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1
Singh, Anshuman, Ashwani Kumar, Parbodh Chander Sharma, Raj Kumar, and Rajender Kumar Yadav. "Sodicity stress differently influences physiological traits and anti-oxidant enzymes in pear and peach cultivars." PeerJ 11 (March 13, 2023): e14947. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14947.
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Background The growth and physiological responses to sodicity stress of pear and peach are poorly understood. Insights into how sodicity stress alters tree physiology remain vital to developing salt tolerant scion and rootstock cultivars. Methods The effects of sodicity stress (soil pHs ~8.8) on tree growth and physiological traits of field grown trees of pear cultivars Punjab Beauty and Patharnakh, and peach cultivars Partap and Shan-e-Punjab were recorded using standard procedures. Sodicity-induced changes in oxidative stressors, proline, anti-oxidant enzymes and leaf ions were measured to draw inferences. Results Sodicity-induced reductions in vegetative growth were particularly marked in Patharnakh pear and Partap peach compared with other cultivars. Although sodicity stress triggered a significant increase in leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), their levels relative to controls were much higher in peach than in pear; reflecting that peach suffered from greater oxidative stress. Interestingly, MDA and H2O2 levels did not seem to be deleterious enough to trigger proline-induced osmotic adjustment in pears. The activities of anti-oxidant enzymes strongly varied with the cultivar; specifically, the sodicity-induced increases in CAT and SOD activities were much higher in Punjab Beauty pear and Shan-e-Punjab peach. Principal Component Analysis revealed an explicit convergence between CAT and SOD activities in Punjab Beauty and Shan-e-Punjab cultivars in response to sodicity-induced oxidative stress. Correlation analysis revealed that leaf Na+ strongly inhibited tree growth in peach than in pear. Leaf K+ and proline were found to be the major osmolytes in sodicity-stressed pear and peach cultivars, respectively. Conclusions We have for the first time studied the effects of sodicity stress on important tree growth and physiological traits of commercially important pear and peach cultivars. Our findings revealed a marked suppressive effect of sodicity stress on tree growth in peach than in pear. The sodicity-induced upticks in leaf malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and Na+ seemed to induce proline-mediated osmotic adjustment in peach but not in pear. The overall better sodicity tolerance in pear compared to peach was ascribed to increased activities of anti-oxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes together with restricted Na+ uptake and better leaf K+ levels. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the effects of sodicity stress on genetic and transcriptional changes, and on fruit yield and quality.
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Mohanavelu, Aadhityaa, Sujay Raghavendra Naganna, and Nadhir Al-Ansari. "Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100983.
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Salinity and sodicity have been a major environmental hazard of the past century since more than 25% of the total land and 33% of the irrigated land globally are affected by salinity and sodicity. Adverse effects of soil salinity and sodicity include inhibited crop growth, waterlogging issues, groundwater contamination, loss in soil fertility and other associated secondary impacts on dependent ecosystems. Salinity and sodicity also have an enormous impact on food security since a substantial portion of the world’s irrigated land is affected by them. While the intrinsic nature of the soil could cause soil salinity and sodicity, in developing countries, they are also primarily caused by unsustainable irrigation practices, such as using high volumes of fertilizers, irrigating with saline/sodic water and lack of adequate drainage facilities to drain surplus irrigated water. This has also caused irreversible groundwater contamination in many regions. Although several remediation techniques have been developed, comprehensive land reclamation still remains challenging and is often time and resource inefficient. Mitigating the risk of salinity and sodicity while continuing to irrigate the land, for example, by growing salt-resistant crops such as halophytes together with regular crops or creating artificial drainage appears to be the most practical solution as farmers cannot halt irrigation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the global prevalence of salinity and sodicity in irrigated areas, highlight their spatiotemporal variability and causes, document the effects of irrigation induced salinity and sodicity on physicochemical properties of soil and groundwater, and discuss practical, innovative, and feasible practices and solutions to mitigate the salinity and sodicity hazards on soil and groundwater.
3
Kamathker, A., K. B. Ranpariya, and J. V. Polara. "Influence of saline and sodic irrigation water on Bajra- II : Effect on concentration and uptake of nutrient." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.1/28-31.
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A pot experiment was conducted at Net House, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess the different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water on content and uptake of nutrient by bajra during the summer-2020. The treatment consist of four levels for each of salinity (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) and sodicity (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 SAR) of irrigation water on Bajra by adopting factorial CRD with three replications. The results indicated that application of different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water produced significant effect on concentration and uptake of N, P and K by grain and fodder of bajra crop.The highest N, P and K content (1.11%, 0.31% and 0.60 %) and uptake (225.5, 62.6 and 121.2 mg pot-1) by grain and content (0.88 %, 0.21% and 0.33%) and uptake (976.0, 225.8 and 362.5 mg pot-1) by fodder were observed with EC 2 dS m-1 level of salinity of irrigation water and the lowest content and uptake by grain were observed with EC 8 dS m-1 level of salinity of irrigation water, respectively. While the highest N, P and K content (1.15%, 0.30% and 0.59%) and uptake (256.9, 67.5 and 131.4 mg pot-1) by grain and content (0.98%, 0.19% and 0.34%) and uptake (1072.7, 210.6, 370.2 mg pot-1) by fodder were observed with SAR-5.0level of sodicity of irrigation water and the lowest content and uptake by grain were observed with SAR-20.0level of sodicityof irrigation water. The interaction effect between salinity and sodicity levels of irrigation water on uptake of N by grain and fodder where found significantly the highest with C1× S1(EC-2.0 dSm-1 ×SAR-5.0) level of salinity and sodicity of irrigation water.
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Rengasamy, P., and KA Olsson. "Irrigation and sodicity." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930821.
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The productivity of irrigated agriculture in Australia is low for most crops and one important factor is the physical and chemical constraints caused by sodicity in the rootzone. Over 80% of the irrigated soils are sodic and have degraded structure limiting water and gas transport and root growth. Irrigation, without appropriate drainage, leads to the buildup of salts in soil solutions with increased sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and can develop perched watertables due to a very low leaching fraction of the soil layers exacerbated by sodicity. Therefore, irrigation management in Australia is closely linked with the management of soil sodicity.The inevitable consequence of continued irrigation of crops and pastures with saline-sodic water without careful management is the further sodification of soil layers and concentration of salt in the rootzone. This will increase the possibility of dissolving toxic elements from soil minerals. The yields of crops can be far below the potential yields determined by climate. The cost of continued use of amendments and fertilizers to maintain normal yields will increase under saline-sodic irrigation. Most of the irrigated soils in Australia need reclamation of sodicity of soil layers at least in the rootzone. The management of these sodic soils involves the application of gypsum, suitable tillage and the maintenance of structure by the buildup of organic matter and biological activity aver time. Then artificial drainage, an essential component of the management of irrigated sodic soils, is possible. By following these soil management practices, irrigated agriculture in Australia will become sustainable with increased yields and high economic returns.
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Keerthana, K., S. Chitra, and T. Naveenkumar. "Screening of finger millet genotypes for sodicity tolerance using the Na+/K+ ratio as a major physiological trait." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3571.
