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1
LILLINI, ROBERTO. "Il ruolo delle disuguaglianze socio-economiche nella sopravvivenza al cancro per i tumori della mammella e del colon-retto." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/111389.
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The main aim of this work is to explore the relationship between survival to tumors and individual socio-economic characteristics and the Census tract where the considered persons reside.
Cancer is, in fact, a chronic disease whose clinical history has a strong relationship with the socio-economic factors, in particular as regards access to medical care and the chance of a timely diagnosis, i.e. the factors that mainly influence the therapeutic results.
The considered data are referred to the patients resident in the Umbria region. Women with breast cancer diagnosed in the period 1/1/2001-31/12/2010 (8,317 cases) and individuals of both genders with colorectal cancer diagnosed in the same period (12,087 cases) were considered. The follow-up of cases stopped to 31/12/2012, the most recent available data.
We have chosen to study these tumors, because they are the most widespread in the Italian population and the literature has shown how the socio-economic characteristics of the patients affected by these cancers are associated with significant differences in their survival.
For all patients we collected: data coming from the Umbrian Cancer Registry (CR) about variables that describe age, gender, status in life, diagnosis, tumor characteristics and treatment; individual socio-economic information about marital status, educational level and employment status, provided by every Umbrian municipality Registry; the variables that describe the socio-economic characteristics of the Census tract where every considered patient used to live (Census of Population and Housing 2001), made available by the Regional Statistics Office.
The Umbria region was chosen for the high quality of the data that the regional information system can make available, in particular as regards the local CR, thanks to the strong operational integration that exists between the different data sources.
The datasets for the considered diseases have been built by deterministic record linkage, which put in connection information from the CR with those from the municipal Registry Offices and the Census. It was possible to automatically link the data of 8,209 women with breast cancer (98.7% of the total) and 11,749 cancer patients of colorectal cancer (97.2% of the total). Manual procedures for the identification and correction of errors allowed to recover also the unrelated cases, reaching 100%.
A multilevel mixed effects parametric survival model, which allowed to use all the individual and area variables as responsible for the fixed effects and the Census tract of residence as responsible for the random effects, was used for survival analysis.
In addition to the effects generated by the medical variables, the results showed that marital status at the individual level will help to change the survival, with better chances of overcoming the disease for married than unmarried or widowed. This is obviously an indirect effect, which expresses the need for social and family support, also occurring at the area level for breast cancer, where the structural dependency index decrease the chances of survival. For colorectal cancer, however, the relevant area-wide variable is the ageing index.
The results seem to confirm what was found by recent national and international studies, which attached to the social and family capital a particularly significant role in having an early diagnosis, properly following the care and thus improving the chances of surviving to cancer. It is, however, reduced the role of the socio-economic characteristics that traditionally are associated with health inequalities, i.e. the education level and the professional status.
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Gisselmann, Marit. "The first injustice : Socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Sociology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.
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Adverse birth outcomes like preterm birth and infant mortality are unevenly distributed across socio-economic groups. Risks are usually lowest in groups with high socio-economic status and increase with decreasing status.
The general aim of this thesis was to contribute to the understanding of the relation between socio-economic status and birth outcomes, focussing on maternal education and class, studying a range of birth outcomes. More specific aims were to investigate the relation between maternal education and infant health, to study the combined influence of maternal childhood and adult social class on inequalities in infant health and to explore the contribution of maternal working conditions to class inequalities in birth outcomes. The studies are population based, focussing on singletons births 1973-1990. During the period under study, educational differences in birth outcomes increased, especially between those with the lowest and highest education. The low birth weight paradox emerged, suggesting that the distribution of determinants for low birthweight infants differs for these groups.
Further, an independent association was found between maternal childhood social class and low birthweight and neonatal mortality, but not for postneonatal mortality. Since this was found for the two outcomes closest to birth, this indicates that the association is mediated through the maternal body.
Finally, there is a contribution of maternal working conditions to class inequalities in birth outcome. Lower job control, higher job hazards and higher physical demands were all to some degree related to increased risk of the following adverse birth outcomes: infant mortality, low birthweight, very low birthweight, foetal growth, preterm birth, very and extremely preterm birth. Working conditions demonstrated disparate associations with the birth outcomes, indicating a high complexity in these relationships.
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Dahlén, Gisselmann Marit. "The first injustice : socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome /." Stockholm : Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.
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Coyoc, Rocio Ofelia Uc. "Socio-economic health and health care inequalities in Mexico." Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442360.
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Tran, Thi Anh Nguyet <1989>. "Essays on Human Capital Development and Socio-economic Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9111/1/FinalSubmission_AnhNguyetTranThi.pdf.
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This dissertation consists of three chapters in which I address central research questions about the role of parental investments and family structure on human capital development, the impact of education on labour-market outcomes and learning outcomes, and the origins and mechanisms of inter-generational mobility in developing countries.
The first chapter examines how parental monetary investment affects the joint evolution of child health, cognitive skills and socio-emotional skills. I estimate a dynamic factor model, characterizing the skill formation process over the childhood, from birth to 12 years of age, using the sample of Vietnamese children from the Young Lives study.
In the second chapter, I estimate marginal returns to upper secondary school on the labour market and on learning outcomes in Indonesia. Using the longitudinal data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 1997-2015, I document a substantial degree of heterogeneity in the returns to upper secondary school on the labour market.
The third chapter investigates the origins and mechanisms of birth order effects on cognitive skills, socio-emotional skills and health in Vietnam. Using a sample of children from the Young Lives study we find strong evidence of negative birth order effects on parental investments and child capabilities, emerging very early in life.
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Chigwenah, Tariro. "Explaining the socio-economic inequalities in child immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32533.
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Socioeconomic inequalities in health have received significant attention globally because of the well-known association between wealth and health. A lot of studies show that poor people are more prone to sickness than their counterparts. Immunisation has been a key antidote to avert deaths for children under the age of 5. This study represents an initial attempt to assess specific variables that contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe. Data were obtained from the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey, a nationally representative survey. Immunisation coverage was measured using four categories: full immunisation (a child who will have received 10 doses of vaccines), partial immunisation (a child who will have received at least one but not all vaccines), no immunisation (a child who will not have received any immunisation dose from birth) and immunisation intensity (a proportion of doses received to total doses that they should have received). Inequalities in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe were assessed using concentration curves and indices. A positive (negative) concentration index indicates immunisation coverage concentrated among the rich (poor). The concentration index was decomposed to identify how different variables contribute to the socioeconomic inequality in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that immunisation intensity and full immunisation concentration indices were (0.0154) and (0.0250) respectively, indicating that children from lower socio-economic status are less likely to receive all doses of vaccines. No immunisation and partial immunisation concentration indices were (-0.0778) and (-0.0878) indicating that children from higher socioeconomic status are more likely to have their children immunised opposed to their poor counterparts. The main contributors to socioeconomic inequality in immunisation coverage are the mother's education, socioeconomic status and place of residence (rural/urban and province). While immunisation services are free of charge in the public health sector in Zimbabwe, coverage rates are higher among the wealthy, which shows that there may be barriers to utilising these services that may not be the direct cost of vaccination. There have to be measures by the government to reach people in areas that are not easily accessible. Also, more needs to be done to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in Zimbabwe.
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Anders, J. D. "Socio-economic inequaliites in access to Higher Education in England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1528662/.
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This thesis analyses inequalities in access to Higher Education (HE) in England. In particular, it provides new evidence about this issue in three major ways. First, it estimates the family income gradient in university participation overall, and at a group of high status institutions. It also analyses the income gradient in university applications. While there are substantial income gradients in university attendance, and attendance at high status institutions, most of these differences are driven by application decisions, particularly once we control for 'ability' at age 11. This suggests that universities do not discriminate against students from poorer backgrounds; such students are less likely to apply. Second, it assesses the role of socio-economic status in explaining changes in university expectations across the teenage years. It analyses transitions in young people's expectations from being 'likely to apply' to being 'unlikely to apply' and vice versa, using dura on modelling techniques. Young people's socio-economic background has a significant association with changes in expectations, even controlling for prior academic attainment and other potential confounding factors. This suggests more could usefully be done to maintain the educational expectations of academically able young people from less advantaged families. Finally, it looks at the impact of aptitude tests as a screening device for entry to elite universities by looking at the effect on the proportion of successful applicants by school type (state versus private) and gender. The es mates are obtained by applying a difference in differences approach to administrative data from the University of Oxford. Although introducing the test increased the proportion of interviewees getting an offer overall, this is not the case for women. Nevertheless, the policy has no apparent effect on the overall chances of applicants being offered a place by school type or gender.
