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Arturo-Zarama, Daniela, and Freddy Eduardo Cante-Maldonado. "PROSTITUCIÓN Y DESIGUALDAD SOCIOECONÓMICA." Eleuthera, no. 16 (February 18, 2017): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/eleu.2017.16.5.
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Janmaat, Jan Germen. "Socio-Economic Inequality and Cultural Fragmentation in Western Societies." Comparative Sociology 7, no. 2 (2008): 179–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913308x289078.
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AbstractThis article examines the relation between socio-economic inequality and disparities of democratic values in Western societies. It discusses three perspectives on democratic attitudes and values – rising inequality, social capital, and postmaterialism – and explores to what extent cross-national patterns and trends in value disparities are in agreement with the predicted outcomes of these perspectives. Use is made of the World Value Survey and the European Value Study to explore these value disparities. The results do not provide unequivocal support for any of the three perspectives. The patterns on some values are in line with the rising inequality perspective, while those on others are consistent with the other two perspectives. Low and high incomes have come to drift apart on democratic values, which is what the rising inequalities perspective would expect. But these widening disparities are unrelated to socio-economic inequalities. It is proposed that socio-economic inequalities primarily affect mean levels of democratic values while individualism is the key factor producing value divergence.
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Mulaga, Atupele N., Mphatso S. Kamndaya, and Salule J. Masangwi. "Decomposing socio-economic inequality in catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures in Malawi." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): e0000182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000182.
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Reducing health inequalities and inequities is one of the key goals that health systems aspire to achieve as it ensures improvement in health outcomes among all population groups. Addressing the factors contributing to inequality in catastrophic health expenditures is important to reducing inequality in the burden of health expenditures. However, there are limited studies to explain the factors contributing to inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures. The study aimed to measure and decompose socio-economic inequality in catastrophic health into its determinants. Data for the analysis come from the fourth integrated household survey. Data for 12447 households in Malawi were collected from April 2016 to April 2017 by the National Statistical Office. The secondary analysis was conducted from June 2021 to October 2021. Catastrophic health expenditure was estimated as a proportion of households whose out-of-pocket health expenditures as a ratio of non-food consumption expenditures exceeds 40% threshold level. We estimated the magnitude of socio-economic inequality using the Erreygers corrected concentration index and used decomposition analysis to assess the contribution of inequality in each determinant of catastrophic health expenditure to the overall socio-economic inequality. The magnitude of the Erreygers corrected concentration index of catastrophic health expenditure (CI = 0.004) is small and positive which indicates that inequality is concentrated among the better-off. Inequality in catastrophic health expenditure is largely due to inequalities in rural residency (127%), socio-economic status (-40%), household size (14%), presence of a child under five years old (10%) and region of the household (10%). The findings indicate that socio-economic inequality in catastrophic health expenditures is concentrated among the better-off in Malawi. The results imply that policies that aim to reduce inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures should simultaneously address urban-rural and income inequalities.
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Purwanto, Joko. "Does a Rise in Income Inequality Lead to Rises in Transportation Inequality and Mobility Practice Inequality?" Social Inclusion 4, no. 3 (June 7, 2016): 110–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.485.
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Social and economic inequalities have sharpened in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. During this period, Europe has witnessed a rising unemployment rate, a declining wages for the least qualified workers, a slowing of income growth, and an increasing gap between the richest and the poorest. Based on the hypothesis of the relation between socio-economic condition and mobility behaviour, it is necessary to ask how these socio-economic inequalities manifest themselves in transportation: does a rise in income inequality lead to a rise in transportation inequality and mobility practice inequality? This question is particularly relevant today as some European countries are facing high socio-economic inequalities following the financial crisis that started in 2008. Using results from transport, car ownership and mobility surveys as well as household surveys from the Paris (Île-de-France) region between eighties and late nineties, this paper tries to answer this question. The results show how inequalities in transportation and mobility practice have decreased during the period in spite of an increase in income inequalities. We find that the evolution of socio-economic inequality, most specifically income inequality was simply one of the determining factors of the evolution of inequalities in transportation and mobility practice. In fact, the most important role in that evolution is not played by the evolution of income inequality but by the evolution of elasticity between transportation and income. Reducing the effects of this elasticity should be the main target of transport policies to diminish inequality in transportation and mobility practice.
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Akhtar, M. D. Azharuddin, Nadeem Ahmad, and Indrani Roy Chowdhury. "Measuring Socio-Economic Inequality in Self-Reported Morbidity in India: Decomposition Analysis." Review of Development and Change 25, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120916317.
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This paper assesses socio-economic inequalities in self-reported morbidities (SRMs) among households in India. Particularly, we addressed two questions. Is socio-economic-related inequality in SRMs significantly pro-rich or pro-poor? What are the major socio-economic and regional determinants contributing to inequality? This study is based on National Sample Survey 71st round (2014). We calculated equity ratio and concentration index (CI) to assess socio-economic-related inequality. Further, we applied probit regression and decomposition of CI to identify the major factors contributing to inequality. The finding suggests that SRMs and hospital admission have significantly pro-rich distribution, and accessibility to healthcare is a constraint against poor households. After adjusting the inequality, the unjust inequality due to socio-economic gradient is still found to be significant. Overall, income and regional differences are observed to be inflating factors, while education and insurance are observed to be deflating factors in socio-economic inequality in SRMs. High out-of-pocket expenditure with high proportion of transportation cost indicates high burden of accessing healthcare, which acts as a deterrent for poor in seeking healthcare. The government targets of investing 2.5 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product in the healthcare sector and running an ambitious programme like Universal Health Coverage are necessary efforts in the presence of income and health inequalities.
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Di Novi, Cinzia, Rowena Jacobs, and Matteo Migheli. "Smoking inequality across genders and socio-economic positions. Evidence from Italian data." Journal of Bioeconomics 22, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10818-020-09301-9.
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Abstract There has been a dearth of literature on smoking inequalities, in spite of its contribution to health inequalities. We exploit Italian individual-level data from repeated cross-sections of the annual household survey, “Aspects of Daily Life,” that was part of the Multipurpose Survey carried out by the Italian National Statistical Office (ISTAT) for the period 1999–2012 to identify the main socio-demographic characteristics that determine smoking inequalities. We use the Concentration Index to identify in which groups smoking is relatively more prevalent. We find that, among men, pro-rich inequality is driven by members of the lower socio-economic positions, while we observe the opposite for women. We encourage policymakers to address the issue of smoking inequalities, which the current policies have largely disregarded.
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von Fintel, Dieter, and Linda Richter. "Intergenerational transfer of health inequalities: exploration of mechanisms in the Birth to Twenty cohort in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (September 2019): e001828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001828.
