Journal articles: 'Sociology of illegal market'

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Ladegaard, Isak. "Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows." Social Forces 99, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 532–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz140.

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Abstract Can organized illegal activities grow stronger and more advanced in response to legal pressure? In October 2013, the FBI shut down Silk Road, a thriving e-commerce market for illegal drugs. After the shock, market actors adopted a new identity verification method that enabled mass-migration to other markets, and created websites for information distribution that reduced post-shock uncertainties. The outcome was a decentralized market in which actors could operate in “open secrecy” across multiple websites. With verifiable pseudonyms and securely obfuscated real-world identities, actors could publicly discuss, plan, and participate in illegal activities. Threats from police and opportunistic criminals persisted but were no longer crippling concerns as buyers and sellers could reasonably expect that their exchange partners would be available for future business; the illegal market could operate more like a legal one. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the author argues that advances in information technology have expanded the opportunity structure for cooperation and creative problem-solving in the underworld, and therefore that shocks did not hinder but rather stimulate development in digital drug markets. Data, collected in 2013–2017, include nearly one million transactions from three illicit e-commerce markets, three million messages from eight discussion forums, and website traffic from two market-independent websites.

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Bakken, Silje Anderdal, Kim Moeller, and Sveinung Sandberg. "Coordination problems in cryptomarkets: Changes in cooperation, competition and valuation." European Journal of Criminology 15, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 442–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817749177.

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The new drug markets emerging on the dark net have reduced earlier drug market risk factors such as visibility and violence. This study uses economic sociology and transaction cost economics to broaden the present understanding of cryptomarkets. Results focus on three coordination problems characterizing illegal markets and how they are alleviated in cryptomarkets. More information and better visibility increase competition, the feedback system enforces cooperation and border control introduces a new cost influencing valuation. Cryptomarkets are formally structured and regulated by rules of conduct and centralized decisions. We argue that the online context circumvents earlier coordination problems in illegal markets, making dark net markets more structurally efficient compared with conventional drug markets.

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Aldridge, Judith. "Does online anonymity boost illegal market trading?" Media, Culture & Society 41, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719842075.

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Anonymity allows the online trade in illegal products and services on cryptomarkets to flourish in spite of being enacted in a public location. Bolstered by the extensive media coverage of the cryptomarket trade in drugs, fraud and weapons, these platforms may function as a kind of criminal ‘gateway’, and in so doing facilitate – or indeed amplify – criminality. I argue, however, that researchers must establish – not assume – that the criminality facilitated by online anonymity will exclusively and uniformly produce more harmful outcomes. I consider here two possibilities in connection to the cryptomarket trade in illegal drugs: reduced drug market violence and reduced drug harms to users. Whether these potential ‘benefits’ are viewed as valuable will vary and depend substantially on the perspective and interests of the observer, including drug sellers, drug buyers, law enforcement officials, and academic researchers.

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Yang, Fenggang. "Oligopoly Dynamics: Consequences of Religious Regulation." Social Compass 57, no. 2 (June 2010): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768610362417.

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In the first part of this article, the author tries to clarify a set of interconnected concepts—religious plurality (diversity), pluralization, and pluralism. As a descriptive concept for sociological theorizing, social pluralism is further differentiated into legal, civic and cultural arrangements. Modern pluralization may have started accidentally in the United States of America, but it has become a general trend in the world. In the second part, the author argues that the predominant type of Church—State relationship in the world today is neither monopoly nor pluralism, but oligopoly. More importantly, the theoretical propositions based on the studies of monopoly-pluralism are not applicable without substantial modification to explain oligopoly dynamics. The China case shows that in oligopoly, increased religious regulation leads not necessarily to religious decline, but to triple religious markets: the red market (legal), black market (illegal) and grey market (both legal and illegal or neither legal nor illegal).

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Beckert, J., and F. Wehinger. "In the shadow: illegal markets and economic sociology." Socio-Economic Review 11, no. 1 (September 26, 2012): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mws020.

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Jandrić, Anita, Dalibor Doležal, and Tihana Novak. "Suvremeno tržište droga – utjecaj digitalnog tržišta na strukturu i dinamiku tržišta droga." Annual of social work 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/ljsr.v28i2.372.