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Sodicity affects a larger area than salinity, but research on the sodicity tolerance mechanism is limited. The study was carried out to screen 120 finger millet genotypes under sodic soil conditions and identify sodicity-tolerant genotypes. The experimental field soil conditions were sandy clay loam with pH 8.9, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.94 dSm-1 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 21.5, which was naturally sodic. Grain yield per plant and Na+/K+ ratio were recorded for each genotype to screen sodicity tolerance among the genotypes. A significantly higher grain yield per plant than that of the sodicity-tolerant check variety TRY 1 (23.10 g) was observed in 30 finger millet genotypes. The analysis of sodium and potassium revealed that these 30 finger millet genotypes also recorded a significantly lower Na+/K+ ratio, which is comparatively lower than that of the sodicity-tolerant check variety TRY 1 (0.23 Na+/K+ ratio). The genotypes (FIN 3045, FIN 2875, FIN 3077, FIN 3015, FIN 3063, FIN 2861, FIN 3028, FIN 2867, FIN 2854, FIN 2860, FIN 2872, FIN 2896, FIN 4268, FIN 3034, FIN 3928, FIN 3104, FIN 3965, FIN 3091, FIN 2960, FIN 3994, FIN 4198, FIN 3174, FIN 3078, FIN 4288, FIN 4202, FIN 4238, FIN 3089, FIN 4205, FIN 3966 and FIN 3182) that recorded higher grain yield per plant and lower Na+/K+ ratio can be considered sodicity tolerant. These genotypes with a high grain yield per plant and a low Na+/K+ ratio could be utilized in stress breeding programs to develop sodicity-tolerant finger millet varieties.
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Surapaneni, Aravind. "Preface to 'Sodicity Issues in Agricultural Industries — Current Research and Future Directions'." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eav42n3_pr.
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This paper summarises the outcomes of the International Sodicity Conference, ‘Sodicity Issues in Agricultural Industries — Current Research and Future Directions’, held at Tatura, Victoria, 28 February–1 March 2000. In this paper we present (i) sodicity issues generic across agricultural industries, (ii) results of the interactive workshop, and (iii) knowledge gaps identified specifically for individual agricultural industries by experienced researchers. A priority ranking was given to the key issues raised within industry groups at the interactive workshop. Knowledge gaps for major agricultural industries were specifically listed to enable researchers and funding bodies alike to set future directions in sodicity research.
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Surapaneni, A., K. A. Olsson, D. P. Burrow, H. G. Beecher, G. J. Ham, R. M. Stevens, N. R. Hulugalle, D. C. McKenzie, and P. Rengasamy. "Tatura Sodicity Conference: knowledge gaps in sodicity research for major agricultural industries." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02044.
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This paper summarises the outcomes of the International Sodicity Conference, ‘Sodicity Issues in Agricultural Industries — Current Research and Future Directions’, held at Tatura, Victoria, 28 February–1 March 2000. In this paper we present (i) sodicity issues generic across agricultural industries, (ii) results of the interactive workshop, and (iii) knowledge gaps identified specifically for individual agricultural industries by experienced researchers. A priority ranking was given to the key issues raised within industry groups at the interactive workshop. Knowledge gaps for major agricultural industries were specifically listed to enable researchers and funding bodies alike to set future directions in sodicity research.
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Halliwell, David J., Kirsten M. Barlow, and David M. Nash. "A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00047.
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This paper reviews the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties, particularly with respect to irrigation systems. Fundamental sodicity concepts are examined including (i) sodicity definitions, (ii) the effects of sodium on soil properties, (iii) a discussion of factors that impede the infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity, (iv) the changes that occur in ionic strength of percolating water in soil, and (v) consideration of the wastewater and soil constituents that modify the effective sodium adsorption ratio. Importantly, the ability for soils to assimilate wastewater over time changes, but these changes are not often considered prior to the planning of such irrigation systems, or after the irrigation systems are operating. The general lack of understanding of sodicity is in part due to the considerable variation in sodicity definitions. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values that are reported to pose a sodicity problem vary around the world due to the different mineralogy of the soils investigated, but variations in threshold ESP values have also been caused by a lack of consideration of the solution electrolyte concentration when determining ESP. In practice, the effects of sodicity may be evident in soils that are well under reported threshold values. When the effects of sodicity are identified, the landholder at least has the opportunity to implement remediation practices. However, more often than not, the effects of sodium from irrigation water are latent, leading to considerable problems following the cessation of effluent irrigation and changed land use.
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Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.
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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.
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Singh, Anshuman, Ashwani Kumar, Jai Prakash, and Daya Shankar Mishra. "Physiological traits underlying sodicity tolerance in Jamun (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) cultivars." PeerJ 13 (March 25, 2025): e19132. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19132.
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Background There is a lack of research on how sodicity stress affects tree growth and physiological relations in jamun (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels). An understanding of cultivar-specific morpho-physiological changes under sodic conditions might aid in the development of more sodicity-tolerant cultivars through genetic improvement, and help identify cultivars suitable for degraded sodic soils. Methods We assessed the effects of sodicity stress on tree growth, physiological relations, and ion uptake in four cultivars of jamun including CISH J-37 (J-37), CISH J-42 (J-42), Konkan Bahadoli (KB), and Goma Priyanka (GP). Results Jamun cultivars exhibited varying degrees of reduction in tree growth, leaf area, and gas exchange properties under sodic conditions. Elevated soil pH caused relatively larger declines in trunk cross sectional area (TCSA; >30%) and canopy volume (CV; >25%) in J-42 and KB. Reductions brought on by sodicity stress in leaf area were rather modest (<10%) across cultivars, suggesting that maintaining leaf area may be a key adaptive trait in jamun to cope with sodic conditions. In addition to displaying a notable increase in water use efficiency (WUE), cultivar J-37 also exhibited largely intact levels of relative chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate (Pn) under sodic conditions. Despite a high intrinsic Pn under control treatment, cultivar GP displayed a large drop in Pn (37.16%) when exposed to sodicity stress. Comparatively greater increases in leaf phenolics in KB and GP seemed to be at the expense of growth and photosynthesis under sodic conditions. While superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities showed notable spikes in both J-37 and GP, proline accumulation increased substantially only in cultivar J-37 in response to sodicity stress. Despite significant increases in leaf Na+ and Cl− concentrations, J-37 was found to be comparatively efficient in Na+ and Cl− exclusion from leaves when compared to other cultivars. Surprisingly, sodicity stress did not alter leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels noticeably across cultivars. Correlation analysis suggested that elevated leaf Cl− likely inhibited tree growth more than leaf Na+. Principal component analysis was reasonably efficient in discerning the shared and divergent responses to sodicity stress of the studied cultivars. Conclusions Membership function analysis revealed a reasonable resilience to sodicity stress only in cultivar J-37. Maintenance of photosynthesis, reduced uptake of Na+ and Cl− ions, increased and synergistic activities of SOD and CAT, and a higher leaf K+/Na+ ratio likely accounted for better performance of J-37 trees in sodic soils. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of sodicity tolerance.
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Oster, J. D., and I. Shainberg. "Soil responses to sodicity and salinity: challenges and opportunities." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00051.
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Exchangeable sodium and low salinity deteriorate the permeability of soils to air and water. The susceptibility of soils to sodicity and low salinity depend on both the inherent properties of the soils (e.g. texture, mineralogy, pH, CaCO3, sesquioxides, and organic matter content) and extrinsic, time-dependent properties (e.g. cultivation, irrigation method and wetting rate, antecedent water content, and the time since cultivation). Whereas the effect of inherent soil properties on the soil response to sodicity has been studied and modelled, especially under laboratory conditions, the effect of soil management on the physical response of soils to sodicity has been studied very little. Consequently our ability to predict the changes in soil permeability under field conditions is limited. Including the effect of management on the physical response of soils to sodicity and low salinity is the main challenge facing researchers, consultants, and farmers.
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Rengasamy, P., and KA Olsson. "Sodicity and soil structure." Soil Research 29, no. 6 (1991): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910935.