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South Africa’s history of colonialism and Apartheid contributed to its extreme levels of inequality. Twenty-five years after the transition to democracy, socio-economic and health inequalities continue to rank among the highest in the world. The Birth to Twenty+ study follows a cohort born in urban Johannesburg in 1990 through their early lives and into young adulthood. Also known as ‘Mandela’s Children’, these ‘children of the ‘90s’ were the first generation to be raised in a democratic society, whose elected government implemented policies to achieve greater socio-economic and health equality. Correlating early life outcomes to those of their parents provides a baseline estimate of intergenerational transmission of historical inequality. Analyses of their early life course indicates the potential breakdown in inequality in the first generation. This paper provides an overview of empirical results on intergenerational change in socio-economic status and health during South Africa’s political transition. Access to infrastructural services improved, and poverty reduced following the rapid expansion of unconditional cash transfers mainly to children and pensioners. However, unemployment remained high and job discrimination continued. Inequalities in health follow similar patterns, and progress did not equate to convergence. Some catch-up physical growth occurred—both across groups and over time—but not sufficient to bridge cognitive inequalities. Socio-economic and health inequalities continued as the children of the ‘90s reached young adulthood. Based on knowledge of other transitions, it is likely that these inequalities will only start to break down in later generations, provided social and economic progress holds steady.
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Dr.B.Penchalaiah, Dr B. Penchalaiah, and Dr P. Sobha Dr.P.Sobha. "Socio-Economic Inequality and its Effect on Healthcare Delivery in India: Inequality and Healthcare." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/feb2014/95.
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Sunar, Lütfi, and Merve Akkuş Güvendi. "Noticing the Elephant in the Middle of the Room: Manifestation of Socio-Economic Inequalities in the World and Turkey." Journal of Humanity and Society (insan & toplum) 10, no. 4 (2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/m0615.
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Today the spotlights are over the problem of socio-economic inequalities. More people are having close attention to this phenomenon in the world and in Turkey. Because the economic transformation experienced in the last forty years triggers socio-economic inequalities to a great extent and creates different manifestations of the subject. Thus, the problem of socio-economic inequalities is subject to new research from different dimensions. Evaluation that monitoring inequalities through numerical indicators that give a general view, such as the gini coefficient, are not fully explanatory about the case. Because the gini coefficient provides a one-dimensional explanation and mostly obscures the different dimensions of the inequality. For this reason, calculations that make it possible to follow the contraction and expansion in different income groups within the country have started to be developed. This difference in assessment stems from the need to provide a framework for both the income status of different social groups and the changing social balances. This paper focuses the changes and variations in different income groups such as top 1 percent, middle income group and poor people. This paper offers a new framework for the assessment of socio-economic inequality by the analysis of the differentiation and change in these groups.
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Maden, Michelle. "OP79 A Meta-Framework To Inform Health Inequalities In Systematic Reviews." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001174.
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Introduction:Recent equity review guidance encourages reviewers to consider whether it is likely that their findings may impact on health inequalities. Much of the guidance assumes that health inequalities have either already been identified as the focus of the review, or that reviewers are able to recognize if and how health inequalities matter. However, our experience is that this is not necessarily true. Furthermore, theorizing if and how health inequalities matter is not normally integrated into the HTA review process. This presentation describes a novel approach to the development of a theory-led meta-framework to inform health inequality considerations in systematic reviews. The meta-framework aims to increase the usefulness of systematic reviews in informing and implementing changes to practice.Methods:Following the best-fit framework synthesis approach, a meta-framework was generated by ‘deconstituting’ concepts from theories relating to complex interventions and socio-economic health inequalities into a single framework. Feedback was sought from health inequality experts and reviewers.Results:Complex intervention theories identify four domains and key factors that may influence effectiveness; intervention design, implementation, context and participant response. Applying an equity lens, socio-economic health inequality theories identify key factors and mechanisms associated with these domains that may lead to differential effects across disadvantaged populations.Conclusions:The meta-framework has the potential to i) facilitate the identification and understanding of when, why and how interventions may impact on socio-economic health inequalities, ii) promote a theory-led approach to incorporating health inequalities in systematic reviews iii) help reviewers identify data to extract and inform a priori analysis on what factors are associated with differential effects, iv) help reviewers to decide whether it is likely that their review findings may have the potential for an intervention to indirectly widen or narrow socio-economic health inequalities, even when evidence of an impact in the primary research is lacking.
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Wulkotte, Elisa, and Kayvan Bozorgmehr. "Trends and Changes in Socio-Economic Inequality in Self-Rated Health among Migrants and Non-Migrants: Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis of National Survey Data in Germany, 1995–2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 8304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148304.
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Socio-economic inequalities in health may change over time, and monitoring such change is relevant to inform adequate policy responses. We aimed to quantify socio-economic inequalities in health among people with direct, indirect and without migration background in Germany and to assess temporal trends and changes between 1995 and 2017. Using nationally representative survey data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we quantified absolute and relative socio-economic inequalities in self-reported general health by calculating the slope (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) among each group and year (1995–2017) in a repeated cross-sectional design. Temporal trends were assessed using a GLM regression over the SII and RII, respectively. The total sample size comprised 492,489 observations, including 108,842 (22.23%) among people with migration background. About 31% of the population with and 15% of the population without migration background had a low socio-economic status. Socio-economic inequalities in health persisted in the group with migration background (1995 to 2017), while inequalities in the non-migrant population increased (SII: βTrend = 0.04, p < 0.01) and were on a higher level. The highest socio-economic inequalities in health were found among those with direct migration background (βSII, min = −0.23, p< 0.01; βSII, max = −0.33, p < 0.01). The results show that the magnitude and temporal dynamics of inequalities differ among populations with direct, indirect and without migration background. Monitoring systems can capture and investigate these inequalities if migrant populations are adequately integrated into the respective systems.
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Ahmed, Sofia. "Does Economic Geography Matter for Pakistan? A Spatial Exploratory Analysis of Income and Education Inequalities." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 929–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.929-953.
