Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sociology of Scientific Professions'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Sociology of Scientific Professions.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Sociology of Scientific Professions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Renisio, Yann. "L'infortune des sciences sociales : sociologie d'une illégitimation scientifique récurrente." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0073.
Abstract:
À la croisée des sociologies des sciences, de l’éducation et du travail, cette thèse présente, à partir d’une analyse de l’ensemble des disciplines de l’enseignement supérieur, une série de processus qui contribuent à la perpétuelle remise en cause de la légitimité scientifique des sciences sociales dans la recherche française contemporaine. Cette analyse en trois temps, historique, statistique puis par enquête par questionnaire et entretiens met en évidence un phénomène de désavantages cumulatifs de ces domaines. Institutionnalisées dans les facultés de lettres et de droit dans une période d’ascension forte de la légitimité de celle des sciences, les sciences sociales occupent une position inconfortable d’altérité et d’infériorité scientifiques, que l’enseignement secondaire contemporain contribue à entretenir. Situées à l’intersection des pratiques des sciences humaines, biologiques et mathématiques, ces disciplines se voient fréquemment accusées de ne pas répondre au modèle des sciences physiques. Scindées en deux facultés, les profils scolaires et sociaux de leurs étudiants et de carrières de leurs chercheurs sont plus hétérogènes que dans les sciences non sociales, ce qui affaiblit leur cohérence. Intériorisant leur position dominée, ces disciplines naturalisent la faiblesse des moyens qui leurs sont accordés en les justifiant par des besoins temporels spécifiques et une imprévisibilité indépassableCombining the sociology of science, of education and of professions, this thesis analyses the field of academic disciplines to present a series of social process contributing to the constant questionings regarding the scientificity of the social sciences in contemporary France. This three steps analysis (historical, statistical, and through surveys and interviews) unveils a phenomenon of cumulative disadvantages for these disciplines. Institutionalized in the Facultés of law and literature in a period of important rise to power of the scientific one, social sciences have been considered as “other” and “inferior” in terms of scientificity from the beginning, a situation that is strongly maintained today through the implicit hierarchies of fields taught in high school. At the crossroad of humanities, biological and mathematical sciences, the scientific practices of the social sciences are frequently evaluated and denigrated through the criteria of the physical sciences. Divided into two facultés, students and faculties in those fields have more heterogeneous social and educational backgrounds then those in other sciences, contributing to a social image of dissensus. Interiorizing their subordinated position, social scientists tend to justify the small share of resources that they receive through the valorization of specific temporal needs and unpredictability of their research
2
Veillard, Hélène. "Les lauréat·es : ce que l'ERC fait aux professions scientifiques. Les cas des sciences de l'univers et de l'histoire en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASU002.
Abstract:
À l'intersection d'une sociologie des professions scientifiques, des sciences et de l'action publique, cette thèse analyse les interactions entre un dispositif particulier de financement sur projet de la recherche européenne d'« excellence », celui de l'European Research Council (ERC), et les logiques de carrières professionnelles des chercheur·es en sciences de l'univers et en histoire, ceci dans le contexte universitaire français. Ancrée dans les travaux étudiant les modifications de la recherche sous l'effet de ce mode de management du financement sur projet, cette thèse étudie la façon dont les identités des chercheur·es, mais aussi les relations individuelles et collectives de la science se reconfigurent à partir de l'appel à projet spécifique que constitue l'ERC. Ainsi, à partir du cas de la sélection d'individus et de projets d'« excellence », ce travail interroge la fabrique des « lauréat·es » à travers un jeu intriqué d'incitations institutionnelles au dépôt de projets, de configurations de marchés universitaires nationaux et internationaux, ainsi que de logiques de fonctionnement et de cultures épistémiques plurielles.Alors que le dispositif sociotechnique de l'ERC à l'échelle européenne et les mesures incitatives au niveau national concourent à renforcer le financement d'une recherche exploratoire, individuelle et d'« excellence », comment dans ce cadre les scientifiques lauréat·es conçoivent-ils·elles leur candidature et l'obtention du projet à l'ERC ? En prenant le parti de suivre les cheminements et les différentes étapes suivies par les lauréat·es dans le cours de « leurs » projets, cette thèse scrute les cheminements individuels vers le statut de candidat·e en identifiant quatre logiques d'engagement (idée, financement, indépendance et carrière). La rédaction du projet questionne quant à elle les formes d'adéquation, d'adaptation et de traduction de soi et de son projet dans la candidature selon la perception des attendus du financeur. Le projet obtenu, c'est à la question de l'identité de chercheur·e des lauréat·es à laquelle nous nous intéressons en analysant les modalités de mise en œuvre d'un « collectif personnalisé en mode projet », non exempt d'un souci du collectif et des carrières d'autrui. Enfin, l'analyse revient de façon plus générale sur les effets de l'ERC sur les trajectoires des scientifiques des deux disciplines observées depuis le point de vue des enquêté·es, interrogeant ainsi l'émergence de voies contemporaines de carrières scientifiques renouveléesThis doctoral dissertation explores the ramifications of a specific European research funding initiative, namely the European Research Council (ERC), within the broader context of the sociology of scientific professions, science, and public action. Focused on researchers in the realms of universe sciences and history within the academic landscape of French universities, this study systematically examines the transformative impact induced by the ERC's project-based funding paradigm on the dynamics of research. Scrutinizing alterations in the identities of researchers and the intricate fabric of both individual and collective scientific relationships, the thesis closely examines the distinct call for projects put forth by the ERC. By analyzing the selection processes leading to the identification of "excellent" individuals and projects, the investigation dissects the intricate interplay between institutional incentives for project submissions, national and international configurations of the university market, operational logics, and a diverse array of epistemic cultures.The socio-technical framework of the European Research Council (ERC) at the European level and the incentive policies at the national level are strategically devised to enhance the support for exploratory, individual, and "excellent" research endeavors. In this context, an inquiry arises: How do the recipients of ERC grants perceive their application process to the ERC and evaluate the success of their respective projects? The narrative meticulously traces the trajectories of laureates throughout the lifecycle of their projects. This involves a close scrutiny of the rationales underpinning their decision to seek ERC funding, the intricacies of candidacy construction, and an exploration of the identities of laureates tasked with orchestrating personalized collectives within the project mode. The dissertation culminates in a thorough analysis of the broader implications of ERC funding on the careers of scientists in the observed disciplines, as articulated by the interviewees
3
Macdonald, Keith M. "The sociology of the professions and other occupations." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257157.
4
Webb, Keith. "Uncertainty and the social scientific response." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481719.
5
Campbell, Jonah. "The XMRV virus: reality and artefactuality in scientific controversy." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107915.
Abstract:
The retrovirus XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) was first identified in association with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in 2009. Following the publication of this research there erupted a major controversy within the scientific literature over the status of the XMRV virus, that wound to a close in 2012 with the editorial retraction of the original research and the conclusion that the virus was a laboratory artefact. This paper maps the dynamics of the XMRV-CFS controversy, and how the status of the virus itself changed over the course thereof. The question of the "reality" of both the virus and its putative association with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome were pivotal to the actors involved, and the thesis focuses on how the endogenous discourses of artefactuality (along with the procedures, materials, and instrumentation with which such discourses were entangled) figured into the perpetuation and eventual resolution of the controversy.Le rétrovirus XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) a été identifié pour la première fois en 2009 en association avec le Syndrome de fatigue chronique. Suite à la publication de ces recherches, une controverse importante a éclaté dans la presse scientifique quant au statut du virus XMRV. Cette controverse s'achèvera en 2012 avec la rétractation de l'article original et la révélation que le virus était en fait un artefact de laboratoire. Le présent mémoire retrace la dynamique de la controverse autour du couple XMRV-SFC en examinant de plu près le changement de statut du virus au cours de cette même controverse. La question de la « réalité » même du virus et celle de son lien putatif avec le Syndrome de fatigue chronique occupent une place centrale au sein du débat entre les scientifiques concernés. Le mémoire s'intéresse donc en particulier au rôle qu'ont joué dans la perpétuation et l'éventuelle résolution de la controverse les discours endogènes concernant l'artefactualité, ainsi que les instances matérielles (procédures, matériaux et équipements) rattachées à ces discours.
6
Bwanika, Daniel. "Realistic Theory as Methods for Scientific Research." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-6327.
7
RIVIERA, EMANUELA. "Mapping scientific literature. Structuring scientific communities through scientometrics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/40095.
Abstract:
A sociologically integrated approach suggesting an interpretation of bibliometric indicators and maps is developed in this work. The programmatic element of the thesis is the integration of the constructivist perspective relating to the re-production of scientific community with the metric program in Bibliometrics. The accomplishment of the main purposes introduced above is realised through the following goals, which can be listed according to the level of generality. First of all, this work aims to demonstrate the potentialities of a proposal in the field of citation theory which encompasses different and divergent perspectives as it is based on the integration of structural-functionalist and constructivist approaches. More specifically, this proposal is applied to the field of Scientometrics, where the lack of a theoretical frame for interpreting bibliometric indicators as well as bibliometric maps constitutes a real problem as we are witnessing the affirmation of what can be called the “metric era”: as a matter of fact, like it or not, bibliometric measures and analyses are more and more important for scientists’ career. The purpose of providing a description of the intellectual and cognitive structure of the scientific field of Italian Sociology allows us, at the same time, to test the reliability of those bibliometric techniques employed in the empirical work here presented. In particular, we are testing the effectiveness of Bibliometrics in mapping scientific literature, as well as the effectiveness of the normative approach in describing citers’ behaviour with reference to high citation counts.
8
Coatesworth, Megan Gebhardt. "Women staying in STEM professions long-term| A motivation model." Thesis, The University of the Rockies, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3686149.
