Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Socio-ecology'
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Hardy, Graham Mark. "Comparative socio-ecology of dusky langurs at Kuala Lompat West Malaysia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335740.
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davidson, Zeke. "Lion ecology and socio-spatial impacts of trophy hunting in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531962.
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Morgan, David Blair. "Socio-ecology of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613168.
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Zagarola, Jean-Paul Aguirre. "A Socio-ecological Assessment of Watershed Ecosystem Services in Southern Patagonia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149693/.
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This thesis utilizes a theoretical framework which links biophysical and social domains of ecosystems via ecosystem services (ES), in order to conduct a socio-ecological assessment of urban watersheds in three communities in Chilean and Argentine regions of southern Patagonia. Results from this study show that expanding urban areas may be undermining the ability of local watersheds to provide for high quality ES posing potential risks to community wellbeing. Secondly, researchers and decision makers influencing regional natural resource management share similar values to general community members but do not capture the diversity of values that exist within the broader community, and dialogue between these groups on management issues is poor. A community-based management structure is recommended for the creation of adaptive and locally relevant management strategies.
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Root, Elisabeth Dowling Emch Michael. "The ecology of birth defects socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2187.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography." Discipline: Geography; Department/School: Geography.
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Ngobo, Nkongo Martine P. "Ecology and socio-economic importance of short fallows in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250738.
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Karar, Rehab Omer. "Studies of the weed ecology of the Gezira scheme, Sudan : an ecological and socio-economic perspective." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288248.
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Butterworth, Melinda K. "Climate, Ecology, and the Socio-Political Dimensions of Mosquito-Borne Disease in the Southern United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/560859.
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Infectious organisms, such as dengue and West Nile viruses, are understood to be part of complex ecologies. The same is true for their common vectors, Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Standing water, whether from human or naturally fed sources, provides the necessary breeding habitat for immature stages. Climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall can both directly impact the amount of water available for breeding. Temperature can alter this amount via evaporation, while precipitation can maintain or refill breeding sites. The effects of temperature also partially govern the lifecycle and development of these vectors and viruses. Human action and management can further mitigate these sites by eliminating them through dumping standing water or adding insecticide, or conversely promoting them. These factors can impact the spatial distribution of these organisms at multiple scales, such as global patterns of disease, as well as patterns of risk within urban areas. This dissertation examines the ecology of two mosquito-borne diseases, dengue fever and West Nile fever, at multiple scales and asks, 1. How do environmental changes shift distributions of mosquito-borne diseases? and 2. How do local actors and residents understand, respond to, and manage these emerging infections? Dengue fever is one of the most important and fastest spreading global vector-borne diseases. At a large spatio-temporal scale, potential and future dengue transmission is assessed under current and future (2045-65) climate change scenarios across the southern US. Understanding the differential impacts of climate on the Ae. aegypti mosquito and dengue virus is essential for projecting the shifting geographies of dengue fever. This includes considering both temperature and precipitation impacts. The results suggest that winter temperatures may be limiting dengue transmission in the southern US currently, but this may change under climate change. This is particularly true for the Gulf Coast region, which becomes more climatically suitable for dengue transmission under future analysis. To understand the variance of disease risk within urban spaces, the same dynamic mosquito model was coupled with remotely sensed imagery and parameterized for Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to visualize mosquito risks across the city of Tucson. Despite an arid climate, West Nile virus is an ongoing public health concern in Arizona. The maps, visualized at multiple scales, were used to assess individual perceptions of mosquito abundance and control responsibility held by residents and health officials. The results show disparate interpretations of mosquito risk among these groups, with differing calls for responsibility and action. This further shows the ways in which maps of environmental and health hazards are not only reflective of certain landscapes, but also productive. From a public health perspective, this paper is useful for understanding shifting perceptions of disease landscapes and how they match with ecological realities. While maps and modeling techniques are useful for assessing risk over various scales, the spaces of interaction between disease vectors and humans is particularly local. These interactions, and the creation or eradication of breeding habitats, are always a simultaneous relationship between environmental factors and human action. This is particularly true for the dengue fever vector, Ae. aegypti, which lives in close proximity to humans. Grounded by fieldwork conducted in Key West, FL, the site of two years of dengue fever outbreaks in 2009 and 2010, the final component of this dissertation examines how residents in Key West understand mosquito control responsibility, and what complicates the effective control of the vector on the island. While it was found that residents are highly active in monitoring and controlling mosquitoes in and around their yards, important socio-ecological factors are identified that stand to complicate control efforts. The decisions people make about their risks and around their homes as they manage the ecological spaces of the mosquito are crucial for effective public health practice.
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Cardoso, Diaz Andrea. "Socio-environmental liabilities of coal mining in Colombia: a political ecology approach to the global coal chain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400701.