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Sodic soils are widespread in Australia reflecting the predominance of sodium chloride in groundwaters and soil solutions. Sodic soils are subject to severe structural degradation and restrict plant performance through poor soil-water and soil-air relations. Sodicity is shown to be a latent problem in saline-sodic soils where deleterious effects are evident only after leaching profiles free of salts. A classification of sodic soils based on sodium adsorption ratio, pH and electrolyte conductivity is outlined. Current understanding of the processes and the component mechanisms of sodic soil behaviour are integrated to form the necessary bases for practical solutions in the long term and to define areas for research. The principles of organic and biological amelioration of sodicity, as alternatives to costly inorganic amendments, are discussed.
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Ford, GW, JJ Martin, P. Rengasamy, SC Boucher, and A. Ellington. "Soil sodicity in Victoria." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930869.
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This paper gives a broad overview of the distribution and agricultural importance of sodic soils in Victoria. Sodic soils are estimated to occupy at least 13.4 Mha, representing at least 73% of Victoria's agricultural land. Most of this land is used for dryland farming; about 85% of the cropped land and 66% of the land sown to dryland pastures occurs on sodic soils. The largest sodicity class is 'alkaline sodic', dominated by a diverse range of soils (red duplex, yellow duplex, calcareous earths and self-mulching cracking clays). Alkaline sodic soils comprise half of the total agricultural land area, or about 24% of the area of land currently used for dryland cropping and 21% of the land under sown pasture. Land degradation problems are recognized as affecting most agricultural land in Victoria, and to be substantially limiting its productivity. The nature, extent and severity of the various forms of land degradation are a consequence of both intrinsic soil properties and of management practices. There is an urgent need to improve current farming practices to prevent further deterioration of the soil resource. Existing knowledge of the behaviour of sodic soils under both dryland and irrigated agriculture is reviewed. It is concluded that substantial gains in productivity are possible, but will require effective collaboration between soil scientists, agronomists, and land managers. Collation and integration of current knowledge on the properties and management of sodic soils in Victoria, and the acquisition of additional relevant information by targeted long-term research is required. Key issues for future research are identified.
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Hulugalle, N. R., and L. A. Finlay. "EC1:5/exchangeable Na, a sodicity index for cotton farming systems in irrigated and rainfed Vertosols." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02058.
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Sodic soils are characterised by their poor structural stability. This is thought to be caused mainly by high levels of exchangeable sodium and low electrolyte concentrations. Historically, soil sodicity has been reported as the exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP [(exchangeable Na/∑ exchangeable cations)�×�100]. However, some authors believe that exchangeable sodium content alone is a better indicator of sodicity, whereas others suggest that an effective sodicity index is one which includes both the exchangeable sodium levels and electrolyte concentration (EC1:5). Some examples are the electrochemical stability index (EC 1:5/ESP) and EC1:5/exchangeable Na. The objective of this study was to evaluate which of 3 empirical sodicity indices (ESP, EC1:5/ESP, EC1:5/exchangeable Na) was best related to soil dispersion in Vertosols sown to cotton farming systems.Soil was sampled between 1995 and 2001 from 4 irrigated and dryland sites in New South Wales and Queensland, where the cropping systems included continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cotton–rotation crop sequences, and 2- and 1-m beds. Tillage systems ranged from zero to minimum tillage. Soils from all sites were analysed for EC1:5, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na, and dispersion index, and ESP, EC1:5/ESP and EC1:5/exchangeable Na derived. Long-term dispersion was best predicted by EC1:5/exchangeable Na, except where zero tillage was practised when none of the sodicity indices were related to dispersion. Aggregate stabilisation under zero tillage was speculated to be determined largely by labile soil organic matter and microbial activity rather than sodicity.
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RAJPAR, I., and D. WRIGHT. "Effects of sowing method on survival, ion uptake and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in sodic soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 134, no. 4 (June 2000): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007820.
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Two separate experiments, in clay loam and loamy sand (prepared by mixing the clay loam with washed sand), were performed to determine the effects of sowing method and sodicity on the survival, ion uptake, grain yield and yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Kharchia- 65. Three sodicity levels (control, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 5–7; low (ESP 18–20); high (ESP 39–40)) and four sowing methods (sowing dry and pre-germinated seed and transplanting of 16 and 21-day-old seedlings) were tested. In the control and at low sodicity, sowing method had no effect on plant survival, grain and straw dry weight per plant. However at high sodicity, these variables were lower in plants established from pre-germinated seed than in plants established from dry seed, the farmers' normal practice. In contrast, transplanted seedlings showed increased survival and had significantly higher grain and straw dry weight than plants established by sowing dry seed. Differences in grain yield between sowing method and sodicity treatments were mainly due to differences in the number of grains per plant. Although increasing sodicity was associated with higher concentration of Na+, and lower concentrations of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and lower K+/Na+ ratio in flag leaf sap, ion concentrations were unaffected by sowing method.It is suggested that the increased survival and yield of transplanted seedlings is due to the fact that they are not exposed to sodicity during the sensitive stages of germination and emergence. In addition, their already established roots and shoots may be better able to capture the resources required to support their subsequent growth. The decreases in grain and straw dry weight per plant, and the increases in these parameters achieved by transplanting seedlings instead of sowing dry seed, were greater in clay loam than in loamy sand. Further studies are required to determine whether the responses to transplanting observed here also occur in sodic soils under field conditions, and to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of adopting this technique in commercial agriculture.
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Burrow, D. P., A. Surapaneni, M. E. Rogers, and K. A. Olsson. "Groundwater use in forage production: the effect of salinesodic irrigation and subsequent leaching on soil sodicity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00157.
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Lucerne plots were irrigated with waters of electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.1, 0.8, 2.5, 4.5 and 7.5 dS/m for the summers of 1991–92 to 1994–95. Within those 4 years, soils were sodified at irrigation treatment salinities greater than 0.8 dS/m. Subsequent leaching of salts with channel water (EC = 0.1 dS/m) and rain water (1995–97) reduced surface soil sodicity but not subsoil sodicity. This resulted in increased dispersed clay in the subsoil. Clay dispersion was best explained by exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and Mg in topsoils, and by ESP and salinity (TCC or Cl) in subsoils. Ponding of water, following a 46 mm spring rainfall event, increased with ESP of topsoils. Short-term millet yields over the 1996–97 summer were not affected by soil sodicity despite channel water irrigation. However, cumulative pasture yields over 1997 decreased by 25% between high and low levels of residual soil sodicity.
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Vance, W. H., B. M. McKenzie, and J. M. Tisdall. "The stability of soils used for cropping in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales." Soil Research 40, no. 4 (2002): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00088.
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Three hundred and six soil samples were classified for sodicity on the basis of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and for spontaneous or mechanical dispersion on the basis of a dispersion test (Emerson 1991). Each sample was analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of exchangeable and soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and concentration of organic carbon (OC). These variables were used to explain the sodicity and dispersive classifications of the 306 samples. Concentrations of exchangeable and soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ along with EC and total cation concentration (TCC) significantly affected the sodicity and dispersion classification of the soil. A sodic soil was expected to disperse spontaneously, a non-sodic soil was not expected to disperse spontaneously. From this hypothesis the expected and observed dispersion class was compared with sodicity class. The expected result corresponded to the observed result 77% of the time and the hypothesis was accepted (P &lt; 0.001).
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Phankamolsil, Napaporn, Tanutnan Tengprasert, Irb Kheoruenromne, Yutthana Phankamolsil, Robert J. Gilkes, and Kiattisak Sonsri. "Interactive influences of salinity and sodicity levels on depth-wise soil organic matter and micronutrient elements in Thailand." Environmental Research Communications 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 045008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad3cbb.