Abstract:
This qualitative grounded theory study sought to identify what motivates women to stay in or return to science, technology, engineering, and math professions (STEM) long-term, leading to a motivation model. Twenty women, each having a minimum of 10 years of experience in STEM professions, participated in the study. Four of the 20 participants had a career path where they left the STEM workplace for more than 26 weeks and then returned. The results of this study suggested that there may be five themes related to motivating factors for women who stay in STEM professions long term: a) interest in STEM is the constant as individual needs and priorities change, b) direct manager influence on development is critical c) performance-based workplace policies and culture are continuously sought, d) moving towards a no-bias workplace remains important, and e) the career growth path at life's crossroads remains a challenge. While this study's results suggested that some bias does still exist in the STEM workplace, as previously documented. The results suggested that an equitable workplace does not yet exist regarding career growth opportunities. As career growth is one of the motivating factors for women in STEM and environments for career growth opportunities vary in the workplace, this study's results also suggested that career growth opportunities continue to be a barrier for women in STEM.
9
Ashmore, M. "A question of reflexivity : Wrighting sociology of scientific knowledge." Thesis, University of York, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355573.
10
Shin, In-Cheol. "Matthew's inclusive community a narratological and social scientific reading /." Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/availalbe/etd-05262005-154759.
11
Sosenko, Filip. "On the scientific status of interpretive inquiry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2648.
Abstract:
Interpretive social science is well established institutionally at universities and research centres. It benefits from this institutional context in terms of prestige, credibility and grants. In comparison with non-interpretive disciplines however, its scientific status is questionable. What elements of it are really scientific and what elements are threats to this scientific character? This problem has been discussed in the past but unfortunately the discussion has gradually dried up without a successful resolution. In my thesis I am revitalising it. I take a systematic rather than historical approach: instead of picking up the discussion where it has been abandoned, I begin with a working definition of science, and analyse to what extent interpretive inquiry meets the requirements of this definition. The structure of my thesis follows this definition in that what is discussed is the three substantial elements of it - theory, research method, and professional quality control. In relation to theory, I pose questions on a range of topics, such as whether interpretive social science is explanatory, and whether it generates new knowledge. In relation to method, I explore, amongst other things, whether qualitative method permits the production of valid and reliable findings. The discussion of professional quality control considers issues around the reporting of findings and the assessment of these findings by others. I complement my analysis by considering three interpretive case studies, exploring both whether they produce theoretical knowledge and reflecting on their methodological strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, I explore the border between interpretive inquiry and non-fiction arts, such as literary reportage and documentary filmmaking, arguing that this border is more blurred than it may first appear.
12
Fagan, Melinda Bonnie. "Objectivity in practice integrative social epistemology of scientific inquiry /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274925.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History and Philosophy of Science, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 11, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 2974. Adviser: Elisabeth A. Lloyd.
13
Karlsson, Peder. "Forskares socialisation : Kunskapssociologisk visit i doktoranders livsvärldar." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Sociology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-191.
Abstract:
This thesis is an exploration into the socialization of researchers as it takes place in various research practices. Using a lifeworld-perspective, a qualitative interview-study with doctoral students from different academic milieus is conducted. The organizational context of the study is the academic department as it is experienced, apprehended and constructed by the doctoral student.
The “societal” context is described and discussed in a brief analytical exposé of Swedish science policy in the last decade of the twentieth century. Questioning the political reliance on a systems-perspective, and the shortcomings of system theory for the understanding of research practices in different academic milieus, a lifeworld-theoretical turn is suggested.
A lifeworld-perspective is formulated in a meta-theoretical discussion focusing on the concepts of practice, time and language. Jürgen Habermas’ critique of phenomenological lifeworld-perspectives is the point of departure and theoretical inputs are derived from the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of scientific knowledge and phenomenological sociology. The solution is found in an integrative model of socialization as continual synchronization of subjective systems of coordinates and socio-cultural networks. Mediating between subjective consciousness and inter-subjective knowledge is language, and this is manifested in concrete practices observed in “real-time”.
The empirical study reveals some influences of the system on the lifeworld. “Inside” the lifeworld, however, the interviewees mostly use their departments as frames of reference in their descriptions and discussions. A more elaborate exploration of the life-world results in an understanding of socialization in terms of positioning. This concept denotes the ways in which the interviewees describe themselves, their socio-cultural surroundings and themselves in relation to these milieus. At any given moment, positioning can be understood as a “co-construction” of subjective position and socio-cultural milieu. Positioning is thereby the empirical correlate to synchronization, and socialization can be “read off” from the ways in which doctoral students position themselves “here and now”. Problematic, though, is that “doctoral student”, and especially “female doctoral student”, are found to be vague and vulnerable categories with no clear meanings for the socialised nor for the socio-cultural environment. In a more speculative manner, these difficulties of positioning are put in relation to “scientist” as a vague category. If “scientist” cannot be defined, how then can we know what “scientists in the making” are?
This thesis offers an insight into the plural “realities” of doctoral students in different academic milieus. It offers a lifeworld-perspective on socialization and is thereby relevant for discussions of post-graduate education among scholars as well as among policy makers.
14
Magdalenić, Sanja. "Gendering the sociology profession : Sweden, Britain and the US." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-135.
Abstract:
The dissertation explores the relationship between gender and professions with a historical sociological analysis of the sociology profession in Sweden, Britain and the US. The theoretical framework draws upon three conceptual terrains: professions, organizations and gender. A variety of sources are utilized, such as published and unpublished material, interviews, available statistics, auto/biographies and archival material. The aim of the dissertation is twofold. First, it seeks to add to theorizing about the relationship between gender and professions by exploring the ways in which the emergence, organization of and knowledge production in an academic profession interrelates with gender. Second, the dissertation considers how gender is interrelated with the historical development of sociology as a profession. A revised concept of the “professional project” - which involves historically specific strategies of occupational closure - is used as an analytical tool to examine gendered processes of exclusion and demarcation that occurred in the three national histories of sociology. The dissertation considers three dimensions that are central to that framework of analysis - professional associations, academic departments and sociological canon – to explore how the restructuring of gender relations varied in different organizational spheres and over time. Although both women and men were involved in the sociological movement that preceded the emergence of the sociology profession, men came to dominate the institutional arenas such as sociology departments and professional associations. The conception of sociology as a field excluded the previous work of women, and some men, whose work did not fit the new agenda of objective science. Despite the fact that sociology as a profession institutionalised in different periods in Sweden, Britain and the US, until the late 1960s women were largely absent from higher posts in professional associations, sociology departments and the sociological canon. Also in all three sociology fields, there were social movements and women’s professional organizations that sought to bring women into the sociology profession and to put gender research on sociological agenda. Of the three arenas linked to the professional project, i. e. professional associations, academic departments and sociological canon, my analysis shows that women have made the greatest inroads in professional associations in terms of broadening the associations’ membership and representation as well as institutionalising gender caucuses and programs into the associations. Academic departments, where the production of future professionals and most knowledge takes place, have been slower to change. Finally, despite notable achievements in gendering sociological theory and research, gender has not yet become fully integrated into sociological canon.
15
Sundberg, Mikaela. "Making meteorology social relations and scientific practice /." Doctoral thesis, [Stockholm] : Stockholms universitet : Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/71256128.html.
16
Teplitskiy, Mikhail. "Judgments of scientific quality and their effects on published knowledge and its diffusion." Thesis, The University of Chicago, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10129530.
Abstract:
Collaborative efforts like modern scientific research depend on methods to evaluate and absorb participants’ contributions, and at the research frontier this evaluative step is often accomplished through the peer review of grants and manuscripts. With billions of dollars and space in prestigious journals hinging on the decisions of reviewers, the review system has attracted consistent scrutiny. Many of the thousands of studies scrutinizing peer review focus on the reliability, validity, and fairness of the reviewers’ decisions. Largely absent in this debate about peer review’s internal practices are the consequences of these practices for the character and diffusion of published knowledge. This dissertation shifts the focus to the consequences of peer review practices through four case studies. The first case investigates the negotiation of revisions authors of quantitative sociological manuscripts undertake during peer review and reveals that substantial changes concern primarily manuscripts’ theoretical framing, while the data analyses remain relatively stable. The case argues that the greater relative value placed on data and analysis over frames incentivizes investment into the former over the latter. The second case interrogates the common practice of using post-publication citations to evaluate the validity of review decisions. Analysis of the reviews of manuscripts submitted to the American Sociological Review from 1977 to 1981 and the manuscripts’ subsequent citations reveals no relationship. However, reviewers’ comments show that reviewers focused on the soundness of the manuscripts’ arguments, not their potential impact. The case shows that a review process that results in publications of variable impact is not necessarily a failing of peer review, but rather a consequence of reviewers and citers draw on different dimensions of value. The third case study examines the consequences for quantitative sociology of the common bias for positive findings in peer review. Using hundreds of studies that use the General Social Survey, the published statistical relationships are perturbed by slight changes to the model specifications. Results show that at the time of publication, results are relatively robust to this perturbation. Additionally, the published relationships are estimated using waves of the Survey that appeared after publication. Results indicate that published findings are weakened much more by social change. The last case focuses on the consequences of scientific peer review judgments outside of the sphere of science. By measuring rates at which millions of scientific journals are used as sources in Wikipedia, the largest online encyclopedia, I show that Wikipedia editors preferentially use high impact and the more accessible (open access) journals. The case shows that increased accessibility of the scientific literature improves its diffusion to the lay public and that a status ordering that review practices establish in one sphere, science, may be exported wholesale to a disparate context, Wikipedia.
17
Haney, David Paul. "Democratic ideals, scientific identities, and the struggle for a public sociology in the United States, 1945-1962 /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
18
Engelskirchen, Howard. "The Aristotelian Marx and scientific realism a perspective on social kinds in social theory /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
19
Yoshioka, Takeko. "National crime prevention strategies for Japan: Implications of scientific knowledge and international guidelines." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27091.
Abstract:
This thesis identifies what Japan could do to implement effective crime prevention nationally. It analyzes (1) official reports and announcements from the government and mass media reports in Japan (Chapter 2); (2) scientific analyses of crime prevention programs and policing that have influenced governments and policies in other countries (Chapter 3 and 4); (3) international guidelines (Chapter 5), and (4) a preliminary assessment of the implementation of effective crime prevention in the United Kingdom (Chapter 6). It makes eight recommendations for Japan.