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Generally, econometric studies on socio-economic inequalities consider regions as independent entities, ignoring the likely possibility of spatial interaction between them. This interaction may cause spatial dependency or clustering, which is referred to as spatial autocorrelation. This paper analyses for the first time, the spatial clustering of income, income inequality, education, human development, and growth by employing spatial exploratory data analysis (ESDA) techniques to data on 98 Pakistani districts. By detecting outliers and clusters, ESDA allows policy makers to focus on the geography of socio-economic regional characteristics. Global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation have been computed using the Moran‘s I and the Geary‘s C index to obtain estimates of the spatial autocorrelation of spatial disparities across districts. The overall finding is that the distribution of district wise income inequality, income, education attainment, growth, and development levels, exhibits a significant tendency for socio-economic inequalities and human development levels to cluster in Pakistan (i.e. the presence of spatial autocorrelation is confirmed). Keywords: Pakistan, Spatial Effects, Spatial Exploratory Analysis, Spatial Disparities, Income Inequality, Education Inequality, Spatial Autocorrelation
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Barton, Karen L., Wendy L. Wrieden, Andrea Sherriff, Julie Armstrong, and Annie S. Anderson. "Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 16 (March 16, 2015): 2970–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015000361.
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AbstractObjectiveTo explore the association between diet and socio-economic position for 2007–2009 and investigate trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet between 2001 and 2009.DesignUK food purchase data (collected annually from 2001 to 2009) were used to estimate household-level consumption data. Population mean food consumption, nutrient intakes and energy density were estimated by quintiles of an area-based index of multiple deprivation. Food and nutrient intakes estimated were those targeted for change in Scotland and others indicative of diet quality. The slope and relative indices of inequality were used to assess trends in inequalities in consumption over time.SettingScotland.SubjectsScottish households (n 5020).ResultsDaily consumption of fruit and vegetables (200 g, 348 g), brown/wholemeal bread (17 g, 26·5 g), breakfast cereals (16 g, 27 g) and oil-rich (21 g, 40 g) and white fish (77 g, 112 g) were lowest, and that of total bread highest (105 g, 91·5 g) in the most deprived compared with the least deprived households, respectively, for the period 2007–2009. With regard to nutrients, there was no association between deprivation and the percentage of food energy from total fat and saturated fat; however, non-milk extrinsic sugar intakes (15·5 %, 14·3 %) and energy density (741 kJ/100 g, 701 kJ/100 g) were significantly higher in the most deprived households. The slope and relative indices of inequality showed that inequalities in intakes between 2001 and 2009 have changed very little.ConclusionsThere was no evidence to suggest that the difference in targeted food and nutrient intakes between the least and most deprived has decreased compared with previous years.
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Nunn, Alexander, and Daniela Tepe-Belfrage. "Social reproduction strategies: Understanding compound inequality in the intergenerational transfer of capital, assets and resources." Capital & Class 43, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 617–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816819880795.
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This article focuses on the way that households respond to ‘global pressures’ by adapting their social reproduction strategies (SRS). We understand social reproduction strategies to encapsulate the more or less consciously developed day-to-day and inter-generational responses to the social conditions that households confront and their own motivations and aspirations for the future. Yet, due to a range of extant inequalities of accumulated and dynamic resources – some of which are material and some of which are at once ethereal and embodied in the concrete labouring capacities of individuals – we argue that social reproduction strategies, and capacities to pursue them, differ widely. Differences are conditioned by positionality, access to information and the construction of ‘economic imaginaries’ as well as material resources. By looking at these different expressions of social reproduction strategies, we highlight how they reinforce macro-scale socio-economic pressures, creating what we term ‘compound inequality’ into the future. Compound inequalities result from different behavioural responses to socio-economic conditions, inequality and (perceived or real) insecurity, which have the potential to exaggerate inequality and insecurity into the future. Inequalities do not just arise from formal economic markets then but also from the realm of social reproduction.
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Dorofeev, Mikhail L. "Concept, Classification and Methodology for Measuring Socio-Economic Inequality: Problems and Solutions." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics, Sociology and Management 11, no. 5 (2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2021-11-5-148-159.
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Relevance. The challenges standing against the world economy because of the COVID-19 pandemic have required regulators to use unconventional financial policies to stimulate economic growth. This has had a certain impact on the dynamics of poverty and economic inequality. From this perspective, the topic is particularly relevant today and requires a large number of new questions to be answered. Research on socio-economic inequality involves many different terms and indicators, which are sometimes used incorrectly, creating some terminological and methodological confusion in the scientific discussion. In this regard, it is important to study all these theoretical problems and clarify the concept, classification of socio-economic inequalities, as well as issues related to the quality of data and its methods of assessment. The purpose of the work is to solve a number of theoretical and methodological problems related to the essence, classification and methodology of assessing the socio-economic inequality of households. Objectives: define the socio-economic inequality of households; propose a classification of types of socio-economic household inequality; justify the problem of completeness, quality and comparability of data in analysis and international comparisons of the level and dynamics of socio-economic inequality of households and suggest ways to solve it. Methodology. The study used methods of analysis, and synthesis of scientific papers and graphical analysis of statistical data. Results. the definition and classification of types of socio-economic inequality have been clarified; the problem of data quality, which makes it difficult to form an objective assessment of socio-economic inequality was justified: the problem of the complexity of international comparisons, going from the usage of different methodologies for assessing the subject of the study in different countries, is also justified. Conclusions. It is proposed to continue developing and enhancing the system of statistics and analysis of socio-economic inequality of households on the base of international standards and in closer international cooperation between countries, as this will allow to get a deeper understanding of economic inequality problem and the wok out adequate policies of state financial regulation.
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Shahaboonin, Faraaz, Oladipo Olalekan David, and Abigail Van Wyk. "Historic Spatial Inequality and Poverty along Racial Lines in South Africa." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.13803.
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South Africa faces many socio-economic challenges, which include sluggish economic growth, increasing unemployment rates, increasing inequality, and high poverty levels., This paper focused on examining how spatial inequality causes these socio-economic issues. The main thrust of the paper is to briefly investigate two major aspects, firstly the root cause of spatial inequality in South Africa, and secondly the impact that spatial inequality has on socio-economic indicators such as economic inequality, poverty, and employment levels. This research used a mixed methodology approach. Empirical research findings proved that apartheid policies contributed to high levels of poverty and inequality in South Africa. As the empirical results show, the existing inequalities in South Africa are predominantly based on a racial sub-group basis, which confirms the causal relationship with historic apartheid spatial policies enforced on a racial basis. Primary research findings depicted that the post-apartheid era is characterised by high poverty levels and huge inequality with the bulk of blacks exposed to diverse macro-economic challenges. Policy recommendation-wise, it was suggested that the government should continue to redress the systems of apartheid and use policies that help to eradicate poverty.
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Mehmood, Usman, Ephraim Bonah Agyekum, Salman Tariq, Zia Ul Haq, Solomon Eghosa Uhunamure, Joshua Nosa Edokpayi, and Ayesha Azhar. "Socio-Economic Drivers of Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence from BRICS." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 4614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084614.
