Journal articles: 'Sociology – Statistical methods'

1

McCleary, Richard, Larry V. Hendges, Ingram Olkin, Brian Mullen, Robert Rosenthal, Wiilam H. Yeaton, and Paul M. Wortman. "Statistical Methods for Meta-Anlaysis." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071249.

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2

Roush, F. W. "Essentials of statistical methods." Mathematical Social Sciences 27, no. 1 (February 1994): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(94)00734-9.

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Fraser, Mark W., Jeffrey M. Jenson, David Kiefer, and Chirapat Popuang. "Statistical methods for the analysis of critical life events." Social Work Research 18, no. 3 (September 1994): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/18.3.163.

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4

Westover, Jonathan H. "Empirically Examining Research Questions in the Social Sciences: Statistical Research Methods in Comparative International Sociology." International Journal of Science in Society 1, no. 1 (2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1836-6236/cgp/v01i01/51465.

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Ralston, Kevin. "‘Sociologists Shouldn’t Have to Study Statistics’: Epistemology and Anxiety of Statistics in Sociology Students." Sociological Research Online 25, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780419888927.

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Worry about learning maths and statistics has been widely researched internationally but very little of this work has focussed on sociology. It is well documented that sociology students can be reluctant to engage with statistical methods. This article provides an exploration of the relationship between anxiety of statistics and its antecedents in sociology students. The analyses presented are based upon data collected from over 30 universities in the UK and is the most comprehensive sample of its type. The primary aim of this article is to analyse whether the perceived epistemological legitimacy of statistics, among sociology students, is associated with reported statistics anxiety. The results show that epistemological legitimacy is highly associated with reported statistics anxiety. Confidence in maths is also strongly associated with statistics anxiety. The implications of acknowledging these and other pedagogical issues in teaching quantitative research methods are complex and layered. Measures capturing whether students accept the epistemological legitimacy of statistical methods should be routinely incorporated in research examining statistics anxiety.

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LAITIN, DAVID D. "INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND THEORY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF JOHN GOLDTHORPE." European Journal of Sociology 45, no. 3 (December 2004): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975604001511.

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THIS REMARKABLE COLLECTION of (mostly reprinted) essays is first and foremost a defense of the statistically-based research program that has motivated Professor Goldthorpe's work through a distinguished career. In defending the statistical methodology that has become a standard in his corner of sociology, he also sets sharp limits to what can be contributed through qualitative methods. He then offers a challenge for future statistical analysts to address more directly that program's theoretical foundations. The dozen essays range widely in questions of methods and substance — in this review I provide no general summary but rather highlight a dual plea he makes to his profession: to marry macro statistical work to micro theory; and to press colleagues who engage in case study, historical, and ethnographic work to think more rigorously about what inferences can be correctly drawn from their low-n studies.

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GELMAN, ANDREW, and DONALD B. RUBIN. "Evaluating and Using Statistical Methods in the Social Sciences." Sociological Methods & Research 27, no. 3 (February 1999): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124199027003004.

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Williamson, John B., and S. K. Kachigan. "Statistical Analysis: An Interdisciplinary Introduction to Univariate and Multivariate Methods." Teaching Sociology 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1317431.

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Bhatta, Tirth. "Book Review: Making Sense of Statistical Methods in Social Research." Teaching Sociology 39, no. 2 (April 2011): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x11403291.

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Handcock, Mark S., and Martina Morris. "2. Relative Distribution Methods." Sociological Methodology 28, no. 1 (August 1998): 53–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00042.

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We present an outline of relative distribution methods, with an application to recent changes in the U.S. wage distribution. Relative distribution methods are a nonparametric statistical framework for analyzing data in a fully distributional context. The framework combines the graphical tools of exploratory data analysis with statistical summaries, decomposition, and inference. The relative distribution is similar to a density ratio. It is technically defined as the random variable obtained by transforming a variable from a comparison group by the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of that variable for a reference group. This transformation produces a set of observations, the relative data, that represent the rank of the original comparison value in terms of the reference group's CDF. The density and CDF of the relative data can therefore be used to fully represent and analyze distributional differences. Analysis can move beyond comparisons of means and variances to tap the detailed information inherent in distributions. The analytic framework is general and flexible, as the relative density is decomposable into the effect of location and shape differences, and into effects that represent both compositional changes in covariates, and changes in the covariate-outcome variable relationship.

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11

Schoenberg, Ronald, and John Fox. "Linear Statistical Models and Related Methods: With Applications to Social Research." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 2 (March 1986): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071732.

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Gałuszko, Konrad, Joanna Lewczuk, and Konrad Krystian Kuźma. "Walidować? Weryfikować? Nie ruszać? O niestatystycznych, statystycznych i stochastycznych metodach oceny jakości danych ilościowych opowieść." Studia Politologiczne 2019, no. 54 (November 20, 2019): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2019.54.6.

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The article deals with the quality of data obtained in the quantitative research process. The authors decided to raise the subject, because in the Polish political science – in the opposition to sociology – it’s not well described. The text was made mainly on the basis of a literature review devoted to particular parts of the article and is its synthesis. During the work it was discovered that thanks to relatively simple tools, as well as the use of some programs the quality of the data set can be checked in a simple and precise way.

