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Academic literature on the topic 'Sodicity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sodicity"

1

Rengasamy, P., and KA Olsson. "Irrigation and sodicity." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930821.

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The productivity of irrigated agriculture in Australia is low for most crops and one important factor is the physical and chemical constraints caused by sodicity in the rootzone. Over 80% of the irrigated soils are sodic and have degraded structure limiting water and gas transport and root growth. Irrigation, without appropriate drainage, leads to the buildup of salts in soil solutions with increased sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and can develop perched watertables due to a very low leaching fraction of the soil layers exacerbated by sodicity. Therefore, irrigation management in Australia is closely linked with the management of soil sodicity.The inevitable consequence of continued irrigation of crops and pastures with saline-sodic water without careful management is the further sodification of soil layers and concentration of salt in the rootzone. This will increase the possibility of dissolving toxic elements from soil minerals. The yields of crops can be far below the potential yields determined by climate. The cost of continued use of amendments and fertilizers to maintain normal yields will increase under saline-sodic irrigation. Most of the irrigated soils in Australia need reclamation of sodicity of soil layers at least in the rootzone. The management of these sodic soils involves the application of gypsum, suitable tillage and the maintenance of structure by the buildup of organic matter and biological activity aver time. Then artificial drainage, an essential component of the management of irrigated sodic soils, is possible. By following these soil management practices, irrigated agriculture in Australia will become sustainable with increased yields and high economic returns.

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2

Mohanavelu, Aadhityaa, Sujay Raghavendra Naganna, and Nadhir Al-Ansari. "Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100983.

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Salinity and sodicity have been a major environmental hazard of the past century since more than 25% of the total land and 33% of the irrigated land globally are affected by salinity and sodicity. Adverse effects of soil salinity and sodicity include inhibited crop growth, waterlogging issues, groundwater contamination, loss in soil fertility and other associated secondary impacts on dependent ecosystems. Salinity and sodicity also have an enormous impact on food security since a substantial portion of the world’s irrigated land is affected by them. While the intrinsic nature of the soil could cause soil salinity and sodicity, in developing countries, they are also primarily caused by unsustainable irrigation practices, such as using high volumes of fertilizers, irrigating with saline/sodic water and lack of adequate drainage facilities to drain surplus irrigated water. This has also caused irreversible groundwater contamination in many regions. Although several remediation techniques have been developed, comprehensive land reclamation still remains challenging and is often time and resource inefficient. Mitigating the risk of salinity and sodicity while continuing to irrigate the land, for example, by growing salt-resistant crops such as halophytes together with regular crops or creating artificial drainage appears to be the most practical solution as farmers cannot halt irrigation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the global prevalence of salinity and sodicity in irrigated areas, highlight their spatiotemporal variability and causes, document the effects of irrigation induced salinity and sodicity on physicochemical properties of soil and groundwater, and discuss practical, innovative, and feasible practices and solutions to mitigate the salinity and sodicity hazards on soil and groundwater.

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Kamathker, A., K. B. Ranpariya, and J. V. Polara. "Influence of saline and sodic irrigation water on Bajra- II : Effect on concentration and uptake of nutrient." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.1/28-31.

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A pot experiment was conducted at Net House, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess the different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water on content and uptake of nutrient by bajra during the summer-2020. The treatment consist of four levels for each of salinity (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) and sodicity (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 SAR) of irrigation water on Bajra by adopting factorial CRD with three replications. The results indicated that application of different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water produced significant effect on concentration and uptake of N, P and K by grain and fodder of bajra crop.The highest N, P and K content (1.11%, 0.31% and 0.60 %) and uptake (225.5, 62.6 and 121.2 mg pot-1) by grain and content (0.88 %, 0.21% and 0.33%) and uptake (976.0, 225.8 and 362.5 mg pot-1) by fodder were observed with EC 2 dS m-1 level of salinity of irrigation water and the lowest content and uptake by grain were observed with EC 8 dS m-1 level of salinity of irrigation water, respectively. While the highest N, P and K content (1.15%, 0.30% and 0.59%) and uptake (256.9, 67.5 and 131.4 mg pot-1) by grain and content (0.98%, 0.19% and 0.34%) and uptake (1072.7, 210.6, 370.2 mg pot-1) by fodder were observed with SAR-5.0level of sodicity of irrigation water and the lowest content and uptake by grain were observed with SAR-20.0level of sodicityof irrigation water. The interaction effect between salinity and sodicity levels of irrigation water on uptake of N by grain and fodder where found significantly the highest with C1× S1(EC-2.0 dSm-1 ×SAR-5.0) level of salinity and sodicity of irrigation water.