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There is a need to implement efficient strategies to mitigate the challenges of climate change and income inequalities in developing countries. Several studies have been conducted to address the relationship among different econometric and environmental indicators of renewable energy (RE) but overlooked the relationship between RE and income inequalities. This study investigates the influence of the distribution of income on the RE in Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa (BRICS) between 1988 and 2017. The econometric (economic growth and trade), environmental, and institutional parameters are also integrated into the model. The outcomes reveal that reduced inequality in income distribution increases the consumption of RE. In contrast, CO2 emissions have a positive correlation with RE. The governments should implement environmentally friendly policies and increase the consumption of renewable energy in the future with regards to reducing environmental pollution. Furthermore, findings from the study indicate a positive effect on the reduction of corruption in renewable energy. This shows that institutional quality can affect the uptake of renewable energy. The study further identified that growth in a country’s economy decreases RE consumption, suggesting that these countries prefer fossil fuels to gain economic growth. The Granger causality results show that a bidirectional causality exists between income inequality and RE consumption. Bidirectional causality is observed between income distribution and CO2 emissions. The results from this study are important for policymakers to achieve sustainable development because fair income distribution and environmental quality are considered as two key factors for sustainable development. Strong institutions and control on corruption can bring sound social and economic gains. Therefore, fair distribution of income and strong institutional policies can increase RE consumption to achieve a clean environment.
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Dorofeev, M. "Classification of factors influencing the dynamics of household socio-economic inequality." Siberian Financial School, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386-2021-3-11-16.
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In 2020, the problems of socio-economic inequality began to noticeably gain popularity in the media and received another round of discussion in scientific literature. New socio-economic challenges again raise a number of old questions that have to be answered by regulators in the new reality. Among such issues are the question of understanding the true causes of changing socio-economic inequalities in the world. The article explores the issue of classification of possible causes and factors influencing the dynamics of socio-economic inequality. It is proposed to classify all causes and factors into two groups according to the criterion of financial mechanism setup: exogenous (financial mechanism stays unchanged) and endogenous (financial mechanism is reconfigured by regulator for some reason). Then we discuss the paradox of modern financial regulation and the prospect of changing the settings of the financial mechanism, and make some conclusions for regulators.
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Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Mansooreh Fateh, Neman Gorgani, and Akbar Fotouhi. "Mother's education is the most important factor in socio-economic inequality of child stunting in Iran." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 9 (September 4, 2013): 2010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002280.
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AbstractObjectiveMalnutrition is one of the most important health problems, especially in developing countries. The present study aimed to describe the socio-economic inequality in stunting and its determinants in Iran for the first time.DesignCross-sectional, population-based survey, carried out in 2009. Using randomized cluster sampling, weight and height of children were measured and anthropometric indices were calculated based on child growth standards given by the WHO. Socio-economic status of families was determined using principal component analysis on household assets and social specifications of families. The concentration index was used to calculate socio-economic inequality in stunting and its determinants were measured by decomposition of this index. Factors affecting the gap between socio-economic groups were recognized by using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method.SettingShahroud District in north-eastern Iran.SubjectsChildren (n 1395) aged <6 years.ResultsThe concentration index for socio-economic inequality in stunting was −0·1913. Mother's education contributed 70 % in decomposition of this index. Mean height-for-age Z-score was −0·544 and −0·335 for low and high socio-economic groups, respectively. Mother's education was the factor contributing most to the gap between these two groups.ConclusionsThere was a significant socio-economic inequality in the studied children. If mother's education is distributed equally in all the different groups of Iranian society, one can expect to eliminate 70 % of the socio-economic inequalities. Even in high socio-economic groups, the mean height-for-age Z-score was lower than the international standards. These issues emphasize the necessity of applying new interventions especially for the improvement of maternal education.
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Mayer, Karl Ulrich, and Michael Wagner. "Socio-Economic Resources and Differential Ageing." Ageing and Society 13, no. 4 (December 1993): 517–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001355.
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ABSTRACTThe Sociology and Social Policy Research Unit of the Berlin Aging Study focuses on four substantive areas: (1) life course antecedents and generational experiences, (2) later phases of the family life course, (3) action resources and social participation, and (4) economic situations and the provision of care. This paper reports results on the relationship between social and economic inequality and differential ageing, using the BASE multidisciplinary Intake Assessment (N = 360). The socio-economic position of older people is measured along three dimensions: economic resources, social status and prestige, and cultural status. Several ageing outcomes are considered, including functional physical health, cognitive functioning and mental health, overall subjective well-being, social autonomy and dependency. First, we show that old people as a group are neither socially nor economically homogeneous: very old women possess unusually low economic resources; and cohort differences in educational attainment are carried into old age. Second, cognitive functioning and mental health are positively correlated with socio-economic resources, while functional physical health is not. For women, socio-economic resources slightly affect overall subjective well-being, and are linked to the likelihood of living in a nursing home. We speculate that the wide availability of compulsory health insurance reduces social differentials in physical health and that these inequalities may determine who survives into old age.
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Olaosebikan, Oluwarotimi Oyeniyi, Kehinde Oluyemisi Faniyi, and Henry Muyiwa Babatunde. "Music and the Challenges of Socio-Economic Inequalities in Nigeria: ‘The Small People’s Anthem’ By Sẹ́gun Akinlolú as a Case Study." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.3.1.366.
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Popular music scholarship has tended towards romance, wealth accumulation. Adequate attention has not been paid to the contributions of popular music to fight against socio-economic inequalities of various forms in Nigeria. Inequalities of various forms are part of the realities of life across climes. However, challenges of socio-economic inequalities in Nigeria and other developing countries are particularly more problematic considering the ever-widening gap between the haves and have nots in these countries. While many of the advanced countries of the world have introduced several efforts to mitigate the effects of inequalities on their citizens through the introduction of social safety nets in the area of conditional cash transfer, housing and educational system, the same could not be said about Nigeria and other sub-Sahara countries. The introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of 1986 and the concomitant retrenchment of welfare services in Nigeria has since, exacerbated socio-economic challenges in the country. In addition to the efforts of the constituted governments at various levels in Nigeria, several attempts are also being made between the country and the developed countries of the world both at multilateral and bilateral levels to combat the problem of socio-economic inequalities. This study, therefore, employed archival and library methods of data collection to thematically analyzed the roles of music in combating the ever-increasing socio-economic inequalities in Nigeria, using Sẹ́gun Akinlolú’s music, ‘Small Peoples’ Anthem’ as a point of reference. The study concludes that awareness of the populace about the menace of socio-economic inequalities and their various forms remains inadequate among Nigerians. Improved advocacy and deliberate government actions are viewed as a panacea to the problem of inequality in the country.
