Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Socio-economic data'
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Jasmin, Jusufbegovic, and Ottoson Johan. "Understanding Suicide : A Socio-Economic Approach." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70957.
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This thesis uses a panel of Swedish counties over the years 1976-2007 to investigate the relationship between suicide and a range of socio-economic determinants. Moreover, the thesis is combining sociology and economics in order to understand the part of suicide that can be considered as rational. In addition, suicide is studied separately for total, male and female suicide rates. Contrary to prior research in the field of suicide, this study formally tests for gender differences. Applying a fixed effect model, we managed to uncover a statistically significant gender difference for female labor force participation relation to suicide. When applying fixed effect models most of our results were in accordance with the socio-economic theory of suicide. We found a significant u-shaped relationship between suicide and the level of alcohol sales (consumption). We also found a statistically significant positive relationship between the total suicide rate and female labor force participation. Moreover, we found that higher population density significantly leads to fewer suicides in the total and male model. Furthermore, we found that unemployment increases the male suicide rate. In some cases, however our results contradicted the theory. Our results give evidence that divorce has a negative and significant effect on total and male suicide rate. These findings are not only violating the theoretical framework but previous research as well. We can thus conclude that the socio-economic theory of suicide, in most cases, assistances us to understand suicide.
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Adeel, Usman. "Socio-economic aware data forwarding in mobile sensing networks and systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25508.
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The vision for smart sustainable cities is one whereby urban sensing is core to optimising city operation which in turn improves citizen contentment. Wireless Sensor Networks are envisioned to become pervasive form of data collection and analysis for smart cities but deployment of millions of inter-connected sensors in a city can be cost-prohibitive. Given the ubiquity and ever-increasing capabilities of sensor-rich mobile devices, Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Phones (WSN-MP) provide a highly flexible and ready-made wireless infrastructure for future smart cities. In a WSN-MP, mobile phones not only generate the sensing data but also relay the data using cellular communication or short range opportunistic communication. The largest challenge here is the efficient transmission of potentially huge volumes of sensor data over sometimes meagre or faulty communications networks in a cost-effective way. This thesis investigates distributed data forwarding schemes in three types of WSN-MP: WSN with mobile sinks (WSN-MS), WSN with mobile relays (WSN-HR) and Mobile Phone Sensing Systems (MPSS). For these dynamic WSN-MP, realistic models are established and distributed algorithms are developed for efficient network performance including data routing and forwarding, sensing rate control and and pricing. This thesis also considered realistic urban sensing issues such as economic incentivisation and demonstrates how social network and mobility awareness improves data transmission. Through simulations and real testbed experiments, it is shown that proposed algorithms perform better than state-of-the-art schemes.
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Tindall, Nathaniel W. "Analyses of sustainability goals: Applying statistical models to socio-economic and environmental data." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54259.
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This research investigates the environment and development issues of three stakeholders at multiple scales—global, national, regional, and local. Through the analysis of financial, social, and environmental metrics, the potential benefits and risks of each case study are estimated, and their implications are considered.
In the first case study, the relationship of manufacturing and environmental performance is investigated. Over 700 facilities of a global manufacturer that produce 11 products on six continents were investigated to understand global variations and determinants of environmental performance. Water, energy, carbon dioxide emissions, and production data from these facilities were analyzed to assess environmental performance; the relationship of production composition at the individual firm and environmental performance were investigated. Location-independent environmental performance metrics were combined to provide both global and local measures of environmental performance. These models were extended to estimate future water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions considering potential demand shifts. Natural resource depletion risks were investigated, and mitigation strategies related to vulnerabilities and exposure were discussed. The case study demonstrated how data from multiple facilities can be used to characterize the variability amongst facilities and to preview how changes in production may affect overall corporate environmental metrics. The developed framework adds a new approach to account for environmental performance and degradation as well as assess potential risk in locations where climate change may affect the availability of production resources (i.e., water and energy) and thus, is a tool for understanding risk and maintaining competitive advantage.
The second case study was designed to address the issue of delivering affordable and sustainable energy. Energy pricing was evaluated by modeling individual energy consumption behaviors. This analysis simulated a heterogeneous set of residential households in both the urban and rural environments in order to understand demand shifts in the residential energy end-use sector due to the effects of electricity pricing. An agent-based model (ABM) was created to investigate the interactions of energy policy and individual household behaviors; the model incorporated empirical data on beliefs and perceptions of energy. The environmental beliefs, energy pricing grievances, and social networking dynamics were integrated into the ABM model structure. This model projected the aggregate residential sector electricity demand throughout the 30-year time period as well as distinguished the respective number of households who only use electricity, that use solely rely on indigenous fuels, and that incorporate both indigenous fuels and electricity. The model is one of the first characterizations of household electricity demand response and fuel transitions related to energy pricing at the individual household level, and is one of the first approaches to evaluating consumer grievance and rioting response to energy service delivery. The model framework is suggested as an innovative tool for energy policy analysis and can easily be revised to assist policy makers in other developing countries.
In the final case study, a framework was developed for a broad cost-benefit and greenhouse gas evaluation of transit systems and their associated developments. A case study was developed of the Atlanta BeltLine. The net greenhouse gas emissions from the BeltLine light rail system will depend on the energy efficiency of the streetcars themselves, the greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity used to power the streetcars, the extent to which people use the BeltLine instead of driving personal vehicles, and the efficiency of their vehicles. The effects of ridership, residential densities, and housing mix on environmental performance were investigated and were used to estimate the overall system efficacy. The range of the net present value of this system was estimated considering health, congestion, per capita greenhouse gas emissions, and societal costs and benefits on a time-varying scale as well as considering the construction and operational costs. The 95% confidence interval was found with a range bounded by a potential loss of $860 million and a benefit of $2.3 billion; the mean net present value was $610 million. It is estimated that the system will generate a savings of $220 per ton of emitted CO2 with a 95% confidence interval bounded by a potential social cost of $86 cost per ton CO2 and a savings of $595 per ton CO2.
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Haile, Getinet Astatike. "The adjustment costs of job displacement : evidence based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) data." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410430.
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Doll, Christopher Nicholas Hideo. "Understanding the information content of night-time satellite data for modelling socio-economic dimensions of global change." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407332.
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Zsigovics, Gabor. "Derivation of biophysical variables from fine resolution imagery for co-processing with socio-economic data in an urban area." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ53459.pdf.
