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1
Lucas, Robyn Marjorie, and robyn lucas@anu edu au. "Socioeconomic status and health: exploring biological pathways." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060426.095241.
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The cross-sectional Biomarkers Study was undertaken in Canberra, Australia (2000-2002) to examine the role of psychosocial factors in the socioeconomic health gradient, via physiological changes consequent upon activation of the neuroendocrine
stress response.¶
The study population was derived from healthy 40-44 year old men and women
already participating in a longitudinal cohort study. Using data from the cohort study, four groups with similar occupational status were formed. The study sample was randomly selected within these groups, thus representing the socioeconomic spectrum.¶
A pilot study involved 60 participants with blood and saliva samples measured on two occasions. A further 302 people had blood and saliva samples taken on one occasion. Socioeconomic status was measured by occupational code and status,
personal and household income, education and perceived position in the community and in Australia. Psychosocial and behavioural factors, including job strain, job security, coping style, anxiety, depression, optimism, self-esteem, sense of belonging and trust, social support, smoking, exercise and alcohol intake were assessed by selfreport.
Five biological parameters: plasma fibrinogen, glycated haemoglobin, waisthip ratio, serum neopterin and salivary IgA were measured as outcome variables.Three hypotheses were tested:¶
1. There is a socioeconomic gradient in measures of psychosocial stress, and of
psychological resilience.¶
2. There is a socioeconomic gradient in biological measures that have a plausible¶
association with future disease.
3. Psychosocial factors mediate the demonstrated association between
socioeconomic status and the biological measures.¶
Data analysis confirmed a socioeconomic gradient in some psychosocial and
behavioural variables: economic strain (r=-0.44, p<0.001), job demands (r=0.45,
p<0.001), job control (r=0.26, p<0.001), active coping style (r=0.28, p <0.001), sense
of optimism (r=0.24, p<0.001), social capital (r=0.26, p<0.001), job security (r=0.17,
p=0.002), job marketability (r=-0.16, p=0.005), sense of belonging (r=0.22, p<0.001),
number of adverse life events (r=-0.13, p=0.01) and positive interaction with family
and friends (r=0.20, p<0.001 ), vigorous physical activity (r=-0.16, p=0.002), alcohol
consumption (r=0.30, p<0.001) and smoking status (r=-0.25, p<0.001). There was no
socioeconomic gradient in anxiety, depression, neuroticism, hostility, locus of
control, self-esteem, perceived stress or mental health (SF-12). Four of the five
biological markers varied with socioeconomic status: plasma fibrinogen (female (F):
r=-0.26, p=0.002, male (M) r=-0.08, p=0.30), glycated haemoglobin (F: r=-0.23,
p=0.01, M: r=-0.11, p=0.17), waist-hip ratio (F: r=-0.19, p=0.03, M: r=-0.27,
p<0.001), serum neopterin (F: r=-0.21, p=0.009, M: r=-0.04, p=0.56), salivary IgA
(F: r=-0.07, p=0.38, M: r=0.004, p=0.97). A more adverse biological profile was
associated with lower socioeconomic status. Work characteristics, coping style,
smoking and exercise were particularly important mediators of the association
between the biological markers and socioeconomic status. Particular psychosocial factors were consistent mediators of the association between specific biomarkers and
socioeconomic status (with little variation for different measures of socioeconomic
status). However, the particular psychosocial factors providing significant mediation
varied for the different markers.¶
In this sample of healthy 40-44 year olds, four out of five biological markers showed
moderate socioeconomic variation with a more favourable profile associated with
higher SES. The data provide limited support for the importance of psychosocial
factors in the socioeconomic health gradient.
2
Norman, Patty C. "Teacher Attitudes and Perceptions of Low and High Socioeconomic Status Students." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4873.
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In this qualitative study, the author explored the perceptions of 10 middle-class, teachers regarding the socioeconomic class of both impoverished and advantaged students with whom they worked. Teachers in two public elementary schools from one Intermountain West school district participated; one school generally served children living in poverty and the other generally served affluent children. Through analysis of surveys, interviews, teacher journals, and researcher journal, the complex and often times contradictory feelings these teachers have about the socioeconomic class of students were revealed.
Literature in class, socioeconomic class, deficit thinking, race and whiteness, and identity and multiple identities, situated the study. The author, who grew up in poverty herself, weaved in her own complex and often time contradictory memories and feelings about poverty throughout the manuscript. The work revealed that teacher’s positionality led them to a belief of “normal.” All teachers expressed the belief that parents were instrumental in determining their child’s academic success. Teachers had also not recognized that their perceptions contributed to student learning. Perceptions were based on teacher’s upbringing, belief system, gender, race, and class. Students at high socioeconomic schools were perceived to be leaders, well-dressed, supported by families, and in constant need of enrichment. In contrast, students at low socioeconomic schools were perceived to need discipline and structure, opportunities to gather background knowledge, and support from parents.
Teacher’s felt student behavior was connected to their backgrounds, role models, race, class, and gender. Rarely did teachers feel students could attribute success or failure to their own actions. The final overarching theme was referred to as “SES-blind” in which teachers stated they did not notice the socioeconomic status (SES) of the students, or they felt all of their students were the same. The author noted there was much overlap between the literature on White teacher perceptions of children of color and teacher perceptions of children living in poverty.
3
Pentikäinen, Linnéa, and Sarah Fagerström. "Skillnader i barns kostvanor beroende på socioekonomisk status." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9662.
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Bakgrund: Låg socioekonomisk status ökar risken för osunda beteendemönster, bland annat vad gäller matvanorna. Barns levnadsvanor är av stor vikt, då grunden för deras framtida vanor läggs under barndomen.Syfte: Att beskriva skillnaderna i barns kostvanor beroende på vilken socioekonomisk grupp de tillhör.Metod: Litteraturstudie. Resultatet i tio vetenskapliga artiklar sammanfattades genom att söka återkommande ämnen, av vilka teman skapades.Resultat: Socioekonomiska faktorer, föräldrars inkomst och utbildningsnivå påverkar barns matvanor och måltidsmönster. Det framkom att låg socioekonomisk status vanligtvis innebär mer osund och mindre sund mat, samt mer oregelbundna måltidsmönster.Slutsats: Fler undersökningar av barns matvanor beroende på socioekonomisk status bör genomföras för att få bättre insikt i anledningarna till dessa. Detta för att kunna sätta in riktade interventioner i syfte att minska ojämlikheterna i kostvanor mellan barn.Background: Socioeconomic differences influence the risk of unhealthy behavior, like the diet, among other things. Children’s habits are of extra importance, since future habits are established during childhood.Aim: To describe the differences in children’s diet due to socioeconomic background. Method: Integrative literature review. The results of ten scientific articles were summarized by searching for recurring topics, which were turned into themes.Results: Socioeconomic background, the parents’ income and the parents’ education affected the children’s diet and meal patterns. Low socioeconomic status were usually connected to more unhealthy foods, smaller amounts of healthy foods and irregular meal patterns. Conclusion: More studies of children’s diets due to socioeconomic background should be conducted to get better insight into the reasons for these differences. This should be done so that interventions aimed at closing the gaps of inequity between children in different socioeconomic groups can be implemented.
