Academic literature on the topic 'Sodium accumulation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sodium accumulation"
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Titze, Jens. "Water-Free Sodium Accumulation." Seminars in Dialysis 22, no. 3 (May 2009): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.2009.00569.x.
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Sulyok, Endre, Bálint Farkas, Bernadett Nagy, Ákos Várnagy, Kálmán Kovács, and József Bódis. "Tissue Sodium Accumulation: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications." Antioxidants 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040750.
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Excessive sodium intake has been well established as a risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Its adverse effects are achieved by renal sodium retention and related volume expansion and by inducing low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in the target tissues. This review presents the recent concept of nonosmotic sodium storage in the skin interstitium, the subsequent dissociation of sodium and volume homeostasis, and the cellular response to the increased tissue sodium concentration. Furthermore, data are shown on the sodium barrier and buffering potential of the endothelial glycocalyx that may protect the functional integrity of the endothelium when it is challenged by an increased sodium load. Finally, examples will be given of the involvement of oxygen free radicals (OFR) in sodium-induced tissue damage, and some clinical entities will be mentioned that are causally associated with sodium/volume retention and OS.
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Essah, Pauline A., Romola Davenport, and Mark Tester. "Sodium Influx and Accumulation in Arabidopsis." Plant Physiology 133, no. 1 (August 7, 2003): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.022178.
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Eimers, M. Catherine, Kelli-Nicole Croucher, Shanel M. Raney, and Melinda L. Morris. "Sodium accumulation in calcareous roadside soils." Urban Ecosystems 18, no. 4 (April 10, 2015): 1213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-015-0454-8.
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Hoyer, Kirsten, James Balschi, John Shryock, Luiz Belardinelli, and Joanne S. Ingwall. "Blocking the Late Sodium Current Reduces Intracellular Sodium Accumulation During Sodium Pump Inhibition." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 623a—624a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3296.
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Jin, Feng, Cheng Ran, Qul Aqa Anwari, Yan Qiu Geng, Li Ying Guo, Jian Bo Li, Dong Han, Xian Qin Zhang, Xu Liu, and Xi Wen Shao. "Effects of biochar on sodium ion accumulation, yield and quality of rice in saline-sodic soil of the west of Songnen plain, northeast China." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (November 30, 2018): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/359/2018-pse.
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This study evaluated the effects of biochar application on sodium ion accumulation, yield and quality of rice in saline-sodic soil by using a pot experiment. Rice was grown in the soil with no biochar, 15 g biochar per kilogram soil, 30 g biochar per kilogram soil and 45 g biochar per kilogram soil. The results indicated that biochar application significantly decreased sodium ion accumulation of rice plant parts, while it obviously increased rice dry biomass, grain yield and improved rice quality. The results suggested that biochar application to saline-sodic paddy soil has benefits to reduce stress and promote the increase of rice yield and quality formation in saline-sodic soil.
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Yi, Liang Peng, and Zu Wei Wang. "Effects of Three Salts to Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Accumulating Cadmium in Cd-Contaminated Soil." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.63.
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In order to use the Cd-contaminated saline soil, experiments have been carried out to analyze the differences among effects of three salts on cadmium accumulation capacities of Brassica Napus in Cd-contaminated soil, thus to figure out the phytoremediation effects of planting Brassica Napus in different types of Cd-contaminated saline soils. Brassica Napus(a cadmium hyperaccumulator plant) has been as the research plant, the Brassica Napus was planted in Cd-contaminated soils (Cd: 10 mg•kg-1) with different salt concentrations(0 g•kg-1, 2g•kg-1,4 g•kg-1 and 6 g•kg-1) for 60 days as required by the greenhouse pot soil culture experiment, thus to study the bioconcentration factor(BCF) of Brassica Napus on Cd and the effects of Brassica Napus on the changes of concentrations in the shoots and roots. The three main salts in the soil, namely, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate, were chosen as the analysis and research objects. The results showed that the soil containing sodium carbonate inhibited the Brassica Napus from absorbing Cd in the soil, so did the soil containing sodium sulfate, however, the effect was not so obvious as that of the soil containing sodium carbonate. However, the soil containing sodium chloride had little impact on Cd absorption of the Brassica Napus that it could only slightly promote the cadmium accumulation capacities of Brassica Napus under a very high concentration, In different types of saline soils, there were significant differences among the effects of different salts on cadmium accumulation capacities of Brassica Napus, the sodium chloride in the soil had little impact on cadmium accumulation capacities of the roots of Brassica Napus, however, it could enhance the cadmium accumulation capacities of the shoots of Brassica Napus; the sodium carbonate in the soil could significantly inhibit the shoots and roots of Brassica Napus from accumulating the cadmium, therefore, it was not conducive for the Brassica Napus to accumulate cadmium.
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Moraghan, J. T., and J. J. Hammond. "Accumulation of Sodium and Potassium by Flax." Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, no. 3 (May 1996): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030022x.
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Mizisin, Andrew P., Robert R. Myers, and Henry C. Powell. "Endoneurial sodium accumulation in galactosemic rat nerves." Muscle & Nerve 9, no. 5 (June 1986): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880090509.
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Munns, Rana, Gregory J. Rebetzke, Shazia Husain, Richard A. James, and Ray A. Hare. "Genetic control of sodium exclusion in durum wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 7 (2003): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03027.