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Ness, G. D. "Managing not-so-small Numbers Between Comparative and Statistical Methods." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 26, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1985): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002071528502600101.

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14

Komolafe, Tomilayo, A. Valeria Quevedo, Srijan Sengupta, and William H. Woodall. "Statistical evaluation of spectral methods for anomaly detection in static networks." Network Science 7, no. 3 (September 2019): 319–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2019.14.

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AbstractThe topic of anomaly detection in networks has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, especially with the rise of connected devices and social networks. Anomaly detection spans a wide range of applications, from detecting terrorist cells in counter-terrorism efforts to identifying unexpected mutations during ribonucleic acid transcription. Fittingly, numerous algorithmic techniques for anomaly detection have been introduced. However, to date, little work has been done to evaluate these algorithms from a statistical perspective. This work is aimed at addressing this gap in the literature by carrying out statistical evaluation of a suite of popular spectral methods for anomaly detection in networks. Our investigation on the statistical properties of these algorithms reveals several important and critical shortcomings that we make methodological improvements to address. Further, we carry out a performance evaluation of these algorithms using simulated networks and extend the methods from binary to count networks.

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Embry, Elizabeth, and Tillman Rodabough. "Client-Sponsored Applied Sociology: Educating the Client." Journal of Applied Sociology os-22, no. 2 (September 2005): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19367244052200207.

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Because much of the research conducted by applied sociologists is frequently at the request of a client, agreement between client and researcher on the methods used to acquire the data is imperative. Clients' lack of methodological and statistical sophistication can lead to diverging opinions on how the project should be conducted. Researcher acquiescence to client demands can have disastrous effects on data quality and the project's completion. This paper uses a recently completed research project as a case study to illustrate (1) the divergence between clients' desires and their needs that may arise and (2) how sociologists can address this divergence.

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16

Goldthorpe, John. "Sociologiens nutidige krise: Hvordan undgår vi falsk pluralisme?" Dansk Sociologi 10, no. 4 (February 5, 2007): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v10i4.739.

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The present crisis in sociology: a way beyond spurious pluralism? At the end of the 20th century the state of sociology gives cause for serious con¬cern. The main reasons for this concern can be stated in three features of contem¬porary sociology: First, there is a manifest lack of integration of research and theory. This is a long-standing difficulty, but what makes it worse today than pre¬viously is, that it is now less often seen as a serious problem. Second, there is an evident collective failure among sociolo¬gists to decide just what kind of discip¬line sociology is or ought to be. For some sociology should aim to be a social scien¬ce and to have therefore well-defined links with other social sciences, such as economics and political science, and al¬so human sciences. For others such aspi¬rations represent an outmoded ”posi¬tivsm”. If sociology is to be thought of as a social science at all then it must be one of a distinctive kind; and the crucial inter¬disciplinary links should be with cer¬tains kinds of philosophy and with cul¬tural studies. Third and finally, there is disagreement about how the disagree¬ments on the nature of sociology should itself be viewed. Despite the state of intellectual disar¬ray today´s sociology has some signifi¬cant achievements which can be charac¬terised as success stories and two are mentioned in the article. The first suc¬cess story is about the quantitative soci¬al research: more specifically, research that involves both data collection and da¬ta analysis that are based on statistical methods and on the theory of probability. Through statistical modelling know¬ledge about important social regularities has been established and these social re¬gularities are of major theoretical signi¬ficance. The modelling has typically ena¬bled sociologists to separate out more clearly than before what are the probabi¬litic regularities inherent in complex da¬ta-sets. The second success story of sociology is that of the theory of social action. Today, if we want to have an effective kind of sociological theory then it will be a theory of social action of some kind or other. Two developments lead to this conclu¬sion. The first is the evident collapse of functionalist theory over the last two to three decades. For functionalism to have explanatory power it is necessary that the systems which are taken as the units of analysis should exists in a selective environment; i. e. there must be the possi¬bility that the systems will in some sense fail to survive. Then it becomes possible to explain their constituent feature by re¬ference to their ”survival value”. This ap¬proach underlines the need for sociologi¬cal explannation to have a ”micro-foun¬dation”: i.e. to comprise not only ”macro¬-to-micro” link but a ”micro-to-macro” link as well. We need to return to the in¬dividualistic tradition in sociology. The second argument goes as following: Wi¬thin the individualistic tradition, theory based on the concept of action has in fact shown much greater promise than the main alternative has: i. e. theory based on the concept of behaviour. The attempts to revitalise the individualistic tradition via the theory of social action has proved rewarding and it seems to be around rational action theory that we may best try to build up a more general theory of social action. Through the statistical modelling ba¬sed on data collection and the theory of probability on the one hand and through developing a theory of rational social ac¬tion within the individualistic tradition on the other hand we might be able to overcome the present difficulties of socio¬logy as a science.

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17

Iacus, Stefano M., Gary King, and Giuseppe Porro. "A Theory of Statistical Inference for Matching Methods in Causal Research." Political Analysis 27, no. 1 (October 4, 2018): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.29.

