulas salivares (p<0,05). Conclusão: O HcT10 mostrou-se benéfico para o aumento de saliva no G1, porém não foi capaz de manter a quantidade de saliva para o G2
Objective: To evaluate salivary flow and the scintigraphic elimination of patients treated with a rinse of sodium lauryl sulphate associated with calcium hydroxide (HcT10) during or after radiation therapy in the cervicofacial area. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: Group I (G1) was composed with post-irradiated patients (n=20) and Group II (G2) was composed with patients who were undergoing radiotherapy at the start of this study (n=23). Patients were evaluated by sialometry - one saliva collection before the start of mouthwash and 4 other every 14 days (C1-C5), and scintigraphy, the first one performed before the start of the mouthwash and the last one between 3 and 4 months later Two patients in G1 and eight patients in G2 did not perform the secondary scintigraphy. Results: There was, from C4, a significant increase in the amount of saliva when compared to C1 (p<0.05) for G1 and a decreased amount of saliva into G2 even with the use of HcT10 (p<0.05). The results of scintigraphy demonstrated an augmentation in the parotid gland function in G1 (p<0.05), without, however there are differences in the submandibular glands (p>0.05). Regarding the G2 to a decrease in light of all the salivary glands (p<0.05). Conclusion: HcT10 proved to be beneficial to increase salivary flow in G1, but it was unable to keep the amount of saliva for the G2

Dans la première partie de ce mémoire nous rappelons la contribution des axones géants aux recherches électrophysiologiques et biophysiques menées sur les membranes excitables, les propriétés de base des différents canaux ioniques et nous présentons les derniers modèles élaborés surtout pour le canal sodique. Des méthodes d'extraction et de chromatographie diverses ont permis d'atteindre un facteur de purification de 50% qui, associé aux profils électrophorétiques, est en faveur d'une seule glycoprotéine de 260 kDa. La densité des glycanes dans la structure de ce canal serait faible ou bien leur nature serait différente de celle des vertébrés. Dans les fragments membranaires non solubilisés, cette protéine présente une grande affinité pour la saxitoxine tritiée (Kd=1,5 nM). La constante de dissociation s'élève à 8 nM après utilisation de détergent non ionique (Lubrol-PX). Après réincorporation dans des bicouches lipidiques planes, le niveau de conductance unitaire principale (active par la batrachotoxine) s'établit à 15 pS avec une sélectivite P(Na)/P(K) de 8. D'autres états de conductance ont également été observés (surtout 120/150 pS) mais leur signification physiologique reste à déterminer, en particulier lors de l'application d'échelons de potentiel. Les premières expériences d'hybridation des ARN extraits de ganglions stellaires avec une sonde d'ADNc de l'anguille sont en faveur d'une certaine conservation de la structure du canal sodique du Loligo forbesi. Cette étude devra être étendue à d'autres tissus de cette préparation

De par ses caracteristiques physiques, la vallee de l'ill en haute alsace est particulierement sensible a la pollution. Dans cette region a vocation industrielle et agricole la contazmination du milieu se traduit par une forte mineralisation de l'eau souterraine et des retombees atmospheriques solubles, diluees mais acides. La composition naturelle: bicarbonatee calcique de l'eau de la nappe phreatique est modifiee par une charge chloro-sodique et nitrique non negligeable. Quant aux retombees, elles provoquent au sol, des apports d'elements mineraux parmis lesquels predominent les chlorures, les sulfates, les nitrates, le calcium, le potassium et le sodium

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Os tratamentos utilizados para a prevenção da xerostomia não atingem a eficácia esperada pelos pacientes, podendo ainda produzir efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente o índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado de pacientes portadores de câncer de cabeça e pescoço durante e após tratamento radioterápico exclusivo tratados com a associação de laurildietileno- glicol-éter-sulfato de sódio e hidróxido de cálcio (HcT20). Este estudo foi realizado no Hospital Dr. Hélio Angotti envolvendo trinta e um pacientes (n=31) divididos em dois grupos: o grupo I composto por dezessete pacientes (n=17) submetidos à telecobaltoterapia, na dose total de 7.000 cGy e receberam o HcT20 durante o tratamento. O grupo II composto por quatorze pacientes (n=14) iniciaram o uso do HcT20 após a conclusão da radioterapia. Foram realizadas e mensuradas coletas semanais do índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado para os pacientes dos dois grupos. Os valores obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente através dos testes de aderência à curva normal, teste de Bartlett, teste de Friedman e teste de Wilcoxon, visando avaliar a eficácia do HcT20 tanto na prevenção da queda acentuada do fluxo salivar durante a radioterapia quanto na hipofunção salivar no período pós-radioterapia. Os pacientes do grupo I, ao término da radioterapia, mantiveram o índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado em relação aos valores basais; os do grupo II, que utilizaram a associação medicamentosa após radioterapia, apresentaram melhora acentuada no índice de fluxo salivar total não estimulado em relação ao basal; e o uso do HcT20 apresentou melhor resultado quando utilizado durante a radioterapia.