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Salt tolerance in the genus Triticum is associated with low accumulation of Na+ in leaves. Durum and other tetraploid wheats generally have high accumulation of Na+ relative to bread wheat, and are salt sensitive, but a durum wheat landrace, Line 149, was found to have unusually low leaf Na+ accumulation. Populations were developed from crosses between 149 and the high Na+ accumulation variety Tamaroi, as well as between 149 and a durum wheat landrace with very high Na+ accumulation, Line 141. The third leaf of parental lines, F1, F2, and low- and high-selected F2:3 progeny was assayed for Na+ uptake when grown in 150 mM NaCl. Sodium concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the low Na+ uptake Line 149 compared with high Na+ uptake Tamaroi (5-fold greater Na+ accumulation) and Line 141 (7-fold greater Na+ accumulation). There was no evidence of any maternal genetic effect on Na+ accumulation. The F1 progeny mean was intermediate to the mid- and low-parent means, suggesting incomplete dominance gene action. Progeny in the F2 generation of both populations segregated for Na+ accumulation in a 15 (low Na+) : 1 (high Na+) ratio (χ215:1 = 0.27 and 0.46, P > 0.50n.s. for 149/Tamaroi and 149/141, respectively), indicating duplicate dominance epistasis arising from segregation of 2 interacting dominant genes. Small yet significant (P < 0.01) genotypic variation was also observed for minor genes affecting Na+ accumulation. Realised heritabilities were moderate to high (h2R = 0.43–0.90) across populations, indicating good response to selection for low Na+ accumulation in the F2 generation. The simple genetic control of Na+ accumulation suggests relative ease of selection of lines with low Na+ accumulation. However, presence of dominance will require selection to be delayed until after 1 or 2 generations of inbreeding, or after progeny-testing of selected low Na+ accumulation families.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sodium accumulation"
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Essah, Pauline Adobea. "Sodium transport and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619721.
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Yadav, Rattan Singh. "Salt resistance in rice : the physiological and genetical basis of sodium accumulation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239576.
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Knowles, Tim C., and Charles Poole. "Effect of Onion Bed Shape on Accumulation of Soluble Salts and Sodium." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220011.
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An experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of knifing a vshaped notch into the center of raised onion beds for reducing soluble salt accumulation in the seed rows. Sodium salts accumulated within an 18 inch wide band in the top six inches of the knifed raised bed profile. Sodium salts accumulated primarily within a narrow six inch wide band, and to a somewhat lesser extent, within an 18 inch wide band in the top six inches of the conventional raised bed profile. Total soluble salts accumulated primarily within a six inch wide band in the top six inches of the knifed and conventional onion raised bed profiles.
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Liu, Yu-Yu. "Modulation of Sodium/Iodide Symporter Expression and Function in Thyroid." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1293691026.
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Suský, Stanislav. "Elektrolyty pro sodno – iontové akumulátory s použitím iontových kapalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442526.
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The content of this work deals with a theoretical search of sodium-based batteries. The first part of the work contains an introduction to the issue of batteries, contains basic concepts, principles of secondary batteries. In the second part, the basic three divisions of sodium batteries according to the design principles are discussed in more detail. He also deals with the theory of ionic liquids. Their mechanical, thermal and electrical properties and the method used to measure electrolytes are described here. The practical part describes the measurement procedure, displays the recorded measured values and their evaluation.
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Schachtman, Daniel Paul. "Physiology and genetics of sodium accumulation and salt tolerance in Triticum species." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140664.
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Dow, Michael James Sandland. "Transcription factors important in the regulation of salinity tolerance." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/77095.
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Salt tolerant plants are able to survive in saline soils by the virtue of an array of channels and pumps that minimise sodium entry into roots and loading into the xylem, as well as the sequestration of sodium in the vacuole of the cells of both root and shoot. Regulation of genes involved in conferring salt tolerance is thought to occur via a network of transcription factors. In this project, the aim is to identify transcription factors that are important in regulating genes involved in salinity tolerance. Affymetrix Rice 57K GeneChip data from a previous project were used to analyse gene expression with and without salt stress in the shoots and roots of the salt sensitive Oryza sativa cultivar IR29 and the salt tolerant cultivars FL478, IR63731 and Pokkali. Transcription factors showing differential expression between the salt sensitive and salt tolerant cultivars were identified and confirmed by qRT-PCR. Six transcription factors with confirmed expression patterns were selected and transgenic rice plants were generated either constitutively or salt inducibly over-expressing each of the transcription factor coding sequences. Plants were also made expressing artificial microRNAs designed to reduce levels of transcripts of each transcription factor. The altered expression of five transcription factors, OsOrphan19, OsEREB67, OsbHLH17, OsLUX and OsMYB54 affected plant salinity tolerance, as evidenced by changes in Na⁺ and K⁺ accumulation and plant fresh weight. These five transcription factors show significant homology to other previously known stress responsive genes thus suggesting their involvement in plant stress responses. Further experiments such as chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA-sequencing of transgenic plants need to be performed to identify the target promoters and downstream genes, respectively, to determine the precise role of these transcription factors in plant responses to salt stress.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2012
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Ou, Tzu-ying, and 歐姿瑛. "The effect of a putative sodium-hydrogen antiporter on Bamboo mosaic virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89133632199080312136.
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碩士國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
100
Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a member of alphavirus-like superfamily, is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus. It has a 6.4-kb genome encompassing 5’ methyl cap, 5’ untranslated region (UTR), five open reading frames (ORFs), 3’ UTR and poly(A) tail. In a previous study, BaMV RdRp domain was used as a bait to screen a leaf cDNA library of Nicotiana benthamiana using yeast two-hybrid system. The screen identified a host factor able to interact with the viral RdRp domain. Sequence analysis indicated that this host factor is a putative sodium-hydrogen antiporter (Na+/H+ antiporter, PNbNha1), similar to members of microbial and plant Na+/H+ antiporter D (Nha D) family that play a crucial role in ion homeostasis in cell. To understand the effect of PNbNha1 on BaMV accumulation in N. benthamiana, the PNbNha1-silenced plant was transfected with the BaMV infectious clone pKBG, and the level of BaMV replication was estimated by the accumulation of BaMV coat protein. The result showed that the accumulation of BaMV coat protein decreased in PNbNha1-silenced plant. In N. benthamiana protoplast, which was co-transfected with BaMV infectious clone pCBG and the PNbNha1 expressing vector, pBI-NbPNbNha1, the accumulation of BaMV coat protein increased obviously. Overall, these results suggest that the expression of PNbNha1 in N. benthamiana and BaMV coat protein accumulation are positively correlated. The mechanism about how the PNbNha1 affects BaMV replication will be addressed in the further analysis.