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Researchers who generate data often optimize efficiency and robustness by choosing stratified over simple random sampling designs. Yet, all theories of inference proposed to justify matching methods are based on simple random sampling. This is all the more troubling because, although these theories require exact matching, most matching applications resort to some form of ex post stratification (on a propensity score, distance metric, or the covariates) to find approximate matches, thus nullifying the statistical properties these theories are designed to ensure. Fortunately, the type of sampling used in a theory of inference is an axiom, rather than an assumption vulnerable to being proven wrong, and so we can replace simple with stratified sampling, so long as we can show, as we do here, that the implications of the theory are coherent and remain true. Properties of estimators based on this theory are much easier to understand and can be satisfied without the unattractive properties of existing theories, such as assumptions hidden in data analyses rather than stated up front, asymptotics, unfamiliar estimators, and complex variance calculations. Our theory of inference makes it possible for researchers to treat matching as a simple form of preprocessing to reduce model dependence, after which all the familiar inferential techniques and uncertainty calculations can be applied. This theory also allows binary, multicategory, and continuous treatment variables from the outset and straightforward extensions for imperfect treatment assignment and different versions of treatments.

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18

Clogg, Clifford C., and Scott R. Eliason. "A Flexible Procedure for Adjusting Rates and Proportions, Including Statistical Methods for Group Comparisons." American Sociological Review 53, no. 2 (April 1988): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095692.

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19

Caulkins, Jonathan, Jacqueline Cohen, Wilpen Gorr, and Jifa Wei. "Predicting criminal recidivism: A comparison of neural network models with statistical methods." Journal of Criminal Justice 24, no. 3 (January 1996): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(96)00012-8.

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20

Stinchcombe, Arthur L., Vaughn R. McKim, and Stephen P. Turner. "Causality in Crisis? Statistical Methods and the Search for Causal Knowledge in the Social Sciences." Contemporary Sociology 27, no. 6 (November 1998): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654303.

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21

Ezell, Michael E., Kenneth C. Land, and Lawrence E. Cohen. "5. Modeling Multiple Failure Time Data: A Survey of Variance-Corrected Proportional Hazards Models with Empirical Applications to Arrest Data." Sociological Methodology 33, no. 1 (August 2003): 111–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2003.t01-1-00129.x.

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Proportional hazards models are powerful methods for the analysis of dynamic social processes and are widely used in sociology to estimate the effects of covariates on event timing (e.g., time to arrest, birth, marriage). The proper statistical modeling of failure time data is an important analytical issue in sociology, but to date the field has largely neglected the application of these models to multiple failure time data in which the conventional assumption of the independence of failure times is not tenable. This paper critically describes a class of models known as variance-corrected proportional hazards models that have been developed by statisticians to take into account a lack of independence among failure times. The purpose is to provide an exposition and comparison for sociologists of several such models and associated methods for handling multiple failure time data that can be readily estimated in commonly available statistical software packages. We pay special attention to the data requirements necessary for estimation of the models. The paper concludes with an illustrative application of the models to analyze the arrest patterns of a sample of California Youth Authority parolees.

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22

SIMMONS, BETH A., and DANIEL J. HOPKINS. "The Constraining Power of International Treaties: Theory and Methods." American Political Science Review 99, no. 4 (October 31, 2005): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055405051920.

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We acknowledge the contribution of von Stein (2005) in calling attention to the very real problem of selection bias in estimating treaty effects. Nonetheless, we dispute both von Stein's theoretical and empirical conclusions. Theoretically, we contend that treaties can both screen and constrain simultaneously, meaning that findings of screening do nothing to undermine the claim that treaties constrain state behavior as well. Empirically, we question von Stein's estimator on several grounds, including its strong distributional assumptions and its statistical inconsistency. We then illustrate that selection bias does not account for much of the difference between Simmons's (2000) and von Stein's (2005) estimated treaty effects, and instead reframe the problem as one of model dependency. Using a preprocessing matching step to reduce that dependency, we then illustrate treaty effects that are both substantively and statistically significant—and that are quite close in magnitude to those reported by Simmons.

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23

Begun, Audrey. "Book Review: Using statistical methods in social work practice: A complete SPSS guide." Research on Social Work Practice 16, no. 4 (July 2006): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731505283942.

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24

Signorino, Curtis S. "On Formal Theory and Statistical Methods: A Response to Carrubba, Yuen, and Zorn." Political Analysis 15, no. 4 (2007): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpm027.

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The recent article by Carrubba, Yuen, and Zorn (2007) (CYZ) attempts to relate the strategic random utility models in Signorino (1999, 2002, 2003) and in Signorino and Yilmaz (2003) to existing game theory practice and to existing statistical techniques. It contributes to this literature by reminding us that comparative statics analysis can be applied to the equilibria of these models. There are a number of claims in CYZ, however, that require clarification. In particular, the article's primary claim is that comparative statics analysis, in combination with one of three proposed statistical estimators, provides a simpler alternative to methods previously advocated. This claim (or combination of claims) is incorrect. When one examines the procedure CYZ recommends, it is no simpler for substantive researchers than anything previously recommended. Moreover, none of the proposed estimators are new: they are exactly the same methods introduced in Signorino (1999, 2003), in Signorino and Yilmaz (2003), in Signorino, Walker, and Bas (2002), and in Bas, Signorino, and Walker (2007).