The treatments used to prevent the xerostomy do not reach the efficiency expected by the patients, and it can have undesirable effects. The goal of this report was to make a quantifiable evaluation of the total non stimulated salivary flow index in patients with head and neck cancers during and after the exclusive radiotherapy with an association of lauryl-diethylene-glycol-ether sodium sulfate and calcium hydroxide (HcT20). This study was held at the hospital Dr. Hélio Angotti involving thirty one patients (n=31) divided into two groups: Group one had seventeen patients (n=17) submitted to fractioned radiation treatment in the head and neck region at the total dose of 7.000 cGy and had HcT20 during the treatment. Group two with fourteen patients (n=14) started with the use of HcT20 after the end of radiotherapy. A weekly and measured collection of the index of the total non stimulated saliva flow was done on the patients of both groups. The values that were obtained were analyzed statistically through the Bartlett test, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon test, to seek an evaluation of the effectiveness of the medication on the prevention of the intense drop of the salivary flow during the radiotherapy and do avoid the xerostomy during the postradiotherapeutic period. The patients from group one at the end of the radiotherapy kept the base index of the total non stimulated salivary flow, the ones from group two that used the medication association after the radiotherapy had a great improvement of the total non stimulated salivary flow and the usage of HcT20 had a better result on the index of salivary flow during the radiotherapy.

Plugged and abandoned well pads throughout the Uintah Basin face reclamation challenges due to factors including a harsh climate, invasive species, and high salt loads. Finding ways to alleviate soil sodicity could improve soil reclamation success. Gypsum, sulfur, activated carbon, and Biochar are being applied to improve soil parameters negatively impacted by sodicity, but the direct impact of these amendments on Uintah Basin soils is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was two-fold. (1) Evaluate the effectiveness of gypsum, sulfuric acid, Biochar, activated carbon, and combinations of these amendments in reducing the impact of soil sodicity of the Desilt and Conglomerate soils by measuring amendment impact on percent dispersion, saturated hydraulic conductivity, crust bulk density, infiltration, and crust formation. (2) Compare a crust bulk density method using ImageJ to the clod wax density method and a modified linear extensibility percent equation to the linear extensibility percent equation to assess whether the novel methods can be used to accurately measure and calculate soil crust bulk density and shrink swell potential while reducing human error and analysis time.

Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo
Abstract
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Diversos estudos epidemiológicos têm relacionado doenças na vida adulta, como diabetes tipo-2 e hipertensão, e ambiente inadequado durante a vida fetal. Fatores distintos relacionados aos hábitos alimentares, como ingestão de sal na dieta, podem ter impacto importante no período perinatal. Recentemente, demonstramos que dieta hipossódica (HO) durante a gestação está associada com baixo peso ao nascimento e alterações na vida adulta. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dieta HO e hipersódica (HR) durante gestação em ratas. Ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com dieta HO, dieta normossódica ou HR desde a 8ª semana e foram acasaladas com 12 semanas de idade. Estes animais foram estudados na terceira semana de gestação e um grupo adicional de ratas virgens foi estudado como controle para o efeito da gestação. O peso da placenta e o do feto e o fluxo sangüíneo uterino foram menores e a resistência vascular periférica foi maior no grupo HO. Maior peroxidação lipídica e expressão gênica do receptor AT1 na placenta foram observadas no grupo HR. Em conclusão, peso do feto, peso da placenta e fluxo sangüíneo uterino são influenciados pelo consumo de sal durante a gestação.