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The structure of the modern drug market is a complex phenomenon in which the constant flow of production, supply and demand of illegal substances results in increasingly dynamic development and trends, and which is under a great influence of globalization and the development of new technologies, especially the Internet. During the last several decades the Internet, as an important facilitator on the aforementioned market, has enabled a wide access to a broad range of information and has thus become a necessary communication tool for the development of criminal activities connected to the drug market. As an invisible, hidden side of the Internet, and under the disguise of anonymity, the crypto market as a form of a digital market offers new possibilities and ways of trafficking of illegal substances and in that manner takes over monopoly from classic ways of drug traffic (“face to face”). The paper analyses modern scientific knowledge about the manner in which the crypto drug market is functioning, as well as its influence on the structure and dynamics of the modern drug market, with the purpose of reflection on prevention activities that could eliminate such types of crime. Research suggests that the traditional drug market will not disappear with the development of crypto markets, but that both markets will complement one another, at which the activity in the digital market will become more frequent due to larger possibilities of protecting the identities of its main operators. Activities focused on combating the digital market operation represent a great challenge for numerous experts dealing with prevention of illegal substance abuse, from the police to the professionals in helping professions who certainly have a great part in designing and implementing different preventive activities in this area. Key words: modern drug market; digital market; crypto market; dark net

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Mclean, Robert, Chris Holligan, and Iain McPhee. "Market Testing and Market Policing: Illuminating the Fluid micro-Sociology of the Illegal Drug Supply Enterprise in Liquid Modernity." Deviant Behavior 40, no. 5 (January 30, 2018): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1431041.

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Donato, Katharine M., and Douglas S. Massey. "Twenty-First-Century Globalization and Illegal Migration." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 666, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216653563.

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Also labeled undocumented, irregular, and unauthorized migration, illegal migration places immigrants in tenuous legal circumstances with limited rights and protections. We argue that illegal migration emerged as a structural feature of the second era of capitalist globalization, which emerged in the late twentieth century and was characterized by international market integration. Unlike the first era of capitalist globalization (1800 to 1929), the second era sees countries limiting and controlling international migration and creating a global economy in which all markets are globalized except for labor and human capital, giving rise to the relatively new phenomenon of illegal migration. Yet despite rampant inequalities in wealth and income between nations, only 3.1 percent of all people lived outside their country of birth in 2010. We expect this to change: threat evasion is replacing opportunity seeking as a motivation for international migration because of climate change and rising levels of civil violence in the world’s poorer nations. The potential for illegal migration is thus greater now than in the past, and more nations will be forced to grapple with growing populations in liminal legal statuses.

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Markova, Evgenia, and Alexander H. Sarris. "The Performance of Bulgarian Illegal Immigrants in the Greek Labour Market." South European Society and Politics 2, no. 2 (June 1997): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608749708539507.

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Durand, Jorge, Douglas S. Massey, and Karen A. Pren. "Double Disadvantage." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 666, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216643507.

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From 1988 to 2008, the United States’ undocumented population grew from 2 million to 12 million persons. It has since stabilized at around 11 million, a majority of whom are Mexican. As of this writing, some 60 percent of all Mexican immigrants in the United States are in the country illegally. This article analyzes the effect of being undocumented on sector of employment and wages earned in the United States. We show that illegal migrants are disproportionately channeled into the secondary labor market, where they experience a double disadvantage, earning systematically lower wages by virtue of working in the secondary sector and receiving an additional economic penalty because they are undocumented. Mexican immigrants, in particular, experienced a substantial decline in real wages between 1970 and 2010 attributable to their rising share of undocumented migrants in U.S. labor markets during a time when undocumented hiring was criminalized.

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11

Waters, Hedwig A. "Building Merit: The Moral Economy of the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Rural, Post-Socialist Eastern Mongolia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 64, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 422–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417522000081.

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AbstractThis article describes the development of the moral economy of merit among the fishermen and rural poor of Dalai Village, Magtaal soum, Mongolia. In 1971, the historian E. P. Thompson used the term “moral economy” to describe a popular consensus on what was considered right and wrong in economic behavior, arguing that its provocation motivated the eighteenth-century English poor to engage in crowd-based political action. In contemporary, post-socialist eastern Mongolia, the rural poor have constructed a pervasive local discourse on what is considered legitimate (“merit-making” or buyantai) versus what is illegitimate in economic behavior that morally-condones their illegal wildlife procurement, selling, and smuggling activities. The political contexts of these case studies are compared in order to detail a similar political-economic progression: (1) the recent market liberalization of the commons, sparking moral outrage amongst those classes newly disadvantaged through this shift to the market; and (2) the formation of an anti-profiteering moral discourse among these classes, designed to limit the ability of others to economically capitalize off of these circumstances. Comparing the case studies, the moral economy is manifested as exchange practices involving commons-marked goods that distribute their benefits among the participants, envisioned as thereby promoting group wellbeing rather than the uneven accumulation by individuals.

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12

McCrea, Austin M. "Can Administrative Capacity Address Wicked Problems? Evidence From the Frontlines of the American Opioid Crisis." Administration & Society 52, no. 7 (September 26, 2019): 983–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399719878727.