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Faulkner, Lina, and Cecilia Rosenius. "Brott, kön och socioekonomi i Uppsala : en analys av statistik om ungdomar misstänkta för brott i Uppsala kommun." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22173.
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Syftet med examensarbetet var att analysera ungdomsbrottsligheten i Uppsala kommun vad gäller brottstyper, områden och kön samt undersöka om det fanns några samband mellan ungdomsbrottslighet och socioekonomisk status på områdesnivå. Med hjälp av statistik över misstänkta ungdomar i åldern 13 till 20 i Uppsala kommun, så gjorde vi univariata och bivariata statistiska analyser. För att studera sambandet mellan områdesstatistik och misstankesfrekvens använde vi oss först av en korrelationsmatris, för att sedan gå vidare med en multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Resultaten visade på att det finns både skillnader och likheter gällande flickors och pojkars ungdomsbrottslighet. Den mest påtagliga skillnaden är dock frekvensen av misstankar. Vad gäller sambandsanalysen så förklarar den socioekonomiska statusen en relativ stor del av variansen i misstankesfrekvensen.The aim of this thesis was to analyze delinquency in Uppsala regarding types of crime, neighborhoods and gender, as well as to study whether there was any correlation between delinquency and socioeconomics. By using data on suspected youths in the age of 13-20 in Uppsala, we did a univariate and bivariate statistical analysis. To study the relationship between the neighborhood structure and frequency of suspected youths we first used a correlation matrix and then proceeded with a multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicated that there are similarities and differences regarding delinquency of boys and girls. The most distinct difference was the frequency of suspected youths. Regarding the regression analysis, the socioeconomics explains a relatively large part of the variance of frequencies of suspected youths.
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Smith, Trevor K. "Relationships Between Political Competition and Socioeconomic Status in the United States." Walden University, 2013.
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Smith, Trevor K. "Relationships Between Political Competition and Socioeconomic Status in the United States." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1032.
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Over the past 30 years there has been an increase in socioeconomic inequities between Black and White persons in the United States. Some research suggests that political ideology, which in turn impacts political competition levels, may at least partially explain these disparities, though the body of academic literature in this area is sparse. Little is known about how Black political ideology is formed by perceptions of inequality. The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of Black political ideology, political competition, and socioeconomic status to determine how political competition relates to social inequities between Blacks and Whites. The theoretical framework of the study was Lockean social contract theory. The overarching question guiding this study explored how competition could better defend natural rights to reduce social disparities and the obligations of government to equally protect, similarly to the protections of government historically extended to Whites. Multiple and multivariate regression models were developed using data from the 2010 General Social Survey, the 2010 American Community Survey, and the presidential election results of 2008. Results showed no significant relationship between Black beliefs of inequality with Black political ideology and that high political competition rates might contribute to the increasing Black/White socioeconomic gaps. Contrary to economic competition models developed through Locke's social contract, there was no evidence that political competition reduces socioeconomic inequities between Blacks and Whites. The implications for positive social change include education of policy makers that higher political competition rates in their states contribute to lower socioeconomic outcomes for Blacks.
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Greek, April A. "Pathways to differential adult mortality by socioeconomic status in the United States /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8896.
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Seward, Hannah. "Socioeconomic status and weight loss behaviors." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3322.
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In the United States and many other countries, obesity is viewed as a public health crisis that must be handled. Many social and individual solutions to the problem are proposed in research and policy. On an individual level, many Americans try to get rid of their fat with a multitude of weight loss practices as part of a healthy lifestyle. Obesity rates, feelings towards fatness, and weight control behaviors are significantly affected by a number of sociocultural factors. In this project I explore the relationship between the desire to lose weight and weight control practices with income. Using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 (N=4,341), I explore how income is associated with body satisfaction and weight control behaviors. I then examine if specific weight loss strategies differ by SES among those who have tried to lose weight (N=1,512). Results indicate that income impacts the desire to lose weight, weight loss attempts (OR=.778, CI=.663-.913), and some weight control strategies such as exercise (OR=1.392, CI=1.055-1.836), switching to lower calorie foods (OR=1.364, CI=1.027-1.813), and eating less fat to lose weight (OR=1.449, CI=1.094-1.919). However, other sociodemographic characteristics, such as education, gender, and race, played very important roles in predicting these behaviors. Overall, these findings suggest that an individual’s socioeconomic status influences feelings about one’s weight and what one does to change it, but it is only one piece of the puzzle. This study has several implications; most notably that one-size-fits-all obesity solution policy platform cannot be created if real changes are expected. Tailoring interventions to specific groups based on education and income are important to creating lasting change.
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Qasim, Mehwish. "Socioeconomic status and outcomes post-surgery." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6627.
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Compared to wealthy individuals, individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) often receive health services of lower intensity or quality and have difficulty accessing care. This is particularly true in the area of inpatient surgery. Individuals with low socioeconomic status are often less likely than individuals associated with high socioeconomic status to receive timely surgical care, and less likely than high SES to receive evidence-based treatments for surgical care. Despite these large gaps, there is a lack of consensus whether disparities in surgical outcomes are primarily due to differences in patient characteristics such as acuity or whether they are attributable to disparities in the quality of surgical care among those with access. The overall goal of this dissertation is to illuminate the relationship between socioeconomic status and surgical outcomes. The project aims are: 1) classify trends in post-surgical quality and analyze data on the relationship between socioeconomic status and surgical outcomes; 2) to evaluate whether changes in access to care can eliminate disparities in outcomes by analyzing the impact of the Massachusetts health reform on socioeconomic disparities in inpatient surgery; and 3) to show the potential effects of SES on surgical outcomes by using the Theory of Fundamental Causes. To meet the study objectives, this study proposes to use data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the State Inpatient Database (SID). This approach uses socioeconomic information in the NIS and SID that is a quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents in the patient’s ZIP Code. The outcomes of interest are widely used quality measures: post-surgery mortality and complications at the national level, post-surgical mortality in Massachusetts for select inpatient surgeries, and difference-in-difference estimates. The approach used to identify trends in post-surgical quality uses two analytical software products to analyze the NIS using a regression-based approach. Study findings will identify progress and gaps in the quality of inpatient surgical care over recent years and further determine whether improving access to care through policy design can eliminate or reduce disparities in surgical care outcomes. In the face of health reform, this research will offer important insight into the study of surgical disparities and potential impact following health policy changes such as the expansion of Medicaid, implementation of health insurance exchanges, and the individual mandate requiring individuals to obtain health coverage.