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25

Whitley, Cameron T., and Thomas Dietz. "Turking Statistics: Student-generated Surveys Increase Student Engagement and Performance." Teaching Sociology 46, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x17721952.

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Thirty years ago, Hubert M. Blalock Jr. published an article in Teaching Sociology about the importance of teaching statistics. We honor Blalock’s legacy by assessing how using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) in statistics classes can enhance student learning and increase statistical literacy among social science gradaute students. In addition, we assess whether using MTurk has an impact on student ability to make professional progress. We find that, compared to traditional teaching methods, using MTurk increased student performance, perceptions, and outcomes. In addition, using MTurk resulted in a measurable increase in statistical literacy. We recommend that instructors teaching statistics consider how MTurk or similar technologies can be used in their classrooms.

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Abitov, Ruslan, Maria Nizamieva, and Elena Konovalova. "On the statistical indicators of the effectiveness of teaching methodologies." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 12007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127412007.

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The article is devoted to the problem of carrying out a proper educational experiment. A critical analysis of the conventional approaches to an educational experiment is given. The author argues that the majority of methods, assessing the results of educational experiments, were borrowed from sociology and psychology which, in turn, led to the misinterpretation of the results of these experiments. The criticism of the author is primarily aimed at the incorrect use of central tendency measures and the selection of tests for checking the probability of significance of samples. The qualitative approach, based on the percentile values, was proposed as one of the most relevant results of an experiment. The lack of universal measure with could allow comparing results of multiple educational experiments and meta-analyses was argued. The term «effective learning hours» was coined. The methodology of defining «effective learning hours» and corresponding them to the levels of the acquisition was proposed.

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27

Tucker, Frederick T. "SOCIOLOGICAL MEDIA: MAXIMIZING STUDENT INTEREST IN QUANTITATIVE METHODS VIA COLLABORATIVE USE OF DIGITAL MEDIA." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 73, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/16.73.75.

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College sociology lecturers are tasked with inspiring student interest in quantitative methods despite widespread student anxiety about the subject, and a tendency for students to relieve classroom anxiety through habitual web browsing. In this paper, the author details the results of a pedagogical program whereby students at a New York City community college used industry-standard software to design, conduct, and analyze sociological surveys of one another, with the aim of inspiring student interest in quantitative methods and enhancing technical literacy. A chi-square test of independence was performed to determine the effect of the pedagogical process on the students’ ability to discuss sociological methods unrelated to their surveys in their final papers, compared with the author’s students from the previous semester who did not undergo the pedagogical program. The relation between these variables was significant, χ 2(3, N=36) = 9.8, p = .02. Findings suggest that community college students, under lecturer supervision, with minimal prior statistical knowledge, and access to digital media can collaborate in small groups to create and conduct sociological surveys, and discuss methods and results in limited classroom time. College sociology lecturers, instead of combatting student desire to use digital media, should harness this desire to advance student mastery of quantitative methods. Key words: community college, digital media, sociological methods, transformative pedagogy.

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28

Levine, Joel H., Vaughn R. McKim, and Stephen P. Turner. "Causality in Crisis? Statistical Methods and the Search for Casual Knowledge in the Social Sciences." Social Forces 77, no. 2 (December 1998): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3005547.

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29

Mkrttchian, Vardan, Lilya Rozhkova, Vladimir Belashov, Svetlana Vlazneva, and Olga Salnikova. "About Technology-Based “Sociology” Software for Knowledge Development." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 12, no. 4 (October 2020): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2020100102.

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To analyze data sets, sociologists use various methods of mathematical and statistical data processing, which allows comprehensive analysis of the collected social information. A specialized software application is used in sociology. However, there are not many tools for carrying out a sociological research through all its stages. Sociologists often use different software or several software products. However, these programs are quite complex, and therefore their application is possible with special knowledge after a thorough study of the software product or with the involvement of the relevant specialists. Analysis of the possibilities of various programs for creating and processing sociological data shows that their choice is made by researchers on the basis of the ease of learning the program, the convenience of data management, the speed of computation, and graphic capabilities. In 2014, Belashov developed the Russian program for the input and processing of sociological research data “Sociology,” which allows for complete automation of the process of creating sociological data.

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CLINTON, JOSHUA, SIMON JACKMAN, and DOUGLAS RIVERS. "The Statistical Analysis of Roll Call Data." American Political Science Review 98, no. 2 (May 2004): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055404001194.

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We develop a Bayesian procedure for estimation and inference for spatial models of roll call voting. This approach is extremely flexible, applicable to any legislative setting, irrespective of size, the extremism of the legislators' voting histories, or the number of roll calls available for analysis. The model is easily extended to let other sources of information inform the analysis of roll call data, such as the number and nature of the underlying dimensions, the presence of party whipping, the determinants of legislator preferences, and the evolution of the legislative agenda; this is especially helpful since generally it is inappropriate to use estimates of extant methods (usually generated under assumptions of sincere voting) to test models embodying alternate assumptions (e.g., log-rolling, party discipline). A Bayesian approach also provides a coherent framework for estimation and inference with roll call data that eludes extant methods; moreover, via Bayesian simulation methods, it is straightforward to generate uncertainty assessments or hypothesis tests concerning any auxiliary quantity of interest or to formally compare models. In a series of examples we show how our method is easily extended to accommodate theoretically interesting models of legislative behavior. Our goal is to provide a statistical framework for combining the measurement of legislative preferences with tests of models of legislative behavior.