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4

Keerthana, K., S. Chitra, and T. Naveenkumar. "Screening of finger millet genotypes for sodicity tolerance using the Na+/K+ ratio as a major physiological trait." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3571.

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Sodicity affects a larger area than salinity, but research on the sodicity tolerance mechanism is limited. The study was carried out to screen 120 finger millet genotypes under sodic soil conditions and identify sodicity-tolerant genotypes. The experimental field soil conditions were sandy clay loam with pH 8.9, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.94 dSm-1 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 21.5, which was naturally sodic. Grain yield per plant and Na+/K+ ratio were recorded for each genotype to screen sodicity tolerance among the genotypes. A significantly higher grain yield per plant than that of the sodicity-tolerant check variety TRY 1 (23.10 g) was observed in 30 finger millet genotypes. The analysis of sodium and potassium revealed that these 30 finger millet genotypes also recorded a significantly lower Na+/K+ ratio, which is comparatively lower than that of the sodicity-tolerant check variety TRY 1 (0.23 Na+/K+ ratio). The genotypes (FIN 3045, FIN 2875, FIN 3077, FIN 3015, FIN 3063, FIN 2861, FIN 3028, FIN 2867, FIN 2854, FIN 2860, FIN 2872, FIN 2896, FIN 4268, FIN 3034, FIN 3928, FIN 3104, FIN 3965, FIN 3091, FIN 2960, FIN 3994, FIN 4198, FIN 3174, FIN 3078, FIN 4288, FIN 4202, FIN 4238, FIN 3089, FIN 4205, FIN 3966 and FIN 3182) that recorded higher grain yield per plant and lower Na+/K+ ratio can be considered sodicity tolerant. These genotypes with a high grain yield per plant and a low Na+/K+ ratio could be utilized in stress breeding programs to develop sodicity-tolerant finger millet varieties.

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Surapaneni, Aravind. "Preface to 'Sodicity Issues in Agricultural Industries — Current Research and Future Directions'." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eav42n3_pr.

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This paper summarises the outcomes of the International Sodicity Conference, ‘Sodicity Issues in Agricultural Industries — Current Research and Future Directions’, held at Tatura, Victoria, 28 February–1 March 2000. In this paper we present (i) sodicity issues generic across agricultural industries, (ii) results of the interactive workshop, and (iii) knowledge gaps identified specifically for individual agricultural industries by experienced researchers. A priority ranking was given to the key issues raised within industry groups at the interactive workshop. Knowledge gaps for major agricultural industries were specifically listed to enable researchers and funding bodies alike to set future directions in sodicity research.

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Surapaneni, A., K. A. Olsson, D. P. Burrow, H. G. Beecher, G. J. Ham, R. M. Stevens, N. R. Hulugalle, D. C. McKenzie, and P. Rengasamy. "Tatura Sodicity Conference: knowledge gaps in sodicity research for major agricultural industries." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02044.

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This paper summarises the outcomes of the International Sodicity Conference, ‘Sodicity Issues in Agricultural Industries — Current Research and Future Directions’, held at Tatura, Victoria, 28 February–1 March 2000. In this paper we present (i) sodicity issues generic across agricultural industries, (ii) results of the interactive workshop, and (iii) knowledge gaps identified specifically for individual agricultural industries by experienced researchers. A priority ranking was given to the key issues raised within industry groups at the interactive workshop. Knowledge gaps for major agricultural industries were specifically listed to enable researchers and funding bodies alike to set future directions in sodicity research.