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Nelson, Andrew Darren. "The spatial analysis of socio-economic and agricultural data across geographic scales : examples and applications in Honduras and elsewhere." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405809.
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Evangelou, Alexandros. "Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of immigrant population in Greece (1991-2011) : Comparisons from census data and vital statistics." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171457.
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Immigrant flows in Greece after 1990 transformed Greece from a country of outwards migration to an inwards migration state. The contribution of immigrants in a globalized world of migration with sub-replacement fertility levels found in developed countries is a particularly interesting topic in demographic studies. The primary aim of this thesis is to discuss the changes of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of immigrant population in Greece focusing on Albanian and Bulgarian immigrants. In order to answer these research questions, data from the last three national population census of 1991, 2001 and 2011 as well as vital statistics for European and non-European immigrants’ fertility in Greece have been used. The analysis is based on descriptive statistics for the differential age structure of Greek population and immigrant groups. Reasons for immigration to Greece, educational attainment of immigrants, rates of unemployment and employment status of immigrant population have been used to approach the research questions. The results indicated a younger age structure of Albanian and Bulgarian immigrant population. Meanwhile, immigrant population appears to have higher unemployment rates compared to native Greek population. Finally, a substantial decline of general fertility rates for non-European immigrant women in Greece compared to native Greek women has been observed within the years of the economic recession.
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Primerano, Ilaria. "A symbolic data analysis approach to explore the relation between governance and performance in the Italian industrial districs." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2179.
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2013 - 2014Nowadays, complex phenomena need to bee analyzed through appropriate statistical methods that allow considering the knowledge hidden behind the classical data structure... [edited by author]
XIII n.s.
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Olsén, Ingefeldt Niclas. "The determinants of voter turnout in OECD : An aggregated cross-national study using panel data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295468.
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This paper examines in a descriptive manner how two groups of variables, institutional and socio-economic, correlate with voter turnout respectively and if their magnitude have changed over time in OECD countries. Previous research is often based on data from the 70’s and 80’s. Since then, voter turnout in democratic countries has decreased and more citizens do not use their fundamental democratic right of being involved in the process of choosing their representatives. To answer the paper hypotheses i.e. analyzing what factors that correlates with voter turnout, panel data between 1980 and 2012 are used which is estimated by an OLS approach. The outcome of the empirical estimations indicates that 13 out of 19 variables have a significant relationship with turnout. Most of the variables magnitudes are a bit lower than previous literature. From the time sensitivity analysis the result indicates that voters are less influenced by the significant variables that focus on the voting cost. It seems that voters in the 21st century meet voting costs in different manner than previously.
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Etches, Jacob. "Individual and neighbourhood socio-economic predictors of chronic health problems and activity limitation, an application of multilevel modelling to 1990 OHS data." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58662.pdf.
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Bašić, Edin. "The problem of missing residential mobility information in the german microcensus : an evaluation of two statistical approaches with the socio-economic panel /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2008. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz286991586cov.htm.
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Musa, Khalid Bin. "Identifying Land Use Changes and It's Socio-Economic Impacts : A Case Study of Chacoria Sundarban in Bangladesh." Thesis, Linköping : Linköping University. Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:2076/FULLTEXT03.
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Rochon, Gilbert Leonard 1946. "Scientific visualization of multi-temporal remotely-sensed data for monitoring drought-related famine conditions : nutritional, socio-economic & climatic vulnerability in Sudan's Gezira." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69755.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-202).
This study addresses the design and deployment constraints and potential utility of an emerging analytical concept for planning adaptive response and mitigation of the regional impact of global climate change, within the context of a complex region in Sudan, with multiple biogenic and anthropogenic vulnerabilities. The specific conceptualization is referred to herein as the Temporal Analysis, Reconnaissance, and Decision Integration System (TARDIS). TARDIS is conceived as a composite planning tool, incorporating virtual temporal analysis, virtual spatial analysis, change detection for archival remotely-sensed data, trend extrapolation, generation of alternative future what-if scenarios and integration with both quantitative and rule-based decision-support. The rationale for developing the specifications for the TARDIS proof-of-concept is the observation that decisions concerning complex phenomena, involving multiple intractable problems, deserve to be made in an information-rich environment. Moreover, it is contended that such decisions could benefit both from an historical perspective and from the luxury of a comparative visualization of possible future outcomes of past trends, current policies and putative what-if constructs. The broad parameters for multi-variable factors affecting food security and the potentially significant regional impact of global climate change on Sudan's Gezira are presented. Also described are the potential contributions of the TARDIS in supporting planners and decision-makers, whose decisions might benefit from visualization of archival satellite data and from visualization of alternative future scenarios. I am primarily concerned with a triad of issues, in the order presented, and their interaction with one another: > FOOD SECURITY, WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE SUDAN > GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON FOOD PRODUCING REGIONS, SUCH AS SUDAN'S GEZIRA > VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR TIME-SERIES SATELLITE DATA TO SUPPORT DECISION ANALYSIS, UNDER CONDITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY, TYPIFIED BY THE SUDAN CASE STUDY Under this broad rubric, I seek to define a discrete area of concentration, namely, the articulation of design specifications for a proof-of-concept composite prototype decision support tool, incorporating scientific visualization of remotely sensed data. Although this tool potentially has generic applicability to decision-making and planning within diverse disciplines and geographic locations, the intended application, herein, is as a tool supporting decisions regarding future food security for Sudan's Gezira agricultural area, with specific reference to food crop, dhurra, (Sorghum bicolor) and cash crop, long staple cotton, (Gossypium Barakatensis) sustainability, under anticipated hotter and more arid climate conditions. The objective of applying this tool to the Sudanese context is to facilitate long-term planning and decision-making related to food security issues in the Gezira, given the climatological threat of future increased temperature and decreased precipitation. Accordingly, the first demonstration of the TARDIS proof-of-concept will be a simulated test run (STR) of data pertinent to Sudan's Gezira. The results of this STR will be evaluated in Chapter 4, and, based upon the outcome, recommendations for regional adaptive response are offered and refinements and modifications will be suggested to improve TARDIS utility and functionality. This research seeks to establish a role for state-of-the-science visualization of remotelysensed data, as a tool for planning adaptive responses to impending climatic change and to food insecurity. Moreover, the study hypothesizes that informed decision-making and policy formulation can be facilitated, through an analysis of the archival satellite and meteorological data for Sudan's Gezira, combined with an assessment of selected current conditions (e.g. civil war, political instability and international isolation, insect infestation in the irrigated agricultural schemes, prevalence of diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria and cholera), and with an analysis of alternative future what-if scenarios. Potential vested constituents for such technology include various bi-lateral and multi-lateral entities with trade, aid or oversight relationships with Sudan. For purposes of this study, one such agency has been selected, namely, the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS), a newly established umbrella entity within the United Nations, whose mission is "to provide policy makers, resource managers and researchers with the data they need to detect, quantify, locate and understand changes (especially reductions) in the capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to support sustainable development." Accordingly, GTOS has been identified as a potential TARDIS enduser, under the proposed auspices of the prototypical joint Food and Agricultural Organizattion (FAO)/ World Food Programme (WFP) annual Crop Survey and Nutritional Needs Assessment Mission to Sudan.
by Gilbert Leonard Rochon, III.