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Chan, Chen Yu, and 陳雨禪. "Effects of Diatomite and Dietary Sodium Chloride on Cu Accumulation and Metallothionein Induction in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yb2srw.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
水生生物科學系研究所
97
Copper sulfate (CuSO4．5H2O) is commonly applied in agriculture and aquaculture ponds. Due to abundant availability, aquaculture ponds became a potential pollution resource. Although copper is an essential metal with a recognized biological role and like other heavy metals, it is potentially toxic at high concentrations. Diatomite (SiO2•nH2O) is a soft, lightweight rock available in large deposits around the world. In our preliminary studies also found that diatomite can absorb waterborne copper ions, each gram of diatomite (size, 0.25 mm) absorbed 2.311 μg Cu. Otherwise, previous studies had found that external sodium can reduce Cu accumulation in fish. It is therefore believed that treating water with diatomite and providing sodium as a part of the diet would be more effective in reducing the accumulation of copper ions than would treatment with diatomite or dietary sodium individually. Experimental results showed that Dietary sodium chloride did not interfere with the whole-body water or Na homeostasis. Tilapia treated with diatomite and dietary sodium chloride showed significantly higher MT expression and lower Cu contents compared to that of the control group. A simulation test of an aquaculture farm provided evidence that a decrease in Cu levels in water and a lowering of Cu accumulation were achieved in the whole fish body after CuSO4 treatment. With these experimental results, we suggest that both diatomite and dietary sodium chloride can be useful materials for aquaculture to produce hypo-copper contents in fish.
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Huang, Chia-Chen, and 黃佳貞. "Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of Sodium Silicate on Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Seedlings Grown in As-Contaminated Paddy Soils." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63948818809221029167.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
103
Intake of arsenic (As) from rice consumption poses a threat to food safety and human health globally. Silicon (Si) and As(III) share the pathway of uptake and translocation in rice. Si application into hydroponic culture solutions can decrease As uptake and toxicity to rice plant shown in previous studies. However, Si application into soils, both enhancing and inhibition effects on As bioavailability could occur because of increasing As release into soil solutions resulted from competitive sorption, and decreasing As uptake caused by competing pathways into rice plants. Since the adverse effects may come with the competition adsorption onto soils between As and Si, foliar application of Si fertilizer might be an alternative and more efficient way to enhance rice growth and to reduce As accumulation and toxicity than soil applications. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of foliar and soil application of Si on rice seedlings grown in As contaminated soils and investigated the influence of various application rates of Si on arsenic accumulation in rice seedlings. Pot experiments of rice seedling growth in the greenhouse were conducted with four soils, including two geogenic As-elevated Guandu soils [GdL and GdH with low (17 mg kg-1) and high (128 mg kg-1) levels of As, respectively] and two Chiwulan soils [CaL and CaH with As-unspiked and spiked (80 mg As(V) kg-1), respectively]. In the Si treatments, sodium silicate was added into soils at the application rates of 0, 1, and 3 times (S0x, S1x, S3x) of Si fertilizer recommendation rate (0.175 g Si kg -1 soil) for soil application, and was sprayed on rice at the application rates of 50 mL of 0, 0.1%, and 0.3% Si (F0x, F1x, F3x) solutions per pot for foliar application. The applications were performed at the 15 and 30 days after rice transplanting respectively. After 50 days of growth, the rice seedlings were harvested. The concentrations of Si, As and As species in soil solutions and As concentrations in roots and shoots of rice seedlings were determined. The results show that the Si concentrations in the soil solution were increased significantly by soil application of Si. Due to the lower capacity of Si retention in Ca soils, the concentrations of Si in Ca soil solutions were one order of magnitude higher than those in Gd soils. The concentrations of As in soil solutions were increased significantly treated by S3x in CaL, CaH, and GdH. For high As contaminated/spiked soils with soil application of Si, the biomass of rice plants and shoot-As concentration decreased with the Si application rates, whereas the shoot-Si concentrations were increased. Although soil application of Si led to higher As concentrations in soil solutions, it decreased shoot-As concentrations compared with the control, resulting from the increase of Si/As molar ratio in soil solutions and thus causing competition between Si and As for plant uptake. The decrease of As uptake by rice seedlings may result from As phytotoxicity of rice plants grown in high-As soils. However, foliar application of Si had no significant effect on pH, Eh, Si and As concentrations in soil solution, plant biomass and shoot-Si and shoot-As concentrations of rice seedlings. It suggested that the foliar application of Si in this study were not available for plant uptake.
Books on the topic "Sodium accumulation"
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Carrero, Juan Jesús, Hong Xu, and Bengt Lindholm. Diet and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0101.
