Relevant bibliographies by topics / Socio-economic inequalitie

Academic literature on the topic 'Socio-economic inequalitie'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Socio-economic inequalitie"

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Arturo-Zarama, Daniela, and Freddy Eduardo Cante-Maldonado. "PROSTITUCIÓN Y DESIGUALDAD SOCIOECONÓMICA." Eleuthera, no. 16 (February 18, 2017): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/eleu.2017.16.5.

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Janmaat, Jan Germen. "Socio-Economic Inequality and Cultural Fragmentation in Western Societies." Comparative Sociology 7, no. 2 (2008): 179–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913308x289078.

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AbstractThis article examines the relation between socio-economic inequality and disparities of democratic values in Western societies. It discusses three perspectives on democratic attitudes and values – rising inequality, social capital, and postmaterialism – and explores to what extent cross-national patterns and trends in value disparities are in agreement with the predicted outcomes of these perspectives. Use is made of the World Value Survey and the European Value Study to explore these value disparities. The results do not provide unequivocal support for any of the three perspectives. The patterns on some values are in line with the rising inequality perspective, while those on others are consistent with the other two perspectives. Low and high incomes have come to drift apart on democratic values, which is what the rising inequalities perspective would expect. But these widening disparities are unrelated to socio-economic inequalities. It is proposed that socio-economic inequalities primarily affect mean levels of democratic values while individualism is the key factor producing value divergence.
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Mulaga, Atupele N., Mphatso S. Kamndaya, and Salule J. Masangwi. "Decomposing socio-economic inequality in catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures in Malawi." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): e0000182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000182.

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Reducing health inequalities and inequities is one of the key goals that health systems aspire to achieve as it ensures improvement in health outcomes among all population groups. Addressing the factors contributing to inequality in catastrophic health expenditures is important to reducing inequality in the burden of health expenditures. However, there are limited studies to explain the factors contributing to inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures. The study aimed to measure and decompose socio-economic inequality in catastrophic health into its determinants. Data for the analysis come from the fourth integrated household survey. Data for 12447 households in Malawi were collected from April 2016 to April 2017 by the National Statistical Office. The secondary analysis was conducted from June 2021 to October 2021. Catastrophic health expenditure was estimated as a proportion of households whose out-of-pocket health expenditures as a ratio of non-food consumption expenditures exceeds 40% threshold level. We estimated the magnitude of socio-economic inequality using the Erreygers corrected concentration index and used decomposition analysis to assess the contribution of inequality in each determinant of catastrophic health expenditure to the overall socio-economic inequality. The magnitude of the Erreygers corrected concentration index of catastrophic health expenditure (CI = 0.004) is small and positive which indicates that inequality is concentrated among the better-off. Inequality in catastrophic health expenditure is largely due to inequalities in rural residency (127%), socio-economic status (-40%), household size (14%), presence of a child under five years old (10%) and region of the household (10%). The findings indicate that socio-economic inequality in catastrophic health expenditures is concentrated among the better-off in Malawi. The results imply that policies that aim to reduce inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures should simultaneously address urban-rural and income inequalities.
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Purwanto, Joko. "Does a Rise in Income Inequality Lead to Rises in Transportation Inequality and Mobility Practice Inequality?" Social Inclusion 4, no. 3 (June 7, 2016): 110–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.485.

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Social and economic inequalities have sharpened in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. During this period, Europe has witnessed a rising unemployment rate, a declining wages for the least qualified workers, a slowing of income growth, and an increasing gap between the richest and the poorest. Based on the hypothesis of the relation between socio-economic condition and mobility behaviour, it is necessary to ask how these socio-economic inequalities manifest themselves in transportation: does a rise in income inequality lead to a rise in transportation inequality and mobility practice inequality? This question is particularly relevant today as some European countries are facing high socio-economic inequalities following the financial crisis that started in 2008. Using results from transport, car ownership and mobility surveys as well as household surveys from the Paris (Île-de-France) region between eighties and late nineties, this paper tries to answer this question. The results show how inequalities in transportation and mobility practice have decreased during the period in spite of an increase in income inequalities. We find that the evolution of socio-economic inequality, most specifically income inequality was simply one of the determining factors of the evolution of inequalities in transportation and mobility practice. In fact, the most important role in that evolution is not played by the evolution of income inequality but by the evolution of elasticity between transportation and income. Reducing the effects of this elasticity should be the main target of transport policies to diminish inequality in transportation and mobility practice.
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Akhtar, M. D. Azharuddin, Nadeem Ahmad, and Indrani Roy Chowdhury. "Measuring Socio-Economic Inequality in Self-Reported Morbidity in India: Decomposition Analysis." Review of Development and Change 25, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120916317.