Ph.D.
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Orekan, Vincent Oladokoun Agnila. "Implementation of the local land use and land cover change model CLUE-s for Central Benin by using socio-economic and remote sensing data." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984706666.
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Orekan, Vincent O. A. "Implementation of the local land use and land cover change model CLUE-s for Central Benin by using socio-economic and remote sensing data." Aachen Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/99149458X/04.
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Ding, Deng. "An integrated modeling framework of socio-economic, biophysical, and hydrological processes in Midwest landscapes: remote sensing data, agro-hydrological model, and agent-based model." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1840.
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Intensive human-environment interactions are taking place in Midwestern agricultural systems. An integrated modeling framework is suitable for predicting dynamics of key variables of the socio-economic, biophysical, hydrological processes as well as exploring the potential transitions of system states in response to changes of the driving factors. The purpose of this dissertation is to address issues concerning the interacting processes and consequent changes in land use, water balance, and water quality using an integrated modeling framework. This dissertation is composed of three studies in the same agricultural watershed, the Clear Creek watershed in East-Central Iowa.
In the first study, a parsimonious hydrologic model, the Threshold-Exceedance-Lagrangian Model (TELM), is further developed into RS-TELM (Remote Sensing TELM) to integrate remote sensing vegetation data for estimating evapotranspiration. The goodness of fit of RS-TELM is comparable to a well-calibrated SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and even slightly superior in capturing intra-seasonal variability of stream flow. The integration of RS LAI (Leaf Area Index) data improves the model's performance especially over the agriculture dominated landscapes. The input of rainfall datasets with spatially explicit information plays a critical role in increasing the model's goodness of fit.
In the second study, an agent-based model is developed to simulate farmers' decisions on crop type and fertilizer application in response to commodity and biofuel crop prices. The comparison between simulated crop land percentage and crop rotations with satellite-based land cover data suggest that farmers may be underestimating the effects that continuous corn production has on yields (yield drag). The simulation results given alternative market scenarios based on a survey of agricultural land owners and operators in the Clear Creek Watershed show that, farmers see cellulosic biofuel feedstock production in the form of perennial grasses or corn stover as a more risky enterprise than their current crop production systems, likely because of market and production risks and lock in effects. As a result farmers do not follow a simple farm-profit maximization rule.
In the third study, the consequent water quantity and quality change of the potential land use transitions given alternative biofuel crop market scenarios is explored in a case study in the Clear Creek watershed. A computer program is developed to implement the loose-coupling strategy to couple an agent-based land use model with SWAT. The simulation results show that watershed-scale water quantity (water yield and runoff) and quality variables (sediment and nutrient loads) decrease in values as switchgrass price increases. However, negligence of farmers risk aversions towards biofuel crop adoption would cause overestimation of the impacts of switchgrass price on water quantity and quality.
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Wilhelm, Markus [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Maennig. "Selected Issues Concerning Life Satisfaction : Measuring Non-Pecuniary Gains and Losses with Panel Data of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) / Markus Wilhelm. Betreuer: Wolfgang Maennig." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071370197/34.
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LeoÌn, GonzaÌlez Roberto. "Acceleration of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms in Bayesian panel data models, with applications to the study of the relationships between socio-economic status and health." Thesis, University of York, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399623.
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Kilic, Niyazi. "Economics of suicide in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39199.
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Suicide is social tragedy that devastates families and is very costly for society. Even though suicide have been a known social problem for over a century society have yet to solve it. The purpose of this essay is to examine whether the socio-economic theory can explain the variance of suicide rate in Sweden. From previous studies and socioeconomic theories, the variables unemployment, divorce rate, fertility was picked because of their ability to explain the variance of suicides rates. Population density was also picked because of its close relation with social isolation. A two-way fixed- effect model controlling for region and time was employed on a panel of 21 counties over the years 2005-2017. The results of the regression were that all independent variables, but population density were insignificant. The study concludes that the panel employed are not enough to determine whether the socio-economic factors can explain the variance of suicide rates in Sweden.Självmord är en social tragedi som ödelägger familjer och är en stor kostnad för samhället. Även om självmord har varit ett känt problem i århundraden så är det fortfarande ett olöst problem. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka om socioekonomisk teori kan användas för att förklara variansen av självmord i Sverige. Från tidigare studier och socioekonomiska teorier utrönandes tre variabler som anses kunna förklara variansen av självmord. De tre variablerna var arbetslöshet, skilsmässor och fertilitet. Befolkningstäthet lades till i regressionen, eftersom den ansågs vara i relaterad till sociologiska teorier. En tvåvägs fasteffekt regression som kontrollerar för län- och tid effekter applicerades på en panel bestående av 21 län under åren 2005–2017. Resultatet av regression visade att alla variabler förutom befolkningstäthet var icke signifikanta. Studien konkluderar att panelen som analyserats inte är tillräckligt för bedöma om socioekonomiska teorier kan förklara variansen av självmord.
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Orekan, Vincent O. [Verfasser]. "Implementation of the local land-use and land-cover change model CLUE-s for Central Benin by using socio-economic and remote sensing data / Vincent O Orekan." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1162793422/34.
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Krause, Annette Maria. "UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Sweden: Ideal concept for development or inefficient decorative label?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149825.