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The dietary management of non-dialysed CKD patients has focused on limiting the intake of substances which lead to accumulation of urea, potassium, phosphorus, and sodium. Recent advances in nutritional epidemiology have given us the opportunity to examine the relationships between diet and CKD. This chapter focuses on evidence relating to retarding progression of renal impairment in the early to mid stages of CKD. Limits may need to change if GFR falls. The hypothesis that a high dietary protein intake leads to progressive CKD through a mechanism of glomerular hyperfiltration has been taught for decades, and it appears effective in animals. However, the evidence that low-protein diets (LPDs) halt CKD progression in patients is weak. Their management is of course likely to include other interventions such as blood pressure control. There is risk to low-protein diets. There is some evidence that high protein intakes are harmful. We therefore recommend moderate protein intake (not low; not high – no protein supplements; around 1g/kg/day). Salt handling is impaired in most patients with CKD, probably even early stages, and hypertension is an early feature, except in salt-losing patients, to whom different rules apply. Salt intake tends to raise blood pressure, worsen proteinuria, and reduce the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on blood pressure and proteinuria. Very low salt intakes are difficult to comply with and limit diet. In early stages of CKD we therefore recommend restriction to moderately low levels (below 6g/day of salt; 100 mmol of sodium). Lower levels may have additional benefits, and these limits may need to be reduced as GFR declines. Potassium is associated with healthy, desirable foods such as fruit and vegetables. It should only be restricted if high serum values make this necessary.
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Arroyo, Vicente, Mónica Guevara, and Javier Fernández. Renal failure in cirrhosis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0247.
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A major event in liver cirrhosis is the development of a progressive deterioration of circulatory function due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and impairment in cardiac function. This feature determines a homeostatic activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and antidiuretic hormone. The splanchnic microcirculation is resistant to the vasoconstrictor effect of these systems. Therefore, the homeostasis of arterial pressure in cirrhosis occurs in the extrasplanchnic, mainly renal circulation. The activation of these systems produces renal fluid retention, which accumulates as ascites, and water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia. In the latest phase of cirrhosis, when circulatory dysfunction is severe, renal vasoconstriction is intense and patients develop type 2 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and refractory ascites.Type 1 HRS is an acute and rapidly progressive renal failure that occurs in the setting of a precipitating event, commonly an infection. Patients with type 1 HRS also present with rapid deterioration of liver function (encephalopathy, jaundice) and relative adrenal insufficiency. The mechanism of this multiorgan failure is an acute deterioration in circulatory function due to both an accentuation of arterial vasodilation and of cardiac dysfunction.There is no specific test for the diagnosis of HRS. The most accepted diagnostic criteria are those proposed by the International Ascites Club which are based on the exclusion of other types of renal failure. The course of renal failure following treatment of the precipitating event of HRS is another important diagnostic feature.The treatment of choice of tense ascites in cirrhosis is paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin infusion. Moderate sodium restriction and diuretics (spironolactone alone or associated with furosemide) are subsequently given to prevent re-accumulation of ascites. Diuretics are the treatment of choice in patients with moderate ascites. Patients with type 2 HRS and refractory ascites (not responding to diuretics) could be treated by frequent paracentesis or by the insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).Terlipressin plus albumin is the treatment of choice in type 1 HRS
Book chapters on the topic "Sodium accumulation"
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Hajji, M., M. Lachaâl, A. Soltani, and Grignon C. "Large accumulation of sodium in leaves may be compatible with normal growth." In Plant Nutrition, 416–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_201.
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Taeb, M., R. M. D. Koebner, B. P. Forster, and C. N. Law. "Association between genes controlling flowering time and shoot sodium accumulation in the Triticeae." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 159–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1650-3_20.
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Figdore, Scott S., W. H. Gabelman, and G. C. Gerloff. "The accumulation and distribution of sodium in tomato strains differing in potassium efficiency when grown under low-K stress." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 353–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3581-5_33.
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Hirche, Hj, H. Knopf, H. Homburg, and R. Walser. "Does Noradrenaline Influence the Extracellular Accumulation of Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, and Hydrogen Ions ([K+]e, [Na+]e, [Ca2+]e, [H+]e) during Global Ischemia in Isolated Rat Hearts?" In Adrenergic Mechanisms in Myocardial Ischemia, 283–92. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11038-6_23.
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Schwarz, J. R. "Phenytoin and Carbamazepine Act by Accumulating Inactivated Sodium Channels." In Physiology, Pharmacology and Development of Epileptogenic Phenomena, 237–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46732-5_52.
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Hernán Carro, Gerardo, and Juan Pablo Nicola. "The Molecular Basis for Radioiodine Therapy." In Thyroid Cancer - The Road From Genes to Successful Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108073.
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Radioactive iodine (radioiodine) therapy is a standard and effective therapeutic approach for high-risk differentiated thyroid carcinomas, based on the unique ability of the thyroid follicular cell to accumulate iodide through the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). However, a recurrent limitation of radioiodine therapy is the development of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinomas, which are associated with a worse prognosis. Loss of radioiodine accumulation in thyroid carcinomas has been attributed to cell dedifferentiation, resulting in reduced NIS expression and NIS intracellular retention involving transcriptional and posttranscriptional or posttranslational mechanisms, respectively. Emerging therapies targeting the oncogene-activated signal pathways potentially involved in thyroid carcinogenesis have been able to recover radioiodine accumulation in radioiodine-refractory tumors, which constitutes the rationale of redifferentiation therapies. Here, we will comprehensively discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying radioiodine therapy, refractoriness to radioiodine therapy in differentiated thyroid carcinomas, and novel strategies for restoring radioiodine accumulation in radioiodine-refractory thyroid carcinomas.
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Dai, G., O. Levy, L. M. Amzel, and N. Carrasco. "Chapter 15 The mediator of thyroidal iodide accumulation: The sodium/iodide symporter." In Handbook of Biological Physics, 343–68. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-8121(96)80056-x.
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Fernández, Javier, and Vicente Arroyo. "Cirrhosis and ascites." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jack Satsangi, 3058–68. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0318.