The official crime reports in Japan have reported a rapid increase in overall crime rates. The government continues to use situational crime prevention and police. However, the causes of crime can only be tackled by social policy. Scientific evaluation in other countries emphasizes that a multi-sector approach is essential to tackle problems in family, school and community. Review of the effectiveness of policing particularly in the United Kingdom shows that modern policing does not reduce crime while partnership with other agencies and strong police leadership for reform would. Guidelines by the United Nations and the World Health Organization recommend a permanent national responsibility center for crime prevention and a systematic implementation cycle where there are 4 stages; analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
20
Wylie, Caitlin Donahue. "Invisible technicians : a sociology of scientific work, workers, and specimens in paleontology laboratories." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608049.
21
Lynch, William T. "Politics in Hobbes' mechanics: a case study in the sociology of scientific knowledge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45200.
Abstract:
A case study in the sociology of scientific knowledge is presented involving an examination of the development of Thomas Hobbes' mechanics in light of Hobbes' political views and the political context. Hobbes provides a good subject for research in the sociology of scientific knowledge for at least two reasons. First, Hobbes is a good case for examining the interaction between science and the broader political context. Given the controversial nature of Hobbes' political writings (supposedly grounded in his mechanics and aimed at resolving contemporary political problems), the possibility that political considerations entered into the production and reception of Hobbes' mechanics deserves attention. Second, applying new perspectives in the sociology of scientific knowledge can be shown to provide an unexpected payoff in helping resolve persistent disputes among intellectual and political historians regarding the interpretation of Hobbes' work. Specifically, a number of confusions about the relationship between Hobbes' political philosophy and his mechanical philosophy can be cleared up by recognizing that his political views may have influenced his mechanics. The perspective of a general sociology of scientific knowledge provides an appropriate tool for overcoming the reluctance of many political and intellectual historians to examine the social roots of a scientific theory. Hobbes' goal of providing a political philosophy to resolve political turmoil, within the context of Hobbes' participation in discussions on mechanics and mechanical philosophy , resulted in the particular mechanical approach Hobbes embraced.
Master of Science
22
Yazdanpanah, Héléna. "Les avocats d'entreprises et leurs clients : pratiques collectives et conseils individuels en droit social." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUD021.
Abstract:
En France, la construction et la rapide complexification du droit du travail, ainsi que la demande de services juridiques de la part des entreprises, ont entraîné l’émergence d’un marché du conseil juridique. Pour les entreprises, le droit est à la fois un cadre d’action et un outil dans l’exercice du pouvoir patronal. Au croisement de la sociologie des professions juridiques et de la sociologie du droit et de la justice, cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les pratiques professionnelles des avocats d’entreprises spécialisés en droit du travail qui combinent des activités de conseil juridique et de défense de leurs clients dans le cadre des procédures prud’homales. Elle s’intéresse à l’organisation de leur travail au sein de leurs cabinets et montre comment les avocats développent des savoirs juridiques et mettent en place collectivement des pratiques de travail qui leur permettent de défendre les intérêts de leurs clients. La thèse revient dans un premier temps sur les contextes de travail des avocats et sur leur socialisation professionnelle, qui donne lieu à des conceptions communes du rôle professionnel et du droit du travail, orienté dans leur pratique vers la gestion des ressources humaines. Dans un second temps, la thèse analyse le travail de mise aux normes des pratiques patronales, tel qu'il se déroule dans le cadre d'une relation de service où les avocats disposent d'une autorité plus ou moins importante selon la durée et l'implication des deux parties dans la relation, et les ressources juridiques dont disposent les clients. Enfin, la thèse montre comment les avocats apprennent à leurs clients à faire usage stratégiquement du droit du travail. Les matériaux empiriques qui viennent appuyer cette réflexion se composent d'entretiens réalisés avec des avocats au sein de trois barreaux. Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué des observations de rendez-vous (en face à face ou téléphoniques) entre des avocats et leurs clients au sein d'un cabinet d'avocats. A cela s'ajoutent des observations effectuées aux congrès et réunions de deux associations professionnellesIn France, the construction of employment law and its rapid increase of complexity, as well as the increase in demand for specialized legal services, lead lawyers to develop an expertise in this field. Law can be both a frame of reference and a ressource for companies. At the crossroads of the sociology of the legal professions and the sociology of law, this dissertation examines the practice of business lawyers who specialize in employment law and combine an advisory and litigation activity. We study the organization of law firms and show how lawyers collectively work to develop their professional practices and defend their clients’ interests. We first look at the professional contexts of lawyers and their professional socialization, which leads to common conceptions of their professional role and of employment law, oriented in their practice towards management. Secondly, we show how lawyers bring employer practices into line with legal standards. Lawyers’ interventions take place within the framework of a service relationship in which the lawyers have more or less authority depending on the duration and involvement of the two parties in the relationship and the legal resources available to the clients. Finally, we show how lawyers teach their clients to use employment law strategically. The empirical material that supports this reflection consists of interviews with lawyers in three bars. In addition, we conducted observations of meetings (face-to-face or by telephone) between lawyers and their clients in one law firm. Finally, we observed the meetings and conventions of two associations of lawyers who develop expertise in employment law for companies
23
Collas, Thomas. "La pâte et le décor : considération et formes professionnelles dans le monde des pâtissiers." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0029.
Abstract:
La thèse décrit l’ensemble hétérogène et flou de produits et de situations de travail qu'embrasse le monde des pâtissiers en France de la fin des années 1970 au début des années 2010 à la lumière d'une question de sociologie : dans quelle mesure les marques de considération portées aux travailleurs et à leur travail participent-elles à stabiliser des formes professionnelles, qu'il s'agisse d’un groupe professionnel, de segments élitaires, de communautés de praticiens ou encore de trajectoires individuelles ? Les matériaux mobilisés dans les trois parties de la thèse sont issus d’un travail sur archives et d’une enquête ethnographique. Une base prosopographique de première main est exploitée à partir de méthodes d’analyse de séquences. Dans la première partie, les revendications de statut portées au nom du groupe des pâtissiers par plusieurs collectifs et les conventions esthétiques convoquées et explicitées dans ce cadre sont étudiées. Dans la deuxième partie, les rhétoriques d’excellence mises en œuvre sur trois arènes de définition du travail pâtissier (le système des concours pâtissiers, une association élitaire et les sélections critiques) sont comparées au regard des sanctions qu’elles sécrètent et des segments élitaires qu'elles concourent à stabiliser. La troisième partie est consacrée à la stabilisation de trajectoires individuelles sur les marchés du travail et sur les marchés boutiquiers, à l’appui notamment de ces marques de considération. Ce faisant, les modèles d’avantage cumulatif sont mis à l’épreuve. En filigrane, la conduite d’entreprise et les compétences décoratives apparaissent comme deux principes récurrents de considération du travail pâtissierThe thesis describes the heterogenous world of pâtissiers – in terms of products and work situations – in France from the late 1970’s to the early 2010’s in the light of a sociological question : to what extent do marks of consideration sent to workers and to their work contribute to stabilize professional forms, be it professional groups, professional segments (elitarian or not) or individual trajectories ? The three parts of the thesis are based on empirical research, interweaving archive and ethnographic materials. An original prosopographical database is exploited through sequence analysis. The first part of the thesis presents an analysis of competing jurisdictional claims describing a group of pâtissiers and explicitly aesthetic choices that these claims reveal. In a second part, three arenas of definition of pâtissier work (pâtissier competitions, an elitarian association and critics) are compared with regard to rhetorics of excellence they convey and the elitarian segments they contribute to stabilize. The third part looks at individual trajectories that are partly built on these marks of consideration. In so doing, the cumulative advantage models are discussed. The thesis shows that entrepreneurship and decoration skills are recurrent principles of consideration of pâtissier work
24
Butler, Andrew George. "Seeing sanitation:a social scientific account of Christchurch’s post-quake sanitary infrastructure." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7888.
Abstract:
This thesis is about many things, not least of all the September 4th 2010 and February 22nd 2011 earthquakes that shook Christchurch, New Zealand. A city was shaken, events which worked to lay open the normally invisible yet vital objects, processes and technologies which are the focus of inquiry: the sewers, pipes, pumps, the digital technologies, the land and politics which constitute the Christchurch wastewater networks. The thesis is an eclectic mix drawing together methods and concepts from Bruno Latour, John Law, Giles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Nigel Thrift, Donna Haraway and Patrick Joyce. It is an exploration of how the technologies and objects of sanitation perform the city, and how such things which are normally hidden and obscured, are made visible. The question of visibility is also turned toward the research itself: how does one observe, and describe? How are sociological visibilities constructed? Through the research, the encountering of objects in the field, the processes of method, the pedagogy of concepts, and the construction of risk, the thesis comes to be understood as a particular kind of social scientific artefact which assembles four different accounts: the first regards the construction of visibility; the second explores Christchurch city from the control room where the urban sanitary infrastructures are monitored; the third chapter looks at the formatted and embodied practices which emerge with the correlation of the city and sanitation; the fourth looks at the changing politics of a city grappling with severely damaged essential services, land and structures. The final chapter considers how the differences between romantic and baroque sensibilities mean that these four accounts elicit knowing not through smoothness or uniformity, but in partiality and non-coherence. This thesis is about pipes, pump stations, and treatment plants; about the effluent of a city; about the messiness of social science when confronted by the equally messy world of wastewater.
25
Sonnett, John H. "Representing the Earth: Global Climate Issues in Popular, Political, Scientific, Business, Industry, and Environmentalist News; A New Old Sociology of Knowledge." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194806.