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UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserve model reflects a shift from segregating towards more integrating area protection. This is attempted to be achieved through combining environmental protection with sustainable development, acknowledging hereby also human interests. The model is conceptually appealing and gaining popularity, which is indicated by the growing number of reserves worldwide. However, to successfully implement the desired goals in practice is challenging and substantial evidence of the concept’s effects is scarce. The aim of this thesis is, therefore, to investigate on the basis of the Swedish Biosphere Reserves what actual effects they have on local development, with a special focus on tourism. This was accomplished through analysis of general development indicators and a negative binomial regression to investigate the effect of Biosphere Reserves on the number of guest nights in the municipalities. In addition, to determine if stakeholder perceptions and the obtained results coincide, a survey amongst stakeholders in the lodging sector of Kristianstad has been carried out. The results suggest that being a municipality with a Biosphere Reserve may have no effect on general development regarding the chosen key variables and no effect on tourism development in terms of guest nights. Regarding stakeholder perceptions in Kristianstad, the Biosphere Reserve did not seem to be perceived as such an important asset, rather the single tourist attractions located in the Biosphere Reserve area were of interest. Overall, the standpoint that Biosphere Reserves are an ideal concept for sustainable development has been challenged in regard to the studied aspects and an objective view in the future on the matter is advised.
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Punase, Shubha. "Utilizing Multiple Data Sources In The Preparation Of A Vision Zero Plan For The City Of Alexandria: Investigating The Relationship Between Transportation Infrastructure, Socio- Economic Characteristics, And Crash Outcomes In The City." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78329.
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“Vision Zero,” first adopted by Sweden in 1997, is a road safety policy that aims to achieve a transportation system having zero fatalities or serious injuries for all modes of transportation. It takes a proactive approach to road safety system by identifying risk and taking steps to prevent injuries. Historically, traffic related crashes have disproportionately impacted vulnerable communities and system users including people of color, low income individuals, seniors, children, and pedestrians, bicyclists, and
transit users (who typically walk to and from public transport). These inequities are addressed in the Vision Zero framework by prioritizing interventions in areas that need safety improvements the most.
In 2016, the Alexandria City Council voted unanimously to develop a “Vision Zero” policy and program as a part of its updated transportation master plan. It required an initial equity analysis to assess the impact of traffic crashes on the traditionally underserved communities / groups (groups from at least one of these categories: low-income; minority; elderly; children; limited English proficiency; persons with disabilities; and/or pedestrians/ bicyclists/ transit users). This study combines three different methods to investigate the equity issues regarding traffic safety: 1) descriptive analysis of the spatial pattern of crashes and their relationship with the demographic profiles of neighborhoods at census block group level (for 2010-2014 period); 2) descriptive analysis of the crash trends in Alexandria; and 3) exploratory regression analyses for two different units of analysis (an aggregate regression analysis of crashes at census block group, and a disaggregate regression analysis of the individual level crash reports of traffic crashes). The analysis found that the elderly, school aged children, rail/subway users, and pedestrians had a higher risk of fatalities and severe injuries in traffic crashes. Higher job densities, alcohol impairment, and speeding were significantly related to higher KSI, whereas, smaller block sizes (higher number of street segments per sq. mile area of census block group), higher housing density, and use of safety equipment were related to lower KSI.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
“Vision Zero,” first adopted by Sweden in 1997, is a road safety policy that aims to achieve a transportation system having zero fatalities or serious injuries for all modes of transportation. It takes a proactive approach to road safety system by identifying risk and taking steps to prevent injuries. Historically, traffic related crashes have disproportionately impacted vulnerable communities and system users including people of color, low income individuals, seniors, children, and pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit users (who typically walk to and from public transport). These inequities are addressed in the Vision Zero framework by prioritizing interventions in areas that need safety improvements the most. In 2016, the Alexandria City Council voted unanimously to develop a “Vision Zero” policy and program as a part of its updated transportation master plan. It required an initial equity analysis to assess the impact of traffic crashes on the traditionally underserved communities / groups (groups from at least one of these categories: low-income; minority; elderly; children; limited English proficiency; persons with disabilities; and/or pedestrians/ bicyclists/ transit users). This study combines three different methods to investigate the equity issues regarding traffic safety: 1) descriptive analysis of the spatial pattern of crashes and their relationship with the demographic profiles of neighborhoods at census block group level (for 2010-2014 period); 2) descriptive analysis of the crash trends in Alexandria; and 3) exploratory regression analyses for two different units of analysis (an aggregate regression analysis of crashes at census block group, and a disaggregate regression analysis of the individual level crash reports of traffic crashes). The analysis found that the elderly, school aged children, rail/subway users, and pedestrians had a higher risk of fatalities and severe injuries in traffic crashes. Higher job densities, alcohol impairment, and speeding were significantly related to higher KSI, whereas, smaller block sizes (higher number of street segments per sq. mile area of census block group), higher housing density, and use of safety equipment were related to lower KSI.
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Tavakoly, Behrooz. "Promotion of health and prevention of ill-health for Camden's older citizens : the systematic use of existing administrative data to examine the relationship between health, contact with social services and socio-economic characteristics." Thesis, City University London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492347.
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This study investigates the relationship between mortality and a number of factors drawn from existing administrative databases including gender, housing tenure, council tax bands (a proxy of wealth) and three popular causes of hospital admission (falls, strokes and ischemic-heart disease) for Camden residents aged 50 years and older. The study also includes an assessment of information on social service contact in order to identify the potential and/or the effectiveness ofservice delivery. .\ . i;' Existing data sources are merged using a relational database management systems approach. Risks of mortality are examin~d fOf different combinations of factors (Risk Ladders). The relative importance of risk factors are assessed by logistic regression and the model's ability to discriminate between' 'those subjects who experience the outcome of interest versus those who do not', are also evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves. The risk of mortality is more likely to occur for people living in social housing and lower council tax bands (A-C) t~an private housing and higher tax bands (D-H) and for men rather than women. However, the effect of tenure varies for different age groups, gender and tax band. The risk of mortality significantly increases for those groups of individuals who had at least one hospital admission for any of the three causes during 2002-04. Our results show the extent to which contact with social services is aligned with mortality risk among this age group with consequent implications for how social services are organised and delivered.
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Herrón, Perez Pilar Adriana [Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolff, Matthias [Gutachter] Wolff, and Maria Lourdes [Gutachter] Palomares. "Integrating biological, ecological and socio-economic indicators to assess data-limited, tropical, small-scale fisheries : the case of the Colombian Pacific / Pilar Adriana Herrón Perez ; Gutachter: Matthias Wolff, Maria Lourdes Palomares ; Betreuer: Matthias Wolff." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191363384/34.
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Achu, Denis. "Application of Gis in Temporal and Spatial Analyses of Dengue Fever Outbreak : Case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17493.