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Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and the most common complication of cirrhosis, when it is associated with a poor prognosis. It occurs only when portal hypertension has developed and is mainly due to renal sodium retention secondary to splanchnic arterial vasodilation that leads to homeostatic activation of vasoconstrictor and sodium-retaining systems. Clinical presentation is with abdominal distension. The initial evaluation of a patient with ascites must include (1) history and physical examination; (2) liver and renal function tests including serum and urine electrolytes; (3) analysis of ascitic fluid (diagnostic paracentesis) for cell count and culture, and protein/albumin concentration; other tests such as cytology (suspicion of malignancy), amylase (pancreatic disease), and polymerase chain reaction and culture for mycobacteria (tuberculosis) should be done only when the diagnosis is unclear; (4) abdominal ultrasonography for evidence of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or malignancy. First-line manoeuvres include dietary salt restriction, and therapeutic or total paracentesis. Water restriction is only recommended if there is severe dilutional hyponatraemia. Refractory ascites is managed by repeated paracentesis or insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Cirrhotic patients with ascites should be considered for liver transplantation. All patients with cirrhosis and ascites are at risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Typical symptoms are abdominal pain and fever, but the condition may be asymptomatic. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics should be started as soon as a presumptive diagnosis is made following diagnostic paracentesis. Mortality is around 10% for the acute episode and 75% at 1 year; hence (unless contraindicated), all patients with SBP should be considered for liver transplantation. Patients with cirrhosis and ascites are also at high risk of other complications.
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"Technology of Heat and Moisture Regeneration for Ventilation Systems." In Technology Development for Adsorptive Heat Energy Converters, 174–222. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4432-7.ch006.
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The chapter is focused on technology of heat and moisture regeneration for ventilation systems. In the first sub-division recent progress in adsorptive technologies for air dehumidification, heating and conditioning is analyzed. In the next sub-divisions results of original researches of authors on adsorptive heat and moisture regeneration are given. The design of adsorptive heat-moisture regenerator for ventilation systems is shown. Its operation and the results of field tests are described. The technology of regeneration of low-potential heat and moisture by composite sorbent ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' is suggested. Experimental plots of temperature, absolute and relative humidity at the inlet and the outlet of the apparatus and between cassettes with the composite are given. Correlation of flows switch-over time, airflow rate and temperature drop is stated. The relationships temperature efficiency factor vs. dimensionless temperature drop and moisture efficiency factor vs. absolute humidity dimensionless drop are derived with fair accuracy for engineering calculation. Ability of purposeful modification of the above-mentioned characteristics within broad ranges by changing the half-cycle time, the size of the granules of the adsorbent and its amount is revealed. The mathematical model and algorithm for determining the basic parameters of adsorptive regenerator operating processes are developed. The proposed algorithm involves calculating the volume of air passed through the layer of adsorptive heat-storage material, the concentration of water in the airflow at the outlet of the regenerator, the adsorption, the heat of adsorption, the final temperature of the cold air, the air temperature after mixing the cold air from the street and the warm air in the room at the warm end of the regenerator during inflow, calculation of the final concentration of water in the flow at the cold end of the regenerator, the volume of air passing through the layer of heat-accumulating material, adsorption and heat of adsorption, the final temperature of the air at the cold end of the regenerator, the air temperature after mixing of the cold air from the street and the warm air from the room at the cold end of regenerator during outflow, determining the temperature efficiency coefficient, summarized adsorption and maximal adsorption time. The correlation of air temperatures near the warm and cold end of the regenerator, as well as the temperature efficiency factors calculated according to the proposed algorithm and obtained by experimental way is confirmed. The mathematical modeling of the processes of operation of adsorption regenerators based on composites ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' and ‘sodium acetate' in the conditions of the typical ventilation system of residential premises is carried out. The dependences of the temperature efficiency factor vs. the time of switching air flows and the velocity of air flow, as well as the temperatures of external and internal air under stationary conditions are shown. An optimal composition of composite adsorbents is stated to be 20% of silica gel and 80% of salt, that is, sodium sulphate or sodium acetate. Due to higher value of maximal adsorption composite ‘silica gel – Na2SO4' is shown to be required in half as much as compared with ‘silica gel – CH3COONa'. The results of the research can be used in the development of energy-efficient ventilation systems and devices for residential and warehouse premises.
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"Performance of Adsorptive Heat Storage Devices for Heat Supply." In Technology Development for Adsorptive Heat Energy Converters, 124–73. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4432-7.ch005.
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The chapter is focused on modelling of performance of adsorptive heat storage devices and estimation of performance of heat storage devices. Two groups of models of adsorptive heat storage units suggested previous researchers are analyzed. The first one is focused on predicting the heat energy storage density, it being based on Dubinin-Polanyi theory. The second one is devoted to analyzing the kinetic of adsorption processes and performance of the adsorber or adsorptive-desorptive reactor filled with traditional adsorbent or salt which forms crystalline hydrates. The key drawback of both groups of models concerns with considering only one stage of exploitation of adsorptive heat storage device in spite of its operating in two-stage mode, that is, alternating discharge (adsorption) and charge (regeneration). It inhibits estimation of efficiency of adsorptive heat storage device basing on full operating cycle and its involving in heat supply system. Two algorithms for estimation of operating parameters are proposed by authors for closed-type and open-type heat storage devices. The algorithm for calculation of operating parameters of closed type adsorptive heat storage device is proposed: calculation of the mass transfer coefficient, adsorption, useful heat, that is, heat of adsorption, determination of the heat input, it being calculated as heat inputs for heating the adsorbent, device housing, water in the tank, evaporation of water in the tank, heating of the adsorbed water and desorption. Then efficiency factor is calculated. The operating characteristics of a closed-type heat energy storage device were studied when the composite adsorbent ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' used. The effect of the humid airflow velocity on the efficiency factor is taken into account by introducing a coefficient equal to the value of the adsorption. An increase in the efficiency coefficient was stated when the velocity and relative humidity of the airflow. It is shown that the humid air flow temperature practically does not affect its value. Having been used the suggested algorithm, the optimal operating characteristics of an adsorptive heat storage device of a closed type based on a composite adsorbent ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' for a private house heating system are revealed to be humid air velocities of 0.6 – 0.8 m/s and relative humidity 40 – 60%. When these operational data applied, the efficiency coefficient is shown to reach the maximum values (about 55%). Algorithm of calculation of operating parameter of open-type heat storage device includes computation of mass transfer coefficient, adsorption, useful heat (heat of adsorption), heat input for heating the adsorbent, device casing, water in the humidifier, evaporation of water, heating the adsorbed water, desorption, and calculating efficiency coefficient. Performance of open-type heat storage device based on the composite adsorbent ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' is estimated. The optimal operating conditions of the heat accumulating device which allow operating with maximal magnitudes of efficiency coefficients 53 – 57% are stated to be humid airflow speed of 0.6 – 0.8 m/s and relative humidity of 40 – 60%. Correlation between efficiency factors obtained by experiments and calculated with suggested algorithm is confirmed. The possibility of reducing the power consumption when heat storage devices applied in 2,4 – 90 times versus decentralized heating systems on basis of solid fuel boiler, gas boiler and electric boiler is stated when open-type sorptive heat storage device used. Results of the study can be used to develop adsorptive storage devices in decentralized heat supply and ventilation systems and adsorption units for utilization of low-temperature waste heat.