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Abstract Soil salinity and sodicity are the major environmental issues that lead to the deterioration of soil properties, nutrient cycling, and soil ecosystems around the globe. Nevertheless, the reciprocal effects of salinity and sodicity levels on depth-wise soil organic matter (SOM) and micronutrients remain elusive, particularly in Thailand. For a better understanding of such an issue, soil samples were collected from 38 sites at depths of 0–20, 30–50, 60–80, and 80–120 cm where they were affected by salts with variable levels of salinity and sodicity, having electrical conductivity (ECe), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) from 0.20–74.70 dS m–1, and 2.74%–113.23%, respectively. Soil physicochemical properties, including distribution of sand, silt, and clay, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and B) were determined. The results exhibited that SOC content, ranging from 3.36–14.74 g kg–1, was higher in topsoil (0–20 cm) compared to the other three soil depths and it correlated negatively with ECe (0–20 and 80–120 cm) and ESP (80–120 cm), suggesting the declines in SOC amount due to high salinity and sodicity levels. Topsoil Mn concentration (0.06–182.06 mg kg–1) also tended to be greater than the other soil depths while Fe concentration in that soil depth (0.02–33.99 mg kg–1) tended to be smaller. The ECe correlated negatively with the concentrations of Fe, Cu (all soil depths), and Zn (30–50 and 60–80 cm), and positively with Mn concentration (60–80 and 80–120 cm), suggesting that the availability of Fe Cu and Zn is vulnerable to high salinity and sodicity levels. Overall, our findings highlight that high salinity and sodicity levels brought about a reduction in SOC content and low concentrations of micronutrients in soils, irrespective of Mn concentration.
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CHANG, C., T. G. SOMMERFELDT, G. B. SCHAALJE, and C. J. PALMER. "EFFECT OF SUBSOILING ON WHEAT YIELD AND SALT DISTRIBUTION OF A SOLONETZIC SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-045.
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The effects of subsoiling, deep ripping to 52 cm depth, in the amelioration of a Solonetzic soil under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions were examined at the Vauxhall Research Substation in Alberta. All plots were fertilized by broadcasting N and P2O5 at rates of 80 and 42 kg ha−1, respectively. Hard spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) was grown annually from 1980 to 1984. The plot area had a high degree of spatial variability in both physical and chemical properties of the soil. Subsoiling in the fall of 1979 and 1980 had no significant effects on soil salinity and sodicity or on wheat yield under nonirrigated conditions. However, under irrigated conditions, subsoiling enhanced the downward movement of salts and had a significant overall profile (to 90 cm) effect on soil salinity and sodicity, but it had no significant effect among depths within the profile. Subsoiling also had no significant effect on wheat yield under irrigated conditions. Irrigation alone improved the soil salinity and sodicity conditions, increased wheat yields, and reduced yield variability. Key words: Amelioration, irrigation, salinity, sodicity, spatial variability
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Fitzpatrick, RW, SC Boucher, R. Naidu, and E. Fritsch. "Environmental consequences of soil sodicity." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9941069.
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Australia has the highest ratio of salt-affected soils in relation to total surface area of any continent in the world, with approximately one third of the land mass being covered by sodic soils and 5% affected by soil salinity. Sodicity often coincides with the distribution of duplex soil profiles. In many areas these duplex soils are under agriculture. Sodicity substantially limits agricultural productivity. Although sodicity is considered to be an intrinsic property of the clay fraction of an affected profile, its full impact may be revealed through interactions with hydrological processes, resulting in various forms of both on-site and off-site environmental degradation. Some of the concepts, criteria and properties used to diagnose and classify sodic soils are discussed as a prelude to reviewing the nature and causes of the complex interactions which exist between related environmental problems such as dryland salinity, water erosion, waterlogging and water quality. There is a need for detailed studies to evaluate more thoroughly pertinent soil variables which link sodicity to both current and future environmental hazards, so that appropriate management strategies can be formulated.
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Sheoran, Parvender, Arvind Kumar, Raman Sharma, Kailash Prajapat, Ashwani Kumar, Arijit Barman, R. Raju, et al. "Quantitative Dissection of Salt Tolerance for Sustainable Wheat Production in Sodic Agro-Ecosystems through Farmers’ Participatory Approach: An Indian Experience." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063378.
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To explore the comparative effects of field sodicity (soil pH) and irrigation water residual alkalinity (RSCiw) on physiological and biochemical attributes of salt tolerance, and crop performance of two wheat varieties (KRL 210, HD 2967), a total of 308 on-farm trials were carried out in sodicity affected Ghaghar Basin of Haryana, India. Salt tolerant variety KRL 210 maintained relatively higher leaf relative water content (RWC; 1.9%), photosynthetic rate (Pn; 5.1%), stomatal conductance (gS; 6.6%), and transpiration (E; 4.1%) with lower membrane injury (MII; −8.5%), and better control on accumulation of free proline (P; −18.4%), Na+/K+ in shoot (NaK_S; −23.1%) and root (NaK_R; −18.7%) portion compared to traditional HD 2967. Altered physiological response suppressed important yield-related traits revealing repressive effects of sodicity stress on wheat yields; albeit to a lesser extent in KRL 210 with each gradual increase in soil pH (0.77–1.10 t ha−1) and RSCiw (0.29–0.33 t ha−1). HD 2967 significantly outyielded KRL 210 only at soil pH ≤ 8.2 and RSCiw ≤ 2.5 me L−1. By comparisons, substantial improvements in salt tolerance potential of KRL 210 with increasing sodicity stress compensated in attaining significantly higher yields as and when soil pH becomes >8.7 and RSCiw > 4 me L−1. Designing such variety-oriented threshold limits of sodicity tolerance in wheat will help address the challenge to enhance crop resilience, closing the yield gaps and improve rural livelihood under the existing or predicted levels of salt stress.
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Khalil Ahmed. "GROWTH PERORMANCE OF TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L.) SEEDLINGS TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY AND SODICITY." Agricultural Sciences Journal 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v5i2.176.
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Agroforestry is a viable land-use option of salt affected soils which ensure the remunerative use of this valuable resource. A two years pot study was carried out to evaluate salinity tolerance of tamarind fruit plant against different levels of salinity and sodicity. Treatments included were: T1 = ECe, 1.17 dS m-1 + SAR, 10.87, T2 = ECe, 6 dS m-1 + SAR, 25, T3 = ECe, 6 dS m-1 + SAR, 35, T4 = ECe, 6 dS m-1 + SAR, 45, T5 = ECe, 8 dS m-1 + SAR, 25, T6 = ECe, 8 dS m-1 + SAR, 35, T7 = ECe, 8 dS m-1 + SAR, 45, T8 = ECe, 10 dS m-1 + SAR, 25, T9 = ECe, 10 dS m-1 + SAR, 35, T10 = ECe, 10 dS m-1 + SAR, 45. Results revealed that no plant was survived at higher level of salinity (10 dS m-1) and sodicity (SAR 45) and complete cessation and mortality was observed in this treatment. Data of survived plants at the end of study showed that salinity and sodicity arrested the growth variables of tamarind seedlings and increasing levels of salinity-sodicity led a reduction of 3.52% to 82.47% in plant height, 1.53% to 84.61% in stem girth, 5.63% to 88.26% in number of leaves and 7.44 to 90.77 in number of branches over control (non-stress) treatment. Therefore, it was concluded that tamarind seedling can withstand and survive at salinity and sodicity level of 10 dS m-1 and SAR 35.