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What is the link between administrative capacity and wicked problems? Previous literature links capacity to standardized performance outputs, but little is known on the link between capacity and highly complex policy settings. This study examines health outcomes of the opioid crisis—a wicked problem with interdependencies across different drugs with multiple legal and illegal pathways for abuse and dependence. If capacity matters for wicked problems, administrative action should decompose the larger wicked problem into smaller, more achievable solutions. The findings suggest that administrative capacity may allow public organizations to simultaneously manage drug outcomes across the legal and illegal market.

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13

Sandberg, S. "The Importance of Culture for Cannabis Markets: Towards an Economic Sociology of Illegal Drug Markets." British Journal of Criminology 52, no. 6 (June 11, 2012): 1133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azs031.

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14

Romanenko, Veronika, and Olga Borodkina. "Female immigration in Russia: Social risks and prevention." Human Affairs 29, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0014.

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Abstract There is an increasing number of female migrants among the international migrants in Russia. The purpose of this study is to identify the social risks female migrants face. Statistics and data from surveys were analyzed, interviews were held with experts providing practical assistance to women and focus groups were conducted with female migrants. The employment sector in which young female migrants face the most risks and are likely to work illegally is commercial sex services. The social risks are mainly related to a lack of knowledge about the culture, their illegal status; risky behavior is also a big issue. The conclusion is that the social risks are linked to the gender asymmetry existing in the labor market and to the more vulnerable position of women with regard to sexual exploitation and trafficking.

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15

Duxbury, Scott W., and Dana L. Haynie. "Shining a Light on the Shadows: Endogenous Trade Structure and the Growth of an Online Illegal Market." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 787–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/718197.

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Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. Ahmad, Gohar A. Petrossian, Mohammad Mazlom Khorasani, and Mohsen Noghani. "Market Demand, Routine Activity, and Illegal Fishing: An Empirical Test of Routine Activity Theory in Iran." Deviant Behavior 42, no. 6 (May 20, 2021): 762–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1927885.

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17

Paul, Chris, and Al Wilhite. "Illegal markets and the social costs of rent-seeking." Public Choice 79, no. 1-2 (April 1994): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01047921.

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18

Grundetjern, Heidi. "Negotiating Motherhood: Variations of Maternal Identities among Women in the Illegal Drug Economy." Gender & Society 32, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218759006.

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This study examines negotiations of motherhood among women in the illegal hard drug economy in Norway. Based on interviews with mothers who are users and dealers, this study analyzes four predominant maternal identities: grieving mothers, detached mothers, motherly dealers, and working mothers. Particularly relevant factors explaining variations in maternal identities include the timing of pregnancy, time spent with children, control over drug use, and place in the drug market hierarchy. By revealing patterns of intra-group variations by gender performances and work situation, the study expands upon previous work on how mothers who are structurally disadvantaged negotiate motherhood ideals.

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19

Ward, Peter, Andrei Lankov, and Jiyoung Kim. "EMBEDDED AND AUTONOMOUS MARKETS IN NORTH KOREA'S FISHING INDUSTRY: RESOURCE SCARCITY, MONITORING COSTS, AND EVOLVING INSTITUTIONS." Journal of East Asian Studies 21, no. 1 (March 2021): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2020.33.

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AbstractNorth Korea today is a most unusual post-socialist state. Market actors and market prices are integral to economic life, but private property remains illegal, and private enterprise outside the household is de jure non-existent. In such an institutional context, some market processes are more autonomous in relation to the state, while others are more embedded within state structures. In this article, we offer a theoretical account of the shape that North Korea's market economy has taken, developed from a set of fishing industry case studies. We note four broad categories of enterprises: closely embedded, loosely embedded, semi-autonomous, and autonomous. By relative autonomy/embeddedness we mean control over fixed assets, cash flow, and operational decisions such as wage and price setting. We postulate three major determinants of embeddedness/autonomy: (1) relative strategic resource scarcity between state and market actors, (2) monitoring costs, and (3) institutional evolution that reflects these realities, though to varying extents.

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20

Greenberg, David F. "Illegal drug markets and victimizing crime in New York." Dialectical Anthropology 40, no. 4 (May 7, 2016): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-016-9422-9.

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21

Wang, Peng. "How to Engage in Illegal Transactions: Resolving Risk and Uncertainty in Corrupt Dealings." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 5 (March 26, 2020): 1282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa024.

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Abstract How do exchange participants address risk in illegal transactions? The socio-cultural literature examines risk from cultural, ‘risk society’ and ‘governmentality’ perspectives, but there is relatively little empirical work focusing on the ways in which people experience and handle risk in illegal markets. Drawing on insights from criminology, economic sociology and social psychology, this article aims to contribute to the study of risk and uncertainty under conditions of illegality. It investigates a popular type of corrupt exchange in China: the buying and selling of government positions that are embedded in the power-imbalanced patron–client relation. The article examines the difference in risk faced by buyers and sellers and explores how they manage these transaction risks without resorting to state protection mechanisms (e.g. the police and courts). The article is based on 61 in-depth interviews with academics, journalists and state officials and a review of official documents and news reports in Chinese and English.