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Silva, Ana Cristina da. "De pequenino se torce o destino: o envolvimento na escola de crianças de meios socioeconómicos desfavorecidos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11942.
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As crianças com baixo estatuto socioeconómico são consideradas crianças mais vulneráveis e em risco de insucesso escolar. A literatura tem demonstrado que, no âmbito dos contextos de desenvolvimento são vários os fatores que parecem contribuir para um bom desempenho académico ou inversamente, para um baixo desempenho e em consequência para o insucesso escolar. Com o intuito de identificar quais os fatores de risco e proteção que permitem diferenciar os/as alunos/as com sucesso e insucesso escolar, procedeu-se à realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas a 16 alunos/as do 3º e 4º ano do ensino básico. As respostas dos/as participantes foram examinadas de forma “artesanal” e com recurso à técnica de analise de conteúdo. Os resultados desta investigação destacam a preponderância do contexto familiar enquanto fator de proteção contra o insucesso escolar. As características da criança e o seu nível de envolvimento na escola, emergiram igualmente enquanto fatores preditores da realização escolar, observando-se em simultâneo a influência dos pares e do/a professor/a sobre o desempenho académico dos/as alunos/as, no entanto ambos estes fatores revelaram um impacto menor que a família ou a própria criança sobre a realização escolar. Assim, esperamos contribuir para clarificar quais os fatores de risco e proteção da realização escolar e definir estratégias de intervenção que possam concorrer para reduzir o insucesso e abandono escolar; ‘De pequenino se torce o destino’ – The school engagement of children from disadvantaged background.
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Children from low socioeconomic status are considered more vulnerable and at risk of school failure. Literature has shown that, within the contexts of development are several factors that appear to contribute to a successful academic performance or on the contrary, for a low performance and consequently for school failure. Aiming to identify the risk and protective factors that allow differentiating the successful from the unsuccessful students, semi-structured interviews were held with 16 students of the 3rd and 4th grades of primary school. The answers of the participants were analyzed manually and using the technique of content analysis. The results of this research, highlight the influence of family context as a protective factor against school failure. The children’s characteristics and their level of engagement in school, also emerged as predictors of school achievement, observing simultaneously the influence of peers and teacher on the academic performance of students, however both these factors revealed a minor impact that the family or the child itself on academic achievement. Thus, we hope to contribute to clarify which risk and protective factors influences school achievement, defining at the same time intervention strategies that may contribute to minimize school failure and dropout.
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Mumah, Joyce Ndueh. "Socioeconomic Status, Women, and HIV: Do the Determinants of Female HIV Vary by Socioeconomic Status in Cameroon?" DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1110.
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The HIV/AIDS epidemic is argued to be one of the greatest health challenges facing Sub-Saharan African countries, with more than 25 million Africans currently infected. Social epidemiology posits that for most types of illness, there is an inverse relationship between indicators with SES. In most developed nations, and in some developing countries, the incidence of HIV follows this classic pattern, with the poor having the greatest risk of infection and eventual mortality. However, a growing body of research on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa suggests an intriguing reversal of this pattern, particularly with respect to HIV among women. In the Cameroonian case most specifically, previous research indicates that higher socioeconomic status women present higher rates of HIV infection compared to low socioeconomic status women, albeit rates higher than those in the United States. However, the mechanisms of risk appear to be distinct for each group. Using data from the 2004 National Demographic and Health
Survey (DHS) in Cameroon, this paper explores relationships between the various indicators of socioeconomic status and HIV, as well as estimates and tests a series of multivariate models designed to highlight the distinct causal pathways that put higher SES women at increased risk of HIV.
In general, my results show that women with increased resources had higher rates of HIV, confirming results published elsewhere. Additionally, women with riskier sexual behaviors also presented higher rates of infection. Counterintuitively, however, women with increased knowledge of HIV, more domestic making authority, and access to health care all had higher rates of HIV infection.
Multivariate analysis revealed that the mechanisms of risk varied by socioeconomic status. For women in low socioeconomic group, what seemed to increase their risk was relative inequality (i.e. having a partner outside their socioeconomic bracket). Conversely, for women in the high socioeconomic group, their own sexual behavior seemed to account for their higher rates of HIV infection. What the results of this study indicated therefore was that the mechanisms of risk differed by SES and different approaches targeting each sub-group were needed to effectively combat the disease.
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Krause, Annelise Barreto. "Excesso de peso e sua relação com condições socioeconômicas da área de moradia de crianças assistidas por escolas públicas de educação infantil de Porto Alegre." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96222.
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INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo justifica-se, inicialmente, pela elevada prevalência de excesso de peso na infância em nosso país e por suas consequências a curto e longo prazo. Porto Alegre possui 34 escolas infantis com cerca de 4.000 crianças, que permanecem na instituição em turno integral. A grande maioria dessas escolas situa-se em locais de grande vulnerabilidade social e praticamente a totalidade das crianças reside próximo às escolas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre a prevalência de excesso de peso em pré-escolares de escolas públicas e condições socioeconômicas da região de localização das escolas. MÉTODOS: As medidas de peso e altura foram provenientes de avaliação antropométrica realizada em todas as crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas de educação infantil de Porto Alegre em 2011. O excesso de peso foi definido como índice de massa corporal para idade > 1 escore z das curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO, 2006). Os dados socioeconômicos da região de moradia (alfabetização e renda mensal) foram coletados do Censo IBGE 2010, definidos a partir do setor censitário onde se localiza a escola e todos os setores que o circundam. Análise multinível foi utilizada para verificar as associações entre o desfecho e as variáveis de exposição. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 3.756 crianças, com média de idade de 51,6 meses (dp = 16,4). A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 35,5%. Em nível individual, maior idade esteve associada a um efeito protetor, uma vez que a cada incremento de 12 meses de vida, as chances de IMC-para-idade acima do adequado foram 7% menores (RC ajustada = 0,93; IC 95% 0,89-0,98). Em relação à região de moradia, o incremento de ¼ de salário mínimo na renda per capita média da região esteve associado a um aumento de 7% nas chances de excesso de peso (RC ajustada = 1,07; IC 95% 1,03-1,11). CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo apresenta elevada prevalência de excesso de peso na população de crianças atendidas em escolas municipais de educação infantil, particularmente naquelas mais jovens e com maior renda. Assim, percebe-se a necessidade de planejamento de políticas públicas de educação alimentar infantil e familiar, promoção de aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável considerando aspectos socioeconômicos do território.INTRODUCTION: This study is justified due to the high prevalence of overweight in children in our country and its consequences in short and long term. Porto Alegre has 34 elementary schools with about 4,000 children, who remain in the institution fulltime. The vast majority of these schools are located in neighborhood of high social vulnerability and almost all children live near the school. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between socioeconomic conditions of the region of location of schools and the prevalence of overweight among preschool children in public schools. METHODS: Measurements of weight and height are from anthropometric measurements performed in all children enrolled in public child care centers in Porto Alegre in 2011. Overweight was defined as body mass index for age > 1 z score of the growth curves of the World Health Organization. The socioeconomic data of the region of residence (literacy and monthly income) were collected from the IBGE Census 2010, defined as the census tract where the school is located and the all the census tracts that surround it. Multilevel analysis was used to determine associations between the outcome and exposure variables. RESULTS: There were evaluated 3,756 children with an average age 31,6 months (SD 16.4). The prevalence of overweight was 35.5%. At the individual level, higher age was associated with a protective effect, once for each 12 months, 7% lower were the chances of being above appropriate BMI-for-age (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98). With regard to region of residence, the increment of 1/4 of minimum wage in average per capita income in the region was associated with a 7% increase in the odds of overweight (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 -1.11). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high prevalence of overweight in children enrolled in public schools in early childhood education, particularly those younger and with higher income. These results show the necessity of planning specific actions as public education policies for infant and family feeding, promotion of breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding.