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Daba, Ashenafi Worku, and Asad Sarwar Qureshi. "Review of Soil Salinity and Sodicity Challenges to Crop Production in the Lowland Irrigated Areas of Ethiopia and Its Management Strategies." Land 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121377.
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Ethiopia’s irrigated agriculture productivity has been threatened by severe salinity and sodicity problems which have resulted in significantly lower yields, food insecurity, and environmental degradation. The destructive effects of poor irrigation water management with the absence of drainage and anticipated future climate changes can accelerate the formation of salt-affected soil, potentially expanding the problem to currently unaffected regions. This paper synthesizes the available information on the causes, extent, and effects of salt-affected soils on soil and crop production and suggest chemical, biological, and physical reclamation and management approaches for tackling salinity and sodicity problems. The mitigation approaches (e.g., the addition of amendments, plantation of salt-tolerant crops, appropriate irrigation and drainage management, phytoremediation, and bioremediation) have successfully tackled soil salinity and sodicity problems in many parts of the world. These approaches have further improved the socioeconomic conditions of farming communities in salt-affected areas. The paper also discusses the effectiveness of these mitigation strategies under Ethiopian conditions. The policy interventions for reclamation of soil salinity and sodicity that indicates future research attention to restoring agricultural sustainability are also foci of this paper.
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Welde, Obsa, and Tesfaye Gragn. "Assessment of Soil and Water Salinity Status of Bitata Small Scale Irrigation Scheme of Guji Zone Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 12, no. 3 (June 19, 2024): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20241203.11.
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The Soil salinity, sodicity and water logging are becoming an emerging challenge for the irrigation development. So, assessments of irrigation schemes are very important to see the problems they have. The assessment of soil and water salinity status of Bitata small scale irrigation scheme of Guji Zone, Oromia region was done to identify, analyze and map salinity level using Geographic information System, the chemical properties of the soil was done at laboratory for samples analysis. After, spatial analyst and interpolation by Inverse distance Weight and Re-class the soil analyzed. Then the area of influence of the points was determined for the selected parameters and the results of investigation shows the majority of sample results are non-saline non sodic, even if, the samples were less, the sodicity problems occur at the study area on surface soil by considering three parameters at once and non-saline and non-sodic for profile soil. And when considering individual parameters of surface soil the results shows slightly saline depends on Electrical conductivity of saturation extracts, considering the exchangeable sodium percentage slightly to extremely sodic results was observed. And the results of irrigation water quality shows Very high Saline and Low Sodicity. The finding of the study recommends intervention of sodicity for surface soil and salinity and sodicity for water source used for irrigation is very important to control the expansions of it to the whole area of the scheme and to minimize the risk of salinity and sodicity problems of the water source used for irrigation. Management techniques that improve soil fertility such as crop rotations, manuring, fallow periods, proper management of crop residues, vermicomposting and leguminous cover crops and water-saving irrigation technologies suitable to the land of the area are the best options. And similar work is necessary to get additional information of the study areas because of the results of surface and profile soil and water source used for irrigation were far apart from each other.
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Singh, Nidhi, A. Saxena, and R. Singh. "Growth responses of Jatropha Curcas seedlings under different soil mixtures, fertilizer doses, irrigation regimes and sodicity levels." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2010-05mv72.
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The present study analyses the growth responses of Jatropha curcas seedlings under different soil mixtures, fertilizer doses, irrigation frequency and soil sodicity levels. Among all the soil mixtures, seedlings of J. curcas indicated higher growth, dry weight and quality index in the mixture of soil, sand and FYM in 1:2: 2 and 1: 1: 2 ratios. Further, increasing FYM in all the combinations of soil mixture increased the seedling growth. However, increase of sand in the soil mixture beyond 1: 2: 2 ratios of soil, sand and FYM did not improve the seedling growth. The application of NPK fertilizers in soil @ 100: 75: 75 mg per seedling showed maximum growth, dry weight and quality index of seedlings. It was also observed that application of N in higher doses reduced the seedling growth and dry weight. The seedlings of this species relatively performed better up to low moisture stress level than under intermediate and high moisture stress levels. Root dry weight and root: shoot ratio, however, increased with increasing the moisture stress levels. Under various soil sodicity levels, the response of J. curcas seedlings indicated a marked reduction in growth and dry weight with increasing levels of sodicity. Further, the response breadths were comparatively lower under sodicity levels than under soil mixture, fertilizer doses and moisture stress levels.
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Du Plessis, H. M. "The quality of water for irrigation." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 4, no. 4 (March 18, 1985): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v4i4.1052.
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A condensed review is presented of the more recent developments in evaluating the salinity and sodicity of water for utilisation in irrigation. Several developments have resulted in water of a higher salinity than previously now being considered suitable for irrigation. The realisation that rain-drop action can result in the formation of surface crusts of low permeability, even at exchangeable sodium percentages lower than that previously considered problematic, point to the possible need for more stringent criteria for irrigation water sodicity.
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Cochrane, HR, G. Scholz, and AME Vanvreswyk. "Sodic soils in Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940359.
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Sodic soils are common throughout Western Australia, particularly in the south-west agricultural area where they occur mainly as duplex or gradational profiles. Soils with sodic properties are dominant in 26% of the state; saline-sodic sediments and soils in intermittent streams, lakes and estuarine plains occupy a further 5%. Sodic soils are moderately common throughout the south and western portion of the rangeland areas (38% of the state). The south-west coastal sands and the desert and rangeland soils to the north and east of the state are rarely sodic. Although sodicity has been recognized as a discrete problem in W.A. soils since the 1920s, the extent and severity of sodicity has been satisfactorily described only for small areas of the state and most land managers are unaware of the role sodicity plays in limiting the productivity of their soils. Sodicity is implicated in a diversity of problems for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Western Australian soils. Subsoil impermeability is probably the most widespread of these, but no comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the influence of exchangeable sodium on subsoil properties has been undertaken. Topsoil sodicity is much less extensive but can severely restrict land productivity, particularly on sandy loam and finer textured soils which set hard when dry. The physical behaviour of Western Australian topsoils cannot usefully be predicted from measurements of exchangeable sodium alone because soils differ so greatly in their response to changing exchangeable sodium. Some remain structurally stable at ESP values >15 while others are so 'sodium-sensitive' that they exhibit highly dispersive behaviour at ESP values as low as 2%. Land values over much of the dryland farming and pastoral areas of W.A. do not justify sustained use of amendments which would reduce soil exchangeable sodium contents. Efficient management of sodic soils in these areas must rely on the prevention of degradation and the use of biological and physical means to maintain adequate soil physical properties. Effective restoration of degraded sodic soils, however, often does require application of inorganic amendments in combination with tillage to initiate structural recovery. Sodicity is currently not considered to be a problem at any of the three main irrigation areas in W.A., but all have sodic soil within their potentially irrigable lands, which may limit their future expansion.
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Moghbel, Farzam, Forough Fazel, Jonathan Aguilar, Behrouz Mostafazadeh-Fard, Abolfazl Mosaedi, and Nathan Howell. "Maintaining Silage Corn Production Under Sodic Irrigation Water Conditions in a Semi-Arid Environment." Agronomy 15, no. 2 (February 3, 2025): 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020400.