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Rono, Lorraine. "Socio-economic inequality and ethno-political conflict : evidence from Kenya." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9008.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-70).This study examines the influence of socio-economic inequalities on the probability of conflict in Kenya and aims to synthesise various causal hypotheses in the literature. This research extends to a regional analysis of a cross-national sample to understand the extent to which structural cleavages account for a cause of potential conflict in Kenya. The post-election violence that emerged in 2008 shed light on the urgency for policy reforms to address the root causes of what was viewed as an imminent outbreak of violence. Various analysts trace the origin of conflict to nepotism, ethnic stratification, historical injustices, poor governance and disparities in resource allocation. Given these sources of dissent, this study proposes that the most fundamental factors that considerably influence the probability of conflict in Kenya are pervasive poverty and extreme inequality, intensified by ethnic divisions. Based on Kuznets theory, we argue that the booms of economic growth experienced from 2003 perpetuated the stark economic and social inequalities prevalent in Kenya. As a result, there is strong evidence that suggests that these sharp inequalities fuelled the post-election violence and deeply influence the probability of conflict in Kenyan society. Another key contribution from the study is the conclusion that the existence of sharp horizontal inequalities result in a bias towards ethnic conflict. It is imperative to identify the underlying causes of conflict so as to neutralise polarisation which exacerbates tension and breeds further conflict. In light of this view, the probability of conflict in Kenya can be minimised effectively and such mitigation can be used as a mechanism for future growth and economic development in Kenya.
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Barford, Anna. "An international comparative study of attitudes towards socio-economic inequality." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1232/.
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How teachers think about inequality in terms of what they aspire to and how they defend their views is surprisingly similar in the three study countries, Kenya, Mexico and the UK, despite their different positions in the world economic order. I attribute this to the near global hegemony of neoliberal logics concerning what is seen as being desirable and how things work. What differ are the terms in which inequality is defined and the form that critiques of inequality take. In particular, questions of respect and inferiority / superiority are verbalised in the middle and poorer countries and not in the richer country. The most important message to come from this work is that in thinking about inequality at the world level, it is important to talk about inequality with people from different points in the world, rather than concerning ourselves mainly with what the rich think of the poor or what the poor think of the poor. Through better understanding the experiences and constructions of world inequality according to people differentially positioned within this inequality, we can more fruitfully learn about the nature of what these findings, and those of many others, illustrate to be a very damaging situation. These findings suggest that the energy for change is least likely to come from richer countries as the more powerful critiques often stem from people living where they see and experience more challenging aspects of world inequality.
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Safarzynska, Karolina. "Socio-economic Determinants of Demand for Private Tutoring." Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr045.
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This study examines socio-economic factors underlying the demand for private tutoring. The analysis utilizes two samples of students from lower- and upper-level secondary schools in Poland based on the PISA 2006 data set. Special attention is paid to channels through which private tutoring may endure socio-economic inequalities, especially in the context of the gender gap in education outcomes. We find that parents' decisions concerning private education are sensitive to student gender, which may raise concerns for policymakers committed to provide equal opportunities and outcomes in education. At the level of gymnasium (lower-level secondary school), female students are more likely to enrol in private tutoring in mathematics than male students. The evidence indicates the opposite with respect to private tutoring in Polish and preparatory courses for the gymnasium final examination. The grade from the final exam does not affect the probability of graduating from gymnasium, but it is used by upper secondary schools for the admission purpose. In upper secondary schools, we find that male students are less likely to participate in private education services than female students. This may be indicative of an increase in power of students in household's decision-making as they graduate from gymnasium. (author's abstract)
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Hong, Jihyung. "Socio-economic inequalities in mental health and their determinants in South Korea." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/494/.
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Suicide rates in South Korea (hereafter ‘Korea’) have seen a sharp upward trend over the past decade, and now stand amongst the highest in OECD countries. This raises urgent policy concerns about population mental health and its socioeconomic determinants, an area that is still poorly understood in Korea. This thesis sets out to investigate socio-economic inequalities in the domain of mental health, particularly for depression and suicidal behaviour, in contemporary Korea. The thesis first evaluates the extent of income-related inequality in the prevalence of depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Korea and tracks their changes over a 10-year period (1998-2007) in the aftermath of the 1997/98 economic crisis. Based on four waves of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) data, concentration indices reveal a growing trend of pro-rich inequalities in all three outcomes over this period. To understand the potential impact of the observed widening income inequality, the next empirical investigation examines whether income inequality has a detrimental effect on mental health that is independent of a person’s absolute level of income. Due to the paucity of time series data, the analysis focuses on an association between regional-level income inequality and mental health, using the 2005 KHANES data. The results provide little evidence to support the link between the two at regional level. The thesis pays special attention to suicide mortality rates given their disconcerting trend in contemporary Korea. Using mortality data for 2004-2006, the third empirical investigation first elucidates the spatial patterns of suicide rates, highlighting substantial geographical variations across 250 districts. The results of a spatial lag model suggest that area deprivation has an important role in shaping the geographical distribution of suicide, particularly for men. The final empirical investigation sets out to understand the suicide trend in Korea in the context of other Asian countries (Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan), using both panel data and country-specific time-series analyses (1980-2009). Despite similarities in geography and culture, the suicide phenomenon is unique to Korea, particularly for the elderly. The overall findings suggest that low levels of social integration and economic adversity may in part explain the atypical suicide trend in Korea.
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Cooper, Helen. "Connecting gender and ethnicity in an investigation of social inequality in health." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2152/.
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Klein, Alissa. "Getting Ahead: Socio-economic Mobility, Perceptions of Opportunity for Socio-economic Mobility, and Attitudes Towards Public Assistance in the United States." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5886.
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In this research I first examine how Americans’ perceptions of what it takes to get ahead are influenced by their income and then compare those perceptions to measured levels of intergenerational socio-economic mobility. By better understanding these relationships I hope to gain insight into the paths people see to upward mobility, how this varies by income, and to what extent this belief is reflected in past mobility measurements. Additionally, I compare perceptions of what it takes to get ahead with responses regarding attitudes towards public assistance. The results of such a comparison could have important implications for public policy.
The results reveal that there is a significant correlation between income and views of what it takes to get ahead with those at higher income levels perceiving greater levels of opportunity for mobility. Perceptions of opportunity for mobility appear high across all incomes relative to previous measurements of mobility. However, the low income group perceived less opportunity than the middle income group which reflects the pattern of measured levels of mobility. Also, views on the importance of educated parents and working hard are significant predictors of attitudes on public assistance. Belief in the less meritocratic indicators was associated with support for public assistance while belief in the more meritocratic indicators was associated with opposition.
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Shaginyan-Shapira, Marina. "Ethnic socio-economic inequality in an immigrant absorbing society : case of Israel." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530074.
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Beyazit, Eda. "Transport and socio-spatial inequalities : the case of the Istanbul Metro." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d98b3158-bd38-4145-a35c-487c50e26dab.