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Davydov, Ilkhom, Anastasia Nikolskaya, Galina Podbiralina, Nikolay Mrochkovsky, and Oksana Chuvilova. "Socio-economic inequality and altruism." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 55 (October 10, 2022): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.55.07.32.
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The article addresses the attitudes to inequality in the Russian society depending on the role of the individual in a reference group. It is shown that people are ready to accept significant income inequality if they believe that the income is well earned. No correlation was found between subjective well-being and inequality. The vast majority of people compare themselves with friends, neighbours and relatives. The next most important reference group is colleagues, followed by celebrities. The rejection of representatives of lower social classes is negatively correlated with life satisfaction. At the same time, the respondents expressed willingness to build a society where, having due means, people would organise help to those who cannot provide for themselves.
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García-Goñi, Manuel, Alexandrina P. Stoyanova, and Roberto Nuño-Solinís. "Mental Illness Inequalities by Multimorbidity, Use of Health Resources and Socio-Economic Status in an Aging Society." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020458.
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Background: Mental illness, multi-morbidity, and socio-economic inequalities are some of the main challenges for the public health system nowadays, and are further aggravated by the process of population aging. Therefore, it is widely accepted that health systems need to focus their strategies for confronting such concerns. With guaranteed access to health care services under universal coverage in many health systems, it is expected that all services be provided equally to patients with the same level of need. Methods: In this paper, we explore the existence of inequalities in the access to services of patients with mental illness taking into account whether they are multimorbid patients, their socioeconomic status, and their age. We take advantage of a one-year (2010–2011) database on individual healthcare utilization and expenditures for the total population (N = 2,262,698) of the Basque Country. Results: More comorbidity leads to greater inequality in prevalence, being the poor sicker, although with age, this inequality decreases. All health services are more oriented towards greater utilization of the poor and sicker, particularly in the case of visits to specialists and emergency care. Conclusions: Mental health inequalities in prevalence have been identified as being disproportionally concentrated in the least affluent areas of the Basque Country. However, inequalities in the utilization of publicly-provided health services present a pro-poor orientation. As this region has adopted a system-wide transformation towards integrated care, its mental health delivery model offers excellent potential for international comparisons and benchlearning.
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García-Goñi, Manuel, Alexandrina P. Stoyanova, and Roberto Nuño-Solinís. "Mental Illness Inequalities by Multimorbidity, Use of Health Resources and Socio-Economic Status in an Aging Society." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020458.
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Background: Mental illness, multi-morbidity, and socio-economic inequalities are some of the main challenges for the public health system nowadays, and are further aggravated by the process of population aging. Therefore, it is widely accepted that health systems need to focus their strategies for confronting such concerns. With guaranteed access to health care services under universal coverage in many health systems, it is expected that all services be provided equally to patients with the same level of need. Methods: In this paper, we explore the existence of inequalities in the access to services of patients with mental illness taking into account whether they are multimorbid patients, their socioeconomic status, and their age. We take advantage of a one-year (2010–2011) database on individual healthcare utilization and expenditures for the total population (N = 2,262,698) of the Basque Country. Results: More comorbidity leads to greater inequality in prevalence, being the poor sicker, although with age, this inequality decreases. All health services are more oriented towards greater utilization of the poor and sicker, particularly in the case of visits to specialists and emergency care. Conclusions: Mental health inequalities in prevalence have been identified as being disproportionally concentrated in the least affluent areas of the Basque Country. However, inequalities in the utilization of publicly-provided health services present a pro-poor orientation. As this region has adopted a system-wide transformation towards integrated care, its mental health delivery model offers excellent potential for international comparisons and benchlearning.
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Adamyk, Viktoriia. "Socio-economic inequality in the national and global spotlight: a contemporary view on the issue." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(91) (January 1, 2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.01.102.
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The article discusses the main aspects and forms of socio-economic inequality in today’s world, such as: wealth and income inequality, gender inequality, life-level and life-quality gaps between rural and urban people and workers from various branches of the national economy, educational inequality and poverty, inequality on the labour market, wealth inequality by age, digital inequality and stratification. It is emphasized that socio-economic inequality and polarization in any economic system, both national and global ones, occur due to objective factors and have positive (stimulating) effects. Clearly, it is not proper to measure inequality only by using traditional indicators, namely, GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, Kaitz index, etc., because they do not make it possible to reveal all the forms and threats under the conditions of current political and geo-economic transformations. The integral indices have been characterized through which socio-economic gaps can be assessed for qualitative parameters, including the Social Progress Index, the Quality of Life Index, and the Inclusive Development Index as the most complete and suitable tool for identifying inequalities at the national and global levels. The author has established the fact that wealth and income inequality is an essential but not the only aspect of inequality in today’s world, and that all forms of inequality are linked by cause-and-effect relationships. The research paper provides a partial comparison and an analysis of the current state in Ukraine (by forms of inequality). It is pointed out that in recent years the issues of educational inequality and digital stratification have been among the main threats for the future socio-economic development. Overcoming the challenges will be possible through national and international poverty alleviation policies, aimed at increasing the inclusive development of the world’s economies and leveling the activities of extractive institutions.
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Sermagambet, Umit, Zaira Satpayeva, Gulzhyhan Smagulova, Wieslaw Urban, and Raikul Yessenzhigitova. "Socio-economic inequality in Kazakhstani regions: Assessment and impact on regional development management." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.39.
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Excessive differentiation of socio-economic development of regions leads to the collapse of a single socio-economic space and the emergence of socio-economic inequality. This study assessed socio-economic inequality in Kazakhstan and its impact on regional development management. It analyzed interregional disproportion of socio-economic development of regions through the index approach using statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics for 2011–2019. A comprehensive study of the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan and its regional differences employed the proposed index of social and economic development. It was revealed that Kazakhstan has a high level of interregional differentiation of socio-economic development, which indicates the existing socio-economic inequality, requiring the development of new and improvement of existing mechanisms to create an inclusive economy. There are significant gaps in socio-economic development between Kazakhstani regions. According to the proposed index, Kazakhstan is at the above-average level (42, B). From 2011 to 2019, the index was practically at the same level (39-42). The average social and economic development was shown by Almaty (61.1, B++), Nur-Sultan (59.9, B+), Karaganda (53.1, B+), and East Kazakhstan (51.0, B+). Low social and economic development was shown by Akmola (29.8, C+) and North Kazakhstan (22.4, C+). The difference in the socio-economic development of the regions is directly interconnected with the regional economic and social policy. According to the results, to implement state policy in inclusive development and overcome socio-economic inequality, respective measures should promote economic integration, including the mechanisms of regional, industrial, and research policy, comprising all levels of state regulation. AcknowledgmentsThis study is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the project “The science impact on Kazakhstan’s socio-economic development: methodology, assessment models and development scenarios” (IRN AP08052745).