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Lucas, Robyn Marjorie. "Socioeconomic status and health : exploring biological pathways /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060426.095241/index.html.
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Fletcher, Kimberly. "Socioeconomic Determinants of HIV Status in Kenya." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/366.
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The spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the greatest threats to stability and development in Kenya. The country's infection rate is estimated between seven and eight percent, making it one of the highest in the world. Several studies have been done that examine subpopulations such as truck drivers, sex workers, and migrants. However, to date there is little research that examines who, across the country, is contracting HIV. Kenya's 2003 Demographic and Health Survey includes data that make it possible to determine which groups have the highest odds of being infected. The question of who is contracting HIV in Kenya was examined using a structural violence framework. Proponents of the theory suggest that those marginalized for social or economic reasons in any society are at the highest risk of contracting infectious diseases. Because marginalization occurs in different spheres and to different degrees for men and women, only women were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used in analyzing the data, with HIV status entered as the dependent variable. While a few of the hypotheses suggested by structural violence were supported by the data, the theory did not provide an adequate explanation for who is contracting the disease. However, the findings do have practical implications regarding who to target when trying to slow the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Boyer, Zachary Alan. "Socioeconomic Status and Grit in Adolescent Students." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1597011838167245.
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Johnson, Lindsey A. "Socioeconomic Status and Prosperity Belief in Guatemala." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500191/.
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A popular belief in the exploding Pentecostal movement in the global South is the idea that if an individual has enough faith, God will bless them with financial prosperity. Although historically Pentecostalism has been identified as a religion of the poor, this study examines recent arguments that the current Pentecostal movement in Guatemala is a religion of the socially mobile middle and elite classes. Data from the Pew Forum on Religious and Public Life’s 2006 survey Spirit and Power: Survey of Pentecostals in Guatemala is used to conduct a logistic regression, in order to measure the effects of socioeconomic status on adherence to prosperity belief. Results suggest that, contrary to the current literature on Guatemalan Pentecostalism, prosperity belief is not necessarily concentrated among the upwardly mobile middle and upper classes, but rather is widely diffused across social strata, and in particular, among those that have lower levels of education. These findings have implications for the study of Pentecostalism in Guatemala and in the global South in general.
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Salguero, Carlos A. "Effects of Socioeconomic Status on the Health." Thesis, Kean University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10682535.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if any relationship exists between low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor physical health. Thirty (n = 30) participants ages 11 and 12 were chosen for this study. Fifteen participants (n = 15) were from the high SES group and fifteen participants (n = 15) were from the low SES group. Each student underwent a battery of tests that were conducted using TriFit 700. TriFit 700 is an interactive software that allows students to perform different physical tests for which they were assigned a score. The 4 different tests were the bicep curl test (strength), sit-and-reach test (flexibility), body composition assessment (body fat percent), and 1 mile walk/run test (cardiovascular assessment). After completion of these tests, each student was also assigned an overall health score. A MANOVA test was run to determine how the participants in the low SES category and the high SES category compared in each of the areas tested. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the strength category, the flexibility category, percentage of body fat category or the overall health score. This study did find, however, that a statistical significance exists between the two groups in the VO2 max category. The higher SES group outperformed the low SES group at p < .0083.
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Ghaed, Shiva Geneviève. "Subjective social status, socioeconomic status and health following acute coronary syndrome." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3303504.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 12, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-81).
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Polca, Melissa S. "Socioeconomic status and summer regression in reading performance." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1275050581.
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Kerr, Gillian. "Cerebrovascular diseases, vascular risk factors and socioeconomic status." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1892/.