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This paper assesses socio-economic inequalities in self-reported morbidities (SRMs) among households in India. Particularly, we addressed two questions. Is socio-economic-related inequality in SRMs significantly pro-rich or pro-poor? What are the major socio-economic and regional determinants contributing to inequality? This study is based on National Sample Survey 71st round (2014). We calculated equity ratio and concentration index (CI) to assess socio-economic-related inequality. Further, we applied probit regression and decomposition of CI to identify the major factors contributing to inequality. The finding suggests that SRMs and hospital admission have significantly pro-rich distribution, and accessibility to healthcare is a constraint against poor households. After adjusting the inequality, the unjust inequality due to socio-economic gradient is still found to be significant. Overall, income and regional differences are observed to be inflating factors, while education and insurance are observed to be deflating factors in socio-economic inequality in SRMs. High out-of-pocket expenditure with high proportion of transportation cost indicates high burden of accessing healthcare, which acts as a deterrent for poor in seeking healthcare. The government targets of investing 2.5 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product in the healthcare sector and running an ambitious programme like Universal Health Coverage are necessary efforts in the presence of income and health inequalities.
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Di Novi, Cinzia, Rowena Jacobs, and Matteo Migheli. "Smoking inequality across genders and socio-economic positions. Evidence from Italian data." Journal of Bioeconomics 22, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10818-020-09301-9.

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Abstract There has been a dearth of literature on smoking inequalities, in spite of its contribution to health inequalities. We exploit Italian individual-level data from repeated cross-sections of the annual household survey, “Aspects of Daily Life,” that was part of the Multipurpose Survey carried out by the Italian National Statistical Office (ISTAT) for the period 1999–2012 to identify the main socio-demographic characteristics that determine smoking inequalities. We use the Concentration Index to identify in which groups smoking is relatively more prevalent. We find that, among men, pro-rich inequality is driven by members of the lower socio-economic positions, while we observe the opposite for women. We encourage policymakers to address the issue of smoking inequalities, which the current policies have largely disregarded.
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von Fintel, Dieter, and Linda Richter. "Intergenerational transfer of health inequalities: exploration of mechanisms in the Birth to Twenty cohort in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (September 2019): e001828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001828.

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South Africa’s history of colonialism and Apartheid contributed to its extreme levels of inequality. Twenty-five years after the transition to democracy, socio-economic and health inequalities continue to rank among the highest in the world. The Birth to Twenty+ study follows a cohort born in urban Johannesburg in 1990 through their early lives and into young adulthood. Also known as ‘Mandela’s Children’, these ‘children of the ‘90s’ were the first generation to be raised in a democratic society, whose elected government implemented policies to achieve greater socio-economic and health equality. Correlating early life outcomes to those of their parents provides a baseline estimate of intergenerational transmission of historical inequality. Analyses of their early life course indicates the potential breakdown in inequality in the first generation. This paper provides an overview of empirical results on intergenerational change in socio-economic status and health during South Africa’s political transition. Access to infrastructural services improved, and poverty reduced following the rapid expansion of unconditional cash transfers mainly to children and pensioners. However, unemployment remained high and job discrimination continued. Inequalities in health follow similar patterns, and progress did not equate to convergence. Some catch-up physical growth occurred—both across groups and over time—but not sufficient to bridge cognitive inequalities. Socio-economic and health inequalities continued as the children of the ‘90s reached young adulthood. Based on knowledge of other transitions, it is likely that these inequalities will only start to break down in later generations, provided social and economic progress holds steady.
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Dr.B.Penchalaiah, Dr B. Penchalaiah, and Dr P. Sobha Dr.P.Sobha. "Socio-Economic Inequality and its Effect on Healthcare Delivery in India: Inequality and Healthcare." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/feb2014/95.

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Sunar, Lütfi, and Merve Akkuş Güvendi. "Noticing the Elephant in the Middle of the Room: Manifestation of Socio-Economic Inequalities in the World and Turkey." Journal of Humanity and Society (insan & toplum) 10, no. 4 (2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/m0615.

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Today the spotlights are over the problem of socio-economic inequalities. More people are having close attention to this phenomenon in the world and in Turkey. Because the economic transformation experienced in the last forty years triggers socio-economic inequalities to a great extent and creates different manifestations of the subject. Thus, the problem of socio-economic inequalities is subject to new research from different dimensions. Evaluation that monitoring inequalities through numerical indicators that give a general view, such as the gini coefficient, are not fully explanatory about the case. Because the gini coefficient provides a one-dimensional explanation and mostly obscures the different dimensions of the inequality. For this reason, calculations that make it possible to follow the contraction and expansion in different income groups within the country have started to be developed. This difference in assessment stems from the need to provide a framework for both the income status of different social groups and the changing social balances. This paper focuses the changes and variations in different income groups such as top 1 percent, middle income group and poor people. This paper offers a new framework for the assessment of socio-economic inequality by the analysis of the differentiation and change in these groups.
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Maden, Michelle. "OP79 A Meta-Framework To Inform Health Inequalities In Systematic Reviews." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001174.