Conference papers on the topic "Sodium accumulation"
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Harvey, Steven P., Jeff Aguiar, Peter Hacke, Steve Johnston, and Mowafak Al-Jassim. "Notice of Removal Sodium accumulation at potential-induced degradation shunted areas in polycrystalline silicon modules." In 2017 IEEE 44th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2017.8366199.
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Montanaro, Laura, and Alfredo Negro. "On the Effects Induced by the Accumulation of Sodium, Iron and Cerium, on Diesel Soot Filters." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980540.
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Li, Meimei, William K. Soppet, Saurin Majumdar, and Ken Natesan. "Improving Creep-Fatigue Design Methodology for Advanced Ferritic-Martensitic Steels." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28412.
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Advanced materials are a critical element in the development of advanced sodium-cooled fast reactors. High temperature design methodology of advanced materials is an enabling reactor technology. Removal of unnecessary conservatism in design rules could lead to more flexibility in construction and operation of advanced sodium-cooled fast reactors. Developing mechanistic understanding and predictive models for long-term degradation phenomena such as creep-fatigue are essential to the extrapolation of accelerated laboratory data to reactor environments with high confidence, and to improve the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code rules. This paper examines the cyclic softening and stress relaxation responses and associated plastic damage accumulation for Grade 91 ferritic-martensitic steel. Creep-fatigue experiments were conducted at 550°C in strain-controlled mode under various types of creep-fatigue loading conditions. Constitutive models were developed to describe the creep-fatigue interaction in G91.
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Fu, Bingmei M., Roger H. Adamson, and Fitz-Roy E. Curry. "In Vivo Measurement of Microvessel Permeability and Tissue Diffusion Coefficient in Frog Mesentery by Confocal Microscopy." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0599.
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Abstract Our early studies showed that tissue diffusion coefficient (Dt) of small solute sodium fluorescein (0.45 nm radius) in frog mesentery is 30% of its free diffusion coefficient (Dfree) in aqueous solution. We test here the hypothesis that because of its size-limiting structure the interstitium would provide larger resistance to larger solute α-lactalbumin (2.0 nm radius). We extended our previous method by using laser-scanning confocal microscopy to measure both solute capillary permeability (P) and solute tissue diffusion coefficients (Dt) from the rate of tissue solute accumulation and the radial concentration gradients around individually perfused microvessels in frog mesentery. pα-lactalbumin was 1.7 ± 0.7 (SD) × 10−6 cm/s (n = 6). Dt/Dfree was 27% ± 5% (SD) (n = 6). This value is comparable to that for small solute sodium fluorescein. Our results indicate that frog mesenteric interstitium is less selective to larger solute α-lactalbumin than the microvessel wall.
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Athmanathan, S., Bharath Kumar Dandu, C. Lakshmana Rao, Santhana Krishnan, R. Suresh Kumar, and Chella Pandi. "Experimental Study on Biaxial Ratcheting of SS316LN Steel Pipes Used in Fast Breeder Reactor Structures." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63323.
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SS316LN is the primary material used for critical components in fast breeder reactors. Piping systems play a vital role in the operation of any reactor. Fast breeder reactor piping system carries sodium at high temperatures. These systems are operated for long durations. Under normal operating conditions, these piping systems are under tensile stress due to internal pressure and self weight. In case of any seismic excitations, these piping systems are subjected to cyclic torsion along with the constant tensile stress. The combination of static axial tension and large magnitude of cyclic torsion leads to accumulation of plastic strains in axial direction. This accumulation of plastic strain in the axial direction due to cyclic torsion is called ratcheting. This paper discusses about the experimental investigations carried to simulate ratcheting behavior of the SS316L (N) pipe specimen. Many specimens tested under various loading combinations of constant axial tension and cyclic shear strain. The ratcheting for the material SS316LN has been observed experimentally. Axial strain variation with number of cycles is obtained for various loading cases. All these experiments have been conducted in room temperature.
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Yamano, Hidemasa, Shigenobu Kubo, Kyohei Sasa, Akihiro Shibata, Edouard Hourcade, and Jean François Dirat. "Coolability Evaluation of the Debris Bed on Core Catcher in a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor With a Whole Vessel Model." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93244.