Many epidemiological studies have linked diseases in adulthood, such as type-2 diabetes and hypertension, to adverse intrauterine environment during fetal life. Distinct factors related to dietary habits, such as salt intake, may have a major impact on the perinatal period. Recently, we have demonstrated that low-salt diet (LSD) during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and diseases during adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LSD and high-salt diet (HSD) during pregnancy in rats. Female Wistar rats were fed with LSD, normal-salt diet or HSD since 8 weeks of age and matted with 12 weeks of age. These animals were studied at the third week of gestation and one additional group of virgin rats was evaluated as a control for the gestation effect. Placenta and fetus weight and uterine blood flow were lower and peripheral vascular resistance was higher in the LSD group. In the placenta from HSD rats, higher lipid peroxidation and AT1 receptor mRNA were observed. In conclusion, fetal weight, placenta weight and uterine blood flow are influenced by the degree of salt consumption during pregnancy.

O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o fluxo salivar, pH, capacidade tampão, concentrações de proteína total e ácido siálico, atividades das enzimas amilase e peroxidase e concentração dos íons sódio, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, zinco e magnésio em saliva total de indivíduos síndrome de Down com idade entre 1 e 25 anos. Nos indivíduos com idade entre 1 e 5 anos a saliva total foi coletada através de uma leve sucção, enquanto que nos outros indivíduos com idade entre 6 e 10, 11 e 15, 15 e 20, 21 e 25 a saliva total foi coletada com estimulação mecânica através da mastigação de parafilm, durante 10 minutos. O pH e a capacidade tampão foramdeterminadas usando um pHmetro digital. A capacidade tampão foi mensurada através de titulação com HCl a 0,01N. A concentração de eletrólitos foi determinada através de um espectrofotômetro de emissão atômica com fonte de excitação de argônio induzido. A proteína total foi mensurada através do reagente de Folin. A atividade da amilase foi mensurada através da produção de maltose e a atividade da peroxidase foi mensurada através da utilização de orto-dianisidina. Para a analise estatística os dados foram apresentados em media ± desvio padrão. Foi utilizado o teste “t” de Student para determinar as diferenças entre as medias dos indivíduos síndrome de Down e o grupo controle. Nenhuma diferença significante foi observada na concentração de ácido siálico, fósforo, zinco, magnésio e cálcio entre os indivíduos síndrome de Down e o grupo controle. A concentração de sódio, proteína total e a capacidade tampão demonstraram ser maior nos indivíduos com síndrome de Down em comparação ao grupo controle. Por outro lado, o fluxo salivar, a concentração de potássio, e a atividade das enzimas amilase e peroxidase foram menores no grupo síndrome de Down quando comparado ao grupo controle. Estes resultados sugerem que as pessoas com síndrome de Down apresentam alterações no metabolismo do ducto e/ou das células acinares das glândulas salivares.
The aim of this study was to measure the flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, sialic acid, total protein concentrations, amylase and peroxidase activities and sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and magnesium concentration whole saliva of individuals with Down syndrome aged 1 - 25 years. In individuals aged 1-5 years the whole saliva was collected under slight suction, while in the others individuals aged 6-10, 11-15, 15-20, 21-25 the whole saliva was collected with stimulation by chewing a piece of parafilm, for 10 minutes. The pH and the buffer capacity were determined using a digital pHmeter. The buffer capacity was measured by titration with 0.01 N HCl. Electrolyte concentrations were determined by inductively coupled argon plasma with atomic emission spectrometry. Sialic acid was determined by thiobarbituric acid assay. Protein was determined by the folin’s phenol reagent. Amylase was assayed measuring the maltose produced by the breakdown of starch and peroxidase with ortho dianisidine. For statistical analysis the date are presented as mean ± SD. Student’s “t” test was used to determine differences between the mean of the Down syndrome and control groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in sialic acid, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium and calcium concentration between the individuals with Down syndrome and control group. The sodium and total protein concentration and buffer capacity showed higher in the Down syndrome than in the control group. On the other hand the flow rate and potassium concentration, amylase and peroxidase activities were lower in the Down syndrome than in the control group. These results suggest that the Down syndrome persons present alteration in the metabolism of the duct and/or acinar cells of salivary glands.

