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Sodic soils are widespread in Australia reflecting the predominance of sodium chloride in groundwaters and soil solutions. Sodic soils are subject to severe structural degradation and restrict plant performance through poor soil-water and soil-air relations. Sodicity is shown to be a latent problem in saline-sodic soils where deleterious effects are evident only after leaching profiles free of salts. A classification of sodic soils based on sodium adsorption ratio, pH and electrolyte conductivity is outlined. Current understanding of the processes and the component mechanisms of sodic soil behaviour are integrated to form the necessary bases for practical solutions in the long term and to define areas for research. The principles of organic and biological amelioration of sodicity, as alternatives to costly inorganic amendments, are discussed.
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Naidu, R., and P. Rengasamy. "Ion interactions and constraints to plant nutrition in Australian sodic soils." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930801.
Many of the arable soils in Australia are affected by salinity and/or sodicity. Nutrient deficiency and ion toxicity may occur in both saline and sodic soils. Ho-ever, the mechanism for these constraints on plant growth in sodic soils differs from that of saline soils. Fertility of sodic soils with low nutrient reserves is compounded by the low supply of water and oxygen to roots in profiles with dispersive clays. Nutrient constraints in sodic soils are created by the electron and proton activities (pE and pH) in an environment of degraded soil structure. Australian sodic soils accumulate relatively low levels of organic matter. High sodium, high pH and low biological activity, commonly found in these soils, are not conducive for both the accumulation of organic matter and its mineralization. As a result, these soils are deficient in N and S. Australian soils are highly weathered and have moderate to low reserves of many plant nutrients such as Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn and P. Solubility of phosphorus is generally increased in sodic soils. Poor leaching conditions accumulate boron in soil layers. Higher concentrations of sodium than of calcium in these soils are the major cause of both physical and nutritional problems. Therefore, amelioration of sodicity is the logical first step in improving the chemical fertility of sodic soils. However, fertilizer application and improvement of soil organic matter are essential to increase yields to match the potential yield predictable from climate.
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Rochester, Ian J. "Phosphorus and potassium nutrition of cotton: interaction with sodium." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 10 (2010): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10043.
Poor phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrition limits the growth and yield of many cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops in Australia. The demand for nutrients from cotton crops has risen as yields have increased over the past 40 years, and some soils have become depleted in these nutrients. Cotton is commonly grown on sodic soils that are more prone to nutritional problems. A survey of thirty-one sites over four years in northern NSW, Australia included twelve sites that had sodic topsoil. However, available soil P and K at all sites were above established critical values for cotton crops. Soil sodicity was negatively correlated with available soil P and K, and positively with soil salinity and chloride. Cotton leaf P and K concentrations at flowering were negatively correlated with leaf sodium (Na) concentration. The cotton crops growing in sodic soils produced 20% less dry matter (3 weeks before crop defoliation) and crop P and K uptake was reduced by 23% and 25%, respectively, whereas Na uptake was 107% higher. High soil sodicity also reduced the uptake of micro-nutrients. Two field experiments in adjacent sodic and non-sodic areas on one farm showed a yield response to P fertiliser application at the non-sodic site only, but where soil P availability was above the accepted critical value. Application of K fertiliser did not increase crop K uptake or yield. The lower yield and poorer growth of irrigated cotton on sodic soils was related to higher Na uptake and lower P and K uptake, possibly due to restricted root growth in sodic soils.
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Sumner, ME. "Sodic soils - New perspectives." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930683.