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Halliwell, David J., Kirsten M. Barlow, and David M. Nash. "A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00047.

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This paper reviews the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties, particularly with respect to irrigation systems. Fundamental sodicity concepts are examined including (i) sodicity definitions, (ii) the effects of sodium on soil properties, (iii) a discussion of factors that impede the infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity, (iv) the changes that occur in ionic strength of percolating water in soil, and (v) consideration of the wastewater and soil constituents that modify the effective sodium adsorption ratio. Importantly, the ability for soils to assimilate wastewater over time changes, but these changes are not often considered prior to the planning of such irrigation systems, or after the irrigation systems are operating. The general lack of understanding of sodicity is in part due to the considerable variation in sodicity definitions. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values that are reported to pose a sodicity problem vary around the world due to the different mineralogy of the soils investigated, but variations in threshold ESP values have also been caused by a lack of consideration of the solution electrolyte concentration when determining ESP. In practice, the effects of sodicity may be evident in soils that are well under reported threshold values. When the effects of sodicity are identified, the landholder at least has the opportunity to implement remediation practices. However, more often than not, the effects of sodium from irrigation water are latent, leading to considerable problems following the cessation of effluent irrigation and changed land use.

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Rengasamy, P., and KA Olsson. "Sodicity and soil structure." Soil Research 29, no. 6 (1991): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910935.

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Sodic soils are widespread in Australia reflecting the predominance of sodium chloride in groundwaters and soil solutions. Sodic soils are subject to severe structural degradation and restrict plant performance through poor soil-water and soil-air relations. Sodicity is shown to be a latent problem in saline-sodic soils where deleterious effects are evident only after leaching profiles free of salts. A classification of sodic soils based on sodium adsorption ratio, pH and electrolyte conductivity is outlined. Current understanding of the processes and the component mechanisms of sodic soil behaviour are integrated to form the necessary bases for practical solutions in the long term and to define areas for research. The principles of organic and biological amelioration of sodicity, as alternatives to costly inorganic amendments, are discussed.

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Ford, GW, JJ Martin, P. Rengasamy, SC Boucher, and A. Ellington. "Soil sodicity in Victoria." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930869.

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This paper gives a broad overview of the distribution and agricultural importance of sodic soils in Victoria. Sodic soils are estimated to occupy at least 13.4 Mha, representing at least 73% of Victoria's agricultural land. Most of this land is used for dryland farming; about 85% of the cropped land and 66% of the land sown to dryland pastures occurs on sodic soils. The largest sodicity class is 'alkaline sodic', dominated by a diverse range of soils (red duplex, yellow duplex, calcareous earths and self-mulching cracking clays). Alkaline sodic soils comprise half of the total agricultural land area, or about 24% of the area of land currently used for dryland cropping and 21% of the land under sown pasture. Land degradation problems are recognized as affecting most agricultural land in Victoria, and to be substantially limiting its productivity. The nature, extent and severity of the various forms of land degradation are a consequence of both intrinsic soil properties and of management practices. There is an urgent need to improve current farming practices to prevent further deterioration of the soil resource. Existing knowledge of the behaviour of sodic soils under both dryland and irrigated agriculture is reviewed. It is concluded that substantial gains in productivity are possible, but will require effective collaboration between soil scientists, agronomists, and land managers. Collation and integration of current knowledge on the properties and management of sodic soils in Victoria, and the acquisition of additional relevant information by targeted long-term research is required. Key issues for future research are identified.

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Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.

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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sodicity"

1

Wearing, Cameron. "Sodicity and soil microstructure /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18523.pdf.

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Rajper, Inayatullah. "The effects of sodicity on the growth and yield of wheat." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297714.

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Kyei-Baffour, Nicholas. "A study into the effects of sodicity on the capping of soils." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268933.