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Introduction:Recent equity review guidance encourages reviewers to consider whether it is likely that their findings may impact on health inequalities. Much of the guidance assumes that health inequalities have either already been identified as the focus of the review, or that reviewers are able to recognize if and how health inequalities matter. However, our experience is that this is not necessarily true. Furthermore, theorizing if and how health inequalities matter is not normally integrated into the HTA review process. This presentation describes a novel approach to the development of a theory-led meta-framework to inform health inequality considerations in systematic reviews. The meta-framework aims to increase the usefulness of systematic reviews in informing and implementing changes to practice.Methods:Following the best-fit framework synthesis approach, a meta-framework was generated by ‘deconstituting’ concepts from theories relating to complex interventions and socio-economic health inequalities into a single framework. Feedback was sought from health inequality experts and reviewers.Results:Complex intervention theories identify four domains and key factors that may influence effectiveness; intervention design, implementation, context and participant response. Applying an equity lens, socio-economic health inequality theories identify key factors and mechanisms associated with these domains that may lead to differential effects across disadvantaged populations.Conclusions:The meta-framework has the potential to i) facilitate the identification and understanding of when, why and how interventions may impact on socio-economic health inequalities, ii) promote a theory-led approach to incorporating health inequalities in systematic reviews iii) help reviewers identify data to extract and inform a priori analysis on what factors are associated with differential effects, iv) help reviewers to decide whether it is likely that their review findings may have the potential for an intervention to indirectly widen or narrow socio-economic health inequalities, even when evidence of an impact in the primary research is lacking.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Socio-economic inequalitie"

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LILLINI, ROBERTO. "Il ruolo delle disuguaglianze socio-economiche nella sopravvivenza al cancro per i tumori della mammella e del colon-retto." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/111389.

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The main aim of this work is to explore the relationship between survival to tumors and individual socio-economic characteristics and the Census tract where the considered persons reside. Cancer is, in fact, a chronic disease whose clinical history has a strong relationship with the socio-economic factors, in particular as regards access to medical care and the chance of a timely diagnosis, i.e. the factors that mainly influence the therapeutic results. The considered data are referred to the patients resident in the Umbria region. Women with breast cancer diagnosed in the period 1/1/2001-31/12/2010 (8,317 cases) and individuals of both genders with colorectal cancer diagnosed in the same period (12,087 cases) were considered. The follow-up of cases stopped to 31/12/2012, the most recent available data. We have chosen to study these tumors, because they are the most widespread in the Italian population and the literature has shown how the socio-economic characteristics of the patients affected by these cancers are associated with significant differences in their survival. For all patients we collected: data coming from the Umbrian Cancer Registry (CR) about variables that describe age, gender, status in life, diagnosis, tumor characteristics and treatment; individual socio-economic information about marital status, educational level and employment status, provided by every Umbrian municipality Registry; the variables that describe the socio-economic characteristics of the Census tract where every considered patient used to live (Census of Population and Housing 2001), made available by the Regional Statistics Office. The Umbria region was chosen for the high quality of the data that the regional information system can make available, in particular as regards the local CR, thanks to the strong operational integration that exists between the different data sources. The datasets for the considered diseases have been built by deterministic record linkage, which put in connection information from the CR with those from the municipal Registry Offices and the Census. It was possible to automatically link the data of 8,209 women with breast cancer (98.7% of the total) and 11,749 cancer patients of colorectal cancer (97.2% of the total). Manual procedures for the identification and correction of errors allowed to recover also the unrelated cases, reaching 100%. A multilevel mixed effects parametric survival model, which allowed to use all the individual and area variables as responsible for the fixed effects and the Census tract of residence as responsible for the random effects, was used for survival analysis. In addition to the effects generated by the medical variables, the results showed that marital status at the individual level will help to change the survival, with better chances of overcoming the disease for married than unmarried or widowed. This is obviously an indirect effect, which expresses the need for social and family support, also occurring at the area level for breast cancer, where the structural dependency index decrease the chances of survival. For colorectal cancer, however, the relevant area-wide variable is the ageing index. The results seem to confirm what was found by recent national and international studies, which attached to the social and family capital a particularly significant role in having an early diagnosis, properly following the care and thus improving the chances of surviving to cancer. It is, however, reduced the role of the socio-economic characteristics that traditionally are associated with health inequalities, i.e. the education level and the professional status.
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Gisselmann, Marit. "The first injustice : Socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Sociology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.

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Adverse birth outcomes like preterm birth and infant mortality are unevenly distributed across socio-economic groups. Risks are usually lowest in groups with high socio-economic status and increase with decreasing status.