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Cerebrovascular disease, has an enormous, and increasing, impact on global health. As well as causing clinical stroke, cerebrovascular disease is thought to be a major contributor to cognitive decline and dementia. Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with risk of stroke. Those in the lowest SES group are estimated to be at twice the risk of stroke compared to those in the highest SES group. Those with low SES may also have a more severe stroke and a poorer outcome. It is imperative that the extent and mechanism of this association is clarified. This thesis aims to determine if the association between SES and stroke is explained by a greater prevalence of traditional vascular risk factors amongst those of low SES. It also explains the link with a novel risk factor, poor oral health. Lastly it addresses the long-term cognitive outcome in older people at risk of vascular disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to establish if vascular risk factors explain the association between SES and stroke incidence / post-stroke mortality. This demonstrated that lower SES was associated with an increased risk of stroke and that a greater burden of vascular risk factors in those with low SES explained about 50% of the additional risk of stroke. However this meta-analysis could not clarify what vascular risk factors are most critical. Low SES was also associated with increased mortality risk in those who have a stroke although study results were heterogeneous and this link was not readily explained by known vascular risk factors. A prospective study of 467 consecutive stroke and transient ischameic attack (TIA) patients from three Scottish hospitals was undertaken with the aim of establishing whether those with low SES carry higher levels of vascular risk factors, have a more severe stroke and have equal access to stroke care services and investigations. Stroke / TIA patients with low SES were younger and more likely to be current smokers but there was no association with other vascular risk factors /co-morbidity. Those who had lower SES had a more severe stroke. The lowest SES group were less likely to have neuroimaging or an electrocardiogram although differences were not significant on multivariate analysis. There was however equal access to stroke unit care. A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of 412 stroke patients was conducted. The aim was to explore oral health after acute stroke and assess if poor oral health explains the association between SES and stroke. Dry mouth amongst acute stroke patients was very common, however there was no association between oral health and low SES. There was an association of dry mouth with pre-stroke disability and Urinary Tract Infection. There was also a link with oral Candida glabrata colonisation, although the clinical relevance of this is uncertain. In the acute phase after stroke there was no convincing association of dry mouth with dysphagia or pneumonia. Therefore there was no association between SES and poor oral health as measured in this study but oral health may still be part of the explanation of the association between SES and acute stroke and this needs further investigation. Vascular disease is an important contributor to cognitive decline and dementia. Low SES may be associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in later life and vascular disease may be a mediating factor. More effective prevention of vascular disease may slow cognitive decline and prevent dementia in later life, particularly in low SES groups. Lipid lowering with statins might be effective in preventing dementia but so far evidence from randomised control trials does not show benefit from statins in preventing cognitive decline and dementia. However the duration of follow-up in these trials was short and there may be benefit in the long-term. My aim was therefore to establish if long-term follow-up of the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) study was feasible. I found that it was feasible to follow-up 300 elderly survivors from the Scottish arm of the PROSPER study and the methods could be extended to the whole group. As expected nearly half of the PROSPER participants were dead. Additionally a large proportion of traceable participants had significant cognitive impairment. Smoking cessation, control of blood pressure and management of other vascular risk factors should be made a priority in areas of low SES. Additionally further research is needed to fully clarify the association between SES and stroke incidence. Avenues for exploration might include the possibilities of poorer access to effective stroke care, reduced uptake of care and poorer oral health in lower SES groups. In addition public health campaigns regarding smoking cessation should be directed at lower SES groups. I have shown that a large scale follow-up of the PROSPER participants is feasible and may determine new and novel risk factors for dementia and assess the long-term effect of a period of treatment with pravastatin.
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McFadden, Emily Charlotte. "Socioeconomic status and health : a prospective population study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608415.
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Polca, Melissa S. "Socioeconomic status and summer regression in reading performance." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1275050581.
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Xu, Yanmei. "Ethnicity and Psychological Distress among Latino Adults: Socioeconomic Status, Familism, and Generational Status." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1278986670.
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Kennedy, Mike. "Medical School Admissions Across Socioeconomic Groups: An Analysis Across Race Neutral and Race Sensitive Admissions Cycles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28440/.
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While the relationship between academic variables and admission into medical school has been well documented, the relationship between socioeconomic background and admission has not been extensively examined. In 2001, the Texas Legislature passed HB 1641, which allowed for the use of socioeconomic variables in the admission of graduate and professional school students. Additionally, the Grutter v. Bollinger decision in 2003 removed a prohibition on the use of race or ethnicity in the admission of students in the state of Texas. The study examined the role medical school admissions selectivity as it relates to the socioeconomic background during a race neutral admissions cycle in 2005 and a race sensitive admissions cycle in 2006. The results of data analysis found that in a race neutral admissions cycle socioeconomic background was a significant factor in the admission of applicants to medical school. However, it was not a significant factor for applicants from underrepresented minority groups. The analysis also found that socioeconomic background was a significant factor in the admission of applicants to medical school in a race sensitive admissions cycle as well. Finally, the study found that variances in selectivity led to differences in the socioeconomic makeup of entering students across different medical schools. From the data analyzed in this study, it can be argued admission to medical school is in agreement with the sociological literature in that parental socioeconomic status is positively related to academic opportunities for their offspring.
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Harwood, Gretchen Anne. "Nicotine dependence and socioeconomic status in hard core smokers." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149014851.
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Thunberg, Charlotta. "Socioeconomic Status and Depression among women in Stockholm County." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för hälsa och arbetsliv, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8419.
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This thesis investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status (by occupation) and self-reported depression among women in Stockholm County. A quantitative study was conducted based on secondary data from the 2006 Stockholm County Public Health Survey. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis through SPSS statistical package. Results showed that low socioeconomic status (by occupation) increased the risk of reporting depression among women in Stockholm County. In addition, the study found that the relationship was to some extent explained by income and marital status. However, further studies are warranted of the relation between socioeconomic status (e.g. education and income) and depression among women in the Swedish population but particularly in Stockholm County.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förhållandet mellan socioekonomisk status (efter ockupation) och själv-rapporterad depression bland kvinnor i Stockholms län. En kvantitativ studie genomfördes baserat på data från Stockholms läns folkhälsoenkät 2006. Data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och logistisk regressionsanalys med hjälp av det statistiska programmet SPSS. Resultatet visade att låg socioekonomisk status (efter ockupation) ökade risken för självrapporterad depression bland kvinnor i Stockholms län. Dessutom så fann studien att förhållandet kunde till viss del förklaras av inkomst och civilstånd. Men ytterligare forskning krävs för att undersöka förhållandet mellan socioekonomisk status (t.ex. utbildning och inkomst) och depression bland kvinnor i den svenska befolkningen, särskilt i Stockholms län.
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Gamm, Stephanie N. "Relationships among socioeconomic status, family relationships, and academic achievement." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1262.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
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Movahedi, Mohammad. "Socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer incidence by anatomical subsite." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413194.
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Lellock, John Slade. "Socioeconomic Status and Youth Participation in Extracurricular Arts Activities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24785.
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A growing amount of research finds that the accumulation of, investment in, and mobilization of certain cultural resources are significant predictors of children's advantageous social development in both institutional settings and interpersonal relationships. Several theories and empirical analyses illustrate the importance of children's leisure-time activities in the accumulation of valuable resources. These cultural resources confer advantages to children, especially in educational settings (e.g. teachers' perception of students, intellectual development, and academic outcomes) because these arenas are often key spaces for social mobility. However, few research studies attempt to empirically pinpoint the socioeconomic origins of children's cultural (dis)advantages. This notable gap in the research literature can be addressed by examining family-level predictors of the accumulation and transmission of these cultural resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between family-level socioeconomic status and children's participation in structured, extracurricular, arts-based activities as well as cultural performance attendance. Drawing on Bourdieu's (1984) concept of 'cultural capital' and Lareau's (2002; 2003) concept of 'concerted cultivation', this study explores whether or not socioeconomic status is a significant predictor of children's participation in extracurricular arts activities as well as attendance of cultural performances using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Child Development Supplement (CDS-II). I evaluate Lareau's class analysis and expand upon it by disaggregating the key dimensions of socioeconomic status and identifying which are the most salient for increased participation in arts-based activities among children in the United States context. I provide a detailed analysis and discussion of the nuanced relationships between socioeconomic status measures and youth participation in the arts.Master of Science
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Hua, Cassandra Leigh. "Childhood socioeconomic status and weight change in later life." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1554384334613957.