There are large areas of the world where soils are adversely affected by the presence of sodium (Na) as an exchangeable cation. Unlike their saline counterparts which are more extensive, sodic soils have received less attention in the literature. There has been considerable disagreement concerning the definition of sodicity, owing largely to the fact that many experiments used in the development of definitions did not account for the presence of salts in the water used to measure hydraulic properties. These problems are discussed and the conclusion is reached that a single simple definition is no longer possible. This problem is further exacerbated by the fact that many soils which would never have fallen into a previously defined sodic category, do in fact exhibit sodic properties. The major focus of this account of sodicity will therefore be the soils which contain relatively low levels of exchangeable Na. As such soils are widespread in both humid and subhumid areas of the world and are responsible for the production of a large proportion of the world cereal crop, they deserve special attention. Because swelling and dispersion are the primary processes responsible for the degradation of soil physical properties in the presence of Na, an account of clay behaviour in relation to Na and electrolyte concentration is presented before exploring these new realms of sodicity. Pure clay systems are not always suitable for use as models of soil behaviour in terms of dispersion and flocculation. However, as far as swelling is concerned, the correspondence is much better. Nevertheless, the effects of the exchangeable cations on dispersion are predictable albeit usually only qualitatively. This is partly due to the phenomenon of 'demixing' in which the cations are not distributed over all surfaces in the same proportions. The effects of Na and electrolyte concentration in relation to hydraulic conductivity, infiltration, crusting, runoff, erosion and hardsetting are discussed from which it emerges that the effects of Na are manifested in measurable and often sizeable proportions down to very low levels far below those previously used to define sodic soils. The primary processes responsible for physical degradation are swelling at relatively high levels and clay dispersion throughout the range of exchangeable Na percentage (ESP). Provided that the total electrolyte concentration (TEC) is below the critical flocculation concentration (CFC), clays will disperse spontaneously at high ESP values, whereas at lower ESP levels, inputs of energy are required for dispersion. The TEC of the ambient solution, because of its effects in promoting clay flocculation, is crucial in determining soil physical behaviour.
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Ford, GW, JJ Martin, P. Rengasamy, SC Boucher, and A. Ellington. "Soil sodicity in Victoria." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930869.
This paper gives a broad overview of the distribution and agricultural importance of sodic soils in Victoria. Sodic soils are estimated to occupy at least 13.4 Mha, representing at least 73% of Victoria's agricultural land. Most of this land is used for dryland farming; about 85% of the cropped land and 66% of the land sown to dryland pastures occurs on sodic soils. The largest sodicity class is 'alkaline sodic', dominated by a diverse range of soils (red duplex, yellow duplex, calcareous earths and self-mulching cracking clays). Alkaline sodic soils comprise half of the total agricultural land area, or about 24% of the area of land currently used for dryland cropping and 21% of the land under sown pasture. Land degradation problems are recognized as affecting most agricultural land in Victoria, and to be substantially limiting its productivity. The nature, extent and severity of the various forms of land degradation are a consequence of both intrinsic soil properties and of management practices. There is an urgent need to improve current farming practices to prevent further deterioration of the soil resource. Existing knowledge of the behaviour of sodic soils under both dryland and irrigated agriculture is reviewed. It is concluded that substantial gains in productivity are possible, but will require effective collaboration between soil scientists, agronomists, and land managers. Collation and integration of current knowledge on the properties and management of sodic soils in Victoria, and the acquisition of additional relevant information by targeted long-term research is required. Key issues for future research are identified.
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Rengasamy, Pichu. "Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 7 (2010): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09249.
Salts can be deposited in the soil from wind and rain, as well as through the weathering of rocks. These processes, combined with the influence of climatic and landscape features and the effects of human activities, determine where salt accumulates in the landscape. When the accumulated salt in soil layers is above a level that adversely affects crop production, choosing salt-tolerant crops and managing soil salinity are important strategies to boost agricultural economy. Worldwide, more than 800 million hectares of soils are salt-affected, with a range of soils defined as saline, acidic–saline, alkaline–saline, acidic saline–sodic, saline–sodic, alkaline saline–sodic, sodic, acidic–sodic and alkaline–sodic. The types of salinity based on soil and groundwater processes are groundwater-associated salinity (dryland salinity), transient salinity (dry saline land) and irrigation salinity. This short review deals with the soil processes in the field that determine the interactions between root-zone environments and plant responses to increased osmotic pressure or specific ion concentrations. Soil water dynamics, soil structural stability, solubility of compounds in relation to pH and pE and nutrient and water movement all play vital roles in the selection and development of plants tolerant to salinity.