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4

Klopp, Hans Walter. "Soil Salinity and Sodicity Impacts on Soil Shrinkage, Water Movement and Retention." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27879.

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Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic ground waters are problematic throughout the Northern Great Plains and Red River Valley. High sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and low electrical conductivity (EC) of soil solution and irrigation waters are known to create issues with saturated soil hydrologic conductivity. Our objective was determine the impact of saline, sodic and saline-sodic solutions on soil shrinkage and soil hydrologic properties. Soil shrinkage, water retention, and hydraulic conductivity were determined on a variety of soil textures following saturation with salt solutions of variable EC and SAR combinations. Data were fitted with simple theoretical models then model parameters statistically compared. Increasing SAR and decreasing EC of increased soil shrinkage, decreased hydraulic conductivity, and increased water retention near saturated conditions (i.e., > -100 cm H2O). Whereas saline-sodic waters resulted in the greatest rate of decline in saturated conductivity over time such as when salts would be managed without maintaining divalent cations.

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5

Wong, Vanessa, and u2514228@anu edu au. "The effects of salinity and sodicity on soil organic carbon stocks and fluxes." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080428.223144.

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Soil is the worlds largest terrestrial carbon (C) sink, and is estimated to contain approximately 1600 Pg of carbon to a depth of one metre. The distribution of soil organic C (SOC) largely follows gradients similar to biomass accumulation, increasing with increasing precipitation and decreasing temperature. As a result, SOC levels are a function of inputs, dominated by plant litter contributions and rhizodeposition, and losses such as leaching, erosion and heterotrophic respiration. Therefore, changes in biomass inputs, or organic matter accumulation, will most likely also alter these levels in soils. Although the soil microbial biomass (SMB) only comprises 1-5% of soil organic matter (SOM), it is critical in organic matter decomposition and can provide an early indicator of SOM dynamics as a whole due to its faster turnover time, and hence, can be used to determine soil C dynamics under changing environmental conditions.¶ Approximately 932 million ha of land worldwide are degraded due to salinity and sodicity, usually coinciding with land available for agriculture, with salinity affecting 23% of arable land while saline-sodic soils affect a further 10%. Soils affected by salinity, that is, those soils high in soluble salts, are characterised by rising watertables and waterlogging of lower-lying areas in the landscape. Sodic soils are high in exchangeable sodium, and slake and disperse upon wetting to form massive hardsetting structures. Upon drying, sodic soils suffer from poor soil-water relations largely related to decreased permeability, low infiltration capacity and the formation of surface crusts. In these degraded areas, SOC levels are likely to be affected by declining vegetation health and hence, decreasing biomass inputs and concomitant lower levels of organic matter accumulation. Moreover, potential SOC losses can also be affected from dispersed aggregates due to sodicity and solubilisation of SOM due to salinity. However, few studies are available that unambiguously demonstrate the effect of increasing salinity and sodicity on C dynamics. This thesis describes a range of laboratory and field investigations on the effects of salinity and sodicity on SOC dynamics.¶ In this research, the effects of a range of salinity and sodicity levels on C dynamics were determined by subjecting a vegetated soil from Bevendale, New South Wales (NSW) to one of six treatments. A low, mid or high salinity solution (EC 0.5, 10 or 30 dS/m) combined with a low or high sodicity solution (SAR 1 or 30) in a factorial design was leached through a non-degraded soil in a controlled environment. Soil respiration and the SMB were measured over a 12-week experimental period. The greatest increases in SMB occurred in treatments of high-salinity high-sodicity, and high-salinity low-sodicity. This was attributed to solubilisation of SOM which provided additional substrate for decomposition for the microbial population. Thus, as salinity and sodicity increase in the field, soil C is likely to be rapidly lost as a result of increased mineralisation.¶ Gypsum is the most commonly-used ameliorant in the rehabilitation of sodic and saline-sodic soils affected by adverse soil environmental conditions. When soils were sampled from two sodic profiles in salt-scalded areas at Bevendale and Young, SMB levels and soil respiration rates measured in the laboratory were found to be low in the sodic soil compared to normal non-degraded soils. When the sodic soils were treated with gypsum, there was no change in the SMB and respiration rates. The low levels of SMB and respiration rates were due to low SOC levels as a result of little or no C input into the soils of these highly degraded landscapes, as the high salinity and high sodicity levels have resulted in vegetation death. However, following the addition of organic material to the scalded soils, in the form of coarsely-ground kangaroo grass, SMB levels and respiration rates increased to levels greater than those found in the non-degraded soil. The addition of gypsum (with organic material) gave no additional increases in the SMB.¶ The level of SOC stocks in salt-scalded, vegetated and revegetated profiles was also determined, so that the amount of SOC lost due to salinisation and sodication, and the increase in SOC following revegetation relative to the amount of SOC in a vegetated profile could be ascertained. Results showed up to three times less SOC in salt-scalded profiles compared to vegetated profiles under native pasture, while revegetation of formerly scalded areas with introduced pasture displayed SOC levels comparable to those under native pasture to a depth of 30 cm. However, SOC stocks can be underestimated in saline and sodic landscapes by setting the lower boundary at 30 cm due to the presence of waterlogging, which commonly occurs at a depth greater than 30 cm in saline and sodic landscapes as a result of the presence of high or perched watertables. These results indicate that successful revegetation of scalded areas has the potential to accumulate SOC stocks similar to those found prior to degradation.¶ The experimental results from this project indicate that in salt-affected landscapes, initial increases in salinity and sodicity result in rapid C mineralisation. Biomass inputs also decrease due to declining vegetation health, followed by further losses as a result of leaching and erosion. The remaining native SOM is then mineralised, until very low SOC stocks remain. However, the C sequestration potential in these degraded areas is high, particularly if rehabilitation efforts are successful in reducing salinity and sodicity. Soil ecosystem functions can then be restored if organic material is available as C stock and for decomposition in the form of either added organic material or inputs from vegetation when these salt-affected landscapes are revegetated.