The general aim of this thesis was to contribute to the understanding of the relation between socio-economic status and birth outcomes, focussing on maternal education and class, studying a range of birth outcomes. More specific aims were to investigate the relation between maternal education and infant health, to study the combined influence of maternal childhood and adult social class on inequalities in infant health and to explore the contribution of maternal working conditions to class inequalities in birth outcomes. The studies are population based, focussing on singletons births 1973-1990. During the period under study, educational differences in birth outcomes increased, especially between those with the lowest and highest education. The low birth weight paradox emerged, suggesting that the distribution of determinants for low birthweight infants differs for these groups.

Further, an independent association was found between maternal childhood social class and low birthweight and neonatal mortality, but not for postneonatal mortality. Since this was found for the two outcomes closest to birth, this indicates that the association is mediated through the maternal body.

Finally, there is a contribution of maternal working conditions to class inequalities in birth outcome. Lower job control, higher job hazards and higher physical demands were all to some degree related to increased risk of the following adverse birth outcomes: infant mortality, low birthweight, very low birthweight, foetal growth, preterm birth, very and extremely preterm birth. Working conditions demonstrated disparate associations with the birth outcomes, indicating a high complexity in these relationships.

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Dahlén, Gisselmann Marit. "The first injustice : socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome /." Stockholm : Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.

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Coyoc, Rocio Ofelia Uc. "Socio-economic health and health care inequalities in Mexico." Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442360.

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Tran, Thi Anh Nguyet <1989&gt. "Essays on Human Capital Development and Socio-economic Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9111/1/FinalSubmission_AnhNguyetTranThi.pdf.

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This dissertation consists of three chapters in which I address central research questions about the role of parental investments and family structure on human capital development, the impact of education on labour-market outcomes and learning outcomes, and the origins and mechanisms of inter-generational mobility in developing countries. The first chapter examines how parental monetary investment affects the joint evolution of child health, cognitive skills and socio-emotional skills. I estimate a dynamic factor model, characterizing the skill formation process over the childhood, from birth to 12 years of age, using the sample of Vietnamese children from the Young Lives study. In the second chapter, I estimate marginal returns to upper secondary school on the labour market and on learning outcomes in Indonesia. Using the longitudinal data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 1997-2015, I document a substantial degree of heterogeneity in the returns to upper secondary school on the labour market. The third chapter investigates the origins and mechanisms of birth order effects on cognitive skills, socio-emotional skills and health in Vietnam. Using a sample of children from the Young Lives study we find strong evidence of negative birth order effects on parental investments and child capabilities, emerging very early in life.
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Chigwenah, Tariro. "Explaining the socio-economic inequalities in child immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32533.

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Socioeconomic inequalities in health have received significant attention globally because of the well-known association between wealth and health. A lot of studies show that poor people are more prone to sickness than their counterparts. Immunisation has been a key antidote to avert deaths for children under the age of 5. This study represents an initial attempt to assess specific variables that contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe. Data were obtained from the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey, a nationally representative survey. Immunisation coverage was measured using four categories: full immunisation (a child who will have received 10 doses of vaccines), partial immunisation (a child who will have received at least one but not all vaccines), no immunisation (a child who will not have received any immunisation dose from birth) and immunisation intensity (a proportion of doses received to total doses that they should have received). Inequalities in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe were assessed using concentration curves and indices. A positive (negative) concentration index indicates immunisation coverage concentrated among the rich (poor). The concentration index was decomposed to identify how different variables contribute to the socioeconomic inequality in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that immunisation intensity and full immunisation concentration indices were (0.0154) and (0.0250) respectively, indicating that children from lower socio-economic status are less likely to receive all doses of vaccines. No immunisation and partial immunisation concentration indices were (-0.0778) and (-0.0878) indicating that children from higher socioeconomic status are more likely to have their children immunised opposed to their poor counterparts. The main contributors to socioeconomic inequality in immunisation coverage are the mother's education, socioeconomic status and place of residence (rural/urban and province). While immunisation services are free of charge in the public health sector in Zimbabwe, coverage rates are higher among the wealthy, which shows that there may be barriers to utilising these services that may not be the direct cost of vaccination. There have to be measures by the government to reach people in areas that are not easily accessible. Also, more needs to be done to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in Zimbabwe.
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Anders, J. D. "Socio-economic inequaliites in access to Higher Education in England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1528662/.