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The Zayandeh-Rud watershed of Iran has had water scarcity for decades, giving rise to pressures toward limiting water allocation for the agriculture sector. Marginal waters can be an alternative source for irrigated agriculture in water-scarce regions if adequately managed. One of the critical hazards for sustainable agriculture and the environment is the accumulated salinity–sodicity problem as a consequence of irrigating with unconventional waters. Applying additional water beyond the crop water requirement, known as leaching application, has been suggested as a solution to this problem. A physical model was built to investigate the effects of the severe sodicity and salinity conditions of irrigation water by creating 250 mm diameter soil columns (27 columns) filled with sandy clay loam soil. The severity of the irrigation water’s sodicity (sodium adsorption ratios (SAR): 5.27, 16.56, and 28.57) and its interactions with various leaching fractions (0%, 15%, and 30%) on critical soil chemical characteristics and corn yield were studied. Implementing a 30% leaching fraction reduced the SAR and salinity in the soil’s first layer (0–10 cm) when irrigating with saline–hyper-sodic water (SAR = 28.57 and ECiw = 9 dS/m). However, an elevated level of sodicity accumulation in the soil profile was observed, emphasizing the importance of adding calcium and magnesium amendments during the irrigation season. A noticeable increase in the efficiency of leaching applications in reducing accumulated salts and the sodicity level in the corn rootzone was detected with higher levels of irrigation water sodicity. The reduction in the accumulated salinity and sodium in the first soil layer due to implementing a 30% leaching fraction resulted in a 223.3% increase in the total biomass of silage corn. Applying a 30% leaching fraction also increased the corn biomass by 58% and 114.56% when irrigating with waters with 5.57 and 16.56 SAR values. The effectiveness of a 15% leaching fraction for enhancing the soil and crop conditions was significantly lower than that of the 30% leaching fraction. Nevertheless, in case of unavailability of sufficient water supply for irrigation purposes, applying a 15% leaching fraction could mitigate the consequences of sodic water irrigation. The results demonstrate that in the absence of the proper calcium amendments, the implementation of leaching management could still be effective in enhancing corn production under sodic water irrigation conditions.
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Page, K. L., R. C. Dalal, J. B. Wehr, Y. P. Dang, P. M. Kopittke, G. Kirchhof, R. Fujinuma, and N. W. Menzies. "Management of the major chemical soil constraints affecting yields in the grain growing region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia – a review." Soil Research 56, no. 8 (2018): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18233.
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In the grain growing region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, crop production occurs predominantly under semiarid, rainfed conditions. Vertosols dominate the soils used and many are prone to structural problems. In this region, providing that crop nutrition is adequate, optimising yield is largely dependent on maximising the infiltration, storage and plant use of soil water. Soil constraints such as sodicity, salinity, acidity, subsoil compaction and surface sealing can limit these processes, leading to high yield losses. This review examines management options to treat these constraints, focusing on management where multiple constraints exist, and where these occur in the subsoil. The main strategies reviewed include (a) use of gypsum to treat sodicity and lime to treat acidity, which can lead to yield increases of &gt;100% in some circumstances, (b) cultivation or deep ripping to break up compacted sodic layers and surface seals, (c) incorporating soil organic matter to improve conditions for plant growth and (d) selecting species, cultivars and management practices most appropriate for constrained sites. Future research must be directed to improving the profitability of ameliorant use for sodicity by increasing our understanding of how to identify soils responsive to ameliorants, and which combination of ameliorants will be cost effective when sodicity occurs in combination with other constraints. In addition, research needs to target ways to economically apply ameliorants in subsoil environments, and better identify which crop species or cultivars are productive on constrained sites, particularly those with multiple constraints.
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Vasuki, A., and S. Geetha. "Validation of ‘Saltol’ QTL under sodicity." Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 7, no. 4 (2016): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-928x.2016.00113.7.
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Naidu, R., RH Merry, GJ Churchman, MJ Wright, RS Murray, RW Fitzpatrick, and BA Zarcinas. "Sodicity in South Australia - a review." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930911.
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The current knowledge of the nature and distribution of sodic soils in South Australia is reviewed. The agriculturally developed area of South Australia lies south of latitude 32-degrees-S. and is mainly used for low intensity grazing and dry land cereal/sheep production. A high proportion of the State, including much of the high rainfall area, has soils which are sodic (>6% ESP) through a significant proportion of the profile but information on the precise nature of sodicity in these soils is limited. Where exchangeable cation data axe available, the analytical techniques used often did not precisely delineate between soluble salts in the soil and ions on exchange sites. Therefore, many of the datasets have major weaknesses and may be unreliable. Since many soils with ESP <6 also show dispersive characteristics typical of sodic soils, there is an urgent need for new sodicity studies relating to distribution and the criteria (ESP) used to identify dispersive soils. Information on the effect of sodicity on nutrient requirements of plants, especially the modern varieties, is scarce both locally and internationally, making development of management strategies for economically sustainable crop production difficult. Further, many different grades of gypsum are available in South Australia. Preliminary studies show the presence of impurities drastically influences gypsum dissolution characteristics. More effort is needed to assess the quality and reactivity of South Australian gypsum. Some effort has been directed by land managers towards reclamation and management of sodic soils by using both gypsum and lime either separately or as mixtures. However, there is neither a scientific basis for the application of gypsum-lime mixtures nor crop production data to support such management strategies.
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Surapaneni, Aravind. "Preface: Sodicity issues in agricultural industries." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srv39n6_pr.
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Australia is recognised as containing the world�s largest area of sodic soils, with approximately 33% of the continent being affected. The first National Conference and Workshop on Sodic Soils in Australia was held in Adelaide (9�13 November 1992), to bring together information and experience on sodic soils available at that time. The papers from that conference were published as a special issue of the Australian Journal of Soil Research (Volume 31, 1993). The 1992 conference covered a wide range of topics, including distribution, classification, mineralogy, fertility, environmental consequences, irrigation, and management of sodic soils. Importantly, it identified priority areas for research in each of these topics.
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Geetha, S., S. E. N. Mohammed, S. E. Mohammed, and S. Anthoniraj. "Evaluating sodicity tolerance in rice hybrids." International Rice Research Notes 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 26–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7002675.
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This article 'Evaluating sodicity tolerance in rice hybrids' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.
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Qadar, A. "Salinity and Sodicity Tolerance in Rice." International Rice Research Newsletter 10, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 7–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7099672.
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This article 'Salinity and Sodicity Tolerance in Rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
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Qadir, Ayesha Abdul. "Effect of Chemical Reclamation on the Physiological and Chemical Response of Rice Grown in Varying Salinity and Sodicity Conditions." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 26, no. 01 (July 1, 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1813.
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Salinity and sodicity are the major abiotic constraints that prevail in arid and semi-arid regions. Proper management is required for productive use of this land. Reclamation of sodic and saline-sodic soils is highly site-specific that describes the diverse response of different soils to different amendments. These reclamation practices also alter the plant's physiological and ionic characteristics. This experiment aimed to better understand the physiological and ionic responses of rice crop at different salinity/sodicity levels. A lysimeter experiment was set forth with soil having ECe (dS m-1):SAR (mmol L-1)1/2 levels as 4:20, 8:40, 12:60 and 16:80 and all the levels were treated with organic (farm manure at 25 Mg ha-1) and inorganic (gypsum at 100% soil gypsum requirement (SGR) and sulphuric acid equivalent to 100% SGR) amendments keeping no ammendment as control. Results revealed that the maximum relative increase in physiological attributes (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll contents), ionic contents (nitrogen, potassium and K:Na ratio) and growth of rice were recorded with sulphuric acid application followed by gypsum. On an average 25%, 31% and 45% increase in biological yield, plant height and paddy yield, respectively was observed with sulphuric acid application over control. It is concluded that sulphuric acid and gypsum both were the best amendments for reclamation of soil having a low level of salinity/sodicity whereas, at higher salinity/sodicity levels, only sulphuric acid seemed better for improved rice production. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Filippi, Patrick, Stephen R. Cattle, Thomas F. A. Bishop, Matthew J. Pringle, and Edward J. Jones. "Monitoring changes in soil salinity and sodicity to depth, at a decadal scale, in a semiarid irrigated region of Australia." Soil Research 56, no. 7 (2018): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18083.