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31

Breunig, Christian, and Bryan D. Jones. "Stochastic Process Methods with an Application to Budgetary Data." Political Analysis 19, no. 1 (2011): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq038.

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Political scientists have increasingly focused on causal processes that operate not solely on mean differences but on other stochastic characteristics of the distribution of a dependent variable. This paper surveys important statistical tools used to assess data in situations where the entire distribution of values is of interest. We first outline three broad conditions under which stochastic process methods are applicable and show that these conditions cover many domains of social inquiry. We discuss a variety of visual and analytical techniques, including distributional analysis, direct parameter estimates of probability density functions, and quantile regression. We illustrate the utility of these statistical tools with an application to budgetary data because strong theoretical expectations at the micro- and macrolevel exist about the distributional characteristics for such data. The expository analysis concentrates on three budget series (total, domestic, and defense outlays) of the U.S. government for 1800–2004.

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32

Maravelakis, Petros. "The use of statistics in social sciences." Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2019): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhass-08-2019-0038.

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Purpose The purpose this paper is to review some of the statistical methods used in the field of social sciences. Design/methodology/approach A review of some of the statistical methodologies used in areas like survey methodology, official statistics, sociology, psychology, political science, criminology, public policy, marketing research, demography, education and economics. Findings Several areas are presented such as parametric modeling, nonparametric modeling and multivariate methods. Focus is also given to time series modeling, analysis of categorical data and sampling issues and other useful techniques for the analysis of data in the social sciences. Indicative references are given for all the above methods along with some insights for the application of these techniques. Originality/value This paper reviews some statistical methods that are used in social sciences and the authors draw the attention of researchers on less popular methods. The purpose is not to give technical details and also not to refer to all the existing techniques or to all the possible areas of statistics. The focus is mainly on the applied aspect of the techniques and the authors give insights about techniques that can be used to answer problems in the abovementioned areas of research.

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33

Astuti, Eva Karlina Dwi, Tarsono Tarsono, and Yani Suryani. "THE INFLUENCE OF AQIDAH AKHLAK AND SOCIOLOGY LEARNING OUTCOMES ON THE FORMATION OF STUDENT CHARACTER." Jurnal Tatsqif 18, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jtq.v18i1.2380.

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Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of moral theology learning outcomes and sociology learning outcomes on the formation of student character. This research uses a quantitative approach because the data presented is in the form of numbers. The method used is descriptive correlational. The research subjects were taken from 26th grade XI students. Data was collected using test, documentation and observation methods. Data were analyzed using IBM's SPSS version 26 application program. Hypothesis testing is done by statistical analysis techniques that are using multiple linear regression test. Based on the results of the study concluded that there is an influence of moral theology learning outcomes and sociology learning outcomes together can have an influence on student character. It is proven that the significance value of the regression in the ANOVA test table is 0,000 (<0.05), then Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted. The magnitude of influence is equal to 57.7%. Keywords: Learning outcomes; moral theology; Sociology; Character building.

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34

Bansak, Kirk. "Can nonexperts really emulate statistical learning methods? A comment on “The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism”." Political Analysis 27, no. 3 (November 8, 2018): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.55.

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Recent research has questioned the value of statistical learning methods for producing accurate predictions in the criminal justice context. Using results from respondents on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurkers) who were asked to predict recidivism, Dressel and Farid (2018) argue that nonexperts can achieve predictive accuracy and fairness on par with algorithmic approaches that employ statistical learning models. Analyzing the same data from the original study, this comment employs additional techniques and compares the quality of the predicted probabilities output from statistical learning procedures versus the MTurkers’ evaluations. The metrics presented indicate that statistical approaches do, in fact, outperform the nonexperts in important ways. Based on these new analyses, it is difficult to accept the conclusion presented in Dressel and Farid (2018) that their results “cast significant doubt on the entire effort of algorithmic recidivism prediction.”

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35

Raynaud, Dominique. "Inside the Ghetto - Using a Table of Contingency and Cladisitic Methods for Definitional Purposes." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 133, no. 1 (January 2017): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106316681419.

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This article aims at clarifying sociological definitions with the help of an original tool, the logical table of contingency, which has characteristics in common with both the statistical table of contingency and Carroll’s bilateral diagram. The unclear notion of ghetto is taken as a test-case. Successive tables of contingency are applied to various defining properties and various sociohistorical situations. Cladistic methods are then used to make the relationships between all ghetto-like situations explicit.

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Misztal, Małgorzata Aleksandra. "Comparison of Selected Multiple Imputation Methods for Continuous Variables – Preliminary Simulation Study Results." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 6, no. 339 (February 13, 2019): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.339.05.