This study reports results obtained and the approach taken in investigating the temporal sodium flux in a woodlot soil receiving secondary treated effluent at Branxton, NSW. Previous research has shown woodlot soils receiving secondary treated effluent undergo an increase in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) over time. Increased soil ESP influences micro-aggregate/soil pore stability and, particularly when subject to irrigation waters of specific low-electrolyte concentrations, results in decreased soil permeability and a subsequent need to reduce effluent application rates. Therefore, in irrigated woodlot soils it has been necessary to implement strategies to remove excess sodium from the root zone to maintain optimum permeability of the receiving soil, that is, maintaining the cation balance (as soil ESP) to promote optimum soil pore size. To maintain optimum permeability, an understanding is needed of temporal variations in the accumulation/leaching (flux) of sodium within a soil under secondary treated effluent irrigated conditions. The ability to define the sodium flux depends on the frequency of soil sampling and the ability to interpret the net loss/gain in soil sodium in relation to the applied hydraulic load over time. Past research has measured changes in soil ESP on an annual basis, or longer, making it impossible to interpret temporal sodium flux within a given year. The rate of change of soil ESP has ramifications for optimum permeability within an effluent irrigated woodlot. With respect to increasing/decreasing soil ESP, a major response of the clay particles within micro-aggregates is the deformation of conducting soil pores and reduced hydraulic conductivities. In addition, clay dispersion is governed by the soil ESP and electrolyte concentration of the infiltrating waters at the time, where dispersed clay particles may block conducting soil pores and further reduce hydraulic conductivity. Therefore, investigating the temporal sodium flux in conjunction with the temporal variation in electrolyte concentration of infiltrating waters will give greater insight into the response of effluent irrigated soils to sodium-rich waters over time. Three research aims were formed to investigate temporal sodium flux. These include: 1. To investigate trends in the dominant water balance components for a woodlot soil receiving secondary treated effluent (STE); 2. To examine temporal and spatial variation in both the water balance components and measured soil properties, particularly the sodium flux; and 3. To investigate the implications of the sodium flux on the loss of soil structure and drainage over time (dispersion events), particularly in relation to temporal changes in soil ESP and effluent SAR. Monitoring programs for water balance components and soil parameters covered the period January 2002 – October 2003. Every two months, soil samples were taken at designated sites and at different depths (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm). These samples were analysed for exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+), from which the ESP values were derived. Also, this appears to be the first time that soil sampling at this frequency, which enables the temporal sodium flux to be determined, has been carried out. Column leaching experiments were also performed over the study period to illustrate the response of the woodlot soil, in terms of micro-aggregate stability, to hydraulic loads of varying SAR. Column leaching experiments also confirmed the rate of solute movement through the soil profile and the woodlot soil’s ability to bind/exchange sodium under different hydraulic loads and electrolyte concentrations. Soil extraction plate methods were used to determine wilting point and field capacity for these soils. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which is the solutional equivalent to soil ESP, was used to define the electrolyte concentration of the applied effluent and rainfall to the woodlot. The net loss/gain of exchangeable sodium at different depths and times was determined and compared with changes in water balance components and the measured volumetric soil water over time. The soil water surplus/deficit was recorded at a daily time-step and a cumulative approach was used to determine the long-term soil water surplus/deficit. In addition, variations in groundwater levels were monitored to observe if surplus irrigation events were reflected in temporal trends. As a result of determining the temporal variation in soil ESP, effluent and rainfall SAR, daily soil water deficit/surplus (short-term), cumulative soil water deficit/surplus (long-term) and volumetric soil moisture, temporal trends are presented. The sodium flux was then investigated by interpreting trends in the monitored data with respect to the dominant water balance components. All parameters were then used to model the potential dispersive behaviour of the receiving soil over time and depth, in relation to the volume and electrolyte concentration of the effluent and rainfall applied over time. The implications for soil structure and permeability depend on variations in soil ESP and effluent SAR. Results from this research show that soil ESP varied by as much as 24% over a four-month period and is shown to be a function of the sodium loading (from STE) and soil water surplus/deficit. On each sampling occasion, soil ESP generally increased with depth at all irrigated sites. Soil ESP at non-irrigated sites was much lower than irrigated sites, although the variability in soil ESP was much greater. Variations in SAR of the waters received by the woodlot soil (effluent and rainfall) over the study period ranged from 0.5 to 5.9. It is shown that the SAR range, coupled with variations in soil ESP, has ramifications for maintaining long-term soil structure. Soil structure at different sites within a woodlot will respond differently according to the soil ESP/effluent SAR relationship. The dispersive potential of soil at a given ESP receiving irrigation waters of known SAR was assessed in light of the relationship between soil ESP and effluent SAR. This showed the dynamic response of effluent irrigated soils to the long-term temporal variation in electrolyte concentration of rainfall/effluent. The relationship between soil ESP and effluent SAR is graphically presented as a continuum, which in turn can be used as a management tool for assessing the potential for dispersion of clay particles in a soil of known ESP and irrigated with waters of known SAR. By identifying trends in the temporal sodium flux, the optimum permeability of the receiving soil can be assessed in relation to the electrolyte concentration of the applied waters and the soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Secondary treated effluent application rates can then be corrected to prevent “dispersive” irrigation events over the long term and/or management strategies applied to remove excess sodium from the soil profile. The significance of the research is that a better understanding of the temporal dynamics of sodium in the soil profile will allow improved management of effluent irrigated woodlots, with the aim of making the practice sustainable with respect to controlling accumulating soil sodium and maintaining soil structure for future landuse.