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Alyaseri, Nagham Hameed Abdulkhudhur. "Optimization of the challenges facing the Iraqi economy based on the values of returns in 2000-2020." Economic Annals-ХХI 194, no. 11-12 (December 27, 2021): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v194-01.

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In this paper, the situation in the Iraqi economy for the period of 2000-2020 has been analyzed using three hybrid models. The research hypothesis was launched from the necessity of interaction between the activity of the Iraqi market for securities and the local financial and economic institutions. The hypothesis has been verified accordingly using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, normality test and Multicollinearity Test. The statistical analysis was based on the three mathematical models to expect return and risk values of Iraqi money market. Three basic models (optimization (BO), Optimized Return Value (ORV), General Optimization Risk (GOR)) have been conducted to optimize and analyze the given data accordingly. The research reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which is the limited economic role of the Iraqi market for securities; the potential exposure to negative effects that could be produced by international crises because of the expected openness, due to the possibility of illegal capital movements resulting in irrational speculation; the difficulty of implementing monetary and financial policies, due to vulnerability to international challenges

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23

MO, JONGRYN. "Political Learning and Democratic Consolidation." Comparative Political Studies 29, no. 3 (June 1996): 290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414096029003002.

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Although the concept of political learning is recognized as a key to understanding the success of democratic consolidation, it has been difficult to operationalize it. The author argues that if we use as an independent variable the messages with which actors update their beliefs, we can develop a theory of democratic consolidation based on political learning. In the Korean case, political learning took place among workers who had to decide whether to use illegal means to protest the rules of the game. Because of their weak electoral power, Korean workers had to resort to their market power to contest the labor laws outside of electoral and legislative arenas. If the rules of the game had been contested in a less confrontational manner, the process of political learning may have been less protracted.

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Kronick, Dorothy. "Profits and Violence in Illegal Markets: Evidence from Venezuela." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 7-8 (April 22, 2020): 1499–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719898881.

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Some theories predict that profits facilitate peace in illegal markets, while others predict that profits fuel violence. I provide empirical evidence from drug trafficking in Venezuela. Using original data, I compare lethal violence trends in municipalities near a major trafficking route to trends elsewhere, both before and after counternarcotics policy in neighboring Colombia increased the use of Venezuelan transport routes. For thirty years prior to this policy change, lethal violence trends were similar; afterward, outcomes diverged: violence increased more along the trafficking route than elsewhere. Together with qualitative accounts, these findings illuminate the conditions under which profits fuel violence in illegal markets.

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Reurink, Arjan. "“White-Collar Crime”." European Journal of Sociology 57, no. 3 (December 2016): 385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975616000163.

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AbstractDespite the ubiquity of illegality in today’s financial markets and the questions this raises with regard to the social legitimacy of today’s financial industry, systematic scrutiny of the phenomenon of financial crime is lacking in the field of sociology. One field of research in which the illegal dimensions of capitalist dynamics have long taken center stage is the field of white-collar crime research. This article makes available to economic sociologists an overview of the most important conceptual insights generated in the white-collar crime literature. In doing so, its aim is to provide economic sociologists with some orientation for future research on financial crime. Building on the insights generated inwccliterature, the article concludes by suggesting a number of promising avenues for future sociological research on the phenomenon of illegality in financial markets.

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Nesadurai, Helen E. S. "ASEAN Environmental Cooperation, Transnational Private Governance, and the Haze: Overcoming the ‘Territorial Trap’ of State-Based Governance?" TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 5, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2016.25.

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AbstractPrivate sustainability standards for palm oil – RSPO certification and especially the POIG/No Deforestation standards – show more promise than ASEAN in addressing the political-economic drivers of the fires/haze in Indonesia. ‘Sovereignty-free’ private actors – global NGOs, philanthropic foundations, and social investors – harnessed transnational markets and used consumer product multinationals and Asian palm oil traders/processers as intermediaries to reach oil palm growers previously shielded from private regulation. Exclusion of state actors gave regulatory entrepreneurs a freer hand to institute more stringent standards. This contrasts with ASEAN regional governance where state control of regional governance deflects global and local pressure for change. There are limitations, however, to the reach of voluntary private standards, which cannot address irresponsible cultivation practices in illegal supply chains and those catering to the domestic market, despite NGOs and other private regulatory entrepreneurs acting as ‘functional equivalents’ of state authorities in driving change. Nevertheless, palm oil's economic importance to Indonesia and the global market transformations underway mean that global private standards have a first-mover advantage. However, central state actors have denounced private standards as intrusions on national sovereignty. While private standards have sparked national conversations on sustainability, the political bargaining between state authority, private regulators, and their proponents is only just beginning.