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MANGALORE, ROSHNI, MARTIN KNAPP, and RACHEL JENKINS. "Income-related inequality in mental health in Britain: the concentration index approach." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 7 (January 4, 2007): 1037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170600969x.
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Background. Reduction of health inequalities is a major policy goal in the UK. While there is general recognition of the disadvantaged position of people with mental health problems, the extent of inequality, particularly the association with socio-economic characteristics, has not been widely studied. We aimed to measure income-related inequality in the distribution of psychiatric disorders and to compare with inequality in other health domains.Method. The concentration index (CI) approach was used to examine income-related inequality in mental health using data from the Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 for Britain.Results. There is marked inequality unfavourable to lower income groups with respect to mental health disorders. The extent of inequality increases with the severity of problems, with the greatest inequality observed for psychosis. Income-related inequality for psychiatric disorders is higher than for general health in the UK. Standardized CIs suggest that these inequalities are not due to the demographic composition of the income quintiles.Conclusions. Income-related inequalities exist in mental health in Britain. As much of the observed inequality is probably due to factors associated with income and not due to the demographic composition of the income quintiles, it may be that these inequalities are potentially ‘avoidable’.
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Veisani, Yousef, Shahab Rezaeian, Fathola Mohamadian, and Ali Delpisheh. "Inequalities in common mental disorders between advantaged and disadvantaged groups: an Oaxaca – Blinder decomposition analysis on socio-economic factors." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 13, no. 4 (June 27, 2020): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-12-2019-0089.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the socio-economic factors of inequalities in common mental disorders (MDs) between advantaged and disadvantaged groups and also to determine the main contributors of inequality. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016–2017. The authors included 763 persons by stratified cluster sampling; clusters were cities, geographical area and households. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to estimate of main inequalities determinant between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Findings Overall prevalence of MDs was 22.6 and 35.6% in the advantage and disadvantaged groups, respectively. The concentration index was −0.013 [95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): −0.022, −0.004]; therefore, MDs were more concentrated in the deprived group. The risk of MDs in deprived group and females was 81 and 60% higher than advantaged group (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.57) and males (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.24), respectively. Educational status [−0.06 (95% CI: −0.10, −0.01)] was the highest level of contribution in inequality in gaps between groups. Originality/value The socio-demographic inequality in MDs among adult population was more explained by lower educational level, married persons and unemployment variables.
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Braimah, Mohammed Kamarideen, and Gregory Titigah Titigah. "The Effects of Covid 19 on Workers and Its Implications on Socio-Economic Inequalities in Ghana." International Journal of Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhs.1187.
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Purpose: The novel coronavirus has caused havoc to the various economies throughout the world with Ghana, not an exception. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the various institutions and sectors in Ghana particularly the effects on Ghanaian workers and its implications on inequalities in Ghana be studied.
Methodology: The paper adopted a qualitative research approach and used discourse analysis of secondary data obtained from sources such as journal articles, online news articles, newspaper publication and other internet sources. The study is hinged on the institutional theory.
Findings: The findings indicated that the outbreak of the pandemic have brought negative consequences to the workers of the country. These consequences are loss of jobs, reduced income and source of livelihoods.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The policies implemented by the government of Ghana to curtail the spread of the virus have rather exacerbated the already troubling inequality situation in the country. There is also a widening gender inequality, income and poverty inequality, employment inequality, and inequality in the access to education between the vulnerable and less vulnerable in Ghanaian society.
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Karaalp-Orhan, Hacer Simay. "Regional Disparities in Turkey: A Socio-Economic Perspective." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p103.
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Economic development, for any country, is one of the most important objectives to be achieved. However, development cannot be realized in all regions and provinces of a county at the same time and speed. Turkey also struggles against a persistent economic development problem among regions in east-west and coast-inland for many years. This study aims to analyze the regional inequalities in Turkey under the scope of economic, demographic and social indicators from 2007 to the latest data. The results indicate that TR-10 Istanbul is the engine region of Turkey in terms of industrialization and development with the highest contribution (31%) based on service and industry sectors, to the gross value added. Other industrialized regions are the Aegean region where localization economies mainly dominated and the East Marmara and TR51-Ankara regions where urbanization economies operated in. Agricultural activities heavily concentrated in Aegean, Antalya, Konya and Şanlıurfa regions. In these regions, participation in the labour market is also very high. However, the highest income inequality and poverty is also found in TR10, TR62 and TR21 regions. The less developed region is the Southeast Anatolian region in terms of low income, education, health and high unemployment, young population and immigration rates. Keywords: Regional disparities, regional development, socio-economic indicators, Turkey
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Anushree, K. N., and S. Madheswaran. "Inequalities in Health Outcomes: Evidence from NSS Data." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063418822567.
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Health is a systemic entity and inequalities in health outcomes not only limit an individual’s potential to contribute to the economy but also inhibits one from living one’s life to the fullest potential, affecting one’s own well-being and social welfare at large. The purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of inequalities in health outcomes and to explain the contribution of different factors to the overall inequality. Using the data of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds for the analysis, the health outcome of interest was self-reported morbidity captured in the survey with 15 days recall period. Socio-economic status was measured by per capita monthly expenditure, and the concentration index is used as a measure of socio-economic health inequalities and is decomposed into its contributing factors. Our findings show that high-level inequalities in self-reported morbidity were largely concentrated among wealthier groups in India. On the other hand, even though the inequalities in self-reported morbidity were more among the wealthier groups for Karnataka, yet the magnitude of inequalities in reported morbidity was low for both the years. Decomposition analysis shows that inequalities in reported morbidity are particularly associated with demographic, economic and geographical factors.
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VOEYKOV, M. I., and G. V. ANISIMOVA. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY: THE RUSSIAN TRENDS." RUSSIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, no. 1 (2017): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2017.01.04.
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Schakel, Wouter, and Armen Hakhverdian. "Ideological congruence and socio-economic inequality." European Political Science Review 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773918000036.
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This study examines whether or not political representation in the Netherlands is biased toward the rich and higher educated by comparing the political orientations of members of parliament to those of the electorate. The analyses reveal stark differences in the representation of different socio-economic groups. The political views of elected national representatives are far more similar to those of rich, higher educated citizens than to those with less income and education. Moreover, a longitudinal analysis reveals that inequalities in political representation have actually grown in recent years. We also show that the use of measures of ideological self-identification might to lead to highly misleading results regarding the nature of political representation as opposed to the use of issue items. We conclude that, despite a highly proportional electoral system, the views which are represented in the Dutch lower house of parliament contain major distortions of the views of the broader electorate.