PhD Doctorate

This study reports results obtained and the approach taken in investigating the temporal sodium flux in a woodlot soil receiving secondary treated effluent at Branxton, NSW. Previous research has shown woodlot soils receiving secondary treated effluent undergo an increase in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) over time. Increased soil ESP influences micro-aggregate/soil pore stability and, particularly when subject to irrigation waters of specific low-electrolyte concentrations, results in decreased soil permeability and a subsequent need to reduce effluent application rates. Therefore, in irrigated woodlot soils it has been necessary to implement strategies to remove excess sodium from the root zone to maintain optimum permeability of the receiving soil, that is, maintaining the cation balance (as soil ESP) to promote optimum soil pore size. To maintain optimum permeability, an understanding is needed of temporal variations in the accumulation/leaching (flux) of sodium within a soil under secondary treated effluent irrigated conditions. The ability to define the sodium flux depends on the frequency of soil sampling and the ability to interpret the net loss/gain in soil sodium in relation to the applied hydraulic load over time. Past research has measured changes in soil ESP on an annual basis, or longer, making it impossible to interpret temporal sodium flux within a given year. The rate of change of soil ESP has ramifications for optimum permeability within an effluent irrigated woodlot. With respect to increasing/decreasing soil ESP, a major response of the clay particles within micro-aggregates is the deformation of conducting soil pores and reduced hydraulic conductivities. In addition, clay dispersion is governed by the soil ESP and electrolyte concentration of the infiltrating waters at the time, where dispersed clay particles may block conducting soil pores and further reduce hydraulic conductivity. Therefore, investigating the temporal sodium flux in conjunction with the temporal variation in electrolyte concentration of infiltrating waters will give greater insight into the response of effluent irrigated soils to sodium-rich waters over time. Three research aims were formed to investigate temporal sodium flux. These include: 1. To investigate trends in the dominant water balance components for a woodlot soil receiving secondary treated effluent (STE); 2. To examine temporal and spatial variation in both the water balance components and measured soil properties, particularly the sodium flux; and 3. To investigate the implications of the sodium flux on the loss of soil structure and drainage over time (dispersion events), particularly in relation to temporal changes in soil ESP and effluent SAR. Monitoring programs for water balance components and soil parameters covered the period January 2002 – October 2003. Every two months, soil samples were taken at designated sites and at different depths (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm). These samples were analysed for exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+), from which the ESP values were derived. Also, this appears to be the first time that soil sampling at this frequency, which enables the temporal sodium flux to be determined, has been carried out. Column leaching experiments were also performed over the study period to illustrate the response of the woodlot soil, in terms of micro-aggregate stability, to hydraulic loads of varying SAR. Column leaching experiments also confirmed the rate of solute movement through the soil profile and the woodlot soil’s ability to bind/exchange sodium under different hydraulic loads and electrolyte concentrations. Soil extraction plate methods were used to determine wilting point and field capacity for these soils. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which is the solutional equivalent to soil ESP, was used to define the electrolyte concentration of the applied effluent and rainfall to the woodlot. The net loss/gain of exchangeable sodium at different depths and times was determined and compared with changes in water balance components and the measured volumetric soil water over time. The soil water surplus/deficit was recorded at a daily time-step and a cumulative approach was used to determine the long-term soil water surplus/deficit. In addition, variations in groundwater levels were monitored to observe if surplus irrigation events were reflected in temporal trends. As a result of determining the temporal variation in soil ESP, effluent and rainfall SAR, daily soil water deficit/surplus (short-term), cumulative soil water deficit/surplus (long-term) and volumetric soil moisture, temporal trends are presented. The sodium flux was then investigated by interpreting trends in the monitored data with respect to the dominant water balance components. All parameters were then used to model the potential dispersive behaviour of the receiving soil over time and depth, in relation to the volume and electrolyte concentration of the effluent and rainfall applied over time. The implications for soil structure and permeability depend on variations in soil ESP and effluent SAR. Results from this