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Soil salinity and sodicity are two of the most limiting constraints for agriculture in arid and semiarid landscapes, but long-term studies are scarce, and most solely focus on the topsoil. This study monitors the change in soil electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to 1.2 m depth with bivariate linear mixed models between 2002 and 2015 in a semiarid, irrigated cotton-growing region of south-west New South Wales, Australia. In this work, the impacts of shifts in rainfall, variability of irrigation water quantity and quality, and agricultural land uses, on soil salinity and sodicity are analysed. The study area possessed generally low levels of soil salinity, and shifts in EC were detected over time, but only isolated areas of the various sampling depths experienced statistically significant changes in EC. Some areas under irrigated cotton production experienced a desalination trend, whereas soil EC under irrigated perennial horticulture increased over time. This increase was attributed to the use of fertilisers that contain salts, and the varying quantity and quality of applied irrigation water. Sodicity was low to moderate in the upper 0.5 m of the soil profile but high in deeper layers, with a trend of increasing soil sodicity through time. Most of the statistically significant increases in ESP occurred in areas under irrigated cotton and horticulture, with this likely due to the continued addition of sodium to the soil system. This study also demonstrates that visible near infrared spectroscopy can be used in to predict soil ESP values to reasonable accuracy.
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Mckenzie, DC, TS Abbott, KY Chan, PG Slavich, and DJM Hall. "The nature, distribution and management of sodic soils in New-South-Wales." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930839.
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Accurate data on the distribution of the various types of sodic soils in New South Wales are not available. However, general observations suggest that large areas are affected by structural instability as a result of sodicity, particularly on grey clays and red-brown earths of the Murray-Darling Basin. There is a strong need for new sodicity surveys because the production of crops and pasture often is well below potential on these lands. Exchangeable sodium data on their own do not adequately describe sodic soil behaviour, so information is also required about related factors such as electrical conductivity, exchangeable magnesium, clay mineralogy, pH, calcium carbonate content, degree of remoulding, and the frequency of continuous stable macropores. Critical limits for sodicity that are used by soil management advisory services need to be redefined. Considerable research into the reclamation and management of sodic soils has occurred in the irrigation areas and rainfed cropping districts of the Murray-Darling Basin in New South Wales. Mined and by-product gypsum, and to a lesser extent lime, have been shown to greatly improve the physical condition and profitability of production from soils with a dispersive surface. However, the responses to these treatments are less likely to be economical when sodicity is confined to the subsoil. Adequate supplies of gypsum and lime are available in New South Wales, but further research is required to determine economically optimal and environmentally acceptable rates and frequencies of application, particle sizes and chemical compositions for different farming systems that utilize the various types of sodic soil.
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Hassani, Amirhossein, Adisa Azapagic, and Nima Shokri. "Predicting long-term dynamics of soil salinity and sodicity on a global scale." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 52 (December 14, 2020): 33017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013771117.
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Knowledge of spatiotemporal distribution and likelihood of (re)occurrence of salt-affected soils is crucial to our understanding of land degradation and for planning effective remediation strategies in face of future climatic uncertainties. However, conventional methods used for tracking the variability of soil salinity/sodicity are extensively localized, making predictions on a global scale difficult. Here, we employ machine-learning techniques and a comprehensive set of climatic, topographic, soil, and remote sensing data to develop models capable of making predictions of soil salinity (expressed as electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract) and sodicity (measured as soil exchangeable sodium percentage) at different longitudes, latitudes, soil depths, and time periods. Using these predictive models, we provide a global-scale quantitative and gridded dataset characterizing different spatiotemporal facets of soil salinity and sodicity variability over the past four decades at a ∼1-km resolution. Analysis of this dataset reveals that a soil area of 11.73 Mkm2 located in nonfrigid zones has been salt-affected with a frequency of reoccurrence in at least three-fourths of the years between 1980 and 2018, with 0.16 Mkm2 of this area being croplands. Although the net changes in soil salinity/sodicity and the total area of salt-affected soils have been geographically highly variable, the continents with the highest salt-affected areas are Asia (particularly China, Kazakhstan, and Iran), Africa, and Australia. The proposed method can also be applied for quantifying the spatiotemporal variability of other dynamic soil properties, such as soil nutrients, organic carbon content, and pH.
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Bethune, M. G., and T. J. Batey. "Impact on soil hydraulic properties resulting from irrigating salinesodic soils with low salinity water." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00142.
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Irrigation-induced salinity is a serious problem facing irrigated areas in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia. Groundwater pumping with farm re-use for irrigation is a key strategy for controlling salinity in these irrigation areas. However, the re-use of highly saline–sodic groundwater for irrigation leads to accumulation of sodium in the soil profile and can result in sodic soils. Leaching of saline–sodic soils by winter rainfall and low salinity irrigation waters are 2 management scenarios likely to exacerbate sodicity problems. Characteristic to sodic soils is poor soil structure and potentially reduced soil permeability. Two indicators of soil permeability are infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity. A replicated plot experiment was conducted to examine the long-term impact of irrigation with saline–sodic water on soil permeability. High levels of soil sodicity (ESP up to 45%) resulted from 10 years of saline irrigation. Over this period, leaching by winter rainfall did not result in long-term impacts on soil hydraulic properties. Measured soil hydraulic properties increased linearly with the salinity of the applied irrigation water. Leaching by irrigating with low salinity water for 13 months decreased soil salinity and sodicity in the topsoil. The resulting reduction in steady-state infiltration indicates soil structural decline of the topsoil. This trial shows that groundwater re-use on pasture will result in high sodium levels in the soil. Sodicity-related soil structural problems are unlikely to develop where there is consistent groundwater irrigation of pasture. However, structural decline of these soils is likely following the cessation of groundwater re-use.
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Günal, Elif. "Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak, Turkmenistan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0256355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256355.
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Soil salinization is the widespread problem seriously affecting the agricultural sustainability and causing income losses in arid regions. The major objective of the study was to quantify and map the spatial variability of soil salinity and sodicity. Determining salinity and sodicity variability in different soil layers was the second objective. Finally, proposing an approach for delineating different salinity and sodicity zones was the third objective. The study was carried out in 871.1 ha farmland in Southeast of Dushak town of Ahal Province, Turkmenistan. Soil properties, including electrical conductivity (EC), soil reaction (pH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), calcium carbonate and particle size distribution (clay, silt and sand fractions) in 0–30, 30–60, 60–90 and 90–120 cm soil layers were recorded. The EC values in different soil layers indicated serious soil salinization problem in the study area. The mean EC values in 0–90 cm depth were high (8 dS m-1), classifying the soils as moderate to strongly saline. Spatial dependence calculated by the nugget to sill ratio indicated a strong spatial autocorrelation. The elevation was the primary factor affecting spatial variation of soil salinity in the study area. The reclamation of the field can be planned based on three distinct areas, i.e., high (≥12 dS m-1), moderate (12–8 dS m-1) and low (<8 dS m-1) EC values. The spatial trend analyses of SAR values revealed similar patterns for EC and pH; both of which gradually decreased from north to the south-west. The amount of water needed to leach down the salts from 60 cm of soil profile is between 56.4–150.0 ton ha-1 and the average leaching water was 89.8 tons ha-1. The application of leaching water based on the amount of average leaching water will result in higher or lower leaching water application to most locations and the efficiency of the reclamation efforts will be low. Similar results were recorded for sulfur, sulfuric acid and gypsum requirements to remediate sodicity. The results concluded that the best management strategy in planning land development and reclamation schemes for saline and sodic soils require accurate information about the spatial distribution of salinity and sodicity across the target area.