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Since Dengue fever (DF) and its related forms, Dengue Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) have become important health concerns worldwide, it is also imperative to develop methods which will help in the analysis of the incidences. Dengue fever cases are growing in number as it also invades widely, affecting larger number of countries and crossing climatic boundaries. Considering that the disease as of now has neither an effective vaccine nor a cure, monitoring in order to prevent or control is the resorted alternative. GIS and its related technologies offer a wealth of interesting capabilities towards achieving this goal.
The intention of this study was to develop methods to describe dengue fever outbreaks taking Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as a case study. Careful study of Census data with appropriate attributes was made to find out their potential influence on dengue fever incidence in the various regions or census districts. Dengue incidence data from year 2000 to year 2008 reported by the municipal secretariat of Rio was used to extract the necessary census districts. Base map files in MapInfo format were converted to shape files. Using ArcGIS it was possible to merge the dengue fever incidence data with the available base map file of the City of Rio according to corresponding census districts. Choropleth maps were then created using different attributes from which patterns and trends could be used to describe the characteristic of the outbreak with respect to the socio-economic conditions. Incidence data were also plotted in Excel to see temporal variations. Cluster analysis were performed with the Moran I technique on critical periods and years of dengue outbreak. Using the square root of dengue incidence from January to April 2002 and 2008, inverse distance was selected as the conceptualised spatial relationship, Euclidean distance as the distance method. More detailed analyses were then done on the selected critical years of dengue outbreak, (years 2002 and 2008), to investigate the influence of socio-economic variables on dengue incidence per census district.
Dengue incidence rate appeared to be higher during the rainy and warmer months between December and May. Outbreaks of dengue occurred in years 2002 and 2008 over the study period of year 2000 to 2008. Some factors included in the census data were influential in the dengue prevalence according to districts. Satisfactory results can be achieved by using this strategy as a quick method for assessing potential dengue attack, spread and possible enabling conditions. The method has the advantage where there is limited access to field work, less financial means for acquisition of data and other vital resources.
A number of difficulties were encountered during the study however and leaves areas where further work can be done for improvements. More variables would be required in order to make a complete and comprehensive description of influential conditions and factors. There is still a gap in the analytical tools required for multi-dimensional investigations as the ones encountered in this study. It is vital to integrate ‘GPS’ and ‘Remote Sensing’ in order to obtain a variety of up-to-date data with higher resolution.
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Schweich, Marianne. "Diachronic effects of bio-cultural factors on stature and body proportions in British archaeological populations : the impact of living conditions, socio-economic, nutritional and health status on growth, development, maximum attained stature and physical shape in archaeological skeletal population samples." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4356.
Full textAbstract:
Humans, like all animal species, are subject to Bergmann's (1847) and Allen's (1877) environmental rules which summarize physical adaptations to the natural environment. However, humans are in addition cultural animals and other bio-cultural factors such as social, economic and political status, general health, and nutrition, have a noticeable influence on stature and body proportions. Importantly, socio-economic status has a powerful influence on stature, which has been used to elucidate status differences in past societies (Bogin and Loucky, 1997; Floud et al., 1990; Schutkowski, 2000a). Furthermore, bio-cultural factors influence all dimensions of the human body, including weight, relative limb length, and relative length of the different limb segments. Given minimal migration and shared natural environments, all populations in this study, coming as they do from the last 2000 years of English history, should demonstrate similar morphology (c. f Ruff, 1994) if climatic variables were the only influence on stature and body proportions. In order to assess such bio-cultural factors in individuals from archaeological populations, skeletal populations from sites such as known leprosaria and medieval hospitals, rural and urban parish cemeteries, victims from the battle of Towton in A. D. 1461, and individuals from monastic cemeteries were analysed. The osteometric data from these populations were assessedfo r within and between population variability and indicate effects of bio-cultural factors on attained body proportions and stature. The results indicate a strong relationship between bio-cultural factors and body proportions, body mass index, prevalence of pathologies, sexual dimorphism, secular trend, and general stature from Roman times to the post-medieval period. The usefulness of stature, weight, and physical indices as markers of the bio-cultural environment is demonstrated. The main findings include: a greater sensitivity to external stressors in the males rather than the females of the analysed populations, rendering male statures more susceptible to varying bio-cultural conditions; a potential for very tall stature has existed in the analysed populations but was only realised. in very high status individuals in medieval times, and from the beginning 20'h century with better socio-economic conditions for the population at large; a less stratified socio-political environment, as in the late Anglo-Saxon period resulted in taller average male statures that a more stratified one, such as the medieval Nation-States; and medieval monastic institutions could have high status, e.g., the Gilbertines, or lower status, such as the mendicant orders, while leprosaria had the lowest status of all.
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Hammal, Mohamed Ali. "Contribution à la découverte de sous-groupes corrélés : Application à l’analyse des systèmes territoriaux et des réseaux alimentaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI024.
Full textAbstract:
Mieux nourrir les villes en quantité et en qualité, notamment les grandes agglomérations, constitue un défi majeur dont la résolution passe par une meilleure compréhension des relations entre les populations urbaines et leur alimentation. A l’échelle des systèmes alimentaires urbains, on a besoin de diagnostics ciblant la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires croisée avec les profils socio-économiques des territoires et l’on manque d’outils et de méthodes pour appréhender de façon systématique les relations entre les bassins de consommation, l’offre et les comportements alimentaires. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’élaboration de nouveaux outils informatiques pour traiter des données temporelles, hétérogènes et multi-sources afin d’identifier et de caractériser des comportements propres à une zone géographique. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur l’exploration conjointe de motifs graduels, identifiant des corrélations de rang, et de sous-groupes afin de découvrir des contextes pour lesquels les corrélations décrites par les motifs graduels sont exceptionnellement fortes par rapport au reste des données. Nous proposons un algorithme d’énumération s’appuyant sur des propriétés d’élagage avec des bornes supérieures, ainsi qu’un autre algorithme qui échantillonne les motifs selon la mesure de qualité. Ces approches sont validées non seulement sur des jeux de données de référence, mais aussi à travers une étude empirique de laformation des déserts alimentaires sur l’agglomération lyonnaiseBetter feeding cities in quantity and quality, especially large cities, is a major challenge, whose resolution requires a better understanding of the relationships between urban populations and their food. On the scale of urban food systems, we need to understand the availability of food resources crossed with the socio-economic profiles of the territories. But we lack tools and methods to systematically understand the relationships between consumption basins, supply and eating habits. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of new IT tools to process temporal, heterogeneous and multi-sources data in order to identify and characterize behaviors specific to a geographic area. For this, we rely on the joint exploration of gradual patterns, to discover rank correlations, and subgroups in order to find contexts for which the correlations described by the gradual patterns are exceptionally strong compared to the remaining of the data. We propose an enumeration algorithm based on pruning properties with upper bounds, as well as another algorithm which samples the patterns according to the quality measure. These approaches are validated not only on benchmark datasets, but also through an empirical study of the formation of food deserts in the Lyon urban area
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Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
Full textAbstract:
Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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Cabral, Sofia de Medeiros. "A Socio-Economic Portrait of the Autonomous Region of the Azores." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/127018.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Information Management, specialization in Knowledge Management and Business IntelligenceThe present study aims to deepen the knowledge in the Autonomous Region of the Azores' sub-regional areas. By applying Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis to a set of essential variables of this region's census data, one can study the relation between those sub-regions and the chosen variables at the municipality level. This type of analysis is useful in the sense that by characterizing a sub-region, one can withdraw the significant influencers of its socio-economic outcomes. Moreover, due to its natural dispersion, being able to group the subregions or municipalities by similarity might be a pivotal factor to apply the right governmental policies to each group by playing an important decision-making criterium for territorial planning and economic development.