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In this thesis, socio-spatial processes regarding the distribution of transport infrastructures are investigated and the ways in which inequalities occur as a result of these processes are discussed. The transport system of Istanbul and particularly, the Istanbul Metro, the first modern subway of the city, has been the focus of this research. In order to understand inequalities in transport, social and spatial justice theories have been employed. Discussions have been extended in order to include different approaches to the issues of transport inequality from various disciplines such as geography, sociology and urban planning. In this sense, this study is multi-disciplinary. Debates on land rent theory, space and power, gendered mobilities, social exclusion and the right to the city are among the many concerns that formed the main arguments of this research. In this thesis, transport is taken as a fixed, an immobile commodity that produces mobile and dynamic commodities such as mobilities and flows. Through such interaction socio-spatial processes are produced which may or may not consist of inequalities. Issues related to inequalities are deconstructed in the literature review in order to help reconstruct a theory of uneven socio-spatial development as a result of the distribution of transport infrastructure investments. Discussions on theory are further examined through four empirical chapters each of which investigates different issues related to transport inequalities. A mixed-method approach has been used in order to fully explore the complexity of the subject and integrate different epistemological positions. Through four empirical chapters, socio-spatial inequalities are discussed with regard to daily mobility levels of different socio-economic groups in Istanbul and the Istanbul Metro as well as in-direct economic impacts of the Metro and the socio-political processes it generates. The findings support some of the previous research on social inequalities based on transport, especially on how gender, education and employment become important determinants of travel time, trip frequency, trip purposes and the use of different transport modes. Yet, the thesis presents unexpected results on the impacts of the Istanbul Metro. On the one hand, the Istanbul Metro can be regarded as a just infrastructure as it accommodates users from every socio-economic background. On the other hand, it can be inequitable as it is likely to facilitate the accumulation of capital in certain areas, and circulation of producers and consumers of this capital within the same spatial unit, the Metro itself. This thesis proposes that horizontal and vertical socio-spatial inequalities exist both individually and together in various contexts in Istanbul. These inequalities are based on the spatial distribution of transport infrastructure investments, power relationships between different socio-economic groups, the dominance of politically powerful groups and the historical development of the urban space. Together this thesis is in an attempt to establish a comprehensive narrative of the discourses of inequalities in transport planning and policy and makes suggestions on the ways to reduce such inequalities. Moreover, this thesis is an original contribution to the literature as it links hitherto unconnected strands of theory in transport geography and social and spatial justice literatures.
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Zwysen, Wouter. "Socio-economic inequality in the early career : the role of family and community." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17429/.
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In this thesis I study how socio-economic background – seen as the socio-economic conditions while growing up and the resources someone has access to – affects the labour market outcomes of young adults. Through three distinct chapters I show that young adults from a disadvantaged background are substantially less likely to be employed and when employed tend to find worse jobs than their more advantaged peers, even when keeping education constant. I first discuss how being out of work is transmitted over generations in the UK. Children whose father did not work are substantially less likely to be employed themselves and tend to work fewer hours, but are no different in earnings or contract. I show how this may be partly due to differences in how work is experienced. A disadvantaged background does not always pose the same limits to labour market opportunity. I show that in Germany background does not negatively affect labour market outcomes during good economic times, but becomes more important as labour market conditions worsen. In the final chapter I study ethnic penalties in the labour market. Ethnic minorities in the UK are highly qualified but even among British university graduates there are ethnic penalties in employment and – to a lesser extent – in earnings. Having access to support and assistance through socio-economically advantaged parents or a highly-skilled co-ethnic community can shelter young ethnic minority graduates. Those who lack these resources are at a substantial disadvantage. It is important to recognise the different ways in which disadvantage affects young adults and that differences exist even among those with similar qualifications. The main hurdle the disadvantaged face is finding employment which is where additional help could be offered to the disadvantaged.
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Lee, Sungho 1950. "Cross-Country Analysis of Income Inequality." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501122/.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-country relationship between income inequality and selected socioeconomic variables reflecting the level of economic development. The first chapter introduces some theoretical approaches to income distribution and poses problems regarding income inequalities across countries. The second chapter surveys cross-country studies of income inequalities conducted by previous researchers. The third chapter covers statistical methodology. Chapter four analyzes statistical results of multiple regression. The final chapter is intended for summary, conclusion, and recommendations.
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Zecchinato, Giulia <1992>. "Nonviolent Grassroots Activism in the Global Era: challenging environmental degradation and socio-economic inequality." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9870.
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L’azione diretta non violenta è stata nel secolo scorso il mezzo prediletto dagli attori sociali per reclamare i loro diritti. Dalle campagne di disobbedienza civile in India al movimento per i diritti civili, il metodo di lotta non violenta si è dimostrato efficace per affrontare problematiche concrete. L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è indagare il ruolo e le potenzialità di tale strumento alla luce delle criticità sociali, economiche ed ambientali sorte dalle dinamiche della globalizzazione. In particolar modo si prenderanno in considerazione la crescente disuguaglianza socio-economica e l’impatto ambientale del persistente modello di sviluppo, che ancora non si è permeato degli insegnamenti delle teorie dello sviluppo sostenibile. A tale fine si indagheranno due casi recenti di azione diretta non violenta: il fenomeno di Occupy Wall Street, che si è proposto come insurrezione collettiva “antisistemica” contro l’ingiustizia economica, e la decisa opposizione guidata delle tribù indigene del bacino del fiume Xingu contro la costruzione del complesso idroelettrico di Belo Monte, in Brasile, destinato a provocare uno dei più gravi disastri ecologi e sociali che l’Amazzonia abbia mai visto. Con la consapevolezza che tali movimenti sociali di protesta sono iscritti in dinamiche più ampie e che nel mondo globalizzato un’azione locale può avere ripercussioni a livello planetario, soprattutto grazie all’utilizzo dei social media, sarà infine proposta una riflessione sulle similitudini presenti tra i due casi per proporre una lettura positiva delle dinamiche di cui si sta facendo protagonista la società civile globale, che sembra sempre di più essere l’ultima depositaria di un senso etico e democratico che lo Stato e l’oligopolio globale hanno barattato con la sottomissione alle leggi e ai valori del mercato.
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Selebano, Keolebogile Mable. "Assessing socio-economic inequalities in the use of antenatal care in the Southern African Development community." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31074.
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Introduction
Despite the unprecedented efforts of national governments along with various NGOs to achieve the third SDG, which is to reduce global maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100 000 live births by 2030, developing countries seem to be lagging far behind in reaching this goal (UNDP, 2016). This paper focuses on socioeconomic inequalities in the use of ANC services as an important aspect of MHC in SADC countries.
Methods
The data used in this study are obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Three mutually exclusive variables were created to assess ANC inequality, namely, 1) No ANC visits 2) Less than four ANC visits and 3) At least four ANC visits. A fourth variable that assesses the actual number of ANC visits that a pregnant woman had received was created and called 'Intensity’. ANC and SES using the wealth index were used to construct the concentration curves and indices to determine whether health care utilization is concentrated among the poor or the rich.
Results
Over 70% of all who lived in rural areas had '0 ANC’, with Namibia and Tanzania as the only exception to this finding. In four of the eleven countries, over 58.36% of women were married and were likely to make an adequate number of ANC visits. Namibia and Lesotho are two of the eleven countries that had a great majority of women educated up to the secondary level, 65.61% and 49.90% of which attained at least 4 ANC visits, respectively. Women who worked in agricultural settings had the least likelihood of attaining any ANC visits.
Discussions and conclusion
ANC use was consistently lower in women with no education, doing agricultural work and those residing in rural areas in the SADC region. Overall, marriage is inconclusive in determining ANC use. Inequality in wealth makes ANC utilization more predominant among the rich. Saving mothers and babies is ultimately saving the population and knowledge of the patterns of maternal health usage is imperative to draw relevant policies that are evidence based.
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Djoric, Gorana. "The effects of socio-economic transformation on gender inequality in economic wellbeing : the Hungarian experience from 1992 to 1999." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443715.
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McLennan, David. "The lived experience of inequality in post-apartheid South Africa : measuring exposure to socio-economic inequality at small area level." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eede1ec4-62d2-4dd3-8175-29c81cb301ca.
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South Africa has undergone a remarkable political transformation since the birth of democracy in 1994, yet it remains plagued by extremely high levels of socio-economic inequality, violent crime and social unrest. Although inequality is often regarded as a major driver of many social problems, the evidence base concerning inequality in South Africa is relatively limited, consisting primarily of national level Gini coefficients or General Entropy measures based upon household income, expenditure or consumption data. In this thesis I argue that these broad national level measures say little about people's actual day-to-day lived experiences of inequality and how these individual experiences of inequality may be shaped by the local geographical areas in which people live and go about their daily lives. I construct a series of empirical measures of exposure to socio-economic inequality which reflect the socio-spatial environments in which people live. I argue that these new measures can be used as explanatory factors in the study of other social outcomes, both at an individual level (for example, individuals' attitudes) and at an area level (for example, rates of violent crime). Exposure to inequality is measured both from the perspective of the 'poor' population and the perspective of the 'non-poor' population and the measures are constructed and presented at small area level using the Datazone statistical geography. I analyse the spatial distribution of exposure to inequality and find that exposure to inequality is typically highest in urban neighbourhoods, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. I develop a measure of intensity of exposure in order to highlight areas with both high exposure and high levels of deprivation. I also present one example of how my new measures can be used to explore associations with other outcomes, specifically looking at the relationship between people's lived experience of inequality and their attitudes towards inequality and redress.