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This thesis analyses inequalities in access to Higher Education (HE) in England. In particular, it provides new evidence about this issue in three major ways. First, it estimates the family income gradient in university participation overall, and at a group of high status institutions. It also analyses the income gradient in university applications. While there are substantial income gradients in university attendance, and attendance at high status institutions, most of these differences are driven by application decisions, particularly once we control for 'ability' at age 11. This suggests that universities do not discriminate against students from poorer backgrounds; such students are less likely to apply. Second, it assesses the role of socio-economic status in explaining changes in university expectations across the teenage years. It analyses transitions in young people's expectations from being 'likely to apply' to being 'unlikely to apply' and vice versa, using dura on modelling techniques. Young people's socio-economic background has a significant association with changes in expectations, even controlling for prior academic attainment and other potential confounding factors. This suggests more could usefully be done to maintain the educational expectations of academically able young people from less advantaged families. Finally, it looks at the impact of aptitude tests as a screening device for entry to elite universities by looking at the effect on the proportion of successful applicants by school type (state versus private) and gender. The es mates are obtained by applying a difference in differences approach to administrative data from the University of Oxford. Although introducing the test increased the proportion of interviewees getting an offer overall, this is not the case for women. Nevertheless, the policy has no apparent effect on the overall chances of applicants being offered a place by school type or gender.
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Rono, Lorraine. "Socio-economic inequality and ethno-political conflict : evidence from Kenya." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9008.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-70).
This study examines the influence of socio-economic inequalities on the probability of conflict in Kenya and aims to synthesise various causal hypotheses in the literature. This research extends to a regional analysis of a cross-national sample to understand the extent to which structural cleavages account for a cause of potential conflict in Kenya. The post-election violence that emerged in 2008 shed light on the urgency for policy reforms to address the root causes of what was viewed as an imminent outbreak of violence. Various analysts trace the origin of conflict to nepotism, ethnic stratification, historical injustices, poor governance and disparities in resource allocation. Given these sources of dissent, this study proposes that the most fundamental factors that considerably influence the probability of conflict in Kenya are pervasive poverty and extreme inequality, intensified by ethnic divisions. Based on Kuznets theory, we argue that the booms of economic growth experienced from 2003 perpetuated the stark economic and social inequalities prevalent in Kenya. As a result, there is strong evidence that suggests that these sharp inequalities fuelled the post-election violence and deeply influence the probability of conflict in Kenyan society. Another key contribution from the study is the conclusion that the existence of sharp horizontal inequalities result in a bias towards ethnic conflict. It is imperative to identify the underlying causes of conflict so as to neutralise polarisation which exacerbates tension and breeds further conflict. In light of this view, the probability of conflict in Kenya can be minimised effectively and such mitigation can be used as a mechanism for future growth and economic development in Kenya.
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Barford, Anna. "An international comparative study of attitudes towards socio-economic inequality." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1232/.

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How teachers think about inequality in terms of what they aspire to and how they defend their views is surprisingly similar in the three study countries, Kenya, Mexico and the UK, despite their different positions in the world economic order. I attribute this to the near global hegemony of neoliberal logics concerning what is seen as being desirable and how things work. What differ are the terms in which inequality is defined and the form that critiques of inequality take. In particular, questions of respect and inferiority / superiority are verbalised in the middle and poorer countries and not in the richer country. The most important message to come from this work is that in thinking about inequality at the world level, it is important to talk about inequality with people from different points in the world, rather than concerning ourselves mainly with what the rich think of the poor or what the poor think of the poor. Through better understanding the experiences and constructions of world inequality according to people differentially positioned within this inequality, we can more fruitfully learn about the nature of what these findings, and those of many others, illustrate to be a very damaging situation. These findings suggest that the energy for change is least likely to come from richer countries as the more powerful critiques often stem from people living where they see and experience more challenging aspects of world inequality.
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Safarzynska, Karolina. "Socio-economic Determinants of Demand for Private Tutoring." Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr045.

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This study examines socio-economic factors underlying the demand for private tutoring. The analysis utilizes two samples of students from lower- and upper-level secondary schools in Poland based on the PISA 2006 data set. Special attention is paid to channels through which private tutoring may endure socio-economic inequalities, especially in the context of the gender gap in education outcomes. We find that parents' decisions concerning private education are sensitive to student gender, which may raise concerns for policymakers committed to provide equal opportunities and outcomes in education. At the level of gymnasium (lower-level secondary school), female students are more likely to enrol in private tutoring in mathematics than male students. The evidence indicates the opposite with respect to private tutoring in Polish and preparatory courses for the gymnasium final examination. The grade from the final exam does not affect the probability of graduating from gymnasium, but it is used by upper secondary schools for the admission purpose. In upper secondary schools, we find that male students are less likely to participate in private education services than female students. This may be indicative of an increase in power of students in household's decision-making as they graduate from gymnasium. (author's abstract)
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Books on the topic "Socio-economic inequalitie"

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van Ham, Maarten, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė, and Heleen Janssen, eds. Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4.