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La expansión de la minería de carbón en la región Caribe de Colombia no sólo crea problemas ambientales y de salud a nivel local, sino que también es una cuestión de preocupación global. Colombia, con casi 85 millones de toneladas exportadas, contribuye considerablemente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero cuando se quema el carbón exportado en las centrales eléctricas de carbón (CEC) en los países importadores, como los Países Bajos y Turquía. Esto es cada vez más relevante ya que los compromisos de la COP21en París implican que cuatro-quintas partes de los recursos de carbono (provenientes del carbón, petróleo y gas) deben permanecer en el suelo.
Esta tesis utiliza los enfoques de economía ecológica y ecología política para analizar la cadena de suministro de carbón desde su extracción en las minas de carbón a cielo abierto en Cesar y La Guajira hasta el consumo final en CEC en Holanda y Turquía. También emplea el enfoque de pasivos socio-ambientales como una mejora con respecto al marco conceptual estándar de externalidades, ya que permite una incorporación explícita de responsabilidades por daños no compensados a lo largo de la cadena del carbón.
La cadena de carbón se analiza en profundidad a través de diferentes capas (mercado, proceso físico, pasivos socio-ambientales, actores sociales y su pluralidad de lenguajes de valoración) y diferentes escalas (local, nacional y global).
Con el fin de identificar los pasivos socio-ambientales de la cadena del carbón y los conflictos ecológicos distributivos, se realizaron 84 entrevistas en Colombia, Holanda y Turquía. Se utilizaron diferentes métodos de valoración económica para estimar el valor de los pasivos socio-ambientales y se utilizaron metodologías de análisis de discurso para analizar la pluralidad de los lenguajes de valoración empleados a lo largo de la cadena de carbón.
Los resultados muestran que los pasivos socio-ambientales de extracción de carbón y su transporte a los puertos para su exportación superan el precio de mercado del carbón. El análisis de los conflictos ecológicos distributivos revela que las geografías del carbón están ancladas en injusticias ambientales y déficits democráticos asociados tanto a la minería del carbón como a las CEC, y tensiones irreconciliables entre la salud pública, las ganancias económicas y el poder político en estos tres países. El análisis de los lenguajes de valoración muestra que en los Países Bajos hay dos puntos de vista principales sobre las importaciones de carbón de Colombia, las posiciones de "Carbón ensangrentado" y "El mejor Carbón". El primero está preocupado por las violaciones de los derechos humanos y el segundo enmarca la cuestión en el contexto de la modernización ecológica. En Turquía, el principal debate es entre el uso de lignito doméstico altamente contaminante o la importación de carbón de mejor calidad (antracita de Colombia). Tanto en los Países Bajos como en Turquía hay diferentes grados de preocupación por el cambio climático y los "combustibles no quemables" que parecen estar ausentes en Colombia, donde el debate se centra en los pasivos socio-ambientales locales y nacionales. Esta tesis concluye que el éxito de las acciones de justicia ambiental a lo largo de la cadena del carbón depende del poder político de los actores sociales y de su disposición a renunciar, negociar o imponer sus propios lenguajes de valoración.The expansion of coal mining in the Caribbean region of Colombia not only creates environmental and health problems locally but is also a matter of global concern. Colombia, with almost 85 million tons exported, makes a large contribution to greenhouse gas emissions when the exported coal is burnt in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in importing countries, such as The Netherlands and Turkey. This is ever more relevant as the commitments from COP21 in Paris imply that four-fifths of carbon resources (from coal, oil, and gas) must remain under the ground. This thesis uses ecological economics and political ecology approaches to analyze the coal supply chain from its extraction in the open-pit coal mines in Cesar and La Guajira (Colombia) to the final consumption in CFPPs in The Netherlands and Turkey. It also employs the socio-environmental liability approach as an improvement over the standard externalities framework, since it allows for an explicit incorporation of responsibilities for uncompensated damages along the coal chain. The coal chain is analyzed in depth through different layers (market, physical, socio-environmental liabilities, social actors and the plurality of valuation languages) and different scales (local, national and global). In order to identify the coal chain socio-environmental liabilities and ecological distribution conflicts, 84 interviews were conducted in Colombia, The Netherlands and Turkey. Different economic valuation methods were used to estimate the value of the socio-environmental liabilities, and discourse analysis methodologies were used to analyze the plurality of valuation languages deployed along the coal chain. Results show that the socio-environmental liabilities of the coal extraction and its transport to export ports exceeds the market price of coal. The analysis of the ecological distribution conflicts reveals that the geographies of coal are anchored in environmental injustices and democratic deficits associated with both coal mining and CFPPs, and irreconcilable tensions between public health, economic gain and the political power in these three countries. The analysis of the valuation languages shows that in The Netherlands there are two main views regarding coal imports from Colombia, respectively the “Blood coal” and “Better coal” positions. The first one is concerned about human rights violations and the second one frames the question in the context of ecological modernization. In Turkey, the main debate is between the use of highly polluting domestic lignite or the import of better quality coal (anthracite from Colombia). Both in The Netherlands and in Turkey there are different degrees of concern about climate change and “unburnable fuels” which appear still to be absent in Colombia where the debate is focused on the local and national socio-environmental liabilities. This thesis concludes that the success of environmental justice actions taken along the coal chain depends on the political power of social actors and their willingness to give up, negotiate or impose their own valuation languages.