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Sansa, Godfrey. "The impact of institutional reforms on poverty and inequality in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528126.
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Poverty is a historical development curse in Tanzania, which has incited extensive institutional reforms and policy changes and received numerous analyses in development research literature. Paradoxically, taking actions to study and alleviate poverty have increased with its continuing severity. A substantial body of research on poverty in the country suggests that, the vast majority of these studies focus on the content rather than the context of poverty alleviation processes. Specifically, the focus has been on: ideas, interests and struggles for resources between political leaders and bureaucrats believed to be taking place at the expense of the poor; ill-informed and unrealistic development policies and strategies; anti-development behaviour and tendencies of the peasants and their alleged conservatism and resistance to modernity, and weak incentive structures of the economy. There is little focus on the character and dynamics of the (historical) institutional context in which these economic conditions, struggles and policy initiatives emerge and take place. Motivated by the disappointing results of anti-poverty initiatives and weaknesses of previous studies, this study uses historical institutional impact analysis guided by institutionalist theory to analyse the problem. The central argument is that the existence and functioning character of institutions are necessary conditions for any human development activity. So, acceptance of the crucial importance of historically oriented institutional context analysis in understanding poverty alleviation initiatives and outcomes is imperative. The study draws on primary and secondary data collected through documentary review and interview methods to explain the ways in which institutional reforms result in an institutional order tolerant of poverty and which create conditions that perpetuate it. It does this by exploring the mode of historical institutional development and by examining the functioning character of the institutional order in respect of poverty alleviation. The study argues that achieving success in poverty alleviation related reforms is dependent on proper understanding of institutional realities of Tanzanian society and the functioning character of the existing institutional order. It proposes a reform process in which institutional legacies and their impact on society become the focus of the reform process itself. The findings indicate that, while reforms and policy changes have taken place and new patterns of behaviour introduced, the logics of institutions central to development and poverty alleviation have not, been fundamentally altered and new patterns of behaviour have simply perpetuated it. Specifically, the findings suggest: first, that institutional reforms pursued by the government are inadequate due to misconception of institutional problems of Tanzanian society; second, that the reforms have created new conditions which perpetuate poverty; and, third, that fundamental character of the functioning of the Tanzanian institutional order will need to change before such anti-poverty measures can hope to succeed. Thus, the study offers a correction to ill-informed poverty analysis by providing an alternative account of the root cause of poverty while insisting that a better understanding of the failure of poverty alleviation requires a strong focus on the historical institutional realties of the country.
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Benova, L. "Bad behaviour or 'poor' behaviour? : mechanisms underlying socio-economic inequalities in maternal and child health-seeking in Egypt." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2212898/.
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Background: Health-seeking behaviour is a key contributor to the widespread and unfair inequalities in health outcomes related to socio-economic position. This thesis compared the levels and determinants of maternal and child health-seeking between a national sample and the rural poor in Egypt, and examined whether existing inequalities could be explained by socio-cultural characteristics or ability to afford care. Methods: This quantitative analysis relied on two datasets: the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey from 2008 and a 2010/11 survey of households below the poverty line in rural Upper Egypt. Latent variables capturing several dimensions of socio-economic position were constructed and used in multivariable regression models to predict several dimensions of maternal (antenatal and delivery care) and child (diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection) health-seeking. Results: Latent constructs capturing socio-cultural and economic resources were identified in both datasets. Two further dimensions of socio-economic position in the Upper Egypt sample included dwelling quality and woman’s status. DHS analysis showed that sociocultural and economic capital were independently positively associated with seeking antenatal and delivery care among women, and with seeking timely and private child illness treatment. Free-of-charge public maternal care was not effectively targeted to poorest women. Poor households in Upper Egypt showed lower maternal healthseeking levels than nationally; both socio-cultural and economic resourcefulness positively predicted maternal health-seeking, dwelling quality was positively associated with private provider use, while women’s status was not associated with any dimension of maternal health-seeking behaviour. Conclusion: A better understanding of perceived and objective quality of care in both public and private sectors is required to reduce existing inequalities in the coverage of essential maternal and child health interventions. Improvement in free public care targeting is required to prevent catastrophically high expenditures for basic care among poor households.
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Kilpatrick, Quentin K. "School Districts and Academic Achievement: Socio-Economic Structure and Social Reproduction in Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338996607.
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So, Man-chit Amen, and 蘇文捷. "Neighbourhood-level income inequality, individual socio-economic position and health status in Hong Kong: amulti-level study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724918.
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Rojas, Bravo Jorge Manuel. "Persistent Inequality: The Chilean voucher system and its impacts on socio-economic segregation and quality of education." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17732.
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In the last decades, the Chilean educational system is carrying on a process of increasing reforms, beginning with the instauration of a voucher system. Since the implementation of this scheme, however, researchers have pointed out the low academic efficacy and remarkable problem of equity that have developed from this intended reform. After the resulting social discontent, education became an undeniable priority in the national debate; consequently, a significant adjustment to the system was enacted in 2008. Existing scholarly work points to the need for expanding the study of school effectiveness to include a wider notion of context. Theoretically, part of the existing research isolates school performance from its wider sociocultural context, which can be defined as the policy environment and socioeconomic composition of the school. Both of these definitions of context have been avoided or reduced. Although the current effectiveness research emphasises school processes as a way to centralise the idea that school can make a difference, it nevertheless remains acritical with regard to specific policy ideological assumptions and their implications on the notion of effectiveness and the real power of the school to take part in social change. The purpose of this research is to broaden the study of school effectiveness within a long-lasting market oriented system. Using a mixed method research design, the data is collected and analysed through quantitative and qualitative approaches. Deploying multilevel analysis (HLM), the study analyses the presence and impact of the socioeconomic composition of school related to the effectiveness and equity of mathematics academic distribution in 4th grade students at a national level. Aiming to decode the impact of recent policy accountability, the qualitative approach interviews principals and teachers, thereby examining practices for effectiveness and the impact of accountability on the teachers' sense of professionalisation. Nvivo software is used to initiate a grounded theory explanation of the sensemaking of principals and teachers in three socioeconomic disadvantaged school cases. The study concludes that the level of socioeconomic composition of a school impacts more strongly than the family socioeconomic composition, constituting a double disadvantage for vulnerable students. Disadvantaged students attending disadvantaged schools are doubly affected by socioeconomic segregation. These contextual variables affect the effectiveness of schools, resulting in school comparisons that are unfair and misleading. Public schools appear to perform better than private schools when contextual variables are taken into account; however, the existing public policy of school classification does not include multilevel analysis or the type of contextual variables incorporated in this research. Another important conclusion of this study is that the policy of accountability erodes teacher professionalisation and encourages an authoritarian type of leadership. The practice of emphasising specific subjects and the idea of equating student learning with results on standardised evaluations affect the pedagogical practices of teachers, limiting their process to undertaking a series of routine actions for test preparation. Moreover, the urgency toward achieving good test results encourage schools to focus their practices on accomplishing these results, and not on the process of learning. A successful approach to effectiveness within the accountability system seems to be related to highly organised schools with a top-down type of leadership. Disadvantaged schools with a high sense of teacher professionalism and with democratic and flexible school organisation appear to be in opposition to the accountability policy. These findings have significant implications for the operation of a market oriented system. The market oriented system operating in Chile affects the distribution of student opportunities based on their socioeconomic background. The existing school segregation impacts both the operations inside the school and the purpose of the system that is intended to equalise and develop opportunities for students, thereby making school a social institution that can have a positive effect on the lives of pupils and staff. Persisting in a view of the market as a social regulator of effectiveness is not supported by empirical evidence; instead, this view shifts responsibility to the schools and encourages them to compete with each other as a logic of productivity, which affects how schools respond to students who are most in need of their care. Reducing the objectives of education to performativity leads to an impoverishing of the educational experience of students, and a diminishing sense of professionalism of staff. The notion of educational quality requires broadening to include a democratic experience of knowledge construction.