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Louise, Gunning-Schepers, Spruit I. P, and Krijnen J. H, eds. Socio economic inequalities in health questions on trends and explanations. The Hague: Ministry of Welfare, Health, and Cultural Affairs, 1989.

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Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), ed. Vision 2025: Socio-economic inequalities : why does India's economic growth need an inclusive agenda. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies, 2018.

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author, Islam Mohammed Shafiqul, and UNICEF Bangladesh, eds. Mitigating socio-economic inequalities to accelerate poverty reduction: Investing in vulnerable children. Dhaka: UNICEF Bangladesh, 2010.

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Murray, Eugene Anthony. A study in the prevalence of cerebral palsy in Northern Ireland in relation to socio-economic inequalities. [S.l: The Author], 2001.

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Trust and estate planning: The emergence of a profession and its contribution to socio-economic inequality. Köln: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, 2009.

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Kunst, Anton. International variation in socio-economic inequalities in self-reported health: A comparison of the Netherlands with other industrialised countries. The Hague: SDU/Publishers, 1992.

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Ralph, Menke, ed. Report on socio-economic differences in health indicators in Europe: Health inequalities in Europe and the situation of disadvantaged groups. Bielefeld: Lögd, Landesinstitut für den Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst NRW, 2003.

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Sheremet, Aleksandr. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERNET AS A MEANS OF MASS COMMUNICATION ON QUALITY AND STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE POPULATION. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/monography_5fdf9ab89f5d61.35635530.

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The monograph is devoted to the problems of the influence of the Internet as a means of mass communication on the quality and standard of living of the population. The digital inequality and other new forms of socio-economic stratification generated by the introduction and development of new information and communication technologies are investigated.
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Borgna, Camilla. Migrant Penalties in Educational Achievement. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462981348.

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The integration of second-generation immigrants has proved to be a major challenge for Europe in recent years. Though these people are born in their host nations, they often experience worse social and economic outcomes than other citizens. This volume focuses on one particular, important challenge: the less successful educational outcomes of second-generation migrants. Looking at data from seventeen European nations, Camilla Borgna shows that migrant penalties in educational achievement exist in each one-but that, unexpectedly, the penalties tend to be greater in countries in which socio-economic inequalities in education are generally more modest, a finding that should prompt reconsideration of a number of policy approaches.
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Book chapters on the topic "Socio-economic inequalitie"

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Van Steensel, Arie. "Measuring urban inequalities. Spatial patterns of service access in sixteenth-century Leiden." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect, 369–88. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.24.

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This contribution develops a broader understanding of well-being in premodern towns and by using digital methods to map social and economic inequalities, thereby drawing on insights from research on socio-spatial equity from urban studies. The key questions are how socio-economic inequality was reflected in the urban social topography and to what extent these spatial patterns reproduced inequality. Taking sixteenth-century Leiden as a case study, the spatial patterns of economic inequality and social segregation in this town are first examined. Next, the level of location-based inequality is explored by mapping and calculating urban spatial patterns of service accessibility.
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Krokhicheva, Galina, and Anton Lugantsev. "POVERTY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN RUSSIA." In Socio-economic and legal problems of modern society, 26–34. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_61e7f12a7d2c58.40751846.

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This article analyses the changes that have taken place in the perception of poverty and inequality in the public consciousness of our population. These changes reflect objective trends in the evolution of relevant phenomena in Russia up to the onset of the economic crisis. The dynamics of growing interest in relation to poverty and social inequalities, tied to the reason for their emergence, is considered
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Wickham, James. "Gender and socio-economic inequality." In European Societies Today, 155–78. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429426537-7.

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Mussard, Stéphane, and María Noel Pi Alperin. "Socio-economic Health Inequality Indices." In Analysis of Socio-Economic Conditions, 200–218. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003053712-13.

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Singh, Ankur, Jose Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes, and Marco A. Peres. "Socio-Economic Inequalities in Oral Health." In Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry, 279–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5_17.

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van Ham, Maarten, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė, and Heleen Janssen. "Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities. An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book." In The Urban Book Series, 3–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_1.

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AbstractThe book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than city-wide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis.
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Gražina Rakauskienė, Ona, Dalia Štreimikienė, and Lina Volodzkienė. "Methodology for Assessing Excessive Inequality." In Excessive Inequality and Socio-Economic Progress, 67–102. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22984-3.

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Gražina Rakauskienė, Ona, Dalia Štreimikienė, and Lina Volodzkienė. "Guidelines for Reducing Excessive Inequality." In Excessive Inequality and Socio-Economic Progress, 193–216. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22984-5.

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Gražina Rakauskienė, Ona, Dalia Štreimikienė, and Lina Volodzkienė. "Theoretical Basis of Economic Inequality." In Excessive Inequality and Socio-Economic Progress, 10–66. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22984-2.