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BOCCI, CHIARA. "Geoadditive Models for Data with Spatial Information." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/547657.
Full textAbstract:
Geostatistics is concerned with the problem of producing a map of a quantity of interest over a particular geographical region based on, usually noisy, measurement taken at a set of locations in the region. The aim of such a map is to describe and analyze the geographical pattern of the phenomenon of interest.
Geostatistical methodologies are born and apply in areas such as environmental studies and epidemiology, where the spatial information is traditionally recorded and available. However, in the last years the diffusion of spatially detailed statistical data is considerably increased and these kind of procedures - possibly with appropriate modifications - can be used as well in other fields of application, for example to study demographic and socio-economic characteristics of a population living in a certain region.
Basically, to obtain a surface estimate we can exploit the exact knowledge of the spatial coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the studied phenomenon by using bivariate smoothing techniques, such as kernel estimate or kriging (Cressie, 1993; Ruppert et al., 2003). However, usually the spatial information alone does not properly explain the pattern of the response variable and we need to introduce some covariates in a more complex model.
Geoadditive models, introduced by Kammann and Wand (2003), answer this problem as they analyze the spatial distribution of the study variable while accounting for possible non-linear covariate effects. They represent such effects by merging an additive model (Hastie and Tibshirani, 1990) - that accounts for the non-linear relationship between the variables - and a kriging model - that accounts for the spatial correlation - and by expressing both as a linear mixed model. The linear mixed model representation is a useful instrument because it allows estimation using mixed model methodology and software. Moreover, we can extend geoadditive model to include generalized responses, small area estimation, longitudinal data, missing data and so on (Ruppert et al., 2009).
A first aim of this work was to present the application of geoadditive models in fields that differ from environmental and epidemiological studies. In particular, a geoadditive small area estimation model is applied in order to estimate the mean of household log per-capita consumption expenditure for the Albanian Republic at district level.
As we said, the geographical information is now more available in socio-economic data. However sometimes we don’t know the exact location of all the population units, just the areas to which they belong - like census districts, blocks, municipalities, etc - while we know the coordinates for sampled units. How can we continue to use the geoadditive model under these circumstances? The classic approach is to locate all the units belonging to the same area by the coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the area center. This is obviously an approximation, induced by nothing but a geometrical property, and its effect on the estimates can be strong and increases with the area dimension.
We decided to proceed differently, treating the lack of geographical information as a particular problem of measurement error : instead of use the same coordinates for all the units, we impose a distribution for the locations inside each area. To analyze the performance of this approach, various MCMC experiments are implemented with different scenarios: missing variable (univariate and bivariate), distribution (uniform and beta) and data (simulated and real). The results show that, with the right hypothesis, the estimates under the measurement error assumption are better than that under the classic approach.
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Ky, Dao Xuan, and 陶春琦. "Process of Creating, Storing and Exploiting the Socio-Economic Information in The Data Integration Center of Ninh Thuan Province." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00429628137699849147.
Full textAbstract:
碩士樹德科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
99
Thesis for establishment of “Process of creating, storing and exploiting the socio-economic information in The Data Integration Center of Ninh Thuan Province" serves the operation and management of the State in the area of Ninh Thuan province. The main content of the thesis is to identify and establish a process to create, store and exploit information about the socio-economic indicators in the province; to collect original data from different sources, to process the output of synthetic materials to create reports; to make up the report- handled processes in accordance with the order, data collection, report creation, approval, signature, delivery and storage to leaders and to provide utilities for reports, report searching, data statistic, report comparison, diagram drawing, forecasting, regression... Process must have been done initially from District and other departments to Provincial People’s Committee up to the Government. This thesis was written within five chapters to prove the necessity to develop a new process for the advancement of IT for purpose of replacing old process with many applicable difficulties as: The report''s information covers the qualitative more than the quantitative, data between units is not united, so many clues to send / receive the report, IT application in the collection, processing, storage and exploitation of socio economic information still has been still limited.
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Devaraj, H. "A Framework to Measure the Socio-Economic Impact of Development Programs Using Malmquist Index." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3668.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research is to evaluate the socio economic impact of the development programs like MGNREGA, JnNURM and development of Roads project, on the intended target area. The entire thesis can be divided in to two parts; (1) developing method to evaluate the socio economic impact assessment and (2) case studies. Two different techniques were used to evaluate the change in the productivity. Initially the change is measure by calculating the difference in the efficiencies between two time period using base period and current period production technologies. To illustrate this method a case study of MGNREGA has been considered to evaluate the impact of seventeen districts of the country. From the results it is found that there is difficult in comparing the two efficiencies due to the scaling issue of two production technologies. Further Data Envelopment Analysis is used to evaluate the distance function in the calculation of Malmquist index (MI). MI gives the productivity change between two time periods and is calculated as the geometric mean of two ratios measured with reference to the time period and time period respectively. A new approach is presented by interpreting the two ratios of MI separately using the distance functions to identify the productivity change between two time periods. Three different regions were identified to determine the productivity change; improvement region which observe improvement in the productivity between two time periods, deterioration region which indicate deterioration in the productivity and status quo region suggesting the stagnation region. Two case studies i.e. Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation and development of roads under the name “5054-Decongestion of Roads project” were considered. The impact of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) funds on the performance of Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) is studied using the proposed method. The results suggest that for 50 percent of the overall productivity have improved due to the intervention. The deterioration is mainly because of the addition input surplus in terms of number of buses and output slack in terms of reduced load factor, effective distance travelled, operational costs and increase in number of breakdown and accident rates for these DMU’s. The socio economic impact of the roads developed by Government of Karnataka under the name of “5054-Decongestion of Roads project” in and around Bangalore was also studied using this method and the results shows that out of five DMU’s four DMU’s show improvement in the productivity.