Abstract:
Global climate change is a complicated scientific problem and a complicated social problem. Climate processes are difficult to define and observe, and social processes are shaped by competing interests and agendas. In this dissertation, I map the ways in which global climate issues are represented across a journalistic field in the U.S., comparing popular, political, scientific, business, industry, and environmentalist media between 1997 and 2004.Theoretically, I integrate the "old" and "new" sociologies of knowledge, showing how social position shapes knowledge and how social action is embedded within systems of meaning. Following Bourdieu, particular media are positioned within a journalistic field, an interdependent domain of social activity with varying levels of autonomy relative to the wider field of power. Patterns of meaning are measured as a semantic field, a relational space of words defined through affinity and contrast, presence and absence. Methodologically, the quali-quantitative approach used here expands on Mannheim's vision of relationism. I draw on Qualitative Comparative Analysis to identify subsets of text with configurations of keywords, and Correspondence Analysis to map relations among subsets. This combination of methods connects the macro-structure of journalistic and semantic fields to interpretations of representative texts.The most basic way social interests shape global climate issues is in naming them. Scientists speak of climate change, the popular media of global warming, and the oil industry of greenhouse gases. Configurations of these issues receive varying amounts of attention over time, corresponding to changing agendas in the journalistic field--from generalized coverage of the Kyoto meetings in 1997, through intense industry debate in the late 1990s, to the Bush policy reversals of 2001 and the increasing assertiveness of scientists after 2002. Variations in issue naming are embedded within risk discourses, structured primarily by scientific uncertainties and political fears. Discussions of hazard link scientific and environmentalist concerns, while uncertainty forms a boundary between science and industry. Both industry and environmentalists interpret words like precaution and defend in light of their specific interests, suggesting that solutions are a partially autonomous dimension of risk which are given particular attention in the hidden transcripts of specialized media.
26
Stephens, Neil. "Why macroeconomic orthodoxy changes so quickly : the sociology of scientific knowledge and the Phillips Curve." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55412/.
Abstract:
Macroeconomics move fast. This thesis adopts a Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) perspective to explain why. In only twenty five years three different orthodox positions on the relationship between unemployment and inflation, known as the Phillips Curve, cam to dominate the profession, only to decline subsequently. This research explores the role of politics in this rapid cycle of contest and closure. The research illustrates how empirical and theoretical work in the Phillips Curve debate were configured to conform to the expectations of the analyst. Examination of several clusters of papers within the debate make explicit the dynamics by which regressions and theories were shaped to provide the results required of them. Macroeconomics is shown to respond to the need of economic policy making circles. A nuance of the relationship between macroeconomists and policy making, rooted in the role of objectivity in lending legitimacy to Liberal Democracy, means macroeconomists lack the autonomy to define and contest the problems their discipline addresses. This holds heavy implications when economic policy decision-makers experience heightened political pressure. In these instances the faster temporality of the political sphere is imported into macroeconomics, and, in the three cases examined here, the prevailing orthodoxy subsequently fell. Drawing upon a literature survey and interviews with macroeconomists, including four Nobel Laureates, this research provides valuable insight into the social construction of macroeconomic knowledge
27
Miller, Bradley Dean 1959. "Literacy in contexts of transnational professional practice: The case of the globalized professions in the United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282805.
Abstract:
Over the last fifty years, literacy and its study have moved considerably beyond the ability solely to read and write; it may be now viewed as a centrally mediating factor to interpret the signs engraved into the texts of our experiences and the fulcrum to participate more fully in our public and our private worlds. Among these realms of literacy, the world of work has borne witness to incredible changes in the form and content of professional occupation. With growth in global political, economic and technological interdependency, transfer of knowledge and professionals across borders accelerates and becomes more prevalent. Addressing the professional domains of literacy practices, this is a descriptive study designed to investigate how professionals experience and use literacy, be they literacy skills (technical knowledge or expertise) or literate behaviors (practical knowledge or know how) in transnational contexts of practice. Using an ethnographic methodology and multimethod strategies (informant interviews with professional stakeholders from the regulated, globalized professions in the United States in construction and design, business and finance, allied health, and technology and engineering; published professional development international training program curriculum review; and focus group sessions with accreditation, licensing and certifying body officials addressing the need for guidelines for professionals in transnational practice) data gathering and analysis are focused on input from quality assurance authorities, faculty from professional schools, multinational corporate human resource executives, and the practitioners themselves. In the broadest sense, the study's purpose is to map the relevant dimensions of literacy in transnational professional practice in the regulatory, cultural, linguistic, technological and locational realities of another country. The results of this study indicate that across the affinity groupings mentioned above, professionals in transnational contexts of practice operate within at least five categories of literacy engagement: resources, people, information, systems, technology, with literacy skills and literate behaviors being directed principally toward working with people and within systems overseas. An array of literacy insights are also provided, drawn from thematic congruencies across the three data sets.
28
Hsu, Chia-Ling. "La mondialisation de la gastronomie française : le cas de la diffusion à Taïwan." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC232/document.
Abstract:
La mobilité géographique des chefs et des cuisiniers est l'un des moteurs de la mondialisation de Ia gastronomie française. L'internationalisation des écoles françaises de cuisine amplifie ce processus qui est également facilité par l'institutionnalisation des professions des arts culinaires. Cette thèse s'appuie sur une enquête auprès des étudiants Taïwanais venus en France faire l'apprentissage de la cuisine française. Grâce à une enquête ethnographique multi-site en France, à Taïwan et en Chine avec les acteurs variés dans Ie domaine de la restauration, nous mettons en évidence le processus de transmission des savoirs et de savoir-faire de la gastronomie française par des analyses à différentes échelles (globale, régionale et locale Nous revenons aussi sur l'évolution des professions de la cuisine à Taïwan même. À leur retour à Taïwan, par la création d'établissements, restaurants ou pâtisseries, ces acteurs importent des connaissances et de techniques. D'une part ils contribuent au renouvellement de la consommation alimentaire des Taïwanais d'autre part, ils hybrident la gastronomie française en l'adaptant aux habitudes alimentaires locale participant à un processus d'invention. Ces acteurs taïwanais ne sont pas que des récepteurs car ils contribuent aussi à la diffusion de la gastronomie occidentale/française sur le continent chinois. Cela atteste Ie rôle d'intermédiaires des Taïwanais en Asie de l'Est dans la transmission des aliments occidentauxThe mobility of chefs and cooks is one of the reasons of globalization of French gastronomy. The internationalization of French culinary schools enhances such a process, because they facilitate the institutionalization of the professional of the culinary arts. This thesis is based on a qualitative study Taiwanese students who came to France to learn the French cuisine. Based on interviews conducted in France, Taiwan and China with the various actors in the sector of catering, I find out the processes transmission of knowledge and the know-how of French gastronomy by a geographical analysis at different scales (global, regional and local). I also study the evolution of culinary profession in Taiwan. After these students came back to Taiwan, because of the creation of their own restaurants or pastries, they became the important actors in importing the knowledge and the techniques. On the other hand, they do not contribute to the transformation of the food consumption, but also to the hybridization of French gastronomy through the adaptation of the local eating habits. These Taiwanese actors are not only recipients of French gastronomy, in the sense that they play the role on dissemination of Western/French gastronomy to China. M, study shows thus that Taiwanese are mediators in transferring Western food in East Asia
29
Ramírez-i-Ollé, Meritxell. "The making of dendroclimatological knowledge : a symmetrical account of trust and scepticism in science." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26023.
Abstract:
This thesis presents an empirical study of dendroclimatology, with the purpose of contributing to a wider understanding of the way scientists generate knowledge about climate change. Dendroclimatology is a science that produces knowledge about past climates from the analysis of tree growth. For two years, I have studied the work of a group of dendroclimatologists, joining them on fieldwork and sampling expeditions in the Scottish Highlands, observing how they generate data from tree samples to reconstruct past temperatures in Scotland and examining how they have mobilised a Scottish temperature reconstruction in a scientific debate over historical changes in climate. This thesis develops two parallel narratives about the practice of making dendroclimatological knowledge and the roles of trust and scepticism in this process. In describing how dendroclimatologists work to extract information about past climates from trees, I identify the importance of trust relationships and scepticism at each stage of their work. I conduct a symmetrical analysis of both trust and scepticism in science. In the past, scholars studying science have emphasised the critical role of either trust or scepticism in the construction of scientific knowledge, and have paid relatively little attention to examining the relationship between the two. In my study, I demonstrate that scepticism is part of the ordinary practice of dendroclimatology, and that scepticism in normal science (which I call “civil scepticism”) is fundamentally dependent (or “parasitic”) on existing trust relationships established through a variety of means. Dendroclimatologists engage in intimate interactions and mutual scrutiny of each other’s competence throughout the work they do in the field and in the laboratory, and they build upon and expand these trust relationships to create and defend climate reconstructions. I show that dendroclimatologists sustain trust relationships in part by demonstrating that they are competent sceptics (which I call “sceptical display”) and, in part by provisionally suspending their scepticism to permit agreement on what constitutes valid dendroclimatological knowledge. I also analyse how these internal practices of scepticism and agreement are influenced by sceptical challenges from actors external to the dendroclimatology community, including challenges grounded in similar trust relationships (a further instance of civil scepticism) and challenges that are not (which I call “uncivil scepticism”). I conclude that dendroclimatological knowledge is only possible as a result of contingent social negotiations over the distribution of trust and the boundaries of a trusting community.
30
Aufort, Adrien. "Homo photographicus : sociogenèse du métier de photographe en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL023.
Abstract:
Cette thèse se propose d'étudier le métier de photographe par le prisme de la sociologie et de l'histoire.Un portrait actuel (2018-2023) des professionnels est dressé par l'analyse de 30 entretiens et de 258 réponses à un questionnaire diffusé en ligne. L'éducation, la sociabilité, la technique, les préférences esthétiques ainsi que les habitudes culturelles sont précisément décrites. À la manière d'une expérience de réplicabilité, certains résultats de cette double enquête renforcent les conclusions de travaux antérieurs, notamment dans les déterminants socio-démographiques de l'entrée dans la profession. D'autres sont plus originaux, tels que la mise en lumière de l'influence de l'ancienneté sur les revenus, ou encore celle de l'implantation géographique sur l'obtention d'un prix. La réussite professionnelle est également traitée. Le succès est compris comme l'adéquation entre un « dispositif élargi », articulation entre l'Homme et la machine, et les représentations sociales. Ces dernières sont le fruit d'un travail des photographes, tant sur les images photographiques qu'ils produisent que sur l'image de soi qu'ils cultivent. Une correspondance historique (1910-1952) a également pu être établie grâce à l'analyse de 778 numéros de la revue Le Photographe. Des balbutiements corporatifs jusqu'aux acquis juridiques, politiques et institutionnels, la profession est tributaire d'une riche histoire. Entendu comme entreprise individuelle et collective, le métier de photographe semble continuellement en crise. Il exige des professionnels non seulement une négociation permanente avec les ruptures technologiques mais aussi avec les autres usagers de la photographieThis doctorate thesis aims to study the profession of photographer through the lens of sociology and history.A current portrait (2018-2023) of the professionals is drawn up by analyzing 30 interviews and 258 responses to an online questionnaire. Education, sociability, technique, aesthetic preferences and cultural habits are described in detail. In the manner of a replicability experiment, some of the results of this double survey reinforce the conclusions of previous work, particularly with regard to the socio-demographic determinants of entry into the profession. Others are more original, such as the influence of seniority on income, or the influence of geographical location on winning a prize. Professional success is also addressed and understood as the match between an ‘extended setup', a link between man and machine, and social representations. The latter are the fruit of the photographers' work, both on the photographic images they produce and on the self-image they cultivate. A historical correspondence (1910-1952) was also established by analyzing 778 issues of the magazine Le Photographe. From its beginnings as a corporate body to its legal, political and institutional achievements, the profession has a rich history. Understood as an individual and collective enterprise, the profession of photographer is seemingly in a constant state of crisis. It requires not only a constant negotiation with technological changes as they arise, but also with other users of the photographic medium
31
Castellvi, César. "Le journaliste et son entreprise au Japon : étude sociologique du travail et des carrières dans un modèle professionnel en mutation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH133/document.