research show that soil ESP varied by as much as 24% over a four-month period and is shown to be a function of the sodium loading (from STE) and soil water surplus/deficit. On each sampling occasion, soil ESP generally increased with depth at all irrigated sites. Soil ESP at non-irrigated sites was much lower than irrigated sites, although the variability in soil ESP was much greater. Variations in SAR of the waters received by the woodlot soil (effluent and rainfall) over the study period ranged from 0.5 to 5.9. It is shown that the SAR range, coupled with variations in soil ESP, has ramifications for maintaining long-term soil structure. Soil structure at different sites within a woodlot will respond differently according to the soil ESP/effluent SAR relationship. The dispersive potential of soil at a given ESP receiving irrigation waters of known SAR was assessed in light of the relationship between soil ESP and effluent SAR. This showed the dynamic response of effluent irrigated soils to the long-term temporal variation in electrolyte concentration of rainfall/effluent. The relationship between soil ESP and effluent SAR is graphically presented as a continuum, which in turn can be used as a management tool for assessing the potential for dispersion of clay particles in a soil of known ESP and irrigated with waters of known SAR. By identifying trends in the temporal sodium flux, the optimum permeability of the receiving soil can be assessed in relation to the electrolyte concentration of the applied waters and the soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Secondary treated effluent application rates can then be corrected to prevent “dispersive” irrigation events over the long term and/or management strategies applied to remove excess sodium from the soil profile. The significance of the research is that a better understanding of the temporal dynamics of sodium in the soil profile will allow improved management of effluent irrigated woodlots, with the aim of making the practice sustainable with respect to controlling accumulating soil sodium and maintaining soil structure for future landuse.
PhD Doctorate

碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
102
Due to the growing problem of globally water scarcity nowadays﹐much attentions have been payed applying desalination process. Membrane distillation (MD) is expected to be a potential technology for desalination as compared to reverse osmosis, not only the better water quality that it can produce , but it also can provide a higher water recovery. However, there is still very few applications for MD in industries .One of the major reasons is the lack of knowledge in scaling effect of the process. In this study, we analyzed the scaling morphology of sodium chloride and calcium carbonate salts and its effect on the MD flux, respectively. We also used the simulation program and experiments to study the effects of feed temperature , feed concentration and feed flow rate etc. on the flux. Simulated results showed that the difference in fluxes predicted with and without considering concentration polarization can up to 7.4% and 26.5% for feed concentration at 15 wt% and 24 wt% , respectively. Direct contact membrane distillation experiments were carried out with a flat sheet module to observe the flux performances of NaCl and CaCO3 salts feed solution. The membrane scaling was examined by SEM-EDS analysis.Results showed the flux is almost unchanged and it have just a minor scaling problem after 8 hours operation for feed of 3 wt% NaCl solution at 70 oC. However, as the feeds with 15 wt% and 24 wt% NaCl concentration, 10% and 36% flux decline were observed and the membrane surface have deposited a dense scaling layer. On the other hand, based on the calcium and bicarbonate ions concentrations in seawater and that in concentrate stream from RO desalination process with 40 % water recovery, we also prepared the feeds for DCMD experiments.The scaling at 70℃is formed by sphericalsmall precipitates, , but it has the needle-like rode structure when operation is at 50℃. Through detecting the time dependent pH valuein the feed stream, it indicates that more faster CaCO3 precipitation rate will occur at higher feed temperature and salt concentration. In this study, we also calculated the saturation index(SI) at the membrane surface. The SI value for CaCO3is about 246.37 for concentrated solution at 70℃, and it means the membrane surface have large amount deposit on it. When the feed was conditioned to pH=6, the SI value evaluated at the membrane surface is equal to 1 and experimental results showed that there is almost no decline in flux under such condition.When the feed solution is prepared by mixing NaCl and CaCO3 salts, its MD behavior is similar to the feed only with CaCO3salt. Besides, we have also discussed how to clean the membrane to make it recover the flux performance. The scaling by NaClon the membrane surface can completely flushed by water, so we can see the apparently flux recovery. However, using fresh water to flush the membrane have not significant effect for CaCO3 scaling. butthe flux can recover close to the initial fluxif the scaled membrane is flushed with 0.1 wt% citric acid solution.