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Sosnowski, Monique. "Black Markets: A Comparison of the Illegal Ivory and Narcotic Trades." Deviant Behavior 41, no. 4 (January 24, 2019): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1568360.

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Cooper, Richard N., and R. T. Naylor. "Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 5 (2002): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033290.

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Shmelkov, Leonid. "Illegal Production of Army Firearm in Private Workshops in Tula and the Fight against Them in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries." ISTORIYA 13, no. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019292-0.

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The article deals with the little-studied problem of illegal production of military weapons in one of the weapons centers of the Russian Empire. On the basis of archival documents of the police and the corps of gendarmes, he comes to the conclusion that this crime was caused by the modernization of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. The main types of illegally assembled and manufactured weapons are domestic single-shot and magazine rifles, much less often revolvers, which was due to the need of consumers for such weapons. Methods of production, relations with the customer (forms of payment, delivery of weapons to customers by rail by couriers and further by wagons, less often by sea) are revealed. The main markets for weapons illegally collected in Tula were the South Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Manchuria (the outskirts of the empire, with an unstable political situation). Since the late 1890s, the state began an active fight against the illegal assembly of weapons in Tula, but until the Great Russian Revolution, the problem was not resolved. The change in the legal framework for the manufacture of small arms, the elimination of the class of gunsmiths and their privileges, the very possibility of significant earnings that exceeded the semi-annual income from legal activities, became catalysts for the offense throughout the entire time period under study.

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Kansanga, Moses Mosonsieyiri, Dinko Hanaan Dinko, Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Godwin Arku, and Isaac Luginaah. "Scalar politics and black markets: The political ecology of illegal rosewood logging in Ghana." Geoforum 119 (February 2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.12.020.

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Paik, Wooyeal. "Struggling Foreign Small- and Medium-Sized Factories in Coastal China: Liquidate, Move, or Fly by Night?" Modern China 46, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700419854658.

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Since the mid-2000s, China has been transforming its industrial structure from a world sweatshop to a global manufacturing center. Many foreign small- and medium-sized factories that were engines of development in coastal China for the past two decades have recently been phased out due to the changing nature of macroeconomic policy, the labor market, and local interests. Unlike macroeconomic policy and the labor market, the subject of changing local interests has not been extensively investigated. This article explores an unclear political-economic logic and demonstrates the key counter-actions of the factories—legal liquidation, moving inland or to other countries, and illegal flight by night—in response to “phasing out” pressure from local politics. The micro-level struggles between foreign factories and local interests are indirectly conducive to China’s macro-level industrial transformation. This pattern will likely be repeated in China’s less-developed regions and other rapidly developing countries in the near future. This study is based on empirical data from fieldwork, primarily in Shandong province, from 2008 to 2016 as well as archival data from China, Korea, and other countries.

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Boels, Dominique. "It's better than stealing: informal street selling in Brussels." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 9/10 (September 2, 2014): 670–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2013-0049.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the organisation of informal street selling in the capital of Belgium, its association with formal and illegal selling and the perceptions, choices and decisions of the sellers. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach (case study) was employed, including interviews, observations and document analyses. Findings – The results point to different types of informal street selling, which are mainly executed by (illegal) migrants as a survival strategy. The case illustrates the different interrelations between the formal, informal and criminal economy. Notwithstanding the precarious situation of many informal sellers (informal), street selling is preserved by the government as a social safety net. Moreover, informal selling is neutralised by the suggestion that it is a better alternative than stealing or committing crimes which inflict physical harm and feelings of insecurity. Research limitations/implications – The results have limited generalisability, but are theoretically and methodologically important. Practical implications – Implications for migration policy (e.g. more preventative actions in countries of origin, shorter procedures, development of migration regulations accounting for other policy domains, e.g. employment market). Originality/value – The study fills a gap in the literature as there is limited empirical research on informal economy and Belgian informal street selling. Results are discussed in relation to international literature, thus overcoming a purely national perspective.

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Duran-Martinez, Angelica. "To Kill and Tell? State Power, Criminal Competition, and Drug Violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (June 9, 2015): 1377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587047.

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Violence is commonly viewed as an inherent attribute of the drug trade. Yet, there is dramatic variation in drug violence within countries afflicted by drug trafficking. This article advances a novel framework that explains how the interaction between two critical variables, the cohesion of the state security apparatus, and the competition in the illegal market determines traffickers’ incentives to employ violence. The analysis introduces a generally overlooked dimension of violence, its visibility. Visibility refers to whether traffickers publicly expose their use of violence or claim responsibility for their attacks. Drawing on fieldwork in five cities in Colombia and Mexico (Cali, Medellin, Ciudad Juárez, Culiacán, and Tijuana), 175 interviews, and a new data set on drug violence, I argue that violence becomes visible and frequent when trafficking organizations compete and the state security apparatus is fragmented. By contrast, violence becomes less visible and less frequent when the criminal market is monopolized and the state security apparatus is cohesive.