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Kiran, Mariam. "Modelling Cities as a collection of TeraSystems - Computational challenges in Multi-Agent Approach." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9056.
Full textAbstract:
YesAgent-based modeling techniques are ideal for modeling massive complex systems such as insect colonies or biological cellular systems and even cities. However these models themselves are extremely complex to code, test, simulate and analyze. This paper discusses the challenges in using agent-based models to model complete cities as a complex system. In this paper we argue that Cities are actually a collection of various complex models which are themselves massive multiple systems, each of millions of agents, working together to form one system consisting of an order of a billion agents of different types - such as people, communities and technologies interacting together. Because of the agent numbers and complexity challenges, the present day hardware architectures are unable to cope with the simulations and processing of these models. To accommodate these issues, this paper proposes a Tera (to denote the order of millions)-modeling framework, which utilizes current technologies of Cloud computing and Big data processing, for modeling a city, by allowing infinite resources and complex interactions. This paper also lays the case for bringing together research communities for interdisciplinary research to build a complete reliable model of a city.
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Ogunmefun, Catherine Ajibola. "The impacts of adult HIV/AIDS mortality on elderly women and their households in rural South Africa." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/7071.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the impacts of adult HIV/AIDS related mortality on elderly women
and their households in Agincourt, a rural area in the north-eastern part of South Africa.
It focuses specifically on demographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural impacts of
adult AIDS and non-AIDS illness/death on near-old women aged 50-59 and older women
aged 60 and above.
The study uses the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS)
2004 census data which contains some history about individuals and their households
(e.g. household mortality experience between 1992 and 2004). The AHDSS dataset is
used to examine elderly female household headship and its relationship with, firstly,
pension status and secondly, adult AIDS/non-AIDS mortality, through statistical
analyses. Also, the AHDSS census data is utilised as a sampling frame to select a random
sample of 60 households in which 30 women aged 50-59 and 30 women aged 60-75
lived, for the qualitative part of this study. The sample was made up of 20 women who
lived in households that had experienced an HIV/AIDS death between 2001 and 2003, 20
women that lived in households where another type of adult death had occurred, and 30
women in households with no adult death during the period.
The findings from the quantitative analyses of the AHDSS dataset reveal that there is no
significant relationship between adult AIDS/non-AIDS death and elderly female
household headship. Further findings, however, show that elderly female household
headship is strongly associated with pension status, thereby suggesting that pension grant
is a determining factor in the household headship status of elderly women. One
implication of this is that elderly female household heads who are pensioners may be able
to cope better with HIV/AIDS impacts as findings from the qualitative data demonstrate
that pensioners (older women) are more likely, than non-pensioners (near-old women), to
have access to coping strategies, which enable them to deal with the financial crises of
adult illness/death in their households. There is, therefore, the need for programmes to
target near-old women, who experience the financial impact of adult morbidity/mortality
like their older peers.
iii
Further findings from the qualitative data explicate secondary stigma as a socio-cultural
impact of adult HIV/AIDS on elderly women who are caregivers to infected children.
Findings also highlight different types of secondary stigma such as physical stigma in the
form of separation from family members and social stigma in the form of social isolation.
The study suggests that there is need for intervention programmes that address the issue
of secondary stigma as it makes caregiving responsibilities more burdensome for elderly
women.
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Orekan, Vincent O. A. [Verfasser]. "Implementation of the local land use and land cover change model CLUE-s for Central Benin by using socio-economic and remote sensing data / vorgelegt von Vincent Oladokoun Agnila Orekan." 2007. http://d-nb.info/984706666/34.
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Kavalo, Eddie Bright. "Environmental and socio-economic impact of hosting refugees : a case study of villages around the Dzaleka refugee camp in Dowa district, Malawi." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22174.
Full textAbstract:
The opening of the refugee camp in Dowa by the Malawi Government, with support from UNHCR meant that the population of that area was increased abruptly. This led to an increase in socio- economic activities resulting into high demand of energy, food and other amenities from the natural environment. The impact of the refugees on the host community and their relationship was central in this research. The main aim of the study was to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts for hosting refugees at the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Dowa. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in data collection. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. In total, 237 household heads and 6 key informants were interviewed. In addition, 4 focus group discussions were conducted. Qualitative data, collected through focus group discussions helped in explaining and understanding the results from the questionnaire. The most evident environmental impacts reported by respondents were: deforestation and firewood depletion; land degradation and water pollution. It is important to note that such environmental impacts can affect the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and host population. The camp establishment has had socio-economic impacts regarded as positive by the majority of the respondents. Although most hosts still struggle to survive, the camp has created a larger market for generating income and better opportunities to provide basic needs such as food and water. The majority of host respondents use the refugee camp for providing livelihoods. Most respondents reported that refugees are regularly benefitting from privileged access to resources unavailable to the local host population. In this respect, refugees at Dzaleka were offered opportunities for education, literacy, vocational training, health and basic livelihood. The most reported negative social impacts are exposure to more conflicts and increased insecurity. Both of these impacts relate to the relationship between the host community and refugee population.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Yang, Shu-Jung, and 楊曙戎. "A Study on the Relationship among the Socio-economic Status, Mother-Child Attachment, Teacher Pupil Interaction and Delinquency of Senior and Vocational High School Students in Taiwan: Evidence from the TEPS Data." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30878146389159620865.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北教育大學
教育政策與管理研究所
98
This study used the result of Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) 2005 parent questionnaire and student questionnaire as research data to explore the factors affected delinquency of senior and vocational high school students of Taiwan. The factors of this study divide into socio-economic status, mother-child attachment and teacher pupil interaction. In this research employed the descriptive statistics, hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings were listed below: 1. It have a good relationship between mother, teacher and senior and vocational high school students, and the performance of delinquency in order “cheat in an exam”, “skip class”, “play hooky”, “fight in the school or conflict with the teacher”. 2. Socio-economic status, teacher pupil interaction and delinquency had no significant correlation. 3. The higher socio-economic status will have better attachment between mothers and their children. 4. The better mother-child attachment and interaction with teachers will decrease the performance of delinquency.