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Brandner, Kristine. "Socioeconomic status effects and implications for special education placement /." Online version, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004brandnerk.pdf.
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Cate, Jessica W. "Students to Computer Ratio, Socioeconomic Status, and Student Achievement." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3284.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between the students to computer ratio and 6th grade student achievement in Math and Reading during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 school years as compared by socioeconomic status at each of 562 schools in Tennessee. The independent variables in the study were the ratio of students to computer (low/middle/high), the change in ratio of students to computer from 2013-2014 to 2014-2015, and socioeconomic status (low/non-low). The dependent variables in the study were 6th grade mean Reading scores for 2014-2015, 6th grade mean Reading gain scores from 2013-2014 to 2014-2015, 6th grade mean Math scores for 2014-2015, and 6th grade mean Math gain scores from 2013-2014 to 2014-2015.
There was not a significant difference between the mean TCAP scores in Reading and Math and low, middle, or high technology schools. There was no correlation between the changes in ratios and TCAP Reading and Math scores. There was no significant difference between low, middle, and high technology schools as compared by their low or non-low SES. There was no significant difference in TCAP Reading or Math scores for low, middle, or high technology schools as compared by their low or non-low SES. There was no significant difference in the change in TCAP Reading and Math scores as compared by low, middle, or high technology and their low or non-low SES. There was no significant difference in TCAP Reading and Math achievement scores as compared by low, middle, or high technology in low SES schools. There was no significant difference in TCAP Reading and Math achievement scores as compared by low, middle, or high technology in non-low SES schools.
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Lockett, Shawn. "Maternal Socioeconomic Status and Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4650.
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There are more than 79 million people in the U.S. currently infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), with an estimated 14 million new infections annually. There is a lack of knowledge about the maternal socioeconomic influences and uptake of the HPV vaccine series. Infection with HPV can cause cervical cancer in women, and there are over 11,000 cervical cancer diagnoses in the U.S. responsible for 4000 deaths annually. Vaccination coverage to prevent HPV infection does not meet the Healthy People 2020 goals of an 80% vaccination rate in the U.S. In this study, associations were tested between maternal SES variables and uptake of the HPV vaccine in male and female adolescents ages 13-17 from 1,125 participants who lived within the estimation areas of New York City, New York and Houston, Texas in 2014. The health belief model was used as the theoretical framework for the study. This was a cross-sectional quantitative study using multiple logistic regression analysis of 4 maternal predictor variables. It was found that 3 of the variables (income, p > .05, education β = -.026, p > .05, and age β = -.096, p > .05) were not significantly related to uptake of the HPV vaccine series, whereas ethnicity was found to be significant (Non-Hispanic White β = .429, p = .029, Non-Hispanic Black β = .587, p = .002, and Non-Hispanic Other β = .586, p =.011). Hispanics were nearly 2 times more likely to be vaccinated than other groups. The potential social change implications of this research are that public health workers can use the findings to develop targeted interventions to increase HPV vaccination uptake and reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.
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Schaefer, Sara Elizabeth. "Association of acculturation & socioeconomic status with health status and nutrition behavior in adolescent females /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Hannah, Jo-Ann Shelley. "Socioeconomic status and the career plans of grade 12 girls." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26482.
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One hundred and sixty-nine Grade 12 girls completed a questionnaire on career plans. The questionnaire surveyed job choices, education, and family plans. The Self-efficacy Instrument was developed to measure self-efficacy for jobs of different prestige levels and gender compositions.
It was hypothesized that the girls' career plans would differ according to socioeconomic status (SES) background. Using Blishen and Carroll's (1978) socioeconomic status index to rate the occupations of the participants' parents, the girls were divided into three SES groups: high (N = 48), moderate (N = 51), and low (N = 70).
Analyses of variance and post hoc comparisons revealed that high SES girls differed from low SES girls in several aspects. High SES girls chose jobs at a higher prestige level, chose more nontraditional jobs, and planned to complete higher levels of education. On the Self-efficacy Instrument high SES girls expressed greater self-efficacy for high prestige jobs than did low SES girls. Moderate SES girls tended to be in between the two groups and did not differ significantly from either group. The differences in career plans according to SES background have implications for educators. Career programs designed to advance the status of women in the labour force have often encouraged girls to enter nontraditional jobs at the high prestige level. These programs may not be useful to low SES girls. Alternative programs are discussed in reference to the findings of the present study.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Djelouah, Reda. "Socioeconomic status and health-care utilisation in Canadians with asthma." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26891.
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Asthma emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization represent a great burden on the Canadian population in terms of morbidity and health expenditures. This thesis aims to understand the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on these outcomes.
This cross-sectional analysis of the NPHS 1996 Asthma Supplement was based on data from 1814 respondents with asthma. After controlling for various individual-level factors, measures of low SES (low education, low income and high unemployment) at the community level were strong predictors of increased risks of having at least one ED visit or having at least one hospitalization. At the household level, middle-income was associated with greater likelihood of hospitalization but not ED visits, whereas low education and unemployment were related to greater likelihood of ED visits. The relationship between ED visits or hospitalization and SES was not explained by more contacts with key primary health services. The greater use of ED visits among those with low household income was stronger in respondents reporting rare or no asthma symptoms as opposed to those with frequent or continuous symptoms. They may have altered symptom perception.
The independent association of area-level SES with hospital use among individuals with asthma needs further research to identify the specific factors that could be the basis of community-based interventions to improve asthma control.
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Hennebry, Jenna. "Gender, race and socioeconomic status attainment, assessing the double negative." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38294.pdf.
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Ing, Joan D. "Socioeconomic status, sense of coherence, and health in Canadian women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40152.pdf.
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Caro, Daniel H. [Verfasser]. "Family socioeconomic status and inequality of opportunity / Daniel H. Caro." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1023965313/34.
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Shackleton, Nichola Louise. "Socioeconomic inequalities in young children's weight status in the UK." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021655/.
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The high prevalence rates of child overweight and obesity within the UK is a serious problem, and one that has received a lot of attention from policy makers, researchers and the media. There is some evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in child overweight and obesity, with children in less advantaged socioeconomic groups at an increased risk of being overweight or obese. The nature of these inequalities is not well understood. Within this thesis I consider different aspects of socioeconomic status and their relationship with child overweight and obesity. There are three distinct strands of the investigation. Firstly, I consider whether socioeconomic inequalities in child overweight and obesity have changed over time. This is followed by two separate analyses of the relationship between obesity and overweight with parental income and education. I find evidence that socioeconomic inequalities in child overweight and obesity have widened over time, but only because of the relatively low increases in child overweight and obesity amongst children from the most advantaged families. I investigate whether there is an association between income and child overweight, and find that other parental characteristics, namely parental education, can explain correlations between familial income and child overweight and obesity. I find that father’s education has a stronger association with child overweight and obesity than does mother’s education, and that this is not solely because father’s education is a better predictor of the family’s financial and economic resources.