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The problem of incomplete data and its implications for drawing valid conclusions from statistical analyses is not related to any particular scientific domain, it arises in economics, sociology, education, behavioural sciences or medicine. Almost all standard statistical methods presume that every object has information on every variable to be included in the analysis and the typical approach to missing data is simply to delete them. However, this leads to ineffective and biased analysis results and is not recommended in the literature. The state of the art technique for handling missing data is multiple imputation. In the paper, some selected multiple imputation methods were taken into account. Special attention was paid to using principal components analysis (PCA) as an imputation method. The goal of the study was to assess the quality of PCA‑based imputations as compared to two other multiple imputation techniques: multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) and missForest. The comparison was made by artificially simulating different proportions (10–50%) and mechanisms of missing data using 10 complete data sets from the UCI repository of machine learning databases. Then, missing values were imputed with the use of MICE, missForest and the PCA‑based method (MIPCA). The normalised root mean square error (NRMSE) was calculated as a measure of imputation accuracy. On the basis of the conducted analyses, missForest can be recommended as a multiple imputation method providing the lowest rates of imputation errors for all types of missingness. PCA‑based imputation does not perform well in terms of accuracy.

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Lialikava, Valiantsina, Iwona Skrodzka, and Alena Kalinina. "The application of selected methods of multivariate statistical analysis to study objective quality of life in Polish and Belarusian regions." Przegląd Statystyczny 67, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5727.

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The concept of life quality has been studied by specialists from a variety of scientific fields: economics, social geography, sociology, psychology, medicine, political sciences, and others. This contributes to the complementariness of the notion and broadens its interdisciplinary perspective, but on the other hand, it leads to a lack of unanimity in terms of the definition and measurement of the quality of life. Meanwhile, all developed countries in the world regard enhancing life quality as a priority of state policy. With the further advancement of our civilisation, quality of life will become a major issue in economic development. Therefore, monitoring this aspect of economic life, at both country and regional level, seems to be of particular significance. The paper aims to assess the suitability of selected methods of multivariate statistical analysis for the construction of a synthetic measure of objective quality of life. The study employs two methods of constructing synthetic measures of objective life quality: the linear ordering method – TOPSIS, and factor analysis. The results obtained by means of multivariate statistical analysis methods made it possible to create ratings of Polish and Belarusian regions in terms of objective quality of life and to further divide the regions into typological groups.

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Bini, Matilde, Maurizio Carpita, Donato Posa, and Pasquale Sarnacchiaro. "Socio-Economic Indicators for Performance Evaluation and Quality Assessment: Statistical Methods and Applications." Social Indicators Research 146, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02098-9.

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Di Giammaria, Loris, and Maria Paola Faggiano. "Big Text Corpora & Mixed Methods – The Roman Five Star Movement Blog." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 133, no. 1 (January 2017): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106316681088.

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This paper presents the most significant results of a study into the political communication of the Rome branch of the M5S, or Five Stars Movement, conducted through analysis of its blog, a big text corpus, comprising posts, comments and images, which brought together between the period immediately prior to the May 2013 administrative elections and the present day. This corpus was subjected to advanced statistical text analysis, and targeted hermeneutic and content analysis. Semiotic analyses of visual material were also performed, in addition to network analyses of blog contributors and analyses of communicational efficacy. Research team members from several disciplines and a variety of institutions, worked in constant collaboration, adopting a mixed-method approach.

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Svinukhova, Yuliya Nikolaevna. "Gender aspect of social differentiation of population in modern Russian society: trends of manifestation and leveling measures." Социодинамика, no. 12 (December 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2020.12.34528.

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This article examines the gender form of division of labor as one of the vectors of analysis of social stratification of the Russian society. The goal consists in determination of the role and specificity of gender factor in the current level of differentiation, as well as in demonstration of its growing relevance in the current Russian conditions. The subject of this research is gender as a stereotype of perception and a stratification category. The study is based on the methods of systemic analysis, gender approach to the analysis of labor market, theoretical positions and methods accumulated in sectoral and cross-disciplinary field of sociology: sociology of labor, sociology of family, economic sociology, and economic anthropology. The empirical base contains the data of the Federal State Statistics Service. Secondary data analysis is applied. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gender asymmetry are described. The author highlights the main types and forms of discrimination against women in labor sphere. The article determines and systematizes the key factors of increase in social differentiation of population. The conducted comparative analysis of statistical data demonstrates that in modern world, gender does not lose its importance within the system of differentiating characteristics in the social structure; namely in the Russian Federation, it considerably affects the process of social stratification. The author describes relevant regulatory measures in this area.

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Schweinberger, Michael, and Tom A. B. Snijders. "10. Settings in Social Networks: A Measurement Model." Sociological Methodology 33, no. 1 (August 2003): 307–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2003.00134.x.

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A class of statistical models is proposed that aims to recover latent settings structures in social networks. Settings may be regarded as clusters of vertices. The measurement model is based on two assumptions. (1) The observed network is generated by hierarchically nested latent transitive structures, expressed by ultrametrics, and (2) the expected tie strength decreases with ultrametric distance. The approach could be described as model-based clustering with an ultrametric space as the underlying metric to capture the dependence in the observations. Bayesian methods as well as maximum-likelihood methods are applied for statistical inference. Both approaches are implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.

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Aleksandrovich Endovitsky, Dmitry, Irina Borisovna Durakova, and . "Statistical Analysis as the Basis for the Practice of Modernizing Personnel Management: International Experience." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24341.