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Chatterjee, Arnab. "Socio-Economic Inequalities: A Statistical Physics Perspective." In New Economic Windows, 287–324. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08473-2_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Socio-economic inequalitie"

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Mata, Anna. "How Families’ Socio-Economic Inequalities Affect Schools." In EDUHEM 2018 - VIII International conference on intercultural education and International conference on transcultural health: The Value Of Education And Health For A Global,Transcultural World. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.04.02.81.

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Tetep, Tetep, Ade Suherman, Yuyun Susanti, and Aulia Nisa. "Poverty and Socio-Economic Inequality from Socio-Cultural Perspective." In 6th Global Conference on Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220701.008.

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Ghosh, Puranjoy, Bibhu Kaibalya Manik, and Pallavi Das. "CONVERGENT APPROACH OF LIBERALIZATION AND REGIONAL INEQUALITIES - AN ANALYSIS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.103.

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Coherent integration for transformation and structural adjustments in the socio-political, economic and cultural realms of each unit within the framework of social democracy might have appeared to be contributory to market-efficiency and the objectives of neo-liberalization as well as economic growth. In the present dispensation the authors have taken the attempt to analyse scales of normative frameworks in the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural context under various timelines to suggest as alternative means, in addition to policy coherence for the sustainable developmental goals.
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Tzafestas, Elpida. "Cultures of war and inequality." In 2015 International Conference on Behavioral, Economic and Socio-cultural Computing (BESC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/besc.2015.7365970.

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Dmitriev, A. A. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AS A FACTOR OF BRAKING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT." In Modern Technologies in Science and Education MTSE-2020. Ryazan State Radio Engineering University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21667/978-5-6044782-5-7-207-211.

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Persello, Claudio, and Monika Kuffer. "Towards Uncovering Socio-Economic Inequalities Using VHR Satellite Images and Deep Learning." In IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss39084.2020.9324399.

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Anisimova, Galina. "THE RUSSIAN STATE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY: BETWEEN ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY." In Collection of scientific works of the participants of the XI International Kondratieff Conference. ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-34-0-2020-33-38.

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Mamleeva, Elvira. "Digital Inequalities In Russia." In IV International Scientific Conference "Competitiveness and the development of socio-economic systems" dedicated to the memory of Alexander Tatarkin. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.44.

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Maden, M. "P40 A meta-framework for incorporating socio-economic health inequalities in systematic reviews." In Society for Social Medicine 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting, Hosted by the MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 5–7 September 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-ssmabstracts.166.

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EL, MOHAMED. "Economic Inequality and Revolutions A Survey of Socio-Economic Factors of the Arab Spring Case of the Tunisian Revolution." In International Conference on Advances in Economics, Social Science and Human Behaviour Study - ESSHBS 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-041-5-57.

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Reports on the topic "Socio-economic inequalitie"

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Cârstocea, Andreea, and Craig Willis. Less equal than others: National minorities and the overlooked challenge of socio-economic inequalities. European Centre for Minority Issues, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/aacb5478.

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Socio-economic inequalities are part and parcel of people’s everyday life in any society; yet for people who belong to ethnic, linguistic, religious, or cultural communities, these inequalities tend to be markedly greater than for others. Quite often, national minority communities face higher hurdles in accessing employment and gaining incomes on a par with those of the majority, and have lower access to adequate healthcare services, housing, education, or public services in general. And yet, a conversation about the socio-economic inequalities facing minority communities, the specific challenges they face, or the ways in which their participation might be improved is largely absent.
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Bouezmarni, Taoufik, Mohamed Doukali, and Abderrahim Taamouti. Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mtkj3339.

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COVID-19 has created an unprecedented global health crisis that caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Many, however, argue that pre-existing social inequalities have led to inequalities in infection and death rates across social classes, with the most-deprived classes are worst hit. In this paper, we derive semi/non-parametric estimators of Health Concentration Curve (HC) that can quantify inequalities in COVID-19 infections and deaths and help identify the social classes that are most at risk of infection and dying from the virus. We express HC in terms of copula function that we use to build our estimators of HC. For the semi-parametric estimator, a parametric copula is used to model the dependence between health and socio-economic variables. The copula function is estimated using maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator after replacing the cumulative distribution of health variable by its empirical analogue. For the non-parametric estimator, we replace the copula function by a Bernstein copula estimator. Furthermore, we use the above estimators of HC to derive copula-based estimators of health Gini coeffcient. We establish the consistency and the asymptotic normality of HC’s estimators. Using different data-generating processes and sample sizes, a Monte-Carlo simulation exercise shows that the semiparametric estimator outperforms the smoothed nonparametric estimator, and that the latter does better than the empirical estimator in terms of Integrated Mean Squared Error. Finally, we run an extensive empirical study to illustrate the importance of HC’s estimators for investigating inequality in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the U.S. The empirical results show that the inequalities in state’s socio-economic variables like poverty, race/ethnicity, and economic prosperity are behind the observed inequalities in the U.S.’s COVID-19 infections and deaths.
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Oppel, Annalena. Beyond Informal Social Protection – Personal Networks of Economic Support in Namibia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.002.