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Barnett, Kierra. "John Henryism, Socioeconomic Status and Health Behaviors among African Americans." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu157798346880613.
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Cook, Jennifer Michele. "Describing Counselors' Social Class and Socioeconomic Status Understanding and Awareness." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56672.
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Over the past 20 years, counseling professionals have become more committed to addressing multicultural competence and issues of diversity in order to respect and acknowledge the spectrum of worldviews clients represent. Race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and spirituality/religion are well-researched areas commonly included in counselor education courses. These courses allow counselors-in-training to examine their biases, beliefs, values, and worldviews about diverse populations, and develop applicable skills. However, far too often, social class and socioeconomic status are excluded from counselors' multicultural training, and similarly, often overlooked as an integral aspect of clients' culture (Liu, 2011; Smith, 2008). The current literature reveals that scholars have taken more interest in social class in the past decade, but none has explored counselors' social class awareness and understanding, two foundational aspects of multicultural competence. The purpose of this study was to describe counselors' social class understanding and awareness through qualitative methodology. Via semi-structured interviews, licensed counselors in the Commonwealth of Virginia described how they understood social class and socioeconomic status, their awareness about social class and socioeconomic status, and issues related to classism. Four themes emerged related to social class understanding and awareness: income/money, social class designations, social status, and the places people live. Three themes surfaced linked to socioeconomic status understanding and awareness: Income, education and financial stability. Two categories emerged with regard to classism: participants' classism experiences and participant demonstrations of classism during the interview process. Three themes arose related to participant demonstrations of classism during the interview process: class microaggressions, class misconceptions, and class privilege. Implications for counseling, counselor education, and supervision are discussed, study limitations are provided, and avenues for future research are considered.Ph. D.
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Cox, David E. "Socioeconomic status and media exposure as factors in empathic development." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0328101-225309/unrestricted/cox0416.pdf.
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Saint-Pierre, Hilaire. "Socioeconomic Status as a Predictor of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3258.
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While epidemiological research has generated new knowledge about the treatment and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through smoking secession, the socioeconomic status (SES) of people with the disease has been under investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the predictability of association between SES and COPD. This study was based on the ecological theory, which states that health and disease may have multiple underlying factors. This study was a secondary analysis of archived data from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). The dataset was collected for the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS)" study. Variables were measured at the nominal, ordinal, and continuous levels. In this cross-sectional quantitative analysis, logistic regression was used to inform the research questions. The results showed that neither education, income, nor occupation was a predictor of COPD. The logistic regression reported the significance of the predictability of education, income, and occupation to be Ï? = 1.000, Ï? = .498, Ï? = .581, respectively, with odd ratios and confidence interval of 1.007 (.987, 1.028), 1.018 (.948, 1.094), 1.429 (.684, 2.988). Neither education, income, nor occupation yielded a significant statistic value for a Ï? Ë? .05 or a p Ë? .01. These non-significant results regarding the relationship between the SES of a person and COPD reaffirmed that cigarette smoking remains the known determinant of the disease. The social implications of these research findings are that more stringent laws and mandates need to be enacted to discourage easy access to the proven determining factor of COPD: cigarettes smoking.
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Clinton, Christine. "Socioeconomic Status and Cancer Risks in Employer-Insured Cancer Survivors." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5616.
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Chronic illnesses such as cancer continue to be among the costliest for employers who provide health insurance to their employees. Despite efforts to incorporate health improvement programs in the workplace, there are concerns about the effectiveness of these programs that do not always deliver a positive return on investment. Little is known about the specific socioeconomic status of employees for whom these workplace health improvement programs are designed for. Guided by the social-ecological model, this study sought to understand the relationship between cancer health risks about socioeconomic factors among cancer survivors in the employer-insured population. Data were extracted from the 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for employer-insured individuals who identified as having been diagnosed with cancer at some point in their life (N = 7,007). A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the effect of household income, level of education, race/ethnicity of respondents on cancer health risks based on the American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention (ACS). The analysis of variance indicated that the overall model was significant (P < .05). College graduates had the highest level of compliance with requirement for cancer prevention; participants' adherence to the guidelines varied depending on their household income. This study may contribute to positive social change as it suggests that socioeconomic characteristics of employer-insured individuals, including health history, need to be taken into consideration in the development and implementation of worksite health improvement programs.
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Walker, Agnes Emilia. "Modelling the links between socioeconomic status and health in Australia : a dynamic microsimulation approach /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060127.120857/index.html.
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Mukherjee, Soumyadeep. "Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depression in the United States: the Role of Women’s Socioeconomic Status at the State Level." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2631.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to examine patterns of antenatal stressful life events (SLEs) experienced by women in the United States (U.S.) and their association with postpartum depression (PPD). It further explored the role of women's state-level socio-economic status (SES) on PPD; the racial/ethnic dispartites in SLE-PPD relationship; and the role of provider communication on perinatal depression.
Data from 2009–11 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) and SES indicators published by the Institute of Women’s Policy Research (IWPR) were used. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify unobserved class membership based on antenatal SLEs. Multilevel generalized linear mixed models examined whether state-level SES moderated the antenatal SLE-PPD relationship. Of 116,595 respondents to the PRAMS 2009-11, the sample size for our analyses ranged from 78% to 99%.
The majority (64%) of participants were in low-stress class. The illness/death related-stress class (13%) had a high prevalence of severe illness (77%) and death (63%) of a family member or someone very close to them, while those in the multiple-stress (22%) class endorsed most other SLEs. Eleven percent had PPD; women who experienced all types of stressors, had the highest odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.36, 5.51) of PPD. The odds of PPD decreased with increasing state-level social/economic autonomy index (aOR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.88), with significant cross-level interaction between stressors and state-level SES. Among non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites, husband/partner not wanting the pregnancy (aOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.90) and drug/drinking problems of someone close (aOR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.55) were respectively associated with PPD. Provider communication was protective.
That 1 out of every 5 and 1 out of every 8 women were in the high- and emotional-stress classes suggests that SLEs are common among pregnant women. Our results suggest that screening for antenatal SLEs might help identify women at risk for PPD. The finding that the odds of PPD decrease with increasing social/economic autonomy, could have policy implications and motivate efforts to improve these indices. This study also indicates the benefits of antenatal health care provider communication on perinatal depression.