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Chartres, CJ. "Sodic soils - an introduction to their formation and distribution in Australia." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930751.
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This paper briefly summarizes existing Australian data about causes of sodicity and the distribution of sodic soils in Australia. Sources of salts and sodium include atmospheric accession, salts released by weathering processes and saline groundwaters. A traditional model of sodic soil pedogenesis is contrasted with more recent data demonstrating the role of several factors including mineralogy, EC/ESP relationships and exchangeable magnesium percentage on development and behaviour of sodic soils. Limited data about the national distribution of sodic soils are presented. There has been very little recent innovative research in Australia to increase understanding of soils affected by sodicity. A number of research needs are indicated.
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Oliveras-Berrocales, Miguel, Luis R. Pérez-Alegría, and David Sotomayor-Ramírez. "Geostatistical analysis for mapping soil salinity in the Lajas Valley Agricultural Reserve, southwestern Puerto Rico." Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 101, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v101i1.14290.
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Studies were conducted in the 1950s to evaluate the degree and spatial extent of soil salinity and sodicity in the Lajas Valley in southwestern Puerto Rico. Problem areas were identified and most of these were remediated with the establishment of irrigation and drainage infrastructure, resulting in a four-fold increase in agricultural production over a 10-year period. The area is now an important agricultural region (known as the Lajas Valley Agricultural Reserve). But soil salinity and sodicity are important concerns among farmers. In this paper we used published data and re-created the spatial distribution of soil salinity and sodicity using geostatistical analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). An Ordinary Kriging method was applied to map the spatial distribution of soil salinity and to classify soils in four classes: (i) Normal, (ii) Saline, (iii) Saline-Sodic, and (iv) Sodic. The original hand-drawn maps were digitized using the Georeferencing Tool in ArcGIS, guided by a recent aerial photo of the Lajas Valley. Salinity and sodicity isopleths were created using Surface Generation to map the spatial distribution and to compare the newly created data to the original maps. The relative error in aerial estimate between the old and new maps for Normal, Saline, Saline-Sodic, and Sodic surface soils was between 1 and 5 percent. The new maps developed with geostatistical analysis can predict soil problem areas with a 94% coincidence compared with the hand-drawn maps. The highest proportion of soils classified as Normal was found in the upper soil layers and the proportion of soils affected by salt and sodium increased with depth. The combination of geostatistical analysis and GIS is a cost-effective and trustworthy method for analyzing similar datasets that would otherwise be costly and involve lengthy time commitments.
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Curtin, D., H. Steppuhn, F. Selles, and A. R. Mermut. "Sodicity in irrigated soils in Saskatchewan: Chemistry and structural stability." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-025.
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Irrigation with sodic waters may damage soil structure, but neither the processes involved nor the critical levels of exchangeable Na have been well defined for prairie soils. We examined two irrigated soils from southern Saskatchewan on which sodicity damage had occurred to determine the processes and the chemical conditions (exchangeable Na and electrolyte concentration) that cause structural damage. Dispersion of clays in the upper 20 cm of the profile seemed to be the primary cause of structural deterioration. Examination of irrigated soil by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that sand- and silt-size grains were stripped of binding colloidal particles and that large pore spaces had formed, creating very loose aggregates. In one of the soils, physical instability was observed at an exchangeable-Na percentage (ESP) of only about 10%, indicating that some soils in Saskatchewan are relatively sensitive to sodicity. With a 1:5 (wt vol−1) soil/water extract, the electrical conductivity (EC) needed to prevent clay dispersion when soil suspensions were mechanically agitated was about 0.2 dS m−1 in the absence of Na, increasing to 1.5–2 dS m−1 at a sodium adsorption ratio of 20 (mmolc L−1)0.5. Sodic conditions greatly altered soil chemical behavior, with the most sodic soil having an extremely high level of water-extractable P. In a laboratory experiment, addition of Ca (as CaCl2 or gypsum) to replace Na reduced water-extractable P from 78 mg kg−1 to less than 20 mg kg−1. The effect of sodicity on P solubility was likely due to a decrease in surface electrostatic potential as exchangeable Na increased. Increased solubility of P along with the potential for runoff and erosion from Na-affected soils could result in increased inputs of P to surface waters. Key words: Sodicity hazard, clay disperson, phosphate solubility
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Faituri, M. Y., Y. E. El-Mahi, and G. A. El-Hassan. "Effects of some salts and sodicity on the growth of a Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae strain isolated from a salt-affected soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-078.
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The effects of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and boron (B) concentrations and sodicity, as measured by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), on the growth of a Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae strain isolated from a salt-affected soil were studied. The rate of growth was measured in a yeast extract - mannitol broth, amended with salts having electrical conductivity (EC) of 4, 8, and 16 dS·m-1. Each salinity level was prepared to achieve SAR values of 10, 20, and 30 with or without graded B concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mg·L-1. We found that salinity levels equal to or more than 8 dS·m-1 had negative effects on Rhizobium growth during the first days of incubation, but the effects became less pronounced after 1 week. Na+ concentrations of more than 1.1 g·L-1 retarded growth, especially at high SAR values (i.e., at low Ca2+ concentrations). The retardation of growth increased with increases in EC up to 16 dS·m-1, at all sodicity levels. Mg2+ added together with Na+ or with Ca2+ + Na+ affected growth more negatively than Ca2+ + Na+ alone. The effect of Mg2+ became more pronounced with increased salinities and sodicities. It was concluded that EC of more than 4 dS·m-1 retarded growth of Rhizobium, but only at high sodicity levels. The relative specific ion effect on growth was in the order Na+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+. The harmful effect of Mg2+ on this strain was accentuated by adding Ca2+ to the cultural medium. When SAR increased from 10 to 30, Na+ had no clear effect on growth, irrespective of the accompanied cations, i.e, Ca2+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ + Mg2+. Growth was reduced by B concentrations as low as 0.5 mg·L-1, and the B effect was enhanced by increased salinity.Key words: Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, salinity, sodicity, boron.
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Levy, Rachel, P. Fine, and A. Feigin. "Sodicity Levels of Soils Equilibrated with Wastewaters." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 1 (January 1986): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000010007x.
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Thompson, J. G. "Sodicity phenomena in red sesquioxic clay subsoils." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 3, no. 4 (January 1986): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1986.10634220.
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Kyei-Baffour, N., D. W. Rycroft, and T. W. Tanton. "The impacts of sodicity on soil strength." Irrigation and Drainage 53, no. 1 (January 29, 2004): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.105.
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Mehrotra, N. K., V. K. Khanna, and S. C. Agarwala. "Soil-sodicity-induced zinc deficiency in maize." Plant and Soil 92, no. 1 (February 1986): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02372267.
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Geetha, S., S. E. N. Mohammed, and S. Anthoniraj. "Short-duration rice varieties adaptable to sodicity." International Rice Research Notes 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 34–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7002000.
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This article 'Short-duration rice varieties adaptable to sodicity' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.
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Qadar, A. "Sodicity-Induced Morphological Disorder in Rice Laminae." International Rice Research Newsletter 12, no. 5 (October 1, 1987): 34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7127941.
Full textAbstract:
This article 'Sodicity-Induced Morphological Disorder in Rice Laminae' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.