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Baru, Rama V. "Epidemics as Markers of Socio-economic Inequalities." History and Sociology of South Asia 6, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223080751100600104.
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Yaya, Sanni, Betregiorgis Zegeye, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, and Gebretsadik Shibre. "Regional variations and socio-economic disparities in neonatal mortality in Angola: a cross-sectional study using demographic and health surveys." Family Practice 37, no. 6 (August 15, 2020): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmaa083.
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Abstract Background Inequalities in neonatal mortality rates (NMRs) in low- and middle-income countries show key disparities at the detriment of disadvantaged population subgroups. There is a lack of scholarly evidence on the extent and reasons for the inequalities in NMRs in Angola. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the socio-economic, place of residence, region and gender inequalities in the NMRs in Angola. Methods The World Health Organization Health Equity Assessment Toolkit software was used to analyse data from the 2015 Angola Demographic and Health Survey. Five equity stratifiers: subnational regions, education, wealth, residence and sex were used to disaggregate NMR inequality. Absolute and relative inequality measures, namely, difference, population attributable fraction (PAF), population attributable risk (PAR) and ratio, were calculated to provide a broader understanding of the inequalities in NMR. Statistical significance was calculated at corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings We found significant wealth-driven [PAR = −14.16, 95% corresponding interval (CI): −15.12, −13.19], education-related (PAF = −22.5%, 95% CI: −25.93, −19.23), urban–rural (PAF = −14.5%, 95% CI: −16.38, −12.74), sex-based (PAR = −5.6%, 95% CI: −6.17, −5.10) and subnational regional (PAF = −82.2%, 95% CI: −90.14, −74.41) disparities in NMRs, with higher burden among deprived population subgroups. Conclusions High NMRs were found among male neonates and those born to mothers with no formal education, poor mothers and those living in rural areas and the Benguela region. Interventions aimed at reducing NMRs, should be designed with specific focus on disadvantaged subpopulations.
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Pukhaeva, A., and E. Miroshina (Silantieva). "Does Social Inequality Stimulate the Economic Growth? (On the examples of the chosen developing countries)." Review of Business and Economics Studies 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2018-6-1-43-55.
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The article critically examines the concept of social inequality, and suggests ways to determine it against the background of a wide range of factors that determine inequality among the richest and poorest countries. It also summarizes the inequalities between the three groups of countries by comparing some macroeconomic indicators of socio-economic inequality. We then checked for a linear relationship between the two quantitative variables. Using World Bank data and Reports of the United Nations on human development, we conducted an analysis of individual countries taken from three groups of countries (a total of thirty countries), for the period from 1990 to 2017. After a statistical analysis, we proved that inequality slows down economic growth.
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Wen, Jie, and Clem Tisdell. "Spatial Distribution of Tourism in China: Economic and other Influences." Tourism Economics 2, no. 3 (September 1996): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669600200303.
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Using cross sectional data, the spatial distribution of inbound tourism to China is compared with that of the distribution of socio-economic variables such as GDP, population and GDP per capita. Spatial inequality of tourism based both on demand- and supply-side indicators is shown to be much greater than for that of the socio-economic variables and appears to reinforce the regional inequalities generated by the latter. This is evident from the Gini coefficients. Furthermore, the disparity of the concentration of tourism in the coastal region of China compared to the inland is much greater than that on the economics side. Factors which may help to generate this inequality in tourism are identified. The scope for ecotourism to decentralize tourism in China is briefly discussed.
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Lorant, Vincent, Anton E. Kunst, Martijn Huisman, Giuseppe Costa, and Johan Mackenbach. "Socio-economic inequalities in suicide: A European comparative study." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 1 (July 2005): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.1.49.
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BackgroundSocial factors have been shown to be predictors of suicide. It is not known whether these factors vary between countries.AimsTo present a first European overview of socio-economic inequalities in suicide mortality among men and women.MethodWe used a prospective follow-up of censuses matched with vital statistics in ten European populations. Directly standardised rates of suicide were computed for each country.ResultsIn men, a low level of educational attainment was a risk factor for suicide in eight out often countries. Suicide inequalities were smaller and less consistent in women. In most countries, the greater the socio-economic disadvantage, the higher is the risk of suicide. The population of Turin evidenced no socio-economic inequalities.ConclusionsSocio-economic inequalities in suicide are a generalised phenomenon in western Europe, but the pattern and magnitude of these inequalities vary between countries. These inequalities call for improved access to psychiatric care for lower socio-economic groups.
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Afshar, Nina, Dallas R. English, and Roger L. Milne. "Factors Explaining Socio-Economic Inequalities in Cancer Survival: A Systematic Review." Cancer Control 28 (January 1, 2021): 107327482110119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748211011956.
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Background: There is strong and well-documented evidence that socio-economic inequality in cancer survival exists within and between countries, but the underlying causes of these differences are not well understood. Methods: We systematically searched the Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases up to 31 May 2020. Observational studies exploring pathways by which socio-economic position (SEP) might causally influence cancer survival were included. Results: We found 74 eligible articles published between 2005 and 2020. Cancer stage, other tumor characteristics, health-related lifestyle behaviors, co-morbidities and treatment were reported as key contributing factors, although the potential mediating effect of these factors varied across cancer sites. For common cancers such as breast and prostate cancer, stage of disease was generally cited as the primary explanatory factor, while co-morbid conditions and treatment were also reported to contribute to lower survival for more disadvantaged cases. In contrast, for colorectal cancer, most studies found that stage did not explain the observed differences in survival by SEP. For lung cancer, inequalities in survival appear to be partly explained by receipt of treatment and co-morbidities. Conclusions: Most studies compared regression models with and without adjusting for potential mediators; this method has several limitations in the presence of multiple mediators that could result in biased estimates of mediating effects and invalid conclusions. It is therefore essential that future studies apply modern methods of causal mediation analysis to accurately estimate the contribution of potential explanatory factors for these inequalities, which may translate into effective interventions to improve survival for disadvantaged cancer patients.
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Irwin, Sarah. "Lay Perceptions of Inequality and Social Structure." Sociology 52, no. 2 (August 23, 2016): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038516661264.