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The article is devoted to the issues of modernization of personnel management from the standpoint of the results of the statistical analysis of its framework conditions, studied as social and mass phenomena. Terms of implementation of work with the staff received extensive coverage in the scientific literature, profile-oriented to management, economics, sociology, psychology and law. Insufficient research base for statistical conclusions on the scale of phenomena, their groupings, and dynamics makes it difficult to work on timely diagnosis of the real model of personnel management and the formation of a vector of its modernization. The article systematizes the concept of the components of the two-contour framework, which defines the playing space of work with personnel, shows the classifications of the working age, family models, systematizes the scientific concepts of generations and the dynamics of value systems. Grounds for modernizing the practice of personnel management in organizations are justified. The methods of statistical analysis are given: observation, groupings, and classifications.

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Krasiukova, Maryna. "Information technologies as a means of studying the phenomenon of the individual socialization." Ukrainian Journal of Educational Studies and Information Technology 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32919/uesit.2017.03.10.

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The article is devoted to the problems of the use of information technologies (IT) in sociological research, in particular in the process of studying the phenomenon of socialization of the individual. The material consists of three parts, which highlight the essential characteristics of the category of socialization, the current trends in the use of information technology in sociology, and some areas of application of information technology in the process of studying the socialization of the individual. Socialization of personality is an important social-pedagogical phenomenon, as the process of human entry into society is often accompanied by problems. Currently, the relevance of intelligence on the problems of socialization has increased significantly, which is largely connected with social changes. The article presents the definition and the main features of the category "socialization", scientific approaches to the interpretation of this concept, as well as a brief overview of the methods of diagnosing the level of socialization of a person. The formation of a digital society led to the appearance of computing social sciences and the separation of digital sociology at the beginning of the XXIst century. The peculiarity of the modern period is the use of various sources of secondary sociological information, in particular those which are based on the objective recording of the real behavior of people. The gathering of sociological information takes place with the use of methods of content analysis, analysis of texts and social networks, etc. The vast majority of these methods involve the use of information technology. In addition, methodologies for working with data from Big Data and Data Mining are now widely used to gather and analyze large volumes of heterogeneous data and to generate new useful information on existing or potential interconnections between phenomena on this basis. So, sociology is now focused on the use of new information tools. At the same time, the use of traditional information and communication technologies is still remains of current interest (tools for conducting surveys, statistical analysis programs, etc.), which can significantly reduce the waste of time, reduce the probability of errors of different types, carry out the different methods of analysis. In the process of the socialization of a person studying a variety of surveys are widely used, the results of which must be systematized and analyzed. In order to collect such data, it is expedient to use the possibilities of the Internet, which allows reaching a large audience of respondents and reduce the waste of time both by respondents and researchers. Currently online surveys are often used by Google Forms, which provides tools for creating questionnaires of different types of questions, storing received replies, transferring them to spreadsheets in Google Drive, and initial analysis. In the case of increased requirements to the complexity and quality of the questionnaire, as well as the need to reach a large number of respondents, you should turn to specialized web resources, such as SurveyMonkey. The data obtained during the online survey can be analyzed using statistical programs (Statgraphics, Statistica, S-plus, SPSS, Systat, etc.). In particular, such programs provide an opportunity for cluster and factor analysis to classify the phenomena studied and identify the most influential factors. Consequently, important steps in the study of the phenomenon of socialization and the level of socialization of the individual are the collection of data (through online surveys using Google Forms) and their analysis using software (office spreadsheets, general-purpose statistical packages or specialized programs aimed at performing specific statistical procedures).

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Lamont, Andrea E., Robert S. Markle, Annie Wright, Michelle Abraczinskas, James Siddall, Abraham Wandersman, Pam Imm, and Brittany Cook. "Innovative Methods in Evaluation." American Journal of Evaluation 39, no. 3 (August 28, 2017): 364–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214017709736.

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Traditional methods of evaluation are limited in their ability to answer key questions often of interest to process evaluators, such as heterogeneity in the ways individuals adopt new programs. In this article, we demonstrate how a statistical approach, Latent Class Analysis, can help improve the quality of process evaluations and illustrate its use in an evaluation of an educational technology integration program in a large school district. In this illustration, we were interested in detecting variability in the ways teachers adopted the new program. We defined classes based on a set of innovative teaching strategies associated with educational technology. Results showed five distinct subgroups of teachers, based on level of program adoption. Results also demonstrate that specific school support strategies (professional development and personalized computing devices) facilitated program adoption. These findings can help to inform individualized support for teachers to optimize the ease and quality with which they are able to adopt new skills in the classroom.

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Pearce, Lisa D. "3. Integrating Survey and Ethnographic Methods for Systematic Anomalous Case Analysis." Sociological Methodology 32, no. 1 (August 2002): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9531.00113.

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This paper describes how the salience of research findings can be enhanced by combining survey and ethnographic methods to draw insights from anomalous cases. Using examples from a research project examining the influence of religion on childbearing preferences in Nepal, the author illustrates how survey data can facilitate the selection of ethnographic informants and how semistructured interviews with these deviant cases leads to improved theory, measures, and methods. A systematic sample of 28 informants, whose family size preferences were much larger than a multivariate regression model predicted, were selected from the survey respondent pool for observation and in-depth interviews. The intent was to explore relationships between religion and fertility preferences that may not have been captured in the initial multivariate survey data analyses. Following intensive fieldwork, the author revised theories about religion's influence, coded new measures from the existing survey data, and added these to survey models to improve statistical fit. This paper discusses the author's research methods, data analyses, and resulting insights for subsequent research, including suggestions for other applications of systematic analyses of anomalous cases using survey and ethnographic methods in tandem.

