Academic literature on the topic 'Sociohistoricall approach'

AbstractWidespread minority language shift in Early Modern Europe is often ascribed to restrictive language policies and the migration of both majority- and minority-language speakers. However, without a sociohistorically credible account of the mechanisms through which these events caused a language shift, these policies lack explanatory power. Inspired by research on 'language histories from below,' we present an integrated sociohistorical and linguistic account that can shed light on the procresses taking place during a case of language shift in the 17th and 18th centuries. We present and analyze demographic data on the immigration and integration of French speakers in previously Dutch-speaking Dunkirk in this period, showing how moderate intermarriage of immigrants and locals could have represented a motive and a mechanism for language shift against a backdrop of larger language-political processes. We then discuss the modern language-shift dialect of Dunkirk in comparison with different dialects of French. The linguistic data suggests a large influence from the dialects of migrants, underlining their role in the language shift process. The combination of sociohistorical and linguistic evidence gives us a better understanding of language shift in this period, showing the value of an integrated 'from below' approach.

SummaryThis paper develops a phenomenological approach to the concept of pain, which highlights the main presuppositions that underlie pain research undertaken both in the natural and in the sociohistorical sciences. My argument is composed of four steps: (1) only if pain is a stratified experience can it become a legitimate theme in both natural and sociohistorical sciences; (2) the phenomenological method is supremely well suited to disclose the different strata of pain experience; (3) the phenomenological account offered here identifies three fundamental levels that make up the texture of pain experience: pain can be conceived as a prereflective experience, as an object of affective reflection, or as an object of cognitive reflection; and (4) such a stratified account clarifies how pain can be a subject matter in the natural and sociohistorical sciences. Arguably, the natural and sociohistorical sciences address pain at different levels of its manifestation. While the natural sciences address pain as an object of cognitive reflection, sociohistorical sciences first and foremost deal with pain as a prereflective experience and as an object of affective reflection.

La question de la co-présence des sexes traverse l’histoire de l’institution pénitentiaire. En effet, les femmes détenues sont le plus souvent incarcérées dans des petits quartiers au sein de prisons pour hommes. Inspirée par la sociologie interactionniste, la sociologie carcérale et la sociologie du genre, cette thèse examine l’histoire de la coprésence des sexes et de ses régulations, ainsi que les expériences vécues par les détenu·es dans les prisons mixtes aujourd’hui. Pour la réalisation de la recherche, une méthodologie plurielle est mise en place : analyse des archives et documents historiques relatifs à la mixité dans les lieux de détention (depuis le XVIIIe à nos jours) ; entretiens semi-directifs avec des hommes et femmes détenu·es et avec différent·es acteur·rices des prisons (surveillant·es, interve- nant·es divers·es, etc.) ; et observations des activités mixtes au sein de deux établissements pénitentiaires. D’un côté, l’analyse sociohistorique démontre que le « mélange des sexes », autrefois considéré comme source de désordre et d’amoralité à combattre au XIXe siècle, s’est converti progressivement en l’idée de « mixité », associée à l’égalité et la « normalisation ». De l’autre, l’enquête ethnographique permet de saisir l’économie des relations et interactions entre les détenu·es, ainsi les normes genrées qui les traversent. Cette thèse contribue ainsi à la compréhension des régimes du genre tant au sein des prisons qu’en dehors de celles-ci en questionnant les dynamiques sexuées de la coprésence de sexes
The issue of the co-presence of both sexes has never ceased to preoccupy the penitentiary system. Female prisoners are usually incarcerated in small quarters within male prisons. Inspired by interactionist sociology, sociology of prison and sociology of gender, this thesis examines the history of the co-presence of sexes and its regulations, as well as the experiences of prisoners in mixed-gender prisons today. To carry out the research, a plural methodology is implemented: analysis of archives and historical documents related to gender mixing in correctional facilities (from the eighteenth century to the present day); semi- structured interviews with male and female prisoners and various prison stakeholders (wardens, other professionals,etc.); and observa- tions of mixed-gender activities in two penitentiary establishments. On one hand, the sociohistorical analysis shows that the “mixing of sexes”, once considered a source of disorder and amorality to be combated in the nineteenth century, has gradually been converted into the idea of “gender mixing”, associated with equality and “normalization”. On the other hand, the ethnographic research enables us to understand the social economy of relations and interactions among prisoners, as well as the gendered norms that permeate them. This thesis therefore significantly contributes to our understanding of engendered regimes both within and beyond prisons by challenging the gendered dynamics of the co-presence of sexes