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Rueda, Pozo Silvia. "Social Inequalities in health among the elderly." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31877.
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Aquesta tesi analitza les desigualtats en salut entre les persones grans a través d’un marc
d’anàlisi on es combinen la posició socioeconòmica, el gènere, el desenvolupament
socioeconòmic regional i el suport social. Està formada per tres articles, cadascun d’ells
centrat en les diferents dimensions de les desigualtats socioeconòmiques en salut entre
les persones grans. Algunes de les troballes més importants han estat que les
desigualtats socioeconòmiques i de gènere persisteixen entre les persones grans; que les
dones presenten una pitjor salut que els homes; que l’impacte de les característiques
familiars en la salut de les persones grans varia per gènere i segons l’indicador de salut
analitzat; que el suport social constitueix un determinant important de l’estat de salut; i
que tot i que el grau de desenvolupament regional constitueix un determinant de l’estat
de salut, no està relacionat amb les desigualtats de gènere en salut.This dissertation analyses socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly through a combined framework of socio-economic position, gender, regional socioeconomic development and social support. It is made up of three papers focusing on the different dimensions of socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly. The most important findings are that socio-economic and gender inequalities in health persist in old age; that women present a poorer health status than men; that the impact of family characteristics on the health of older people differs by gender and the health indicator analysed; that social support constitutes an important determinant of health status; and that whereas regional socio-economic development constitutes a determinant of health status, it is not related to gender inequalities in health.
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Pålsson, Emil. "Colombia’s Socio-Economic Stratification System : An urbanisation policy that causes intergroup conflict?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91278.
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Rapid urbanisation is a global phenomenon on the rise. If managed poorly by the cities affected, it may lead to, e.g. segregation, air pollution and civil unrest. In order to avoid these problems and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, 10, reduce inequality within and among countries and 11, make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, urbanisation policies must be functional, robust and socially sustainable so that the organic growth or poorly executed policies does not lead to problems like segregation, tensions between the inhabitants and civil unrest. This study takes a closer look at a one mega city’s attempt to cope with their rapid urbanisation, the Socio-Economic Stratification (SES) system of Bogotá, Colombia to see if it is a sustainable and efficient urbanisation policy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in two areas of Bogotá where neighbourhoods are characterised by a significant difference in SES levels. Social Identity Theory and the Social Identity Model of System Attitudes were adopted to analyse the results, focusing on the formation of group identities in the neighbourhoods, intergroup conflictual behaviour, relationships and contact to see whether there exist peaceful coexistence or intergroup conflictual behaviours between the members of the SES systems different levels. The study shows a passively supported but not actively endorsed system, a tendency to place strong classification and stigmas on individuals based on their SES level, the lack of relationships and contact between neighbourhoods, and social identities with intergroup conflictual behaviour in three out of four areas investigated. A less conflictual behaviour is found in individuals that have lived in other SES levels or has had much contact with people from there. The results suggest that urbanisation policies, not only in Bogotá but worldwide, should be implemented where inhabitants are encouraged to interact and diminish segregation. As the segregation stemming from the SES system is causing tensions between the members of the different SES levels and may lead to civil unrest. This study contributes to the deficit in empirical data that exists on the SES system and will work to spark a debate on its implications and highlight people’s experiences from it. The results will also work as material for future research on the SES system and other urbanisation policies worldwide.
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So, Man-chit Amen. "Neighbourhood-level income inequality, individual socio-economic position and health status in Hong Kong : a multi-level study /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36886312.
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McGuire, Liam. "The ten cities of Toronto : patterns of socio-economic inequality and polarization throughout the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43211.
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The Greater Toronto Area (G.T.A.), Canada’s largest urban region, is currently facing a strenuous experience of inequality and polarization. In the contexts of social, political, and economic landscapes, the Toronto region is becoming increasingly defined by a spatial divergence of social classes, a divergence that threatens the ability of many citizens to access the resources their wealthier neighbours enjoy. In the context of an increasingly unequal urban landscape, this thesis employs a critical quantitative and theoretical approach to explore the Greater Toronto Area, home to more than six million people. Following an introduction to the issues facing the G.T.A., chapter two explores the mechanics of a capitalist housing market, and examines the effects of a neoliberal urban governance strategy on the city. Chapter three outlines a multidimensional quantitative methodology to explore the presence of social inequality and polarization, whereby chapter four introduces a taxonomy of neighbourhoods, materializing social divides through the domains of housing, citizenship, wealth, and labour. Critical to this examination is the exploration of the gentrifying downtown, the declining inner suburbs, and the rapidly expanding outer suburbs. The fifth chapter more closely examines the relationship between immigration and housing in the G.T.A., mapping and analyzing the relationships between new residents and housing affordability stress. The results deepen an understanding of social inequity in the G.T.A., spatializing divisions between immigrant groups as they navigate the turbulent housing market. Finally, the thesis reflects on the challenges facing Canada’s largest urban region, arguing for new conceptualizations of our urban areas, and new conversations about urban housing strategies. These arguments strive to set a context for new urban governance strategies grounded in an interest of truly just and equal cities for all residents, challenging the existing social divisions that divide our cities today.
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Jansson, Evelina. "Socio-economic inequality in Health : - An analysis of individuals over the age of 50 in the European population." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184607.
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I have considered how socio-economic status are related to different health outcomes among people older than 50 years in the population of Europe and Israel. The data originates from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (the SHARE-project) and offers the opportunity for an in-depth analysis through its information-rich content that includes over 100 different variables at the individual level, covering the years 2004-2017. I have specifically examined how the level of education and economic status, measured as financial stress, of an individual are correlated with two different dimensions of health. The models also consider how different childhood characteristics may be related to an individual’s health at an older age. In this analysis, health is measured as the number of chronic diseases and a quality of life index, CASP-12, and pooled negative binomial and linear regression models are used. Even though the models possess some caveats and disadvantages, the results suggest that there are statistically significant relationships between socio-economic variables and health. Low education and high financial stress are significantly associated with higher expected number of chronic diseases and a lower quality of life, compared to individuals with a higher educational attainment and low financial stress. Furthermore, the results indicate that childhood characteristics, such as poor childhood health, low socio-economic status of the family and investments in education have far-reaching effects on different health outcomes, even at an older age.
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Edmunds, Christina Ruth. "Who Benefits from Income Inequality? An International Examinationof the Relationship Between Income Inequalityand Student Achievement." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5468.
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This study directly tests the relationship between income inequality and student mathematics achievement. Furthermore, I examine the degree to which the relationship between income inequality and student achievement is moderated by student SES. To test these relationships, I created a database of national wealth measures and linked it with student achievement data from the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The results of multilevel models indicated that income inequality is negatively related to student achievement scores. Additionally, this relationship is not moderated by student SES, indicating that the relationship between income inequality and student achievement is the same for both low- and high-SES students. The results of this study suggest that nations seeking to improve student achievement can do so by decreasing income inequality.
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Singh, Adrian A. "Socio-economic, geographic, and aboriginal and Torres strait islander inequalities in diabetic foot disease and diabetes-related lower extremity amputations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119222/1/Adrian_Singh_Thesis.pdf.
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Diabetic foot disease (DFD) which can result in an amputation is one of the leading reasons why a person with diabetes is hospitalised. With minimal knowledge of the impact of social factors, this study examined hospitalisation related to DFD and eventual amputations in Queensland. A total of 19,790 people in Queensland who were hospitalised for DFD were people from more disadvantaged areas tended to be younger, live in remote areas, of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin with amputations being significantly higher for persons of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status. It is the first time a study has investigated the pattern of DFD hospitalisation and amputation by social factors.