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Lovekamp, William E., Shane D. Soboroff, and Michael D. Gillespie. "Engaging Students in Survey Research Projects across Research Methods and Statistics Courses." Teaching Sociology 45, no. 1 (October 8, 2016): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x16673136.

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One innovative way to help students make sense of survey research has been to create a multifaceted, collaborative assignment that promotes critical thinking, comparative analysis, self-reflection, and statistical literacy. We use a short questionnaire adapted from the Higher Education Research Institute’s Cooperative Institutional Research Program’s Freshman Survey. In our Research Methods course, students begin by administering the brief questionnaire to a small, nonrandom sample of students at our university. They analyze the data descriptively and compare their “results” to the national trends as part of their required course homework. These data are then quantitatively analyzed throughout all homework exercises the next semester during their statistics course. This collaborative effort bridges methods, statistics, and capstone courses, helping students connect the courses and develop a deeper understanding, awareness and appreciation of the utility of preestablished instruments for collecting primary data and for assessing the meaning of secondary data.

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Xu, Ran, Kenneth A. Frank, Spiro J. Maroulis, and Joshua M. Rosenberg. "konfound: Command to quantify robustness of causal inferences." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 19, no. 3 (September 2019): 523–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x19874223.

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Statistical methods that quantify the discourse about causal inferences in terms of possible sources of biases are becoming increasingly important to many social-science fields such as public policy, sociology, and education. These methods are also known as “robustness or sensitivity analyses”. A series of recent works (Frank [2000, Sociological Methods and Research 29: 147–194]; Pan and Frank [2003, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 28: 315– 337]; Frank and Min [2007, Sociological Methodology 37: 349–392]; and Frank et al. [2013, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 35: 437–460]) on robustness analysis extends earlier methods. We implement these recent developments in Stata. In particular, we provide commands to quantify the percent bias necessary to invalidate an inference from a Rubin causal model framework and the robustness of causal inferences in terms of correlations associated with unobserved variables.

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Moravcsik, Andrew. "Active Citation: A Precondition for Replicable Qualitative Research." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 01 (January 2010): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510990781.

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Qualitative research dominates political science. In the field of international relations (IR), for example, about 70% of scholars primarily employ qualitative methods, compared to 21% favoring formal or quantitative analysis (Jordan et al. 2009). Since nearly all of the latter make secondary use of textual and historical methods, overallover 90% of IR scholarsemploy qualitative analysis, whereas 48% use any statistical and only 12% any formal methods. This understates the dominance of qualitative analysis, for many statistical data sets rest ultimately on historical work, and IR scholars, when polled, report that qualitative case studies are more relevant for policy than quantitative or formal work. Hardly any major IR debate—whether that over the end of the cold war, American unipolarity, Chinese foreign policy, the nature of European integration, compliance with international law, democratic peace, the causes of war, or the impact of human rights norms—remains untouched by important qualitative contributions.

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Aljohani, Hassan M., Yunus Akdoğan, Gauss M. Cordeiro, and Ahmed Z. Afify. "The Uniform Poisson–Ailamujia Distribution: Actuarial Measures and Applications in Biological Science." Symmetry 13, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071258.

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We propose a new asymmetric discrete model by combining the uniform and Poisson–Ailamujia distributions using the binomial decay transformation method. The distribution, named the uniform Poisson–Ailamujia, due to its flexibility is a good alternative to the well-known Poisson and geometric distributions for real data applications in public health, biology, sociology, medicine, and agriculture. Its main statistical properties are studied, including the cumulative and hazard rate functions, moments, and entropy. The new distribution is considered to be suitable for modeling purposes; its parameter is estimated by eight classical methods. Three applications to biological data are presented herein.

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Kamicaityte, Jurate, Indre Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, and Sebastien Gadal. "Role of Multicultural Identity in Landscape Perception and Methodological Possibilities of Its Interdisciplinary Analysis." Landscape architecture and art 15 (March 23, 2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.15.07.

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The paper presents the overview and comparative analysis of landscape cross-cultural and sub-cultural perception research methodologies in order to develop hypothetical methodological framework of interdisciplinary evaluation of cultural differences in landscape perception. The landscape research methods used for the analysis of impact of socio-cultural factors on landscape perception can be classified as mix of psychophysical and cognitive approach and are mostly based on the statistical analysis of the results of sociological research. Drawing the research closer to the relational concept, we propose the hypothetical methodological scheme of interdisciplinary evaluation of cultural differences in landscape perception that integrates landscape research with the knowledge of cultural studies, quantitative sociology (statistical analysis of the results of sociological research: factor analysis, component analysis, correlations, etc.), environmental psychology (cognitive mapping, Landscape Image Sketching Technique, landscape and environmental preferences, way finding, eye-tracking, etc.), and geography (geomatic) (geographic information systems, remote sensing).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sociology – Statistical methods'

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