Abstract:
Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution des relations entre les reporters de la presse quotidienne japonaise et les entreprises dont ils sont salariés. À la croisée de la sociologique interactionniste des professions, de la sociologie de la presse et de la sociologique économique, elle prend appui sur une enquête de terrain centrée sur la rédaction d’un grand quotidien national, l’Asahi Shimbun, le deuxième plus grand journal au monde de par le nombre de ses lecteurs. Le journalisme de presse au Japon est en effet organisé autour d’un élément central : l’entreprise de presse. De grandes entreprises s’occupent de la formation professionnelle et protègent les reporters de la concurrence, en les intégrant à leur marché du travail interne et en contrôlant l’accès aux sources permettant l’exercice de l’activité. En retour, elles attendent des reporters un engagement fort et l’acceptation d’une appropriation de leur travail par l’entreprise. Ces éléments forment la logique organisationnelle du journalisme japonais.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les principaux traits de ce modèle, tout en montrant comment coexistent des éléments relevant d’une logique de métier. Le second est d’analyser les conséquences de deux grands mouvements. Propre à l’industrie de la presse, le premier concerne l’évolution du lectorat et les transformations éditoriales auxquelles procèdent les entreprises afin d’y répondre. Le second, qui touche plus largement le monde du travail japonais, renvoie aux transformations de la place de l’entreprise dans la société.Des observations menées pendant trois ans au sein de la rédaction du journal, des entretiens qualitatifs et l’analyse de données statistiques d’origine institutionnelle permettent d’analyser les carrières et la division du travail, et de voir par quelles évolutions concrètes se traduit l’effritement de la logique organisationnelleThis thesis focuses on the evolution of the relationship between Japanese daily press reporters and the newspaper companies for which they work. At the crossroad of the interactionist sociology of professions, sociology of journalism and economic sociology, this work is mainly built on fieldwork conducted within the newsroom of one national newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, the second biggest newspaper in the world regarding circulation and readership. Journalism in Japan is structured around one central element: the company. Large companies train their employees, protect reporters from labor competition by integrating them in their internal market, and by controlling access to the main news sources. In turn, they expect from their reporters a strong commitment in work and the acceptance of the appropriation of their work by the company. All those items constitute the organizational logic of Japanese journalism. The first aim of the thesis is to describe the main features of this model, while showing how some elements related to an occupational logic subsist. A second aim is to analyze the impact of two movements. Specific to the newspaper industry, the first one is related to the evolution of the readership and the editorial policies established by newspaper companies confronted to this evolution. The second, which is more generally related to the world of work in Japan, refers to the transformation of the role played by the company in society. Observations conducted within the newsroom of this newspaper company during three years, qualitative interviews and a statistical analysis has allowed us to examine the careers and the division of labor, and to see what concrete evolutions are related to the weakening of the organizational logic
32
Legrand, Julia. "L’incertitude psychiatrique : une sociologie de la prescription de psychotropes en psychiatrie publique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080021.
Abstract:
Les psychotropes sont souvent présentés par deux prismes antinomiques : entre « panacée » libératrice d’un côté et, de l’autre, « camisoles chimiques » contraignantes. Ce clivage caractérise aussi les représentations de l’activité de prescription des psychiatres, les spécialistes des psychotropes. La question pharmacologique est particulièrement structurante dans le champ psychiatrique ; elle est notamment de plus en plus centrale dans l’activité des équipes soignantes des hôpitaux psychiatriques. La question de la prescription médicamenteuse est donc inévitablement à explorer pour comprendre la psychiatrie publique contemporaine. À la frontière entre sociologie des sciences, de la santé, du travail et des professions, la thèse propose précisément d’éclairer la manière dont les psychiatres prescrivent, et notamment de comprendre quelles opérations de classements des troubles et des patients président au choix d’une substance. Le cœur de cette recherche repose sur le paradoxe suivant : la psychiatrie comme profession se légitime publiquement par une image axée sur sa capacité d’expertise et sur la force d’innovation de ses traitements médicamenteux. Comment se fait-il alors que le cœur de métier des psychiatres de secteur public, la prescription de psychotropes, soit si peu valorisé par ses membres ? Sur la base d’entretiens avec les représentants de la profession, d’une indexation de sites web des principaux segments de la psychiatrie et d’une enquête ethnographique comparée de deux établissements publics, la thèse aborde les enjeux de la prescription de médicaments de l’échelle la plus macrosociologique au niveau le plus fin d’analyse, de prescrire comme outil de valorisation professionnelle, à l’activité collective des équipes soignantes, jusqu’à la pratique dans les consultations psychiatres-patientsPsychotropic drugs are often looked at threw two opposite prisms: as a liberating "panacea" on the one hand, and as a restrictive "chemical straitjacket" on the other. This cleavage also characterizes the representation of psychiatrists’ prescribing activities, as psychotropic drug specialists. The pharmacological issue is particularly structuring in the psychiatric field, especially as it is increasingly central in the activity of psychiatric hospitals. Exploring the issue of drug prescription is therefore necessary in order to understand contemporary public psychiatry. At the border between science studies and the sociology of health, work and professions, this thesis aims to shed light on psychiatric prescription methods, and in particular to understand which disorder ant patient classification processes govern substance choices. The core of this research is based on the following paradox: psychiatry as a profession is publicly legitimized by an image based on its expertise and the innovative power of its drug treatments. Why, then, seems psychotropic drug prescription so under-valued by some of its members? Based on interviews of representatives of the profession, a website indexing of the main segments of psychiatry and a comparative ethnographic survey of two public institutions, this thesis addresses the issue of drug prescription from the most macro-sociological scale to the finest level of analysis - from prescribing as a professional valorization tool to prescriptions during psychiatrist-patient sessions
33
Castellvi, César. "Le journaliste et son entreprise au Japon : étude sociologique du travail et des carrières dans un modèle professionnel en mutation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH133.
Abstract:
Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution des relations entre les reporters de la presse quotidienne japonaise et les entreprises dont ils sont salariés. À la croisée de la sociologique interactionniste des professions, de la sociologie de la presse et de la sociologique économique, elle prend appui sur une enquête de terrain centrée sur la rédaction d’un grand quotidien national, l’Asahi Shimbun, le deuxième plus grand journal au monde de par le nombre de ses lecteurs. Le journalisme de presse au Japon est en effet organisé autour d’un élément central : l’entreprise de presse. De grandes entreprises s’occupent de la formation professionnelle et protègent les reporters de la concurrence, en les intégrant à leur marché du travail interne et en contrôlant l’accès aux sources permettant l’exercice de l’activité. En retour, elles attendent des reporters un engagement fort et l’acceptation d’une appropriation de leur travail par l’entreprise. Ces éléments forment la logique organisationnelle du journalisme japonais.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les principaux traits de ce modèle, tout en montrant comment coexistent des éléments relevant d’une logique de métier. Le second est d’analyser les conséquences de deux grands mouvements. Propre à l’industrie de la presse, le premier concerne l’évolution du lectorat et les transformations éditoriales auxquelles procèdent les entreprises afin d’y répondre. Le second, qui touche plus largement le monde du travail japonais, renvoie aux transformations de la place de l’entreprise dans la société.Des observations menées pendant trois ans au sein de la rédaction du journal, des entretiens qualitatifs et l’analyse de données statistiques d’origine institutionnelle permettent d’analyser les carrières et la division du travail, et de voir par quelles évolutions concrètes se traduit l’effritement de la logique organisationnelleThis thesis focuses on the evolution of the relationship between Japanese daily press reporters and the newspaper companies for which they work. At the crossroad of the interactionist sociology of professions, sociology of journalism and economic sociology, this work is mainly built on fieldwork conducted within the newsroom of one national newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, the second biggest newspaper in the world regarding circulation and readership. Journalism in Japan is structured around one central element: the company. Large companies train their employees, protect reporters from labor competition by integrating them in their internal market, and by controlling access to the main news sources. In turn, they expect from their reporters a strong commitment in work and the acceptance of the appropriation of their work by the company. All those items constitute the organizational logic of Japanese journalism. The first aim of the thesis is to describe the main features of this model, while showing how some elements related to an occupational logic subsist. A second aim is to analyze the impact of two movements. Specific to the newspaper industry, the first one is related to the evolution of the readership and the editorial policies established by newspaper companies confronted to this evolution. The second, which is more generally related to the world of work in Japan, refers to the transformation of the role played by the company in society. Observations conducted within the newsroom of this newspaper company during three years, qualitative interviews and a statistical analysis has allowed us to examine the careers and the division of labor, and to see what concrete evolutions are related to the weakening of the organizational logic
34
Santana, Acuna Alvaro Agustin. "The Making of a National Cadastre (1763-1807): State Uniformization, Nature Valuation, and Organizational Change in France." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13065020.