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Lay perceptions of social structure and economic distribution have a particular salience in the current era of widening inequalities which has characterised Britain since the 1980s. Research into subjective beliefs has generated puzzles: people underestimate the extent of inequalities, see themselves as being situated ‘near the middle’ irrespective of their objective position, and allegedly hold an a-social view of the underpinnings of socio-economic inequalities. This article presents a new qualitative analysis of lay perceptions of inequality. It does so with a particular focus on context, biographical experience and social change. The qualitative and temporal perspectives reveal that people are more sophisticated analysts of social process, and of their own situatedness within the wider social structure, than often thought. This has implications for sociological understanding but also holds relevance for renewing political options for intervention. Additionally, the evidence offers insights into lived experiences of inequality through a period of significant restructuring.
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Colleran, Heidi, Grazyna Jasienska, Ilona Nenko, Andrzej Galbarczyk, and Ruth Mace. "Fertility decline and the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20150287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0287.
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In the course of demographic transitions (DTs), two large-scale trends become apparent: (i) the broadly positive association between wealth, status and fertility tends to reverse, and (ii) wealth inequalities increase and then temporarily decrease. We argue that these two broad patterns are linked, through a diversification of reproductive strategies that subsequently converge as populations consume more, become less self-sufficient and increasingly depend on education as a route to socio-economic status. We examine these links using data from 22 mid-transition communities in rural Poland. We identify changing relationships between fertility and multiple measures of wealth, status and inequality. Wealth and status generally have opposing effects on fertility, but these associations vary by community. Where farming remains a viable livelihood, reproductive strategies typical of both pre- and post-DT populations coexist. Fertility is lower and less variable in communities with lower wealth inequality, and macro-level patterns in inequality are generally reproduced at the community level. Our results provide a detailed insight into the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality that accompany DTs at the community level where peoples' social and economic interactions typically take place. We find no evidence to suggest that women with the most educational capital gain wealth advantages from reducing fertility, nor that higher educational capital delays the onset of childbearing in this population. Rather, these patterns reflect changing reproductive preferences during a period of profound economic and social change, with implications for our understanding of reproductive and socio-economic inequalities in transitioning populations.
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Listl, S. "Inequalities in Dental Attendance throughout the Life-course." Journal of Dental Research 91, no. 7_suppl (June 14, 2012): S91—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034512447953.
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The purpose of this study was to identify socio-economic inequalities in regular dental attendance throughout the life-course. The analyses relied on data from SHARE (waves 1 to 3 of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe), which includes retrospective information on life-course dental attendance of 26,525 persons currently aged 50 years or greater from 13 European countries (Austria, Poland, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, the Czech Republic, France, Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, and Sweden). Inequalities in dental attendance were assessed by means of Concentration Indices. Socio-economic disparities in regular dental attendance were identified as early as childhood. Moreover, higher educational attainment resulted in increased probabilities of regular dental attendance throughout subsequent life-years in all nations. In most countries, inequality levels remained relatively inelastic throughout the life-course. These findings suggest that a considerable proportion of inequalities in dental care use is already established at childhood and persists throughout the life-course.
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Kangas, Olli, and Jenni Blomgren. "Socio-economic differences in health, income inequality, unequal access to care and spending on health: A country-level comparison of Finland and 16 other European countries." Finnish Journal of Social Research 7 (December 15, 2014): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110723.
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In all countries, there are differences in health between socio-economic groups. In Finland those health differences are comparatively large. Why there is such wide cross-national variation in relative health differences between socio-economic groups remains an unanswered question. One brand of explanations links health outcomes to income inequalities. The other brand of explanations emphasizes the role of health care systems and unequal access to health care. The latter explanation has dominated the Finnish debate, which is motivated by the fact that the OECD has classified the Finnish health care system as one of the most unequalizing in the industrial countries. A third set of explanations argues that health outcomes are related to the size of the health budget. In this article, we focus on socio-economic differences in selfassessed health. We ask how strongly socio-economic health differences are linked to income inequalities (H1), how satisfactorily the characteristics of health care systems explain these differences (H2), and what the relative role of the health budget is (H3). The comparisons show that the socio-economic health differences among 17 European countries are more strongly associated to the health budget (H3) than to the features of health care systems (H2) or income inequality (H1). However, these two explanations also get qualified support— but bigger seems to be better.
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Merzlykov, Andrey, and Vladimir Bogdanov. "On the study of sociological and managerial aspects of the regulation of social inequalities in the regions of Russia." Vestnik instituta sotziologii 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2022.13.4.853.
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The proposed article is of a staging, problem-oriented nature and is part of the work on the implementation of the research work &quot;Social modelling of regional inequalities and ways to overcome them in the context of interregional and federative relations.”
The focus is on the problem of adjustability of socio-economic and socio-cultural inequalities. The genesis of the problem and some forms of manifestation of social inequality in the course of the transformational processes of modern Russian society are analysed. Methodological grounds for studying the controllability of inequalities are presented. The authors have developed a programme of sociological research that includes the formulation of the problem, the definition of the object and subject of research. The key goal and main research tasks are outlined, the choice of methods for collecting and analysing empirical data is substantiated, and the requirements for the selection of empirical research objects are described.
The main idea of the general study is to assess the state of regulation of socio-economic and socio-cultural inequalities that has developed in the regions of our country, as well as to discover the possible dependence of this state on the effectiveness of the management system in the region. Based on this assessment, it is planned to develop in future proposals for improving political and administrative mechanisms aimed at increasing the controllability of social inequalities.
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Rakowski, Witold. "Inequalities in socio-economic development in the world." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 60, no. 8 (August 28, 2015): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8310.
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Based on the Human Development Report 2013 the author presents classification of the countries taking into account HDI value in 2012, non-income HDI and the IHDI (Inequality – Adjusted Human Development Index). IHDI reflects disparities in the income distribution. 187 states of the report are divided into 12 groups by the HDI total value.
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Healy, Maria. "Inequalities in health: effects of socio-economic status." Nursing Standard 12, no. 40 (June 24, 1998): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.12.40.38.s43.
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Plouin, Pierre-François. "Ethnicity and socio-economic inequalities in malignant hypertension." Journal of Hypertension 24, no. 11 (November 2006): 2161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000249691.88865.d9.
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Marks, Gary N. "The Measurement of Socio-Economic Inequalities in Education." Acta Sociologica 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699304041553.
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Carroll, Douglas, Paul Bennett, and George Davey Smith. "Socio-economic health inequalities: Their origins and implications." Psychology & Health 8, no. 5 (September 1993): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870449308401924.
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Bossuyt, N., S. Gadeyne, P. Deboosere, and H. Van Oyen. "Socio-economic inequalities in health expectancy in Belgium." Public Health 118, no. 1 (January 2004): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(03)00130-6.
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