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Naidu, R., ME Sumner, and P. Rengasamy. "National conference on sodic soils - Summary and conclusions." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930949.
Sodic soils cover over 28% of the total land area in Australia. It is clear from the papers delivered at the conference and workshop that sodic soils are beset with serious chemical, physical and nutritional problems. This report summarises these problems based on the discussions during the workshop sessions together with issues raised during group discussion on: (a) distribution, classification and mapping, (b) physical processes, (c) chemical processes, (d) nutrient constraints, (e) biology and organic matter, (f) environmental consequences and (g) management strategies for economically sustainable crop production on sodic soils. The most serious problems raised during the meeting concern inappropriate definition of sodic soils, soil water balance, nutritional requirements on sodic soils, chemical and mineralogical bases of structural instability in relation to amelioration strategies, farming systems to improve organic matter and biological activity, and information transfer. These issues are presented in detail.
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Silveira, Karien Rodrigues da, Mateus Rosas Ribeiro, Luiz Bezerra de Oliveira, Richard John Heck, and Rachel Rodrigues da Silveira. "Gypsum-saturated water to reclaim alluvial saline sodic and sodic soils." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 1 (February 2008): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000100010.
Inadequate management of soil and irrigation water contribute to soil degradation, particularly in the alluvial areas of Northeast Brazil, where salinity and sodicity are already common features. This study evaluates the effects of the addition of gypsum in the irrigation water on physical and chemical properties of soils with different levels of salinity and sodicity. Samples were collected at the Custódia irrigation area of Brazil, predominantly covered by alluvial soils. Leaching tests using simulated irrigation water classified as C3S1, and gypsum-saturated irrigation water were carried out in soil columns of 20 and 50 cm depth. Soil leaching with gypsum saturated water (T2) resulted in an increase in the amounts of exchangeable calcium and potassium, and in a decrease of soil pH, in relation to the original soil (T0), with significant statistical differences to the treatment using only water (T1). There was a reduction in the electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage in both treatments (T1 and T2), with treatment T2 being more effective in the leaching of soil sodium. No changes of electrical conductivity, calcium and pH in depth were observed, but the 20 - 50 cm layer presented higher amounts of magnesium, sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage. Gypsum saturated water improved the hydraulic conductivity in both layers. The use of gypsum in the irrigation water improved soil physical and chemical properties and should be considered as an alternative in the process of reclamation of saline-sodic and sodic soils in Northeast Brazil.
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Cochrane, HR, G. Scholz, and AME Vanvreswyk. "Sodic soils in Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940359.
Sodic soils are common throughout Western Australia, particularly in the south-west agricultural area where they occur mainly as duplex or gradational profiles. Soils with sodic properties are dominant in 26% of the state; saline-sodic sediments and soils in intermittent streams, lakes and estuarine plains occupy a further 5%. Sodic soils are moderately common throughout the south and western portion of the rangeland areas (38% of the state). The south-west coastal sands and the desert and rangeland soils to the north and east of the state are rarely sodic. Although sodicity has been recognized as a discrete problem in W.A. soils since the 1920s, the extent and severity of sodicity has been satisfactorily described only for small areas of the state and most land managers are unaware of the role sodicity plays in limiting the productivity of their soils. Sodicity is implicated in a diversity of problems for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Western Australian soils. Subsoil impermeability is probably the most widespread of these, but no comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the influence of exchangeable sodium on subsoil properties has been undertaken. Topsoil sodicity is much less extensive but can severely restrict land productivity, particularly on sandy loam and finer textured soils which set hard when dry. The physical behaviour of Western Australian topsoils cannot usefully be predicted from measurements of exchangeable sodium alone because soils differ so greatly in their response to changing exchangeable sodium. Some remain structurally stable at ESP values >15 while others are so 'sodium-sensitive' that they exhibit highly dispersive behaviour at ESP values as low as 2%. Land values over much of the dryland farming and pastoral areas of W.A. do not justify sustained use of amendments which would reduce soil exchangeable sodium contents. Efficient management of sodic soils in these areas must rely on the prevention of degradation and the use of biological and physical means to maintain adequate soil physical properties. Effective restoration of degraded sodic soils, however, often does require application of inorganic amendments in combination with tillage to initiate structural recovery. Sodicity is currently not considered to be a problem at any of the three main irrigation areas in W.A., but all have sodic soil within their potentially irrigable lands, which may limit their future expansion.