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Wong, Vanessa Ngar Lai. "The effects of salinity and sodicity on soil organic carbon stocks and fluxes /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20080428.223144/index.html.

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Guedon, Anne-Marie. "Characterization of salinity and sodicity in semi-arid irrigated agricultural lands using remote sensing." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28382.

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Surface salinity processes are highly dynamic and the methods needed to properly detect them must respond to that dynamism making remote sensing a tool particularly well-suited for the management of salinized lands. It allows the monitoring of affected lands for the prevention of serious degradation through appropriate and timely action it is less costly in terms of time and resources than conventional methods and it is suited to the monitoring of large areas. Researchers are exploring how it can be adapted to the detection of moderate levels of salinity that could perhaps help to better prevent further degradation. The main aim of this research is to assess for the first time the potential of the ALI sensor (Advanced Land Imager) on board the EO-1 satellite, with its rich infrared bands, for the identification and mapping of salinity and sodicity. Through the testing of different salinity indices found in the literature, semi-empirical predictive models were developed which could be suited to the characterization and mapping of sodic and saline soil conditions in semi-arid agricultural areas, using the Tadla's irrigated perimeter of Morocco as a test case. Predictive models were based on a second order regression analysis calculated between the E.C. of soils affected by salinity and sodicity, and different spectral salinity indices using spectroradiometric ground measurements. Emphasis was placed on detecting slight and moderate soil salinity and sodicity, which has been considered a challenge in the past. Semi-empirical models were derived from the data, and applied to an ALI image for analysis. Visual comparisons and statistical validation of these models using ground truth were undertaken in order to identify the best model for the mapping of salinity and sodicity in the Tadla's irrigated perimeter of Morocco.

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8

Sameni, A.-M. "The effect of salinity and sodicity on the structure and hydraulic conductivity of soil." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234545.

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Ghazzi, Pierre Albert. "Controls on and reduction of the sodicity hazard of soils of the Euphrates valley (Syria)." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386392.