Abstract:
How does a cadastre, one of the modern state's most omnipresent and yet self-effacing instruments of power over territory and people, become national? How are the processes of nation-state formation and the rise of modern scientific expertise connected to the nationalization of a cadastre? This dissertation tackles both questions by studying the nationalization of the French cadastre between 1763 and 1807. This is one of the most influential national cadastres for it became the blueprint followed by many emerging nation-states in Europe and beyond.
The literature has explained its nationalization as the outcome of straightforward state centralization. This dissertation, on the contrary, argues that the shift from local cadastres to a national cadastre was the result of a dual uniformization process: political (the spread of a discourse of administrative uniformity) and scientific (the emergence of professional land surveyors). To advance this argument, the dissertation uses historical methods and analyzes unstudied documentation from five archives. Contrary to the available literature, it finds that cadastral nationalization faced royal intendants' resistance (conventionally portrayed as hardcore state centralizers) and benefited from citizens' enthusiastic input (traditionally presented as opponents to projects of territorial nationalization). Furthermore, it finds that cadastral nationalization was implausible without the transformation of land surveying from a local manual art into a national scientific profession: the engineer-geographer. This modern expert produced standardized cadastral facts for the rising nation-state. Hence, the nationalization of the cadastre helped to reconcile the political ideal of revolutionary egalitarianism with the scientific practice of disciplinary impartiality. The approval of the national cadastre in 1807 marked the successful intersection of political and scientific uniformization.
Due to the French cadastre' international influence, this dissertation makes three distinct and larger contributions. First, it brings to the forefront administrative uniformization as an understudied process of nation-state building. Second, it provides a new framework to understand how changes in bodily practices and instruments can enable the emergence of a modern scientific profession. And third it emphasizes that nation-state formation relies not only on the production of standardized individuals (citizens), but also the creation of a standardized "national nature," a lesser-studied phenomenon.Sociology
35
Henley, Megan M., and Megan M. Henley. "Science and Service: Doula Work and the Legitimacy of Alternative Knowledge Systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621107.
Abstract:
This dissertation explores the knowledge systems that doulas use to legitimate their work to the medical community, and to clients. "Doula" comes from a Greek word that means "a woman who serves." In contemporary English, doulas are women who provide other women with support during labor and childbirth. Although research shows that doula support can have positive physiological and psychological effects, doulas' lower social status in the birth fields constricts their reach to those who know about and can hire them privately. In the United States, obstetricians have authoritative knowledge over birth, and all others fall beneath them in the hierarchy of medicine. Doulas serve as a case for exploring the importance of certification and science, versus alternative forms of knowledge for legitimating their expertise within the field of childbirth. This research uses a mixed methods approach to explore the roles that authoritative versus alternative sources of knowledge play in doulas' attitudes and approaches to childbirth. Data come from the Maternity Support Survey, an original, cross-national survey of nurses, doulas, and childbirth educators in the United States and Canada. I also rely on content analysis of five large doula organizations' websites, and interviews with twenty-five doulas, and twenty-five mothers who hired or considered hiring a doula to support them during labor and delivery. This mixed methods research looks at how doulas can legitimate their role in order to better serve women.Results suggest that both authoritative knowledge systems (such as certification) and alternative knowledge systems (such as feminism) influence doulas' approach to legitimating their work. Scientific evidence serves as both an authoritative and alternative source of knowledge, depending on the context. This research has important implications for the future of doula support; while alternative knowledge systems allow doulas to empower women and challenge the dominance of medicalized birth, authoritative knowledge systems allow doulas greater access to the women who need them most. In order to reach a greater population of women, doulas need to find a balance between challenging authoritative medicine and working within it to best serve women.
36
Avril, Lola. "Le costume sous la robe : les avocats en professionnels multi-cartes de l’Etat régulateur européen : genèse, consolidation, contestations (1957-2019)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D033.
Abstract:
En s’interrogeant sur le rôle des avocats comme professionnels multi-cartes des politiques européennes, cette thèse entend répondre à la double question de ce que font les institutions européennes aux professions et comment un groupe professionnel s’est saisi des institutions. Mettant en œuvre une méthodologie empruntée à l’histoire, à la science politique et à la sociologie du droit, et s’appuyant sur des sources variées (archives institutionnelles, entretiens, base de données), cette thèse invite à reconsidérer les avocats comme des agents actifs de l’intégration européenne. Cette recherche retrace la genèse de la figure du regulatory lawyers, co-constituée avec l’État régulateur européen. Ce processus est appréhendé comme le résultat de coalitions réformatrices à dimension multiples, réunissant des acteurs hétérogènes. Au moyen d’un répertoire d’actions faisant de la judiciarisation un moyen d’étendre leur juridiction professionnelle, ces avocats font figure de professionnels hybrides, à la frontière du droit et du politique, du public et du privé, du national et du transnationalStudying the role of lawyers in European public policies, this thesis highlights their multitask role in EU policies. Thus, it intends to tackle two issues: on the one hand, the impact of supranational institutions on the national systems of professions and on the other hand, how a group of professionals seize these institutions. Using methods from history, political science and sociology of law, relying on various sources (archives, interviews, a data base), this research highlights the role of lawyers, as actors of European integration. This thesis retraces the genesis of the regulatory lawyer, in a coproduction process with the building of the Regulatory State. This process is presented as the result of coalitions of various actors. Using judicialization as a way to extend their jurisdiction, these lawyers appear to be hybrid professionals, at the crossroad of law and politics, the public and the private sector, the national and the transnational levels
37
Williams, Glenn. "The Criminalization of Recreational Marijuana Use in Canada: A Scientific, Social, Legal and Philosophical Analysis Based On the Work of Douglas Husak." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28614.
Abstract:
The recreational use and mere possession of marijuana is considered a criminal offense under current Canadian legislation. This thesis argues that the criminalization of recreational marijuana use in Canada is not justified because the "criminal" punishment exceeds the seriousness of the crime. Furthermore, excessive criminalization results in an unwarranted infringement of the autonomy and moral right of citizens to recreational marijuana use. Chapter 1 identifies the contemporary science and medical research surrounding cannabis, especially the psychological and physiological risks of marijuana use and the medicinal benefits of marijuana use. Chapter 2 presents a socio-cultural perspective on marijuana use. We look at how Canadians' views have changed toward marijuana, as well as the social ramifications of two major Governmental reports: The Le Dain Commission Final Report of 1974 and the Senate Special Committee Report on Cannabis of 2002. The socio-cultural context of marijuana in Canadian society is illustrated and compared with other licit and illicit drugs and the stigma associated with a criminal marijuana conviction is illuminated. We move from the social to legal arena in Chapter 3 and outline Canadian laws regulating marijuana offenses from past to present. We show how politics has affected marijuana policy in Canada and how increased penalties to marijuana offenders are irrational and out of step with socio-cultural attitudes toward cannabis use. Chapter 4 marks the beginning of our philosophical, non-consequentialist moral rights argument. The philosophical framework of Douglas Husak is appropriated in order to introduce ethical arguments that challenge the criminalization of marijuana based on the harm it poses to the individual user and to others in society. The principle of autonomy is analyzed as a basis for challenging state interference on paternalistic grounds in the state's efforts to prevent harm to users. The "harm principle" is also put to the test in identifying the plausible harms caused to others. Chapter 5 differentiates our philosophical position from that of Douglas Husak by providing arguments for why marijuana ought to be separated from other "harder" drugs under a moral rights approach. We recommend a more liberalized marijuana policy (although not as liberal as Husaks!) in light of a decriminalized system in Canada, and suggest why such a system could continue to uphold the moral rights of citizens to recreational marijuana use. In order for the moral rights of marijuana users to be upheld, marijuana use and possession ought to be decriminalized, and penalized by no more than a $100 civil fine, accompanied by community service, rehabilitation and job training programs at the discretion of the judiciary. Under a policy of decriminalization, the risk of receiving a conditional discharge, criminal record, and imprisonment is diminished and the vast number of recreational marijuana users will not be hindered from further contributing to Canadian society.
38
Sekulovic, Adriana. "Profession : agent sportif : contribution à une théorie des modèles professionnels." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100023/document.
Abstract:
Cette thèse appréhende les agents sportifs comme des acteurs évoluant dans un univers professionnel dynamique, complexe et multidimensionnel. Profession, métier et activités de travail, ces trois termes, souvent interchangeables, demeurent pourtant amphibologiques étant donnée leur extrême polysémie. C’est à partir de cette ambivalence que se construit l’objet d’étude, une profession atypique au statut inachevé, entre régulation et autonomie. Dans un premier temps, sous l’angle de la sociologie des professions, cette recherche s’attache à restituer et à éclairer la terminologie utilisée. Ce faisant, elle pose les prémices d’un modèle professionnel de l’agent sportif, marqué par des interventions réglementaires émanant des sphères politiques et sportives. Puis, nous proposons de réinterroger l’organisation et la régulation de la profession d’agent sportif, telles qu’imposées par les instances présumées compétentes en la matière. Nous opérons ensuite un changement de paradigme qui entraîne une modification de point de vue sur la profession car notre regard se déplace sur la pratique quotidienne des activités de travail de l’agent sportif. C’est dans l’interaction acyclique ou continue avec les groupes et les individus qu’il cotie que l’agent sportif acquiert et intègre les compétences nécessaires à la réalisation réussie de son projet professionnel. La carrière de l’agent sportif et l’orientation professionnelle donnée à son activité dépendent de l’authenticité de ses parcours antérieurs lesquels déterminent en partie les choix et les stratégies que celui-ci développe dans la construction de sa carrière. Les analyses des trajectoires biographiques et des tâches professionnelles d’agents sportifs présentés dans cette thèse permettent de comprendre comment se développe et évolue l’identité professionnelle au cours de la carrière. La profession d’agent sportif est abordée par la manière dont les agents sportifs parlent de leur métier au quotidien et reconstituent les étapes de leur engagement dans les activités d’intermédiationThis thesis views sports agents as actors evolving in a dynamic, complex and multi-dimensional work environment. Profession, occupation and work, these three terms, although often used interchangeably yet, remain amphibological given their extreme polysemy. The object of this research arises in light of that ambivalence as a study of an atypical profession with an uncompleted status, teetering between regulation and autonomy. The first section of the study aims to help specify and clarify the terminology being used. In doing so, using the literature from the sociology of professions, it provides a starting point for a suitable theoretical framework that could be applied to the profession of sports agent or to the (sports) agency practice, as a whole. The occupational model of sports agent is framed in such a way that the professional self-regulation is restricted by Sports governing Bodies and State regulatory interventions. Therefore we propose to re-examine the organization and regulation of the sports agents’ activities. The findings indicate significant differences between the regulations applicable to sports agents. The inefficiency of the current regulations whether they are enacted by national sports federations, international sports federation or by the State is closely related to the internal professional dynamics that these regulations disturb. The thesis examines therefore the tasks of sports agents, the individuals that carry them out, and the variable and inconstant connections that tie one to the other. In this respect, as a means of a more accurate conceptualization of its object of analysis, this research describes sports agents’ activities quantitatively and qualitatively, exploring various dimensions and aspects such as the foundations of the profession, the social role of sports agents, the different typologies of sports agents and the occupational tasks accomplished by each. It also highlights the international scope of sports agents’ activities
39
Bailey, Moira. "Developmentalism : from here to there : is heutagogy the way there for HR?" Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17260.