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Paoli, Letizia. "The Price of Freedom: Illegal Drug Markets and Policies in Post-Soviet Russia." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 582, no. 2 (July 1, 2002): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716202058002012.

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PAOLI, L. "The Price of Freedom: Illegal Drug Markets and Policies in Post-soviet Russia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 582, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716202582001012.

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Paoli, Letizia. "The Price of Freedom: Illegal Drug Markets and Policies in Post-Soviet Russia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 582, no. 1 (July 2002): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271620258200112.

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Shen, Anqi. "‘Being Affluent, One Drinks Wine’: Wine Counterfeiting in Mainland China." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i4.1086.

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This article focuses on wine counterfeiting and the policing of fake wines in mainland China. Relying on rich data drawn from published materials and open sources, it discusses three important themes in relation to product counterfeiting: the definitional issue; the scope, scale and organisation of the counterfeiting business; and law enforcement against product piracy. The aim is to broaden our knowledge about the counterfeiting trade, to develop a clear understanding of the illegitimate market, and to help to renew countermeasures that not only enable the exercising of tighter control over the counterfeiting industry but also disrupt the illegal behaviours of counterfeiters. Rather than place emphasis on the protection of intellectual property rights, this article stresses public health concerns with regard to dangerous counterfeit goods such as fake wines. Examining wine counterfeiting within the existing analytical framework of organised crime research, this article contributes to analysis of the nature of product counterfeiting and the issue of policing counterfeit goods.

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Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. "Refuge, Governmentality and Citizenship: Capturing ‘Illegal Migrants’ in Malaysia and Thailand." Government and Opposition 43, no. 2 (2008): 358–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2008.00258.x.

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AbstractThis article directs attention to dynamics of refuge and governmentality in a region of the ‘global South’, South-East Asia, and brings into focus the major recipients of (forced) migrants, Malaysia and Thailand, neither of which is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, or the 1967 Protocol. Against the backdrop of the illuminating contrast offered by the Thai case, this article argues that, in the case of Malaysia, the mobilization of ‘volunteers of the nation’ in campaigns against ‘illegal migrants’ serves as a performative (re)enactment of ethnic identity and national citizenship in the making of Malays and Malaysians in this postcolonial ‘plural society’. The article explores the wider consequences of the (re)production of (il)legality and identity as a social reality experienced not merely by (forced) migrants, and not only at the border, but also by government officials and national citizens actively mobilized in high-profile campaigns to flush out ‘illegal migrants’ from markets, construction and plantation sites, as well as dwellings in kampong neighbourhoods, city blocks and jungle sites across Malaysia.

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Anteby, Michel. "Jens Beckert and Matias Dewey (eds.): The Architecture of Illegal Markets: Towards an Economic Sociology of Illegality in the Economy." Administrative Science Quarterly 63, no. 4 (August 10, 2018): NP40—NP42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839218795853.

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Chernolutskaia, Elena. "Cross-Border Cooperation vs “Territorial Issue”: Kuril Islands in the Period of Market Transformations." ISTORIYA 13, no. 2 (112) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019952-6.

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The article shows the specifics of interaction between the Kuril districts of the Sakhalin Oblast and foreign business at the initial stage of Russian market reforms. In the analysis, the author relies on the characterization of the behavior lines of the participants and the event series from the point of view of historical regionalism. It is concluded that the development of cross-border cooperation in the Kuril sub-region was strongly negatively affected by the counteraction policy of the Japanese authorities, who considered the returning the southern Kuril Islands under their jurisdiction a matter of the nearest future. The reaction of the Russian leadership to this challenge was uncertain and contradictory. All this has put the southern Kuril Islands in a situation of uncertainty about their future political fate. As a result, a model of foreign economic relations was formed here, which was almost completely reduced to the legal and illegal export of marine bioresources and only point interactions in the onshore economy, being a brake on the development of island territories and not contributing to their recovery from the permanent crisis of the 1990s.

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Kirillova, Elena A., and Елена А. Кириллова. "from Petrograd-Leningrad Materials) (Советская жилищная политика в годы нэпа: квартирный вопрос и домовое самоуправление в Петрограде-Ленинграде." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 43, no. 1 (February 27, 2016): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04301001.