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Chartres, CJ. "Sodic soils - an introduction to their formation and distribution in Australia." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930751.
This paper briefly summarizes existing Australian data about causes of sodicity and the distribution of sodic soils in Australia. Sources of salts and sodium include atmospheric accession, salts released by weathering processes and saline groundwaters. A traditional model of sodic soil pedogenesis is contrasted with more recent data demonstrating the role of several factors including mineralogy, EC/ESP relationships and exchangeable magnesium percentage on development and behaviour of sodic soils. Limited data about the national distribution of sodic soils are presented. There has been very little recent innovative research in Australia to increase understanding of soils affected by sodicity. A number of research needs are indicated.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sodic soils":
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Harris, Mark Anglin. "The effects of green manure on soil structure in calcareous sodic and non-sodic soils /." Title page, Contents and Summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ah315.pdf.
Odell, Simon Paul. "Microbial reclamation of alkaline sodic soils /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOP/09asopo23.pdf.
Nelson, Paul Netelenbos. "Organic matter in sodic soils : its nature, decomposition and influence on clay dispersion." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn4281.pdf.
Bibliography: leaves 147-170. Aims to determine the influence of sodicity on the nature and decomposition of organic matter; and the influence of organic matter and its components on the structural stability of sodic soils.
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Nathan, Muhammad. "Clay movement in a saline-sodic soil toposequence." Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09an274.pdf.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-86) In the Herrmanns sub-catchment in the Mt. Lofty Ranges (near Mt. Torrens) soil sodicity was the dominant factor in causing clay to disperse in the eroded area along the foot slopes, wheras in non-eroded areas of the mid-slopes and on the stream banks, the dispersive power of sodicity was attenuated by the flocculative power of other soil properties.
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Grieger, Gayle. "The effect of mineralogy and exchangeable magnesium on the dispersive behaviour of weakly sodic soils /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg8478.pdf.
Fotovat, Amir. "Chemistry of indigenous Zn and Cu in the soil-water system : alkaline sodic and acidic soils." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf761.pdf.
Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 195-230. In this study the soil aqueous phase chemistry of Zn and Cu in alkaline sodic soils are investigated. The chemistry of trace metal ions at indigenous concentrations in alkaline sodic soils are reported. Metal ions at low concentrations are measured by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) technique.
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Barzegar, Abdolrahman. "Structural stability and mechanical strength of salt-affected soils." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb296.pdf.
Copies of author's previously published articles in pocket inside back cover. Bibliography: leaves 147-160. This thesis outlines the factors affecting soil strength and structural stability and their interrelationship in salt-affected soils. The objectives of this study are to investigate the influence of clay particles on soil densification and mellowing, the mellowing of compacted soils and soil aggregates as influenced by solution composition, the disaggregation of soils subjected to different sodicities and salinities and its relationship to soil strength and dispersible clay and the effect of organic matter and clay type on aggregation of salt-affected soils.
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Chorom, Mostafa. "Behaviour of alkaline sodic soils and clays as influenced by pH and particle change." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc551.pdf.
Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 173-196. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the factors affecting swelling and dispersion of alkaline sodic soils containing lime and the ways to manage these soils to improve their physical condition. Studies on pure clay systems are included to understand the fundamental process involved in swelling and dispersion of pure and soil clays.
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Suriadi, Ahmad. "Structural stability and Na-Ca exchange selectivity of soils under sugarcane trash management." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOM/09asoms961.pdf.
Nawar, Niman K. "Reclamation of saline-sodic soils by poly (vinyl alcohol)." Thesis, University of Salford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258170.
Dollhopf, D. J. Effects of industrial waste phosphogypsum and magnesium chloride brine on sodic minesoils and vegetation development. Bozeman: Reclamation Research Unit, Montana State University, 1990.