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Abstract This paper describes coolability evaluations of a debris bed with a variety of decay heat removal system (DHRS) operating conditions with a whole vessel model assuming fuel accumulation on the core catcher in a short term. The DHRS consists of two circuits of direct reactor auxiliary cooling system and one circuit of reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system. The evaluation tool is a one-dimensional plant dynamics code, Super-COPD, with a debris bed module. The coolability evaluations have indicated that the current core catcher design secures sufficient natural circulation flows around the core catcher to ensure the debris bed cooling when at least one circuit of DHRS was activated. Sensitivity analyses under a pessimistic condition have shown that the debris bed is coolable with at least one circuit of improved DHRS even if most fuel accumulates on the core catcher in a short term.
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Song, Jian, Limin Liu, Simiao Tang, Yingwei Wu, Wenxi Tian, Suizheng Qiu, and Guanghui Su. "Implementation of Liquid Metal Properties in RELAP5 MOD3.2 for Safety Analysis of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66009.
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Due to great deal of operation experience and technology accumulation, sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) is the most promising among the six Generation IV reactors, which has advantages of breeding nuclear fuel, transmuting long-lived actinides and good safety characteristics. Thermal-hydraulic computer codes will have to be developed, verified, and validated to support the conceptual and final designs of new SFRs. However, work on developing thermal hydraulic analysis code for SFR is very limited in China, while the common software RELAP5 MOD3 is unable to analyze liquid metal systems. So the modified RELAP5 MOD3.2 is being considered as the thermal-hydraulic system code to support the development of the SFRs. The thermodynamic and transport properties of sodium liquid and vapor have been implemented into the RELAP5 MOD3.2 code, as well as the specific heat transfer correlations for liquid metal. The sodium liquid properties use polynomial equations based on data obtained from Argonne National Laboratory, and the vapor is assumed to be perfect gas. The property equations are acceptably accurate for analysis of SFR, especially for single-phase liquid. New files are added to the fluids directory to generate property tables for new working fluid, which are similar to the table interpolation subroutines for light and heavy water in the original file directory. The method of code modifications are universal for other working fluids and will not affect the code original performance. Some basic verification work for the modified code are carried out. The steam generator of CEFR is analyzed to verify the modified code. The calculated results show that all the water will boil off in the evaporator and the calculated results are in good agreement with the design values. By using modified RELAP5 to model the primary loop of EBR-II fast reactor, the SHRT-17 PLOF test was analyzed. The results show that the natural circulation can be established in the EBR-II primary system after main pumps off to remove the core decay residual heat effectively, and the peak temperature under the safety limits. Moreover, the results computed in this work compared well with the test experimental data for the steady state condition. During the transients, the changing trends of temperature and pressure are similar to experimental data. The discrepancies between calculation and experiment are considered acceptably which need to be improved in the future work. Our work could demonstrate the capability and reliability of the modified RELAP5 for the analysis of SFRs further.
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Igarashi, Kai, Ryoji Onuki, Takaaki Sakai, Shinya Kato, Ken-ichi Matsuba, and Kenji Kamiyama. "Validation of Analysis Models on Relocation Behavior of Molten Core Materials in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors Based on the Melt Discharge Experiment." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16440.
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Abstract In order to improve the safety of nuclear power plants, it is necessary to make sure measures against their severe accidents. Especially, in the case of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), there is a possibility of significant energy release due to formation of a large-scale molten fuel pool accompanied by re-criticality in the event of a core disruptive accident (CDA). It is important to ensure in-vessel retention that keeps and confines damaged core material in the reactor vessel even if the CDA occurs. CDA scenario initiated by Unprotected Loss Of Flow (ULOF), which is a typical cause of core damage, is generally categorized into four phases according to the progression of core-disruptive status, which are the initiating, early-discharge, material-relocation and heat-removal phases for the latest design in Japan. During the material-relocation phase, the molten core material flows down mainly through the control rod guide tube and is discharged into the inlet coolant plenum below the bottom of the core. The discharged molten core material collides with the bottom plate of the inlet plenum. Clarification of the accumulation behavior of molten core material with such a collision on the bottom plate is important to reduce uncertainties in the safety assessment of CDA. In present study, in order to make clear behavior of core melt materials during the CDAs of SFRs, analysis was conducted using the SIMMER-III code for a melt discharge simulation experiment [1] in which low-melting-point alloy was discharged into a shallow water pool. This report shows the validation results for the melt behavior by comparing with the experimental data.
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Gu, Chongzhe, Yukako Takahashi, and Hideo Miura. "Damage Mechanism of the Acceleration of Intergranular Cracking of Stainless Steel SUS316LN Under Creep Loading at Elevated Temperatures." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23693.
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Abstract In this study, the simple creep test and intermittent creep test of SUS316LN, which has become a preferred materials for the structural components used in Boiling Water Reactors and Sodium Cooled-fast Reactors, were carried out to investigate the damage evolution. The effect of doping nitrogen into conventionally used SUS316L on the creep and fatigue strength has been proved in the comparison experiment between SUS316L and SUS316LN. At elevated temperatures, however, intergranular cracking still appeared under the application of low tensile stress. The mechanism of intergranular cracking at elevated temperatures, however, has not been clarified quantitatively yet. Therefore, in this research, EBSD method was applied to investigate the degradation process of the crystallinity around grain boundaries in this alloy from the viewpoint of the change of micro texture and atom arrangement. IQ (Image Quality) values, which indicates the average sharpness of the obtained diffraction pattern, were used for the evaluation of the local total density of defects. KAM (Kernel Average Misorientation) value was used for the evaluation of local plastic deformation in this study. In the creep test, the crystallinity decreased monotonically with the increase of creep damage. Combined with ΔKAM value, it was concluded that the accumulation of dislocations along specific grain boundaries and the difference of the magnitude of plastic deformation between two nearby grains were the dominant factors of intergranular cracking. Large difference of the magnitude of plastic deformation between two grains accelerated the accumulation of dislocations around the grain boundary. Therefore, the large difference of Schmid Factor between nearby grain is the dominant factor which determines the place where intergranular cracking starts to occur.