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Lazzarino, A. I. "Mental stress, socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease : integrating socioeconomic circumstances into the paradigm of psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunology." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469494/.
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Background Mental stress is a recognized risk factor and trigger for heart disease. Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with morbidity and mortality, with low SES people having poorer health compared to their counterparts. I hypothesised that those two factors may interact with each other, so that when they are present simultaneously the total harmful effect is more than the sum of the two risk factors alone. Research aim My aim was to test whether lower SES interacts with mental stress and amplifies its effect on heart disease, so that the effect of mental stress on heart disease would be more pronounced in people from low SES backgrounds. Studies I carried out three studies. For my first study, I analysed data from a cross-sectional study involving about 500 disease-free middle/old-aged men and women drawn from the Whitehall II epidemiological cohort. I evaluated their salivary cortisol responses to standardized mental stress tests (exposure variable) and their cardiac troponin T plasma concentration (a marker of heart damage) using a high-sensitivity assay (HS-CTnT, outcome variable). I also used measures of coronary calcification levels using electron-beam dual-source computed tomography and Agatston scores. After adjustment for demographic and clinical variables associated with heart disease as well as for inflammatory factors, I found a robust association between cortisol response to mental stress and detectable troponin T (odds ratio [OR] =3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.5-9.4, P =0.005). The association remained when I restricted the analysis to participants without coronary calcification (n =222, OR =4.8; 95% CI =1.2-18.3; P =0.023) or when I further adjusted for coronary calcification in participants with positive Agatston scores (n =286, OR =6.2, 95% CI =1.9-20.6; P =0.003). In analyses stratified by SES, there was a trend showing that the lower the SES was, the higher the OR, although this trend was not significant (P >0.05). In my second study, I selected about 67,000 male and female participants from the Health Survey for England who were 35 years or older, free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline, and living in private households in England from 1994 to 2004. Selection used stratified random sampling (hence representative of the nation), and participants were linked prospectively to mortality records from the Office of National Statistics (mean follow-up, 8.2 years). Mental stress was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, and SES was indexed by occupational class. The crude incidence rates for heart disease and all-cause mortality of the cohort were 1.9 (95%CI =1.7-2.0) and 14.5 (95%CI =14.2-14.8) per 1,000 person-years. After adjustment for age and sex, mental stress was associated with increased mortality rates. In a stratified analysis, the association of mental stress with the outcomes differed with SES, with the strongest associations being observed in the lowest SES categories (the adjusted P values for interaction were 0.012 for all-cause mortality and 0.047 for heart disease mortality). My third study involved about 80,000 post-menopausal women selected from the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening study, who were followed up for about three years on average. Mental stress was measured using the hopelessness/helplessness index and incident heart disease was assessed using hospital electronic records. The overall incidence rate of hospitalisation for acute heart disease event was 2.7 per 1,000 person years (95% CI=2.5-3.0). The augmented incidence for people who experienced mental stress was higher in people of low SES, medium in people of medium SES, and lower in people of high SES (adjusted P value for interaction =0.013). Conclusion These studies suggest that the interaction between socioeconomic status and mental stress is associated with ischemic heart disease, in such a way that people in low socioeconomic circumstances are more vulnerable to the negative effects of mental stress. In other words, the harmful effect of mental stress for human cardiac health may be modified by socioeconomic position and rendered more deleterious for people from disadvantaged backgrounds. Further research is needed to disentangle the dynamics of this effect amplification.
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Schellekens, Melissa. "Socioeconomic status, academic self-concept and Indigenous status : Moderation effects on secondary school non-completion across policy contexts." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2022. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/6aa68468fb3166a16dcd2f1623ad8733305a7b8904afa76a204816c96fcaa224/2909207/Schellekens_2021_Socioeconomic_status_academic_self_concept_and.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Substantial inequities exist in the secondary school completion rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students internationally, and in Australia. This thesis aims to understand the interplay between key sociodemographic factors, including academic self-concept, socioeconomic status and Indigenous status, in predicting secondary school completion. While academic self-concept has been demonstrated to predict academic achievement, less evidence exists for academic self-concept in predicting school completion. Little research uses an intersectional approach to explore how sociodemographic contexts moderate this relation, particularly in Indigenous and low socioeconomic groups. This thesis addresses this lack of research using a systematic review (Study 1) and analyses of two large-scale representative and longitudinal datasets (Studies 2 & 3). Study 1 identified significant moderation effects between academic self-concept and a variety of educational outcomes. Moderation effects between academic self-concept, Indigenous status and socioeconomic status on school non-completion were pursued in Study 2, through multilinear regression analysis (n = 9378). Study 2 found the link between socioeconomic status and school non-completion to be significantly moderated by Indigenous status, controlling for academic achievement. Increased socioeconomic status for Indigenous students was not correlated with reduced school non-completion. Study 3 replicated the significant interaction effect of Indigenous status and socioeconomic status on school non- completion (n = 8759). Sampling occurred after increases to the compulsory school leaving age across Australia. Findings infer this policy reform improved school completion for Indigenous, low socioeconomic and low academic self-concept students. This thesis improves knowledge of educational inequity relating to school completion for Indigenous students and will assist in addressing that inequity.
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Jonsson, Martin. "Socioeconomic status and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest : A quantitative analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic status, incidence, and survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-102746.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND This thesis studies the relationship between area-level socioeconomic status and the incidence and 30-day survival of out of hospital cardiac arrest. The effect of socioeconomic status on health has been studied for over 150 years. Although cardiac arrest is a major public health problem there has been very little focus on socioeconomic status and out of hospital cardiac arrest. DATA AND METHODS The cardiac arrest data are obtained from the Swedish cardiac arrest registry. Data on age structure and percentage of immigrants is from SCBs total population registry and socioeconomic data come from SCBs LISA database. The incidence analysis is made in two steps. The first step calculates the age standardized incidence and the second step is an OLS analysis. For the survival analysis a logistic regression analysis is made to measure the probability of survival in different income areas. RESULTS For the socioeconomic status – incidence analysis the results from the OLS analysis suggest that the incidence is almost twice as high in the lowest income area. Intercept (Highest group) = 26.8 and <140 000 (lowest group) = 24.5. In the survival analysis (using a binary logistic regression analysis) there was a significantly lower OR for the lowest income group for all patients (OR= 0.521, p= 0.049) and for the sub group (patients 18-75 years old) there was a significant negative relationship for the two lowest groups. <140 000 (OR= 0.444, p= 0.032) and 140 000-159 000 (OR= 0.620, p= 0.046). CONCLUSION There is a significant relationship between living in a poor neighborhood and out of hospital cardiac arrest. Those living in poorer areas have both an increased incidence and lower chance of survival of out of hospital cardiac arrest.