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Knipe, Paula Kezia. "The link between gender inequality and food security among female students at tertiary institutions in South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7589.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis study explores the nexus between gender inequality and food security through the lens of female students at tertiary institutions in South Africa. It aims to highlight the gendered dimensions of the political, socio-economic and cultural structures contributing to South Africa’s national food crisis. In so doing, it argues that legislation on the right to food with specific gender considerations is essential for ensuring food security for female students on campuses in particular and women in general.
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Southard, Nicole. "The Socio-Political and Economic Causes of Natural Disasters." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1720.
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To effectively prevent and mitigate the outbreak of natural disasters is a more pressing issue in the twenty-first century than ever before. The frequency and cost of natural disasters is rising globally, most especially in developing countries where the most severe effects of climate change are felt. However, while climate change is indeed a strong force impacting the severity of contemporary catastrophes, it is not directly responsible for the exorbitant cost of the damage and suffering incurred from natural disasters -- both financially and in terms of human life. Rather, the true root causes of natural disasters lie within the power systems at play in any given society when these regions come into contact with a hazard event. Historic processes of isolation, oppression, and exploitation, combined with contemporary international power systems, interact in complex ways to affect different socioeconomic classes distinctly. The result is to create vulnerability and scarcity among the most defenseless communities. These processes affect a society’s ideological orientation and their cultural norms, empowering some while isolating others. When the resulting dynamic socio-political pressures and root causes come into contact with a natural hazard, a disaster is likely to follow due to the high vulnerability of certain groups and their inability to adapt as conditions change. In this light, the following discussion exposes the anthropogenic roots of natural disasters by conducting a detailed case analysis of natural disasters in Haiti, Ethiopia, and Nepal.
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Swed, Nannette. "Essays on socio-economic consequences of violent conflict in the Middle East." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16927.
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Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, welche die sozio-ökonomische Konsequenzen der Verwicklung in Konflikte untersuchen. Der erste Artikel untersucht den Einfluss der “Operation Iraqi Freedom” und des folgenden Bürgerkrieges auf die Beschulung von irakischen Kindern im schulpflichtigen Alter. Einen Schwerpunkt der Studie bildet die Überwindung eines Endogenitätsproblems, welches sich durch nicht-zufällige Verwicklung in Gewalt ergibt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Intensität des Konfliktes die Schuleinschreibung von Mädchen durch eine Verwicklung in Konflikte zwischen sechs bis zwölf Prozent reduziert wird. Der bei Jungen gemessene Effekt beläuft sich auf eine Reduzierung um ein bis neun Prozent. Im zweiten Artikel werden Lohnzuschläge von hochqualifizierten palästinensischen Arbeitskräften in Zusammenhang mit alternierender Intensität im Nahostkonflikt gestellt. Mit dem Ausbruch der Zweiten Intifada im Jahr 2000 führen erhöhte Grenzkontrollen zu eingeschränkte Mobilität. Dadurch gewinnt Der Dienstleistungssektor in den Besetzten Gebieten an relativer Bedeutung. Dieser beschäftigt anteilig mehr hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte als andere Sektoren, was den Anstieg ihrer relativen Löhne erklärt. Im dritten Artikel wird die Entwicklung des Geschlechterlohndifferentials in den Palästinensischen Gebieten untersucht. Während der Lohnunterschied zwischen Mann und Frau bis 1999 ansteigt, lässt sich mit dem Ausbruch der Zweiten Intifada die Umkehrung dieses Trends verzeichnen. Die Verlagerung der palästinensischen Beschäftigung aus Israel in den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt erklärt dabei 57,8 Prozent der schrumpfenden Lohnlücke. Die dadurch veränderte Industriestruktur macht weitere 26,5 Prozent der Lohnkonvergenz aus. Die veränderte Beschäftigung zugunsten der Agrar- und Dienstleistungssektoren, welche sich beide durch einen hohen Anteil an Arbeiterinnen auszeichnen, führt zu einem Anstieg ihrer relativen Löhne.This thesis consists of three essays that analyze the socio-economic consequences of conflict involvement. The first essay studies the effect of the Operation Iraqi Freedom and the following civil war on schooling outcomes of Iraqi children in mandatory schooling age. Several conflict measures which vary over geographic regions are proposed to capture different traits of conflict involvement. A special focus is laid on overcoming the potential endogeneity arising from non-random involvement into conflicts. I find decreased school enrollment of six-year-old boys and girls. Depending on the intensity of the conflict enrollment of girls is reduced by six to twelve percent. The detrimental effect measured for boys ranges between one and nine percent. The second essay examines wage differentials of high-skilled workers in relation to relaxing and tightening conflict intensity in the Israeli-Palestinian case. After the outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 the relative wage of skilled workers experiences a substantial increase. Regional employment shifts coming along with a change in the sector composition are responsible for a higher skill-intensive labor employment which translates into higher relative wages for skilled workers. The third essay explores the evolution of the gender wage gap in the Palestinian Territories. While the male-female wage differential increases till 1999, this trend is reversed with the outbreak of the Second Intifada. The catch-up of the female wages is mainly driven by relative employment shifts across workplaces and sectors. The shift of employment in Israel to the local labor market explains 57.8 percent of the closing wage gap between men and women. The related change in the industry structure explains another 26.5 percent of the wage convergence. I find relative gains of the service and agricultural sectors located in the Palestinian Territories, both of which rely on high shares of female labor input.
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Whittaker, Susan Mary. "Higher education students crossing internal UK borders : student and country differences and their contribution to higher education inequalities." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23633.
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The aim of this research was to undertake cross-county comparisons within the UK in relation to cross-border HE study mobility in order to inform understanding of, and raise issues in relation to, social inequalities between students, and the role and effect in this of policy and sectoral conditions associated with where they live. The research examined whether cross-border mobility for study within the UK reinforces inequalities in higher education (HE) participation, in relation to students’ social origin, educational background and ethnicity. It contributes new knowledge on this form of HE participation, to wider research on social inequalities in HE, and on issues of social citizenship in post-devolution UK. Sectoral and policy differences within the UK provided context for the study, which also drew on research evidence on student choice and participation, and theoretically on the concept of situated rationality in both rational action theory, specifically relative risk aversion, and cultural reproduction theory as applied to HE participation. Student and country/region differences in mobility to geographical and institution destinations were analysed using Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) data, principally of young full-time undergraduate entrants in 2012 (N=290510; N movers=22155). Key variables were social characteristics, attainment, field of study and tariff level of the institution entered; and additionally field of study supply, average earnings and professional employment rates. Descriptive, logistic regression, marginal effects and average marginal effects analyses provided findings on student differences and inequalities in outward mobility. The findings suggest that cross-border mobility serves different purposes by country of domicile. Established paths in relation to social and geographical origin appeared important in the high outward mobility from Northern Ireland and Wales, as did HE supply within Northern Ireland, and to a lesser extent within Wales. From Scotland, there was less concentration of destinations in relation to place, with patterns of mobility explained better by institution type entered; and from England mobility was defined more strongly by place of domicile for movement to Wales and by institution type entered for movement to Scotland. Mobility was associated with entering an institution with a higher average entry tariff compared to staying in the home country. An overall relationship was found between socio-economic advantage and mobility, but there were important findings that could not be interpreted as simply reproducing wider inequalities in HE participation which sectoral and policy contextual factors helped to explain. Although social class effect on mobility from England was limited, and being ‘first generation’ was positively associated with mobility from Northern Ireland. Despite the extent of mobility from Northern Ireland and Wales of students from a range of backgrounds, social class effects were strong for students from both. Shorter compared to longer distance cross-border mobility appeared less strongly associated with socio-economic advantage and more strongly with movement to lower tariff institutions. Relative field of study under-supply within the home country was associated more with mobility to lower than higher tariff institutions. Some Black and Minority Ethnic students may be mobile to enter an HEI or location with greater ethnic mix than their home area. Inflows from the rest of the UK had the strongest impact on Welsh and Scottish institutions. Cross-border mobility can be conceptualised as reasoned action based on a cost-benefit evaluation influenced both by the students’ cultural and financial resources, and external constraints and opportunities. It reinforces social inequalities in HE participation, but there is under-recognised social diversity in this mobility, as enabling policy conditions also benefit those from less socio-economically advantaged backgrounds. Such students are least likely to have the resources to mitigate any policy changes that increase the cost of or create barriers to cross-border mobility; and would be least likely to have the resources to be mobile to overcome any reduction in the availability and accessibility of HE in the home country. These groups of students that should be the main focus of concern and attention both in further policy development and in future research.