Abstract:
There have been suggestions in recent times that the traditional criteria for defining professions is outmoded and inappropriate particularly in relation to the new professions, such as Human Resource Management (HRM). Evans (2008b) has suggested that a more appropriate evaluation is in terms of a commitment to professional development and has identified that this commitment be referred to as ‘developmentalism’. There are a number of ways in which professional development can occur and while traditionally this involved almost exclusively, formal experiences, such as courses, current thinking is now moving towards utilising more accessible, practice based, non-formal mechanisms. The research presented in this thesis investigates how non-formal learning is used to contribute to a climate of developmentalism by Human Resource (HR) practitioners. For this purpose, 17 in-depth semi-structured-interviews with a purposively selected sample of HR practitioners were conducted. The transcripts were analysed based on the four step process of phenomenographic analysis suggested by Marton (1994) cited by Schroder et al (2005) and Soon and Barnard (2002), to discover the qualitatively different ways in which HR practitioners describe, experience, understand and analyse their professional development and the use of non-formal learning in that development. What emerged from the analysis were two sets of categories of description; one for each of the phenomena namely professional development and non-formal learning. In addition, an outcome space for each of the phenomena emerged, illustrating the hierarchical relationship within each set of categories of description as well as the dimensions of variation relating to the phenomena. Also emerging from the analysis was a conceptualised model for professional development comprising non-formal learning using a heutagogical approach in conjunction with the empirically developed HR professionality continuum as a record of achievement. This model is offered as a means of encouraging HR practitioners to participate in professional development. Several recommendations arose from this research, and it is anticipated that these recommendations will be of interest to HR practitioners, their employers, HR educators, and the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD).
40
Henriques, Augusto José de Proença Baleiras. "Os osteopatas em Portugal: processo de profissionalização e formação identitária." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11980.
Abstract:
Pretendeu-se analisar o processo de profissionalização e formação identitária dos Osteopatas em Portugal. Ponderou-se na literatura, no ‘status’ internacional da Osteopatia / Medicina Osteopática, com análise de conteúdo das entrevistas.
Tomou-se em conta a autonomia, o ‘expertise’ e credencialismo, características de qualquer profissão independente.
Sem uma genuína regulamentação, não cumprindo rigorosamente a Lei vigente, sem a formação de cursos a tempo inteiro, estruturados, oficialmente reconhecidos, não seguindo os países de origem da Medicina Osteopática, haverá impossibilidade em percepcionar a autêntica Osteopatia. Criar-se-á um problema na formação identitária, na imagem para a opinião Pública, na própria veiculação sobre os Osteopatas, traduzindo-se numa fraca opinião sobre a profissão. O poder profissional apresentar-se-á debilitado, haverá fracos resultados, certamente ocorrerão atropelos à saúde Pública. Verificar-se-á falta de poupança nos recursos, com perda de áreas clínicas, sem uma correcta socialização e, sem desenvolvimento jurisdicional; ### ABSTRACT: This study was to analyze the professionalization and identity formation of Osteopaths in Portugal.
Pondering on the literature, on the international status of Osteopathy / Osteopathic Medicine, with interviews analysis, conclusions were achieved.
It was taken into account the autonomy, expertise, and credentialism, as characteristics of an independent profession.
Without genuine regulation, not strictly abiding the Law, without establishing officially structured full time courses, not following Osteopathic Medicine countries of origin, an impossibility perceiving Osteopathy authenticity will occur.
Osteopaths’ identity image transmitted to the Public will reveal itself as weak, Professional power will be negligent. No one will know who is who, poor results will occur. Osteopathy will be perceived by a meager performance, and health accidents may occur. There’ll be a lack on country resources savings, with a loss of clinical intervention areas, and lack of jurisdictional development, with inadequate socialization.
41
Mushakoji, Sumiko. "The process of knowledge construction : a triple parallel wrighting of science, sociology of scientific knowledge and a candidate PhD thesis." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27066.
Abstract:
This thesis is an inquiry into the 'process of knowledge construction' in three research domains. These domains are the research into endothelin (a potent vasoconstrictive peptide identified in 1988) in bio-medical science, Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (henceforth, SSK) and the SSK-oriented research of the 'process of knowledge construction' pursued by the Candidate PhD student. The thesis is pursued with a recognition of the self-referential character of itself, that is, reflexivity. Namely, the Candidate's research, including the writing/reading of this thesis, is itself a process of knowledge construction. This recognition is displayed in and through a series of experimental textual forms, 'New Literary Forms (henceforth, NLFs) developed in SSK. Through NLFs, the thesis aims to make itself a wrighting, which connotes "'writing', 'righting' (correcting), and 'wright-ing' (making and working)" (Ashmore 1985, 1989), of the triple parallel process of knowledge construction.
42
Wassal, Terence John. "The development of scientific knowledge in relation to the development of societies : a problem in the contemporary sociology of science." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.586900.
43
Levine, Ethan Czuy. "Studying Rape: The Production of Scientific Knowledge about Sexual Violence in the United States and Canada." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/502951.
Abstract:
SociologyPh.D.
In 1987, statistics transformed rape from a rare and personal concern into an epidemic in popular consciousness. Mary Koss and colleagues conducted victimization surveys with thousands of college women, 1 in 4 of whom reported completed or attempted rape. This finding received tremendous attention in the 1980s, and continues to influence activists and state officials. Notwithstanding the importance of this and other scientific facts, scholars have rarely explored the role of scientists in shaping perceptions of and responses to sexual violence. This project addresses that gap in the literature, via the following questions: (1) how have scientists conceptualized sexual violence among adults; and (2) what social mechanisms enable, constrain, and otherwise influence scientific research on sexual violence? Drawing on insights from feminist science studies, I approach sexual violence as an intra-active phenomenon, and regard objects of study (sexual violence) as inseparable from agencies of observation (research instruments, researchers). Data came from three sources: content analysis of journal abstracts (N=1,313), in-depth assessment of texts in different subfields (N=84), and interviews with researchers (N=31). Ultimately, I argue that sexual violence research has been dominated by psychological inquiries, as well as gendered assumptions regarding who is most capable of perpetrating and experiencing rape. Scientists have produced a tremendous body of knowledge regarding the individual-level causes, individual-level outcomes, and prevalence of men’s sexual aggression toward women. Systemic forces and sexual violence that deviates from this particular gendered pattern remain underexamined. I further argue that scientific research on sexual violence is shaped by a range of social mechanisms that are particular to fields associated with questions of social morality and social movements including feminism(s).
Temple University--Theses
44
Kocabas, Ozlem. "Scientific Careers And Ideological Profiles Of Science Olympiad Participants From Fethullah Gulen And Other Secondary Schools In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607217/index.pdf.
Abstract:
This study attempts to explore the scientific careers and ideological profiles of former Olympiad participant scientists. The research carried out via the Internet is to understand the differences in reproductive function of different high school types. Firstly, it elaborates on the transformation of the education field into an area of struggle together with the alteration in the policies of the State as to educational understanding. Secondly, it focuses on the education understanding of the Gülen Community, which has become a part of struggle in education field to affect the reproductive function of education. Lastly, this study aims to depict the varieties in their scientific careers and ideological profiles of the former Olympiad participants who graduated from different types of high schools.
45
Dahan, Aubépine. "Mettre en œuvre le changement dans une organisation professionnelle publique? : Pratiques et identité professionnelles face aux réformes." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0050.
Abstract:
A partir d'une étude empirique sur la manière dont les universitaires ont adopté ou non de nouvelles pratiques après la réforme des écoles doctorales en France, ma thèse étudie comment une réforme organisationnelle par le haut peut changer les pratiques de professionnels autonomes. Les pratiques nouvelles ne sont effectivement adoptées que lorsqu'elles font sens par rapport à l'identité professionnelle. Or,celle-ci n'évolue pas en réponse à un pilotage précis des réformateurs,mais à la définition, par les professionnels, de problèmes nouveaux justifiant une modification des manières de faire. Par conséquent, un changement radical (impliquant une évolution de l'identité) ne peut être piloté par le haut, mais seulement favorisé à travers la structure de l'organisation : des interactions régulières entre groupes professionnels,et avec les autres parties prenantes de l'organisation (usagers, citoyens,financeurs) créent un terrain favorable à ce changement. Cette thèse discute la marge de manœuvre des réformateurs dans le contexte des organisations professionnelles publiques, ainsi que les leviers de changement à leur dispositionBased on an empirical study of how academics did or did not adopt new practices after the reform of doctoral school in France, my PhD thesis studies how a top-down organizational reform can change practices among autonomous professionals. New practices are effectively adopted only when they make sense relatively to extant professional identities. The latter do not evolve in response to a precise steering by the reformers, but to new problems definition by the professionals, leading to new ways of doing. Consequently, a radical change of practice implying an evolution of identity cannot be steered from top-down, but only supported by the organizational structure. Regular contacts between professional groups and with other stakeholders (users, citizens, funders) create a favorable context for such a change. My thesis discusses the possible scope of action for reformers in professional public organizations and the levers of change they might rely on
46
Pasian, Pamela. "La doula in Italia Nascita, formazione e legittimazione di una professione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424796.