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Shorafa, Mahdi. "The effect of sodicity on the hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed and repacked cores of soils." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343220.

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Books on the topic "Sodicity"

1

Howat, Darlene. Acceptable salinity, sodicity and pH values for boreal forest reclamation. [Edmonton]: Alberta Environment, Environmental Service, Environmental Sciences Division, 2000.

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2

Kielen, Neeltje C. Farmers' ability to cope with salinity and sodicity: Farmers' perceptions, strategies and practices ... Lahore: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1996.

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Aslam, Muhammad. Soil salinity-sodicity and land use suitability in the Fordwah eastern Sadiqia (South) irrigated arera. Lahore: Pakistan National Program, International Water Management Institute, 1999.

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Ghazzi, Pierre Albert. Controls on and reduction of the sodicity hazard of soils of the Euphrates valley (Syria). Salford: University of Salford, 1993.

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Workshop on Salinity and Sodicity Research in Pakistan (1995 Lahore, Pakistan). Salinity and sodicity research in Pakistan: Proceedings of a one-day workshop held on February 6, 1995 in Lahore, Pakistan. Lahore: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1995.

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6

Aslam, M. Modelling soil salinity and sodicity processes in an unsaturated zone using leachm: A case study from the Chishtian irrigation sub-division. Lahore: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1998.

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C, Kielen Neeltje, and International Irrigation Management Institute. Pakistan National Program., eds. Salinity and sodicity effects on soils and crops in the Chishtian Sub-division: Documentation of a restitution process. Lahore: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1996.

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Hall, Roger. Soil Essentials. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095632.

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Soil Essentials is a practical reference for farmers and land managers covering soil issues commonly encountered at the farm level. Written in a straightforward style, it explains the principles of soil management and the interpretation of soil tests, and how to use this information to address long-term soil and enterprise viability. This book demonstrates how minerals, trace elements, organic matter, soil organisms and fertilisers affect soil, plant and animal health. It shows how to recognise soil decline, and how to repair soils affected by nutrient imbalances, depleted soil microbiology, soil erosion, compaction, structural decline, soil sodicity and salinity. The major problem-soils – sodic soils, light sandy soils, heavy clay soils and acid sulphate soils – are all examined. With this information, farmers and land managers will be able to consider the costs and financial benefits of good soil management.

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Hazelton, Pam, and Brian Murphy. Interpreting Soil Test Results. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486303977.

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Interpreting Soil Test Results is a practical reference enabling soil scientists, environmental scientists, environmental engineers, land holders and others involved in land management to better understand a range of soil test methods and interpret the results of these tests. It also contains a comprehensive description of the soil properties relevant to many environmental and natural land resource issues and investigations. This new edition has an additional chapter on soil organic carbon store estimation and an extension of the chapter on soil contamination. It also includes sampling guidelines for landscape design and a section on trace elements. The book updates and expands sections covering acid sulfate soil, procedures for sampling soils, levels of nutrients present in farm products, soil sodicity, salinity and rainfall erosivity. It includes updated interpretations for phosphorus in soils, soil pH and the cation exchange capacity of soils. Interpreting Soil Test Results is ideal reading for students of soil science and environmental science and environmental engineering; professional soil scientists, environmental scientists, engineers and consultants; and local government agencies and as a reference by solicitors and barristers for land and environment cases.

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White, Robert E. Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.001.0001.