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After coming to power in Russia, the Bolsheviks created radically new housing policies. Although Soviet authorities enforced the scope of numerous new housing statutes, the provisions of these laws were often contradictory, and there was not a well-conceived program of housing. With the elimination of private real property in Soviet cities, the sale of land in urban areas was technically eliminated. However, disguised (and illegal) sales of municipal housing continued to occur during the era of the New Economic Policy (nep). During this period, a large part of the nation’s living space was managed by housing cooperatives, which were created after the Bolshevik assumption of power. However, these housing associations (known in Russian as zhiltovarishchestvо and by the end of 1924 reclassified as Zhakt [rental housing cooperatives]) were trapped by traditional (i.e. non-officially regulated) practices of housing allocation, which dominated the real estate market. As the urban population of Soviet Russia and then (after 1922) the Soviet Union (ussr) grew, a shortage of living space forced Soviet authorities to switch to stricter methods of property control in urban areas. This article describes the housing allocation processes involved in the second-largest city in Soviet Russia/ussr, Petrograd, which from 1924 was known as Leningrad. This article also investigates the functioning of the privately-driven property market mechanisms in the allocation of housing and the Soviet government’s efforts to eliminate them.

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Bouchard, Martin, and Frédéric Ouellet. "Is small beautiful? The link between risks and size in illegal drug markets." Global Crime 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2011): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2011.548956.

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Basova, Tatyana, and Aleksey Subachev. "Termination of Dollateralized Obligations as an Illegal Action in Case of Bankruptcy: Problems of Criminal Law Assessment." Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(4).434-441.

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There is a general rule according to which if the claims of some creditors on the debtor’s property are knowingly satisfied to the detriment of other creditors, it constitutes an illegal action in case of bankruptcy provided that such an action inflicted major damage. In its turn, the size of the inflicted damage coincides with the size of satisfied claims minus the share that would have been due to the creditors who satisfied their claims this way if the insolvency estate has been distributed according to the insolvency law. At the same time, the corresponding crime may be committed not only through the due performance of an obligation, but also through the termination of bail bonds on other grounds. When the authors analyze illegal actions in cases of bankruptcy committed through the provision of release property, they conclude that if the market value of the release property exceeds the size of terminated obligations by the sum equaling major damage, the actions should be classified as multiple offences under Parts 1, 2, Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. As for the order of determining the size of damage when satisfying claims secured by the debtor’s property, the authors pay attention to the privileged status of the pledge holder: a part of proceeds from the sale of pledged property must be used to satisfy their claims on the principal plus interest. Thus, for the corresponding part of the value of the object of pledge, no damage is inflicted on other creditors in connection with satisfying the claims of the pledgee. In some circumstances, the claims of the pledge holder are satisfied by a part of the proceeds from the sale of the object of pledge designated for the satisfaction of other claims, which cannot be overlooked when determining the size of the inflicted damage. The exceptions are the cases when, as a result of satisfying the claims of the pledgee, their claims on compensating damages and (or) paying financial sanctions were also satisfied. The satisfaction of the abovementioned claims in the size equaling major damage constitutes a crime under Part 2, Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, if the difference between the size of pledge requirements terminated by the provision of release property, and the value of the transferred assets equals major damage, the actions must be classified as multiple offences under Parts 1, 2, Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

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Drews, Carlos. "Wild Animals and Other Pets Kept in Costa Rican Households: Incidence, Species and Numbers." Society & Animals 9, no. 2 (2001): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853001753639233.

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AbstractA nationwide survey that included personal interviews in 1,021 households studied the incidence, species, and numbers of nonhuman animals kept in Costa Rican households. A total of 71% of households keep animals.The proportion of households keeping dogs (53%) is 3.6 higher than the proportion of households keeping cats (15%). In addition to the usual domestic or companion animals kept in 66% of the households, 24% of households keep wild species as pets. Although parrots are the bulk of wild species kept as pets, there is vast species diversity, including other birds, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates - typically caught in their natural habitat to satisfy the pet market. The extraction from the wild and the keeping of such animals is by-and-large illegal and often involves endangered species. Costa Ricans, in a conservative estimate, keep about 151,288 parrots as pets. More than half the respondents have kept a psittacid at some point in their lives. Pet keeping is a common practice in Costa Rican society, and its incidence is high by international standards

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Schaafsma, Marije, Neil D. Burgess, Ruth D. Swetnam, Yonika M. Ngaga, R. Kerry Turner, and Thorsten Treue. "Market Signals of Unsustainable and Inequitable Forest Extraction: Assessing the Value of Illegal Timber Trade in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." World Development 62 (October 2014): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.011.

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Calderoni, Francesco, Serena Favarin, Lorella Garofalo, and Federica Sarno. "Counterfeiting, illegal firearms, gambling and waste management: an exploratory estimation of four criminal markets." Global Crime 15, no. 1-2 (February 7, 2014): 108–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2014.883499.

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Park, Soo Kyung, Kyu Tae Kwak, and Bong Gyou Lee. "Policy compliance and deterrence mechanism in the sharing economy." Internet Research 29, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 1124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-03-2018-0098.