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Dauth, Sabine. "The potential of emissions trading to mitigate socio-economic inequality across China : a participatory systems study of the residential electricity sector." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/68631/.
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In Western academic research China is usually viewed as a homogenous entity. However, it is a vast country with significant regional differences in environmental conditions, economic development and the population’s standard of living. The energy system is a reflection of the socio-economic and environmental disparities that exist between different regions. Large amounts of electricity are generated in pollution intensive coal-based power plants in the poorer inner provinces to support rising consumption in the more affluent urban centres on the East coast. The main objective of the thesis is to examine the effect of a national carbon market on these regional differences through a qualitative and quantitative case study of the residential electricity sector. The study also aims to provide methodological insights on how to identify and evaluate alternative energy futures in a complex world. In order to cope with the uncertainty of future developments and the plethora of partly contradictory social preferences, a participatory approach is combined with the application of a system analytical toolset that considers complex system interlinkages. The empirical analysis consists of three stages: First an exploratory stage with stakeholder engagement, second a systems modelling stage simulating different carbon market scenarios and third an evaluation stage ranking of these scenarios based on public opinion. The main empirical insight is that a price on carbon is relatively ineffective in limiting electricity demand of affluent households in the East. This is significant as increasing residential electricity usage could jeopardise the sustainability reform of the electricity sector. Another key finding from the empirical study is that the carbon market scenario ranked highest by study participants would lead to a widening gap between the inner and the Eastern regions. In such a scenario, where the energy generators shoulder most of the cost burden, the advanced economies of the coastal provinces would grow at a faster pace than the mining dominated inner regions. Scenario simulation also demonstrates that supplementary equity enhancing interventions could mitigate regional socio-economic and environmental disparities by supporting the establishment of innovative industries in China’s centre. In general, the thesis contributes to the discussion on the significance of China’s current political, institutional and cultural setting for its market-led sustainability transition. By illustrating the constraints to achieve the sustainability targets anchored in the 13th Five Year Plan (2016-2020), implications are drawn from the research that are relevant for the current political process. Furthermore, the thesis highlights the importance of identifying dependencies and interactions between and within different levels of analysis to aid the understanding of a multifarious problem. To this end, it develops a bespoke methodological framework that supports the appraisal of complex situations involving divergent preferences for the solution outcome.
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Ayo-Yusuf, Imade Joan. "Socio-economic position, oral pain and oral health-related quality of life among South African adults." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3857.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDValidation of the OHIP-14 for a South African adult population using CFA resulted in a 12-item scale (OHIP-12) with excellent reliability (α =0.94), but the structural pathway varied across the socio-economic groups. The prevalence of oral pain was 19.4%, and varied significantly only across area-level SEP. Cost of care over the six months was estimated at about one billion Rand. Of those residing in the lowest SEP areas, 20.8% reported that they “did nothing” to relieve their last pain episode. Oral pain resulted in an average of two days lost per person from work/school over a six months period. The prevalence of OHIP was 16.2%. Those who had never visited a dental clinic had significantly better OHRQoL and less pain experience compared to those who previously visited a dental clinic. Both individual-level and area-level SEP were associated with OHRQoL in the bi-variate analysis, but these effects did not remain significant in multivariable-adjusted analysis. In particular, the respondents‟ race completely attenuated the effect of individual-level SEP on OHRQoL, while the experience of oral pain in the past six months completely attenuated the effect of area-level SEP on OHRQoL. Both absolute and relative inequality in oral health among the South African adult population was greater in the highest SEP areas than in the areas of lowest SEP
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Rowe, Kelley. "An assessment of government, business and trade unions perspectives of socio-economic inequality in South Africa : what lens are we looking through." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59765.
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In South Africa social dialogue is the agreed process in which the exchanging of viewpoints to facilitate harmonious labour relations. Twenty years on and inequality remains a grave concern within the socio-economic context of South Africa. It is necessary to understand current context to determine where viewpoints amongst the social partners are aligned and where they diverge. It is clear that all agree that inequality needs to be addressed, minimum wages are not the point of dispute, and seemingly the process of collaboration needs to be investigated further. A review of the literature indicates that more are concerned around the level at which the national minimum wage should be set and the procedures for setting the minimum wage. Furthermore the literature on institutions that set minimum wages indicates that the institutional design is important to consider an understanding on the differences between these institutions lacks.
Following a case study approach, the purpose of this research was to assess how the perspectives of South African Government, Business and Trade Unions on addressing socio-economic inequality in South Africa impact social policy determination. In doing so, this research:
? explored the divergent perspectives of inequality from the viewpoints of government, organised business and organised labour in South Africa in determining the agreed approach to address socio-economic inequality in South Africa; and
? understand how these main groups collaborate to achieve the goal of developing a shared ?lens' through which to collectively address socio-economic inequality.
This research argues that a common lens through which to consider inequality in South Africa is lacking.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
zk2017
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Buhtz, Katharina [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] König. "Mechanisms driving technology use in the context of digital inequality: A series of essays on the role of social influence, socio-cognitive processes, and socio-economic determinants / Katharina Buhtz. Betreuer: Andreas König." Passau : Universität Passau, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1103798146/34.
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Markova, Nora Konstantinova. "Addressing the issue of equity in health care provision during the transition period in Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d9232e82-20fb-4087-a8e7-0aab500b1de3.
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The collapse of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989-1990 heralded the beginning of an economic transition from central planning to market economies. The subsequent period was marked by malfunctioning of these countries’ social sectors, including their health care systems, raising serious issues of equity. This thesis examines the impact of the transition period and the introduction of social insurance on equity in health care provision in Bulgaria. Equity in health care is investigated with respect to function - i.e. financing (according to ability to pay) and delivery (according to need) - and outcomes - i.e. health status, income inequality and poverty. Differences in health, health care financing and delivery are explored by income, education, ethnic, employment, marital status, age and sex groups. Furthermore, the thesis outlines the impact of health care provision, in particular social insurance, on poverty and health inequalities. The thesis employs empirical analysis based on household data. Its methodology includes concentration and decomposition analysis, and provides new ways of modelling health care financing and delivery, as well as the link between health and health care delivery. The thesis concludes that social insurance does not provide a uniform means of improving equity and that the root cause of the problem lies in the large proportion of out-of-pocket payments and the rather limited size of the health insurance sector. Inequity in health care provision leads to poverty and untreated illness. The data suggests that there are differences between socio-economic groups as regards their likelihood to seek treatment for their ill health, which result in differences in their health status. The social factors that have impacted the most on health are low education and low income.
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Montenegro, Ana Claudia Dorta. "Estudo ecolÃgico e anÃlise espacial da hansenÃase no estado do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2002. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7664.