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The first edition of Understanding Vineyard Soils has been praised for its comprehensive coverage of soil topics relevant to viticulture. However, the industry is dynamic--new developments are occurring, especially with respect to measuring soil variability, managing soil water, possible effects of climate change, rootstock breeding and selection, monitoring sustainability, and improving grape quality and the "typicity" of wines. All this is embodied in an increased focus on the terroir or "sense of place" of vineyard sites, with greater emphasis being placed on wine quality relative to quantity in an increasingly competitive world market. The promotion of organic and biodynamic practices has raised a general awareness of "soil health", which is often associated with a soil's biology, but which to be properly assessed must be focused on a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This edition of White's influential book presents the latest updates on these and other developments in soil management in vineyards. With a minimum of scientific jargon, Understanding Vineyard Soils explains the interaction between soils on a variety of parent materials around the world and grapevine growth and wine typicity. The essential chemical and physical processes involving nutrients, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, moderated by the activities of soil organisms, are discussed. Methods are proposed for alleviating adverse conditions such as soil acidity, sodicity, compaction, poor drainage, and salinity. The pros and cons of organic viticulture are debated, as are the possible effects of climate change. The author explains how sustainable wine production requires winegrowers to take care of the soil and minimize their impact on the environment. This book is a practical guide for winegrowers and the lay reader who is seeking general information about soils, but who may also wish to pursue in more depth the influence of different soil types on vine performance and wine character.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sodicity"

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Rengasamy, Pichu, Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda, and Hans Raj Gheyi. "Salinity, Sodicity and Alkalinity." In Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production, 83–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00317-2_4.

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Mukherjee, Swapna. "pH, Salinity and Sodicity." In Current Topics in Soil Science, 155–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92669-4_15.

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Rhoades, J. D., and S. Miyamoto. "Testing Soils for Salinity and Sodicity." In SSSA Book Series, 299–336. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser3.3ed.c12.

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Gordon, P., L. Ferguson, and P. Brown. "Soil and nutritional requirements." In The fig: botany, production and uses, 255–76. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242881.0010.

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Abstract This paper explores the soil and nutritional requirements of Ficus carica. The macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur) and micronutrients (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and boron), salinity and sodicity, and production practices of F. carica are discussed.

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Shahid, Shabbir A., Mohammad Zaman, and Lee Heng. "Salinity and Sodicity Adaptation and Mitigation Options." In Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 55–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_3.

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Shahid, Shabbir A., Mohammad Zaman, and Lee Heng. "Introduction to Soil Salinity, Sodicity and Diagnostics Techniques." In Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 1–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_1.

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Upadhyay, Sameer, P. K. Singh, S. R. Rathi, Prashant Bisen, and Bapsila loitongbam. "Sustainable Production of Rice Under Sodicity Stress Condition." In New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture, 65–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1322-0_5.

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Tanji, Kenneth K., and Wesley W. Wallender. "Nature and Extent of Agricultural Salinity and Sodicity." In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 1–25. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch01.

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Choudhary, O. P. "Use of Amendments in Ameliorating Soil and Water Sodicity." In Bioremediation of Salt Affected Soils: An Indian Perspective, 195–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48257-6_10.

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Pessarakli, Mohammad, and I. Szabolcs. "Soil Salinity and Sodicity as Particular Plant/Crop Stress Factors." In Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Fourth Edition, 3–21. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351104609-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sodicity"

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Van Pelt, R. Scott, Sujith Ravi, Guoming M. Zhang, and Paolo D’Odorico. "Salinity and Sodicity Effects on Soil Erodibility and Dust Emissions." In Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/soil.2023067.

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Van Pelt, R. Scott, Sujith Ravi, Guoming M. Zhang, and Paolo D’Odorico. "Salinity and Sodicity Effects on Soil Erodibility and Dust Emissions." In Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/soil.23067.

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Ganjegunte, Girisha, and Robert Braun. "Application of electromagnetic induction technique for soil salinity and sodicity appraisal." In 2010 International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications (ICEEA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceea.2010.5596142.

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Singh, Yash Pal, and Rakesh Kumar Singh. "Farmer’s Participatory Genetic and Agronomic Approaches for Higher Rice Productivity in Sodicity Stress." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016052.

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Nain, Ashish, Saraswathipura L. Krishnamurthy, Parbodh C. Sharma, Bayragondlu M. Lokeshkumar, Mukesh Kumar, and Arvinder S. Warraich. "Phenotypic Evaluation of Recombinant Inbred Lines for Sodicity Tolerance at Reproductive Stage in Rice." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016047.