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Purpose In a sharing economy, economically inactive members can serve as providers owing to the low start-up costs. However, such providers may operate without sufficient knowledge of the market and policies, causing significant problems. To prevent illegal sharing, governments encourage providers to register their businesses after meeting certain requirements, but most providers still operate unregistered businesses. The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of policy non-compliance and suggest measures that can induce compliance. Design/methodology/approach Based on the rational choice and deterrence theories, this study combines qualitative and quantitative research. The former is used to investigate the antecedent factors affecting compliance. Using the latter, this study assumes that the existence of platform operators can resolve information asymmetries. The qualitative findings provide the variables that can lead to policy compliance, while the quantitative research verifies the causal relationships. Findings Business registration by providers in the sharing economy arises from their subjective cost-benefit calculations of policy compliance. According to the qualitative research, they believe there is a low risk of detection of policy non-compliance by the government. The quantitative research suggests that interventions by platform operators could resolve information asymmetries between the government and providers. Originality/value This study designed a mechanism to guide providers toward policy compliance. To reduce friction with the existing market and ensure efficient growth, it is necessary to cooperate with sharing economy participants. The results suggest that the role of platform operators and the government is important.

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Jones, Ebony. "“[S]old to Any One Who Would Buy Them”." Journal of Global Slavery 7, no. 1-2 (March 28, 2022): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00701007.

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Abstract The British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Abolition Act in 1807, making the transatlantic trade in human beings illegal. Intended to eliminate Atlantic high-sea slave trading, the 1807 Act placed limitations on how the merchant and planter class could move their human property between British holdings while also forbidding intercolonial slave trading. Included was an imperial-sanctioned exception to the rule—the “convict slave” clause—that allowed authorities in the British Caribbean to sell enslaved people to foreign colonies under transportation sentences allocated by colonial courts. This article pays particular attention to criminal transportation and its use to punish the enslaved. Execution of such sentences occurred at a time when Britain began its maritime abolition campaign and Spanish participation in the transatlantic slave trade simultaneously intensified. It provides evidence of operations of a local market in convicted enslaved people in Jamaica that was only possible because of the island’s intra-American slave trading connections with the Spanish Americas, and in particular, the commercial connections it held with the nearby-island of Cuba.

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Rekhviashvili, Lela. "Marketization and the public-private divide." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 7/8 (July 7, 2015): 478–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2014-0091.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the reasons behind a decade long contestations between the Georgian government and the petty traders over the access to the public space for commercial use. Design/methodology/approach – The paper relies on the repeated ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Tbilisi in 2012 and 2013. The ethnographic interviews with legally operating traders and illegal street vendors are supplemented by the in-depth interviews with the representatives of the city government and secondary literature on Georgia’s post-revolutionary transformation. Findings – Bridging the critical literature on the politics of the public space with Polanyi’s theory on commodification of fictitious commodities as a precondition of establishment of a market economy, the author argues that for the Georgian government control of the public space was necessary to pursue neoliberal marketisation policies. These policies required removal of the petty traders from public spaces because the state needed to restrict access to public space and limit its commercial usage to delineate public and private property and allow commodification of the urban land and property. As the commodification intensified and the rent prices started growing and fluctuating, the access to the public space became even more valuable for the petty traders. Therefore, the traders developed subversive tactics undermining the division between public and private space and property. Originality/value – The paper demonstrates the importance of enforcing the public-private divide in the process of establishing a market economy in transitional settings. Moreover, it illustrates little discussed social costs of establishing such a divide.

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PIANCIOLA, NICCOLÒ. "Illegal Markets and the Formation of a Central Asian Borderland: The Turkestan–Xinjiang opium trade (1881–1917)." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 6 (January 13, 2020): 1828–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000227.

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AbstractThis article utilizes material from archives in Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan as well as published Chinese sources to explore the opium trade between Tsarist Turkestan and Xinjiang from the early 1880s to 1917. It focuses on two different levels: the borderlands economy and society, and state policies towards illegal (or ‘grey’) markets. The main groups active in the trade were Hui/Dungan and Taranchi migrants from China, who had fled Qing territory after the repression of the great anti-Qing Muslim revolts during the 1860s and 1870s. After settling in Tsarist territory, they grew poppies and exported opium back across the border to China. This article shows how the borderland economy was influenced by the late-Qing anti-opium campaign, and especially by the First World War. During the war, the Tsarist government tried to create a state opium monopoly over the borderland economy, but this attempt was botched first by the great Central Asian revolt of 1916, and later by the 1917 revolution. Departing from the prevailing historiography on borderlands, this article shows how the international border, far from being an obstacle to the trade, was instead the main factor that made borderland opium production and trade possible. It also shows how the borderland population made a strategic use of the border-as-institution, and how local imperial administrators—in different periods and for different reasons—adapted to, fostered, or repressed this most profitable borderland economic activity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sociology of illegal market'

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