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Calloway, T. Bond, Christopher J. Martino, Carol M. Jantzen, William R. Wilmarth, Michael E. Stone, Robert A. Pierce, Jamal E. Josephs, et al. "Radioactive Waste Evaporation: Current Methodologies Employed for the Development, Design and Operation of Waste Evaporators at the Savannah River Site and Hanford Waste Treatment Plant." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4515.
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Evaporation of High Level and Low Activity (HLW & LAW) radioactive wastes for the purposes of radionuclide separation and volume reduction has been conducted at the Savannah River and Hanford Sites for more than forty years. Additionally, the Savannah River Site (SRS) has used evaporators in preparing HLW for immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. The Hanford River Protection Project (RPP) is in the process of building the world’s largest radioactive waste treatment facility, Waste Treatment Plant (WTP), which will use evaporators to concentrate the liquid waste and plant recycles prior to immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. Radioactive waste is evaporated at each site using various evaporator designs (e.g., forced circulation, horizontal bent tube). While the equipment used to evaporate radioactive waste is relatively simple in design, the complexity in the evaporator processes in current service and in those currently in the design stages stems from the heterogeneous nature of the waste and the effects of seemingly minor components (e.g., Si) on the process. Aqueous electrolyte thermodynamic modeling and experiments have been conducted by the SRS Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) in support of the SRS HLW and Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Evaporators and the Hanford RPP WTP. After 40 years of successful operation, accumulation of two solid phases (a nitrated aluminosilicate, Na8AL6Si6O24(NO3)2•4H2O and sodium diuranate, Na2U2O7) developed as an insoluble phase in the Savannah River Site (SRS) 2H evaporator in 1996. The aluminosilicate scale deposit caused the SRS 2-H evaporator to become completely inoperable by October 1999. Accumulation of the sodium diuranate phase on the aluminosilicate scale has caused criticality concerns. Modeling and experiments were conducted to develop a method to control the process chemistry in order to prevent the formation of aluminosilicate deposits in the future. The lessons learned from the development, design, and operation of the SRS waste treatment facilities and the currently operating 242-A Hanford HLW evaporators were applied by SRTC in support of the development and design of the Hanford WTP evaporators. Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling along with solubility and physical property experiments are being conducted to develop process control and flow sheet models. Additionally, lessons learned from the development of an advanced antifoam agent for the SRS vitrification process evaporators are being applied to the testing and development of an antifoam agent for the Hanford WTP evaporators. This paper will discuss the methodologies, results, and achievements of the SRTC evaporator development program that was conducted in support of the SRS and Hanford WTP evaporator processes. The “cross-pollination” and application of waste treatment technologies and methods between the Savannah River and Hanford Sites will be highlighted. The “cross-pollination” of technologies and methods is expected to benefit the Department of Energy’s Mission Acceleration efforts by reducing the overall cost and time for the development of the baseline waste treatment processes.
Reports on the topic "Sodium accumulation"
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Sadka, Avi, Mikeal L. Roose, and Yair Erner. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Citric Acid Accumulation in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573071.bard.
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The acid content of the juice sac cells is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Pulp acidity is thought to be dependent on two mechanisms: the accumulation of citric acid in the vacuoles of the juice sac cells, and acidification of the vacuole. The major aim of the project was to direct effort toward understanding the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in the fruit. The following objectives were suggested: Measure the activity of enzymes likely to be involved in acid accumulation and follow their pattern of expression in developing fruit (Sadka, Erner). Identify and clone genes which are associated with high and low acid phenotypes and with elevated acid level (Roose, Sadka, Erner). Convert RAPD markers that map near a gene that causes low acid phenotype to specific co dominant markers (Roose). Use genetic co segregation to test whether specific gene products are responsible for low acid phenotype (Roose and Sadka). Objective 1 was fully achieved. Most of the enzymes of organic acid metabolism were cloned from lemon pulp. Their expression was studied during fruit development in low and high acid varieties. The activity and expression of citrate synthase, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were studied in detail. The role that each enzyme plays in acid accumulation and decline was evaluated. As a result, a better understanding of the metabolic changes that contribute to acid accumulation was achieved. It was found that the activity of the mitochondrial aconitase is greatly reduced early in high-acid fruits, but not in acidless ones, suggesting that this enzyme plays an important role in acid accumulation. In addition, it was demonstrated that increases in the cytosolic forms of aconitase and NADP-IDH towards fruit maturation play probably a major role in acid decline. Our studies also demonstrated that the two mechanisms that contribute to fruit acidity, vacuolar acidification and citric acid accumulation, are independent, although they are tightly co-regulated. Additional, we demonstrated that sodium arsenite, which reduce fruit acidity, causes a transient inhibition in the activity of citrate synthase, but an induction in the gene expression. This part of the work has resulted in 4 papers. Objective 3 was also fully achieved. Using bulked segregant analysis, three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified as linked to acitric, a gene controlling the acidless phenotype of pummelo 2240. One of them, which mapped 1.2 cM from acitric was converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR marker, and into co dominant restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These markers were highly polymorphic among 59 citrus accessions, and therefore, they should be useful for selecting seedling progeny heterozygous for acitric in nearly all crosses between pummelo 2240 and other citrus genotypes. This part of the project resulted in one paper. Objective 4 was also fully achieved. Clones isolated by the Israeli group were sent to the American laboratory for co segregation analysis. However, none of them seemed to co segregate with the low acid phenotype. Both laboratories invested much effort in achieving the goals of Objective 2, namely the isolation of genes that are elevated in expression in low and high acid phenotypes, and in tissue cultures treated with arsenite (a treatment which reduces fruit acidity). However, conventional differential display and restriction fragment differential display analyses could not identify any differentially expressed genes. The isolation of such genes was the major aim of a continuation project, which was recently submitted.