Abstract:
The goal of this research is to analyze the arising of the doula profession in Italy.
Doulas are professional who offer emotional, informational and practical support to women and their families, during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
The profile is born in U.S.A in the seventies and in Italy it began to develop at the end of nineties. The first Doula Training started in 2007. Nowadays doulas trained are six hundred and about half of them practice as professionals. Doula profession is ruled by law num.4/2013 “Disposizioni in materia di professioni non organizzate”.
To understand how doulas are defining their space in the system of profession, the research will investigate doulas profession through the study of their practices, their representations and the processes developed to obtain cultural and social jurisdiction.
In typical Chicago tradition and following in particular the work of Andrew Abbott (1988), the research will adopt the concept of profession. The history of a profession is influenced by the broader history of the system of professions. Doulas are involved in acquiring control of an area of work which is related to other professions in maternity care. Midwives constitute the professional group which is most involved in this process and, through their representative body, they are developing strong opposition to the arising of doula profession.
The work is based on interviews and ethnography. The research shows the results of the analysis of 32 biographical interviews conducted with doulas, 14 with midwives and 4 privileged actors. Interviews share the same methodological basis, which match the ethno sociological approach (Bertaux 1999) with the dialogic approach (La Mendola 2009). The ethnographic work took place during trainings and meetings for doulas, where the researcher participated as a doula. Ethnographic notes (Gobo 2001, Corsaro 1985) are interwoven with autoethnografic ones (Ellis 1995, Ellis et al. 2011).
Through the study of doula profession the work tries to understand the birth of a new profession in an ecological view, analyzing internal and external competition to the definition of cultural and social jurisdiction. Moreover this work aims at contributing to the study of transformative processes that affected professions in Italy.La ricerca ha l’obiettivo di indagare la professione della doula in Italia. La doula si configura come una professionista che offre supporto informativo, emotivo e pratico alla donna e alla famiglia, dalla gravidanza sino al primo anno di vita del bambino. Il profilo, nato negli Stati Uniti negli anni Settanta, ha iniziato a svilupparsi nel nostro Paese a partire dagli ultimi anni del Novecento e nel 2007 è stata fondata la prima scuola delle doule. Attualmente le doule formate dai differenti percorsi sono circa seicento ed è possibile stimare, secondo quando riferito dalle presidenti delle principali associazioni di doule, che a svolgere l’attività siano circa trecento professioniste. La figura della doula è disciplinata dalla legge numero 4 del 2013 “Disposizioni in materia di professioni non organizzate”. La ricerca si propone di indagare la professione della doula attraverso lo studio delle pratiche, delle rappresentazioni e dei processi di riconoscimento e legittimazione sviluppati dalle professioniste, al fine di comprendere il modo in cui la figura sta definendo il proprio spazio all’interno del sistema delle professioni. Dalla tradizione sociologica della Scuola di Chicago, ed in particolare dalla teorizzazione sviluppata da Andrew Abbott (1988), si adotterà come riferimento il concetto di professione. All’interno di un’ecologia ciò che accade ad un elemento influisce necessariamente su tutti gli altri elementi del sistema. In questo senso, l’emergere della figura della doula, impegnata ad acquisire il controllo di una determinata area di lavoro, coinvolge le altre professioni che operano nell’area materno-infantile. In particolare, nell’esperienza delle doule, l’ecologia più prossima riguarda il gruppo professionale delle ostetriche, il quale, attraverso l’organo di rappresentanza, la Federazione Nazionale dei Collegi delle Ostetriche, ha manifestato opposizione alla figura sin dai suoi esordi. Lo studio ha quindi coinvolto anche il gruppo professionale delle ostetriche. La ricerca si basa sull’analisi di interviste ed etnografia. Sono state realizzate trentadue interviste a doule, quattordici ad ostetriche e quattro ad attori privilegiati. Le interviste sono state caratterizzate da una stessa impostazione metodologica, frutto della fusione tra il modello etnosociologico (Bertaux 1999) e l’approccio dialogico (La Mendola 2009). L’etnografica ha avuto luogo in eventi formativi e sociali rivolti a doule nei quali ho preso parte in quanto doula e i diari alternano note osservative, metodologiche, teoriche ed emotive (Gobo 2001, Corsaro 1985) e passaggi autoetnografici (Ellis 1995, Ellis et al. 2011). Attraverso lo studio della professione della doula l’elaborato si propone di comprendere la nascita di una professione innovativa, da un punto di vista ecologico, analizzando quindi le competizioni interne ed esterne per la definizione della jurisdiction culturale e sociale. Inoltre, il lavoro ambisce a contribuire all’indagine dei processi di trasformazione che stanno interessando le professioni in Italia.
47
Wreder, Malin. "I omsorgens namn : Tre diskurser om äldreomsorg." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2322.
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to describe and analyse three different discourses on elderly care, as they emerge in statements from care staff and research. Each discourse centres on a sign, or pair of signs: care, education/professional competence, and the elderly/ageing. Drawing its main inspiration from Laclau and Mouffe, and Foucault, the analysis is made with regard to how the discourses are constructed, what they include and exclude. The discourse on care interconnects family, homeliness and mutuality. Empathy, a good attitude, family ideals endow elderly care with distinctly feminine connotations. Theoretical concepts such as rationality of care and an almost exclusive research focus on women’s work have tended to construct the same nexus. Unknowingly, or sometimes despite intentions, the discourse in this way reproduces conservative gender roles. A discourse on ‘anti-care’, exemplified by disorganisation and incompetent management, is also created and invested with responsibility for shortcomings. The discourse on education and professional competence centres on claims to medical and executive tasks by nurses, the struggle against deprofessionalisation of assistant nurses, and the attempt of nurse aids to resist categorisation as ‘anybody’. Education/training are considered important to raise work status, but also leading to an instrumental attitude and distance from the core of the occupation – care. The discourse on the elderly and ageing characterises them as lonely and depressed. Also being violent and ungrateful, their behaviour undermine the notion of mutuality. Social interaction and outdoor walks are presented as means to improve their situation. Fundamental to the discourse is an ambiguous approach to ageing as both natural and something to be deferred. Ageing is further presented as decivilisation process, in which gradual loss of control over the body is also a loss of human-ness. The body is, paradoxically, what both defines and disqualifies the elderly as fully human. The depersonalising and biographing procedures of elderly care, sequential but overlapping, display its proximity to Goffman’s total institution and Foucault’s panopticon. Conversation plays an important disciplinary part in encouraging the elderly to want to do right, i.e., be socially active, and avoid amoral or asocial habits like drink, sex or solitude.
48
Knefel, Ann Margaret Callender. "Exploring Educational Initiatives in Nanotechnology Networks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29575.
Abstract:
Nanotechnology has captured the attention of governments and corporations around the
globe. It has become the subject and context for numerous conferences, media articles,
websites and scientific research papers. Nano enthusiasts and government officials claim
that it is an area that promises new understandings of nature, and use of that
understanding to build technologies that might change our lives. Despite the growing
hype surrounding this new science, what appears to be lacking is scholarly literature that
examines its growth and expansion from a social science perspective. This study
addressed this limitation through a sociological analysis of the network of actors, events,
rhetorical strategies, practices and instrumentation that went into the construction and
growth of nanotechnology. Relying heavily on actor-network theory (ANT), this study
focused on a small part of the total network referred to as the knowledge education
production process, which involved the enrolment of high school teachers into the
nanotechnology network through a series of collaborative workshops -- the
Nanotechnology Curriculum Development Project (NCDP) -- with Virginia Polytechnic
and State University (Virginia Tech) scientists over a period of two years. By
investigating how the nanotechnology network was constructed and maintained, this case
study examined the relevance of ANT as nanotechnology moved beyond the laboratory
into the public domain of high school education. It looked at the intermediary role of
high school science and math teachers and revealed the function of conflict, power,
authority, hierarchy, interests, motivations, gender and race in the construction and
expansion of scientific networks.Ph. D.
49
Sköld, Mathias, and Ruta Darzinskaite. "Ungas syn på yrken i ett mångkulturellt samhälle : Utlandsfödda gymnasieelevers värderingar om yrken och sin egen framtid på arbetsmarknaden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-58625.
Abstract:
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur utlandsfödda gymnasielever ser på yrken och den egna framtiden på arbetsmarknaden. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för att undersöka detta är Brown´s teori om kulturella värderingar och arbetsvärderingar som styr individer i deras karriärsval. Metoden som uppsatsen bygger på är kvantitativ, enkäter har delats ut till utlandsfödda gymnasielever på två olika skolor i stockholmsområdet. I resultatet framgår att yrken med hög status är de yrken som traditionellt sätt har hög status och är välkända yrken internationellt. En slutstats som kan dras är att vid en begränsad kunskap om arbetsmarknaden sker karriärutvecklingen genom en samverkan mellan värderingar och sociala faktorer. Respondenterna är till stor del födda i samhällen som domineras av grupporienterade kulturer där egenskaper som att hjälpa varandra värderas högt vid val av yrke samt yrkens status. Föräldrar har en stor inverkan i respondenternas framtida karriär. Respondenternas framtida yrkesval görs utifrån ett transnationellt perspektiv där de värderar yrken utifrån den kulturella omgivning i vilken de lever nu och i vilken de är födda i.The aim of the present study is to examine how foreign-born secondary school students look at careers and their own futures in the labor market. The theoretical starting point to explore this is Brown's theory of cultural values and work values that govern individuals in their career path. We used a quantitative method, where surveys were distributed to foreign-born high school students in two different schools in the Stockholm area. The results show that occupations with high status are professions that traditionally have high status and are well-known professions internationally. In conclusion, when the knowledge of the labor market is limited, career development follows through an interaction between values and social factors. Respondents are largely born in societies dominated by group-oriented cultures where properties such as helping each other is highly valued in the choice of occupation and professions status Our results also indicate that parents strongly influence the future career choice of the respondents. Respondents' future career choices are made using a transnational perspective in which they value occupations based on the cultural environment in which they live now and where they were born in.
50
Shaeffer, Megan K. "Professional Identity and Professionalization in Archaeology: A Sociological View." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1476888346964438.