Chaudhry, Muhammad Ramzan. Phosphorus requirement of a saline-sodic soil. Bhalwal: Directorate of Mona Reclamation Experimental Project, Planning and Investigation Organization, WAPDA, 1991.
Landsburg, Sandra Lee Coates. The use of bottom ash as an amendment to sodic spoil. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council, Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Committee, 1987.
Chaudhry, Muhammad Ramzan. Effect of different mesh sized gypsum on the reclamation of saline-sodic soil. Bhalwal: Directorate of Mona Reclamation Experimental Project, Planning and Investigation Organization, 1989.
(Editor), Malcolm E. Sumner, and Ravendra Naidu (Editor), eds. Sodic Soils: Distribution, Properties, Management, and Environmental Consequences (Topics in Sustainable Agronomy). Oxford University Press, USA, 1998.
Rengasamy, P. "Sodic Soils." In Methods for Assessment of Soil Degradation, 265–77. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003068716-14.
Osman, Khan Towhid. "Saline and Sodic Soils." In Management of Soil Problems, 255–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75527-4_10.
Keren, R., and S. Miyamoto. "Reclamation of Saline, Sodic, and Boron-Affected Soils." In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 655–85. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch21.
DeSutter, Tom M. "Problems in Production Fields-Saline and Sodic Soils." In Soil Science Step-by-Step Field Analysis, 183–200. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/2008.soilsciencestepbystep.c14.
Arora, Sanjay, and Meghna Vanza. "Microbial Approach for Bioremediation of Saline and Sodic Soils." In Bioremediation of Salt Affected Soils: An Indian Perspective, 87–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48257-6_5.
Thimmappa, K., Y. P. Singh, and R. Raju. "Reclamation of Sodic Soils in India: An Economic Impact Assessment." In Bioremediation of Salt Affected Soils: An Indian Perspective, 257–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48257-6_13.
Abdel-Fattah, Mohamed K. "Reclamation of Saline-Sodic Soils for Sustainable Agriculture in Egypt." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 69–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2018_310.
Singh, Y. P. "Sustainable Reclamation and Management of Sodic Soils: Farmers’ Participatory Approaches." In Soil Salinity Management in Agriculture, 289–315. Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365992-12.
Singh, Y. P. "Crops and Cropping Sequences for Harnessing Productivity Potential of Sodic Soils." In Bioremediation of Salt Affected Soils: An Indian Perspective, 53–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48257-6_3.
Yaduvanshi, N. P. S. "Nutrient Management for Sustained Crop Productivity in Sodic Soils: A Review." In Soil Salinity Management in Agriculture, 365–94. Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365992-15.
MOROZ, Hryhorii. "AGROPEDOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF MEDIUM-DRY STEPPE PEDO-ECOTONE IN THE NORTHWEST OF THE BLACK SEA REGION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.184.
The anthropogenic transformation of soil physical properties of the transition stripe from the dry to the middle steppe in the Northwest of the Black Sea region is considered and analyzed on the basis of comparison of indicators characterizing the properties of the cultivable and subcultivable horizons. The signs of negative influence of agricultural use on the most important indices of physical properties of soils are investigated. Significant degradation of the physical properties of the arable horizons (in comparison with tillable and subcultivable horizons), as well as deterioration of the water resistance of the structure of the tillable horizons (compared to the arable) was revealed. The geographic regularities of agrogenic evolution of sodic and residual-sodic calcic chernozems and gypsic kastanozems are established.
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"Determination of the Effect of Gypsum and Irrigation Water in Reclamation of Sodic Soils in South Khartoum." In International Conference on Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0315079.
Wang, Jin-man, and Pei-ling Yang. "Effects of applying byproduct from flue gas desulfurization in batches on sodic soils quality and sunflower growth." In 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2010.5535263.
Silva, N. M. L., M. F. C. Barros, A. J. P. B. Fontenele, R. R. A. Vasconcelos, B. L. Q. O. Freitas, and P. M. Santos. "Application of Gypsum Requirement Levels and Water Depth for Correction the Sodicity and Salinity of Saline-Sodic Soils." In II Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/INCT-EI/INCTSal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/ii.inovagri.2014-a128.