Cette thèse porte dans une perspective sociohistorique et ethnographique sur le mouvement piquetero en Argentine et ses transformations successives durant les années 2000 en un vaste réseau d’organisation prestataires de services. Ce mouvement est né des actions collectives des chômeurs et travailleurs précaires à la fin des années 1990 contre les effets des réformes « néolibérales » et tient son nom de l’un de ses modes de protestation privilégié, le barrage de route ou piquete. Dès ses débuts, les piqueteros ont fait l’objet d’un double traitement de la part de l’État, entre répression et récupération dans le cadre de la mise en place de programmes de transferts conditionnés des ressources (Conditional Cash Transfer Programs). Dans cette nouvelle configuration de l’action publique ciblée, il s’agit désormais pour l’État de déléguer la distribution des aides sociales aux organisations, au regard de leur proximité territoriale avec les populations précarisées. Or, cette thèse montre que ce rôle flou de guichet, qui tend à introduire d’une manière ou d’une autre de la concurrence entre les organisations, a ainsi rapidement contribué à fragmenter l’espace piquetero, et produit des effets ambivalents sur les pratiques et les trajectoires des participants. La thèse s’appuie sur des méthodes mixtes, qualitatives et quantitatives, à partir d’une enquête de terrain menée pendant 40 mois, entre 2000 et 2015, dans deux provinces argentines. D’une part, à travers une ethnographie et des entretiens biographiques approfondis auprès des leaders, des délégués et des militants de la base (N=104), nous avons observé les interactions entre ces différentes catégories. Une prosopographie des leaders (N=76) nous a, d’autre part, permis à partir des méthodes statistiques de l’analyse factorielle (ACM) et de la classification (CAH) de rendre compte de la structuration de cet espace des organisations. Dans une première partie, la thèse s’attache – à l’appui d’archives et d’entretiens – à mettre en lumière les conditions de possibilité de la cristallisation progressive d’un mouvement social en un espace d’organisations. Nous avons cherché ici à appréhender le contexte, les enjeux et les moyens d’action de ce mouvement contestataire, en rapportant son inscription à l’évolution depuis le début du XXè siècle des rapports entre État, partis politiques et syndicats. La deuxième partie de la thèse est, elle, consacrée à l’analyse des pratiques militantes et des formes d’encadrement au sein des organisations. L’ouverture de la boîte noire des organisations révèle ainsi à quel point leur fonctionnement interne résulte de la capacité d’un ensemble d’intermédiaires à mener un travail de représentation, de mobilisation et de gestion des ressources vis-à-vis de certaines fractions des classes populaires particulièrement disposées à s’engager dans la durée. L’examen statistique des trajectoires de leaders nous renseigne par ailleurs sur les ressources nécessaires à l’occupation d’un tel poste et aussi sur ce que l’engagement fait aux parcours individuels. Enfin, une troisième partie a servi à appréhender les pratiques associatives au sein des organisations. Restituer les logiques de recrutement et les profils des recrutés a donné à voir dans la durée aussi bien les conditions de l’engagement de ces chômeurs et travailleurs précaires que les effets sur leurs trajectoires. L’observation des pratiques notamment lors des assemblées permet de montrer les principes d’encadrement tendus entre militantisme et entreprenariat qui pèsent sur les participants. Si cette fraction de précaires témoigne au sein des classes populaires de formes de mobilisation et de résistance particulièrement exemplaires, ils tendent également à déployer des modalités d’accommodement aux organisations, différenciées suivant leur socialisation et le volume et la nature de leurs ressources
This thesis discusses the Piquetero movement in Argentina and its successive transformations during the 2000s into an extensive network of service provider organizations throughout the territory from a sociohistorical and ethnographic perspective. This movement was born out of the collective actions of the unemployed and precarious workers in the late 1990s against the effects of "neoliberal" reforms, and takes its name from one of their preferred modes of protest, the roadblock or picket. Since its beginnings, the Piquetero movement has been the subject of a double treatment by the State, between repression and recovery in the context of the establishment of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs. In this new configuration of targeted public action, it is now up to the State to delegate the distribution of social assistance to a network of organizations, given their territorial proximity to the underprivileged populations. However, this thesis shows that this fuzzy wicket role, which tends to introduce in one way or another the competition amid the organizations, has thus quickly contributed to fragment the piquetero space, and produces ambivalent effects on the practices and the trajectories of the participants. The thesis is based on mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative, from a large 40-month field survey conducted between 2000 and 2015 in two Argentinian provinces. On the one hand, through an ethnography and in-depth biographical interviews with leaders, delegates and grassroots activists (N=104), we observed the interactions between these different categories. A prosopography of the leaders (N=76) allowed us, on the other hand, from the statistical methods of factor analysis (ACM) and hierarchical classification (CAH), to report on the structuring of this space of organizations. In the first part, the thesis focuses – with the support of archives and interviews – on the conditions of the gradual crystallization of a social movement into a space of organizations. We sought here to understand the context, the stakes and the means of action of this protest movement, relating its inscription to the evolution since the beginning of the XXth century of the relations between State, political parties and unions. The second part of our thesis is devoted to the analysis of activist practices and forms of supervision within organizations. The opening of the black box of the organizations thus reveals to what extent their internal functioning results from the capacity of a set of intermediaries to carry out a work of representation, mobilization and management of resources among working classes particularly willing to engage in the long term. The statistical examination of the trajectories of leaders also informed us about the resources that were necessary to occupy such a position and also about the effects of their engagement to their individual trajectories. Finally, a third part serves to apprehend associative practices within organizations. Restoring the recruiting logics and the profiles of the recruits has shown in the long term both the conditions of the commitment of these unemployed and precarious workers and the effects on their trajectories. The observation of practices, especially during assemblies, shows the principles of supervision stretched between activism and entrepreneurship which weighed on the participants. If this fraction of precarious people testifies within the working classes of forms of mobilization and resistance particularly exemplary, they also tend to deploy modes of accommodation to organizations, differentiated according to their socialization, and the volume and nature of their resources