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Silva, N. M. L., M. F. C. Barros, A. J. P. B. Fontenele, R. R. A. Vasconcelos, B. L. Q. O. Freitas, and P. M. Santos. "Application of Gypsum Requirement Levels and Water Depth for Correction the Sodicity and Salinity of Saline-Sodic Soils." In II Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/INCT-EI/INCTSal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/ii.inovagri.2014-a128.

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Guéablé, Yao Kohou Donatien, Obinna Dominic Uke, Youssef Bezrhoud, Haitam Moulay, Lhoussaine Moughli, Mohamed Hafidi, Mohamed El Gharouss, and Khalil El Mejahed. "Study of the Sodicity of Phosphate By-Products and Sludge Mixture for Large-Scale Application in Mine Site Reclamation." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016018.

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Menezes, H. R., B. G. Almeida, C. D. G. C. Almeida, J. M. Bennett, E. M. Silva, and M. B. G. S. Freire. "Use of Threshold Electrolyte Concentration Analysis to Determine the Limit of Salinity and Sodicity of Irrigation Water for Pernambuco Soils and the Practical Implications." In II Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/INCT-EI/INCTSal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/ii.inovagri.2014-a208.

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Deuel, L. E., and G. H. Holliday. "Evolution of Oil and Gas Waste/Soil Remediation Regulations." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80460.

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The meaningful United States regulation of onshore oil and gas field waste/soil commenced in the mid 1980’s in response to a series of state, federal, industry and international initiatives. Most initiatives centered on the design, construction and operation of earthen pits used in the exploration and production of oil and gas (E&P). Prior to this time, earthen pits were constructed as needed by the operator and used in all phases of E&P activity. Chief concerns of the regulators were focused on what had gone into pits historically, what was going into them currently and was the E&P exemption excluding high volume E&P wastes from the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations justified. Several investigations, including the comprehensive field study by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1987, determined E&P wastes are ostensibly non-hazardous. EPA concluded regulation of E&P wastes under RCRA Subtitle C was not necessary. To this day there is no U. S. federal regulatory program with exclusive jurisdiction over exempt E&P wastes. Other studies, primarily industry and academic, focusing on land limiting constituents, management practices and pit closure strategies revealed sodium salts and petroleum hydrocarbon in the form of diesel range organics were the primary limiting constituents. One state, Louisiana, adopted the technical aspects of these studies and developed a comprehensive regulation known as Statewide Order 29-B, which was based on the concept of limiting constituents and defined post closure performance standards. These standards limited salinity, sodicity, total metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon (oil & grease) with values varying with respect to landform, land use and closure technique. Other states have adopted some of the concepts and criteria advanced under 29-B but none are as comprehensive. Obviously there is a need to control what goes into pits and how pits should be closed. The industry would best be served by adopting the concepts and standards set forth in the Louisiana 29-B regulation. A few of the provisions could be changed to make it more palatable to industry without sacrificing the protection afforded human and animal health, safety and the environment. Internationally, particularly countries in South America embraced USEPA protocol for testing characteristically hazardous wastes, but 1) without the framework to handle the relatively large volume of non-hazardous E&P waste generated and 2) no regulations or protocols for on-site waste management. Several operators, although partners with state owned oil companies, on their own volition, applied the concepts and standards under Louisiana’s 29-B to rainforests in South America and rice paddies in Indonesia. Canada and European oil and gas producing countries have developed stringent standards not based on science, which favor costly treatment technologies. Generally, these countries prohibit cost effective on-site waste management and closure techniques. This paper traces the evolution of waste/soil remediation within the United States and internationally. We trace the progress as a function of time; the impetus for regulation; and probable future controls.

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Reports on the topic "Sodicity"

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Brent Musslewhite and Song Jin. SALINITY AND SODICITY INTERACTIONS OF WEATHERED MINESOILS IN NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO AND NORTH EASTERN ARIZONA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885051.

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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation

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