Aboukila, Emad, and Abdelaziz Nilahyane. "Reclamation of Sodic Soils and Improvement of Corn Seed Germination Using Spent Grains, Cheese Whey, Gypsum, and Compost." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016036.
Fernando, Viji, Yannick Wittwer, Rob Luzitano, and Trevor Fitzell. "Downhole Seismic Testing within Existing Steel Cased Sonic Boreholes." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481486.044.
Andrade Foronda, Demis. "Reclamation of a Saline-Sodic Soil with Organic Amendments and Leaching." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016056.
Luo, Jinming, Yongjie Wang, Wei Deng, Yajie Ye, Xiaoping Zhang, and Guang Wen. "Influence of Rice-cultivation on Preferential Flow of Sodic Alkaline Soil in Northeast of China." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5449055.
M.M.Moukhtar, E.El-Hadidy, M.Y.S.El-Arquan, and M.A.B.El-Shewikh. "Soil Amelioration Technique of Cover Drainage Combined Subsoiling for Saline-Sodic Clay in North Egypt." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.9164.
Korman, M. S., D. V. Duong, and A. E. Kalsbeck. "Electrodynamic soil plate oscillator: Modeling nonlinear mesoscopic elastic behavior and hysteresis in nonlinear acoustic landmine detection." In RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS: 20th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics including the 2nd International Sonic Boom Forum. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4934456.
Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.
Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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Avnimelech, Yoram, Richard C. Stehouwer, and Jon Chorover. Use of Composted Waste Materials for Enhanced Ca Migration and Exchange in Sodic Soils and Acidic Minespoils. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575291.bard.
Restoration of degraded lands and the development of beneficial uses for waste products are important challenges facing our society. In addition there is a need to find useful and environmentally friendly applications for the organic fractions of municipal and other solid waste. Recent studies have shown that composted wastes combined with gypsum or gypsum-containing flue gas desulfurization by-products enhance restoration of sodic soils and acidic minespoils. The mechanism by which this synergistic effect occurs in systems at opposite pH extremes appears to involve enhanced Ca migration and exchange. Our original research objectives were to (1) identify and quantify the active compost components involved in Ca transport, (2) determine the relative affinity of the compost components for Ca and competing metals in the two soil/spoil systems, (3) determine the efficacy of the compost components in Ca transport to subjacent soil and subsequent exchange with native soil cations, and (4) assess the impacts of compost enhanced Ca transport on soil properties and plant growth. Acidic mine spoils: During the course of the project the focus for objective (1) and (2) shifted more towards developing and evaluating methods to appropriately quantify Ca2+ and Al3+ binding to compost derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). It could be shown that calcium complexation by sewage sludge compost derived DOM did not significantly change during the composting process. A method for studying Al3+ binding to DOM was successfully developed and should allow future insight into DOM-Al3+ interactions in general. Laboratory column experiments as well as greenhouse experiments showed that in very acidic mine spoil material mineral dissolution controls solution Al3+ concentration as opposed to exchange with Ca2+. Therefore compost appeared to have no effect on Al3+ and Ca2+ mobility and did not affect subsoil acidity. Sodic alkaline soils: Batch experiments with Na+ saturated cation exchange resins as a model for sodic soils showed that compost home cations exchanged readily with Na+. Unlike filtered compost extracts, unfiltered compost suspensions also significantly increased Ca2+ release from CaCO3. Soil lysimeter experiments demonstrated a clear impact of compost on structural improvement in sodic alkaline soils. Young compost had faster, clearer and longer lasting effects on soil physical and chemical properties than mature compost. Even after 2 growing seasons differences could still be observed. Compost increased Ca2+ concentration in soil solution and solubility of pedogenic CaCO3 that is highly insoluble under alkaline conditions. The solubilized Ca2+ efficiently exchanged Na+ in the compost treated soils and thus greatly improved the soil structure.
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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and David Russo. Quantifying the Process of Sodic Soil Reclamation. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566593.bard.