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This paper poses a different lens on informal social protection (ISP). ISP is generally understood as practices of livelihood support among individuals. While studies have explored the social dynamics of such, they rarely do so beyond the conceptual space of informalities and poverty. For instance, they discuss aspects of inclusion, incentives and disincentives, efficiency and adequacy. This provides important insights on whether and to what extent these practices provide livelihood support and for whom. However, doing so in part disregards the socio-political context within which support practices take place. This paper therefore introduces the lens of between-group inequality through the Black Tax narrative. It draws on unique mixed method data of 205 personal support networks of Namibian adults. The results show how understanding these practices beyond the lens of informal social protection can provide important insights on how economic inequality resonates in support relationships, which in turn can play a part in reproducing the inequalities to which they respond.
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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.
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Kallas, Diana. The Magic Potion of Austerity and Poverty Alleviation: Narratives of political capture and inequality in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxfam, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8298.

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Dominant narratives promoting economic growth at the expense of state institutions and basic social services have long underpinned a neoliberal model of spiralling debt and austerity in the MENA region. This exacerbates political capture and inequality and takes shape in an environment of media concentration and shrinking civic space. It is important for change movements to understand dominant narratives in order to challenge and shift them. With the right tools, civil society organizations, activists, influencers and alternative media can start changing the myths and beliefs which frame the socio-economic debate and predetermine which policy options are accepted as possible and legitimate, and which are not.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Bellwood-Howard, Imogen, and Helen Dancer. Politics, Power and Social Differentiation in African Agricultural Value Chains: The Effects of COVID-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.027.

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Since the structural adjustment policies of the 1980s, policymaking at a national and continental level has increasingly turned to agricultural commercialisation as the foundation for Africa’s long-term nutrition and food security. However, socio-economic inequalities, land tenure and food insecurity, as well as livelihood and income precarities remain widespread challenges. The effects of shocks, such as COVID-19, have overlaid emergent and entrenched patterns of social differentiation that shape access to resources, markets, and other opportunities for those involved in commercial agriculture. This paper considered the impacts of COVID-19 on value chains in Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, to ask: 1) What can political settlements analyses tell us about agricultural value chains and responses to COVID-19 in the countries studied? 2) How are structures and power relations throughout the value chains and actors’ responses to COVID-19 related to social differentiation in the context of African agriculture?
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IIGH, UNU, and University of the Western Cape School of Public Health. Gender and COVID-19 global research agenda: priorities and recommendations. UNU-IIGH, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/lrrw9593.

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Calls for greater recognition of and attention to the influence of sex and gender on health have been longstanding, and the need for this has only been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the direct effects of biological sex and socially-constructed gender differences on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality – with higher rates of severe disease and deaths among men, pandemic responses have also amplified existing gender inequalities, with women bearing the heaviest burden of the indirect health and socio-economic consequences. The interactions between sex, gender and COVID-19 are complex and evolving, and further shaped and influenced by context and the intersecting influence of other social determinants and/or identities (such as race, ethnicity, LGBTQIA or migrant status, etc.), which have exacerbated the devastating health impacts for specific women, men and gender-diverse people. Recognising both the urgency of integrating sex and gender into COVID-19 research, and the roadblocks in the way of achieving this, the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH) and the School of Public Health at the University of the Western Cape co- convened a collaborative gender and COVID-19 research agenda-setting exercise.
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IIGH, UNU, and University of the Western Cape School of Public Health. Gender and COVID-19 global research agenda: priorities and recommendations. UNU-IIGH, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/ffnz1457.

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Calls for greater recognition of and attention to the influence of sex and gender on health have been longstanding, and the need for this has only been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the direct effects of biological sex and socially-constructed gender differences on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality – with higher rates of severe disease and deaths among men, pandemic responses have also amplified existing gender inequalities, with women bearing the heaviest burden of the indirect health and socio-economic consequences. The interactions between sex, gender and COVID-19 are complex and evolving, and further shaped and influenced by context and the intersecting influence of other social determinants and/or identities (such as race, ethnicity, LGBTQIA or migrant status, etc.), which have exacerbated the devastating health impacts for specific women, men and gender-diverse people. Recognising both the urgency of integrating sex and gender into COVID-19 research, and the roadblocks in the way of achieving this, the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH) and the School of Public Health at the University of the Western Cape co- convened a collaborative gender and COVID-19 research agenda-setting exercise.
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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