Word order variation in Dutch two-verb clusters continues to attract the attention of linguists from a variety of perspectives. Most accounts have a contemporary focus and diachronic developments therefore remain poorly understood. Rather than simply marshalling more evidence from more historical sources, I argue for an approach which considers biases in the historical record and how common methodological practices of text selection and data aggregation exacerbate them. Van Coetsem’s (1988; 2000) psycholinguistic model of contact offers a principled way to establish whether the linguistic data represents a perspective of continuity or one of change. When combined with a rigorous understanding of the sociohistorical context, the biases in both the historical and linguistic record can be assessed and this understanding applied to the compilation and analysis of new sources of evidence. I demonstrate the utility of this approach using a 35,000-word research corpus of unpublished archival manuscripts from sixteenth-century Antwerp to examine word order variation in Dutch two-verb clusters and use these findings to suggest directions for future corpus-based research.

The study of language variation and change has long been rooted in the effects of acquisition at different points of the lifespan, but the potential for language acquisition theory and data to inform sociohistorical approaches to language diachrony has not always been recognized. In this introductory chapter, the application of an acquisitionally informed lens to the research on language variation and change is justified on theoretical, methodological, and heuristic grounds. Following an overview of the existing research on the role of age in the acquisition of variation and the emergence of sociolinguistic norms, the chapter summarizes previous applications of acquisition theory in historical sociolinguistics. This panoramic review is then used to articulate the potential for a lifelong view of language acquisition to serve as a powerful instrument in the historical sociolinguist’s toolkit. Ultimately, the goal is to supplement other methodologies to produce more thorough explanations of language change by centering a language developmental perspective in the praxis of historical sociolinguistics.

Multi-scale “artificial societies” are constructed to examine competing first- and second-language acquisition-based theories of creole language emergence. Sociohistorical conditions and psycholinguistic capacities are integrated into the model as agents (slaves and slave-owners) interact. Linguistic transmissions are tracked, and grammar constructions are charted. The study demonstrates how a CAS approach offers clear indications for computational solutions to questions of language change and formation.

This electronic resource contains a critical summary of the problems of sovereign statehood and the responsibility of public authority in the light of an interdisciplinary systemic organic approach. The author reveals the essence and content of the categories “sovereign statehood” and “responsibility of public authority” as key factors of the state legal system for ensuring the life of the Russian Federation in the conditions of the emergence of a new world order. It is shown that the multi-valued category of “statehood” (statehood, stateness, nationhood, nationness) reflects the complexity of the concept, which characterizes the status and ability of the state to carry out its functions, and on the other hand, reflects the cultural-historical and spiritual-ideological unity of society, which is the deepest internal semantic content both preceding the state and completing its sociohistorical formation in the course of state development and historical transformations. Based on the systemic-organic approach and within the framework of the structure of the Aristotelian tetrad, the author reveals an integral model of the political and legal phenomenon of “statehood”, in which the final cause (ethion) is determined by “sovereign statehood”, which presupposes unity, integrity, actual autonomy, independence, independence and self-sufficiency states in making decisions that ensure the historical existence and development of the country. The work presents a theoretical understanding of social (public) solidarity as a legal construct and instrument of social harmony and integrity of the state-legal body of the Russian Federation. It is shown that public solidarity, as a constitutional and administrative-legal phenomenon in its positive and negative forms, creates the necessary basis for the implementation of the principle of mutual responsibility of the individual, society and state. An idea of the responsibilities of the state, its bodies and officials to the individual and society is given, the role and place of public legal responsibility of holders of power in the solidary social mechanism is outlined. In general, the results of interdisciplinary research are aimed at identifying key factors in social theory and practice that contribute to the acquisition of true independence and self-sufficiency of Russian statehood and the preservation of the civilizational foundations of a multinational Russian society. The manual will be useful to undergraduate and graduate students studying social and political sciences, and anyone interested in the theory and practice of government.