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Würthwein, Ralph P. [Verfasser]. "Measuring the burden of disease, the structure of income and returns to education in rural West Africa : the collection and analysis of mortality, morbidity and socio-economic data in the Nouna Health District in Burkina Faso / Ralph P. Würthwein." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967063078/34.
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Begum, Mumtaz. "The incidence, risk factors and implications of type 1 diabetes: whole-of-population linked-data study of children in South Australia born from 1999-2013." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/128227.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this doctoral thesis was to study the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of type 1 diabetes for children in South Australia, born from 1999-2013. The incidence of type 1 diabetes has doubled in the last four decades in many countries including Australia, and has substantial individual and economic consequences. Evidence from studies on type 1 diabetes aetiology and its implications is mixed. In this thesis, the linkage of multiple population-wide administrative data over 15 years, and use of rigorous epidemiological approaches has resulted in a better understanding of the risk factors and implications of type 1 diabetes. There are four studies in this doctoral thesis. In the first descriptive study, the incidence of type 1 diabetes was estimated by individual and area-level socioeconomic characteristics among children (aged ≤11 years) in South Australia, born from 2002-2013. Findings of the study showed that type 1 diabetes incidence rates differed depending on the measures of socioeconomic characteristics. Individual-level indicators showed higher type 1 diabetes incidence among more advantaged children, however, there was no clear area-level socioeconomic patterning of type 1 diabetes. Area-level measures of socioeconomic position are likely to have a greater risk of misclassification from true socioeconomic position, which suggests that the use of area-level measures may be misleading. Socioeconomic position is a major determinant of health and can modify the risk factors of type 1 diabetes. For example, as per hygiene hypothesis, the socioeconomically dis-advantaged children are less likely to have type 1 diabetes, which is supported by the findings of individual-level socioeconomic patterning of type1 diabetes in the first study. In addition, socioeconomically disadvantaged women are less likely to have a caesarean birth and more likely to smoke in pregnancy. I chose to study these two risk factors of type 1 diabetes because the evidence was inconsistent, and some studies had methodical limitations. Evidence about the effect of caesarean section on childhood type 1 diabetes is mixed; ranging from very small or no risk to 20-30% increased risk. A prevailing theory is that exposure to the gut and vaginal microbiota during a vaginal birth protects against type 1 diabetes. Therefore, in the second study, the impact of caesarean birth on childhood type 1 diabetes (aged ≤15 years) was estimated. This involved linking multiple administrative datasets of children in South Australia, born from 1999-2013. The question was extended to whether type 1 diabetes risk differed for children born by prelabour or intrapartum caesarean to further test the idea of microbiota exposure on type 1 diabetes. That is because children born by prelabour caesarean do not get exposure to maternal vaginal microbiota, and intrapartum caesarean births may have some exposure. Findings of the study obtained from Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed a negligible 5% higher incidence (HR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.28) for caesarean births compared with normal vaginal delivery, with wide confidence intervals including the null. Contrary to the hypothesis of a higher type 1 diabetes risk for prelabor caesarean (because of non-exposure to maternal vaginal microbiota) type 1 diabetes risk for intrapartum caesarean was slightly higher (HR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.82-1.41) than prelabor caesarean (HR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.79-1.32). This negligible risk of type 1 diabetes for children who had caesarean birth, either prelabor or intrapartum, and the potential for unmeasured confounding suggested that birth method induced variation in neonatal microbiota might not be involved in modifying type 1 diabetes risk. Like caesarean section, maternal smoking in pregnancy is also a debated risk factor for childhood type 1 diabetes. Evidence about maternal smoking on childhood type 1 diabetes is inconsistent; studies have been small, and many did not adjust for important confounders or address missing data. In the third study of this doctoral thesis, the effect of maternal smoking in pregnancy on childhood type 1 diabetes was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, once again by linking multiple administrative datasets of children in South Australia, born from 1999-2013. The analytical approach for this study ranged; from Cox proportional hazard analysis with adjustment for wide range of confounders using the SA ECDP linked data, involving multiple imputation for missing data; to conducting meta-analysis in order to get more precise estimate. But smoking is notoriously residually confounded, therefore, I made special efforts to investigate the possibility of residual confounding by using a negative control and E-value. The findings demonstrated that maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with a 16% (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67, 1.08) lower childhood type 1 diabetes incidence, compared with unexposed children, which was also supported by the meta-analytic estimates of population-based cohort studies (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62, 0.82) and case-control studies (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55, 0.86). The negative control outcome and E-value analyses indicated the potential for residual confounding in the effect of maternal smoking on childhood type 1 diabetes. Triangulation of evidence from this study along with the results of similar population-based studies, suggested a small reduced risk of childhood type 1 diabetes for children exposed to maternal smoking in pregnancy. However, the mechanisms linking maternal smoking in pregnancy with childhood type 1 diabetes require further investigation. In the fourth study of this thesis, the impact of childhood type 1 diabetes on children’s educational outcomes in year/grade 5 at age ~10 were estimated, linking population-wide data of children in South Australia, born from 1999-2005. In this study, a doubly-robust analytical method called augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) was used to compute the average treatment effect of type 1 diabetes on children’s educational outcomes. AIPW gives an unbiased estimate if either the outcome model or the treatment model is correctly specified. The findings of this study demonstrated that children with type 1 diabetes are not disadvantaged in terms of educational outcomes in year 5, potentially reflecting improvement in type 1 diabetes management in Australia. In summary, the work in this doctoral thesis has demonstrated that type 1 diabetes incidence differed depending on the measure of socioeconomic position. The hygiene hypothesis was only supported by the individual-level socioeconomic pattering of type 1 diabetes incidence in South Australia. The involvement of birth method induced variation in neonatal microbiota in type 1 diabetes was not supported by the caesarean and childhood type 1 diabetes study. Despite the evidence of residual confounding in the estimate of maternal smoking in pregnancy on childhood type 1 diabetes, triangulation of the evidence suggested small reduced risk for children exposed to maternal smoking in pregnancy, but further research will be needed to understand the mechanism. The findings of similar educational outcomes for children with and without type 1 diabetes, highlighted the importance of improvements in diabetes management.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, 2020