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Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a hansenÃase, doenÃa secular que representa um sÃrio problema de saÃde pÃblica no Brasil e, em particular, no CearÃ. A detecÃÃo de casos no Estado permanece em ascenÃÃo e as taxas mais elevadas apresentam-se aglomeradas em possÃveis âfocosâ da doenÃa. Dessa forma, buscou-se investigar a influÃncia de alguns fatores (sÃcio-econÃmicos, demogrÃficos e ambientais) na distribuiÃÃo da incidÃncia de hansenÃase no Cearà atravÃs de um estudo descritivo do tipo ecolÃgico. Foram utilizados dados relacionados à doenÃa (mÃdia das taxas de incidÃncia de 1991 a 1999 para os municÃpios do Estado) e, variÃveis provenientes do IBGE, Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil, IPLANCE (Instituto de Planejamento do CearÃ) e FUNCEME (FundaÃÃo Cearense de Meteorologia). Inicialmente, foi feita anÃlise de regressÃo linear que se deu atravÃs do Software Stata. Em seguida, a anÃlise espacial dos dados foi utilizada a fim de investigar a presenÃa de dependÃncia espacial da variÃvel desfecho. Foi realizada decomposiÃÃo da variaÃÃo espacial em larga e pequena escala. Para medir a variaÃÃo da taxa de hansenÃase em larga escala, utilizou-se modelo (loess) responsÃvel pelo âalisamentoâ dos dados. A variaÃÃo em pequena escala foi avaliada em funÃÃo do Ãndice I de Moran que apontou a existÃncia de autocorrelaÃÃo espacial. A AnÃlise espacial foi feita atravÃs dos softwares Arcview 3.1, S-Plus2000 e mÃdulo S+Spatialstats.This research aims at studying hanseniasis, ancient disease which is a serious public health affair in Brazil and, particularly in CearÃ. Cases detection in this state have being arising and the highest indexes can be noticed in possible focus of the disease. Therefore, the influence of some specific factors such as social, economical, demographical, and environmental have been studied in the distribution of this disease in Cearà through a descriptive study of the ecological type. Data related to the disease have been used (average of the incidence index between 1991 and 1999 concerning the cities in the state) and, information from IBGE, Human Brazilian Development Atlas, IPLANCE (Planning Institute of CearÃ) e FUNCEME (Meteorology Foundation of CearÃ). Initially, a linear regression analysis has been done, through Stata Software. Following, the spatial analysis of the data has been used in order to investigate the existence of spatial dependence of the outcome variable. Decomposition of spatial variable has been done in wide and narrow scale. In order to measure the variation of the hanseniasis index in a wide scale, the patterns responsible for the data analysis have been used. The variation in a narrow scale have been evaluated considering the index I by Moran, which pointed the existence of spatial autocorrelation. The spatial analysis has been done by using Arcview 3.1, S-Plus 2000 and S+Spatialstats softwares.
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Stahl, Juliane Frederike [Verfasser], and Pia Sophia [Akademischer Betreuer] Schober. "Socio-economic and regional inequalities in early care and education : Consequences for mothers' work-family life and children's educational opportunities / Juliane Frederike Stahl ; Betreuer: Pia Sophia Schober." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168232481/34.
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Stahl, Juliane F. [Verfasser], and Pia Sophia [Akademischer Betreuer] Schober. "Socio-economic and regional inequalities in early care and education : Consequences for mothers' work-family life and children's educational opportunities / Juliane Frederike Stahl ; Betreuer: Pia Sophia Schober." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dspace-783474.
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Huang, Lihong. "Elitism and Equality in Chinese Higher Education : Studies of Student Socio-economic Background, Investment in Education, and Career Aspirations." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Institute of International Education [Institutionen för internationell pedagogik], Stockholms University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-548.
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Rabelo, Ana Carolina D. "The Clean Development Mechanism and its Potential as a Development Tool: A Socio-Economic Study of Communities Hosting Projects in Brazil." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113831347.
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Pellegrini, Laura. "England, Sweden, and Italy: the presence of features of the Global Education Reform Movement in the policy reforms enacted from the 2000s and the consequences on equity." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-197162.
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The role of national education systems is changing, and many drivers of this phenomenon have been identified (Green, 1997). On the one side, there is a growing convergence in global education policy developments given by globalisation processes, on the other side, a political and ideological discourse has spread that promotes education as essential to the achievement of a model of economic productivity and competitiveness (Ball, 2013). The current research aims to shed light not only on the degree to which national education policy in the last two decades have been influenced by this movement, referred to as the Global Education Reform Movement (GERM) by Sahlberg (2016), but also on its possible consequences on equity. In order to do so, three western and European countries have been chosen: England, Sweden, and Italy. Through a mixed-method approach, in which the analysis of policy reforms is combined with PISA secondary data, each country’s specific political landscape and variation in socio-economic inequalities in the period between 2000 and 2020 is discussed. The final comparison between the countries allows seeing that even if all three countries present features of the GERM in the policy reforms enacted from the 2000s on, the consequences on equity are ambiguous. While the three countries present divergent trends both in PISA results and indicators of socio-economic inequalities, one common phenomenon worth deepening considering the increasing focus on standards is the steep increment in scores’ variation.
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Gregg, Rebecca A. "Delivery and engagement in public health nutrition : the use of ethnographic fiction to examine the socio-cultural experiences of food and health among mothers of young children in Skelmersdale, Lancashire." Thesis, University of Chester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/310904.
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Encouraging good nutrition is particularly important in the early years of life for the development of appropriate food habits and healthy adults in later life. These are governed by many contending and conflicting influences. Objective: This research examines the food choice influences for mothers of young children in Skelmersdale, West Lancashire (UK). Participants were recruited from a large community food intervention (clients) and were compared with those not involved in the initiative (non-clients). This enabled the reflection of the broader socio-cultural experiences of food and the influence of 'structure' and 'agency' on food choices. The research adopted a phenomenological approach using ethnographic recording techniques (interview and observation). The research findings are presented as ethnographic fictions. These short fictional stories provide a 'thick' description of the participant's lifeworld. They locate these choices in the person and the place. A hierarchy of food choice influences emerged from the data, with three main findings. Most prominently, the influence of individual capacity on the food choices made. Secondly, the influence of place, town planning and the geography of an area on food choices. Thirdly, the influence of gender, relationships and social networks. Central to the thesis of this research is the use of ethnographic fiction to enable a better understanding of the complexity involved in food choice and community development approaches to nutritional change. The use of ethnographic fiction conveyed a better understanding of people and of the role and impact of an intervention upon the wider processes involved in food choice. Ethnographic fiction was used here for the first time in public health nutrition to explain the complex picture of food choice for mothers of young children in Skelmersdale, and to convey new insight on food choice and the complexity of food choice influence.
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Grip, Björn. "Den ojämlika dödligheten : Hjärtdödlighet och samhällsutveckling i två städer." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Kultur och samhälle – Tema Q, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132388.
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Den ojämlika dödligheten är en studie av främst hjärt–kärldödlighet avseende perioden 1950–2010 i tvillingstäderna Linköping och Norrköping och konsekvenserna av ojämlikhet. Skillnaderna mellan städerna i dödlighet är stora. Under 1970-talet, då jämlikheten stod i focus, minskade dessa. Efterhand som ekonomisk politik och samhällsvärderingar mera anpassades till en global monetaristisk politik ökade också den ojämlika dödligheten mellan städerna. Stora förändringar ägde rum inom respektive stad när det gäller hjärtdödligheten. Miljonprogramområdena i de båda städerna blev relativt sett fattigare och präglades allt mer av flyktinginvandring, samtidigt som städernas centra gentrifierades, inte minst i Linköping. Skillnaderna i dödlighet mellan ytterområdena och centrum ökade under 1990- och 2000-talen. Detta gäller i större utsträckning i Linköping än i Norrköping. Avhandlingen består av tre delar. I licentiatuppsatsen analyseras städernas utveckling från 1950-talet till 2006. Studien gör också ett försök att spåra orsaker till ohälsoskillnader och för tidig död. Artikel 1 handlar om vad som hände med folkhälsan på vägen från ett högindustriellt till ett postindustriellt samhälle. Ett särskilt focus har varit att studera skillnader i hjärtsjuklighet mellan olika stadsdelar i de bägge tvillingstäderna. I artikel 2 analyseras skillnader i hjärt–kärldödlighet på stadsdelsnivå under perioden 1976 till 2010.Unequal Mortality is primarily a study of coronary heart disease mortality and its consequences during the period 1950–2010 in the twin cities Linköping and Norrköping. The difference in mortality between the two cities was great. During the 1970s, when there was a focus on equality, these differences declined. As economic policies and social values were adapted to a global monetary policy, inequality in mortality between the two cities increased. Large changes took place in the respective cities as far as mortality in coronary heart disease was concerned. In both cities the low cost housing projects became poorer and were increasingly influenced by the influx of refugees, at the same time that the city centres became gentrified, not least in Linköping. The differences in mortality between the out-lying areas and the city centres increased during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century. This is true to a greater extent in Linköping than in Norrköping. The dissertation consists of three parts. The licentiate thesis analyses the development of the cities from the 1950s until 2006. The study also attempts to trace the reasons for the differences in health and premature death. Article 1 deals with what happened on the way from a highly industrial to a post-industrial society. It has especially focused on studying the differences in coronary heart disease morbidity among various neighbourhoods in both the twin cities. Article 2 analyses differences in coronary heart disease mortality during the period from 1976 to 2010.