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Scarrow, Ryan Matthew. "Hothouse Flowers: Water, the West, and a New Approach to Urban Ecology." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471483922.
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Cerceau, Juliette. "L’écologie industrielle comme processus de construction territoriale : application aux espaces portuaires." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EMSE0724/document.
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La circulation des flux de matières et d’énergie reflète aussi bien le fonctionnement de la biosphère que celui des sociétés humaines. L’écologie industrielle, dans son approche territoriale, interpelle ces interactions socioécologiques au sein d’un espace géographique et participe ainsi à la définition et à la structuration de l’espace en territoire. Par une approche expérimentale déclinée sur les espaces portuaires, nous cherchons à rendre manifeste, pour la valider et mieux l’appréhender, cette dynamique de configuration du territoire en écologie industrielle. Le territoire constitue une matrice complexe, composée de représentations et de pratiques, manifestées dans le discours des acteurs. A partir de l’étude de 21 cas portuaires d’écologie industrielle à l’échelle internationale, 9 modèles territoriaux ont été proposés pour l’observer et la décrypter. Déclinés dans l’espace portuaire de Marseille-Fos, ces modèles permettent la production et l’interprétation des discours des acteurs de la démarche d’écologie industrielle en vue d’identifier les modalités de construction territoriale à l’œuvre et de construire une configuration du territoire à l’interface des représentations et pratiques des acteurs. Cette expérimentation met en évidence un phénomène d’imbrication territoriale de l’écologie industrielle et la participation de celle-ci à une dynamique territorialité-territorialisation structurante de la construction territoriale. Elle propose ainsi une définition socioécologique du territoire, distinguant des biotopes et des niches occupés par des acteurs, dont les interactions appellent à un renouvellement de la gouvernance portuaire de l’écologie industrielleThe circulation of material and energy flows reflects the functioning of both biosphere and human societies. Industrial ecology, in its territorial approach, questions these socioecological interactions within a geographical area. It contributes to the definition and structuration of land into territory. Through an experimental approach led upon port areas, the aim is to reveal this dynamic of territorial configuration in industrial ecology. Territory constitutes a complex matrix of representations and practices, uncovered in actors’ speeches. From the analysis of 21 industrial ecology port case studies at an international scale, 9 territorial patterns are defined in order to observe and interprete this dynamic. Implemented in Marseille-Fos port area, these patterns allow the production and the interpretation of actors’ speeches in order to identify the territorial construction modes and to build a common territorial configuration, at the interface of actors’ representations and practices. This experimentation highlights a territorial embeddedness phenomenon for industrial ecology. It reveales industrial ecology’s contribution to a “territoriality-territorialisation” dynamic, leading to territorial configuration. It thus proposes a socioecological definition of territory, identifying biotopes and niches occupied by different actors. The overlapping of these biotopes and niches questions the evolution of port governance for the implementation of industrial ecology
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Sheeran, Lori Kay. "A preliminary study of the behavior and socio-ecology of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844105975928.
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Sheeran, Lori K. "A preliminary study of the behavior and socio-ecology of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262984619.
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Botha, Nicola. "Plant- and arthropod diversity of vegetable gardens along a socio-economic gradient within the Tlokwe Municipal Area / Nicola Botha." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8651.
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Globally urbanization has increased to such an extent that more than half of the human population currently resides in cities. In the years to come, urban expansion will especially take place in developing countries through efforts to improve economic growth and poverty alleviation. This may have a negative effect on native biodiversity within and surrounding urban environments. However, residential areas with a high proportion of gardens form a significantly large part of urban environments and these domestic gardens contribute to the maintenance and preservation of biodiversity in cities. Although the preservation of biodiversity in these gardens is important in the overall conservation of urban green spaces, little is known about how these gardens can possibly contribute to conservation purposes in urban areas.
Bearing in mind that anthropogenic activities are possible drivers of urban biodiversity, it is vital to quantify socio-economic aspects within urban ecological research. In developing countries, such as South Africa, the inclusion of socio-economic aspects are especially important because there is a wider gap between poor and wealthy households. There are also a larger number of people that are dependent on their gardens for subsistence purposes, such as vegetable gardening. In the Municipal Area of Tlokwe, South Africa, there exists a definite socio-economic gradient from the poorer western to the more affluent eastern part of the city. Five socio-economic status (SES) classes, primarily based on % unemployment, were used in this study.
The ultimate aim of this study was therefore to determine the plant- and arthropod diversity within urban domestic gardens along a socio-economic gradient. Vegetable gardens within domestic gardens were selected to quantify plant- and arthropod biodiversity. Biodiversity of adjacent lawns were also sampled for comparative purposes. The study also attempted to determine to what extent socio-economic aspects of city residents may be possible drivers of biodiversity within the gardens. Various other factors that might have an effect on the plant and/or arthropod diversity were included such as soil characteristics, specific management factors of the gardens and other land-uses surrounding domestic gardens.
Arthropod diversity was surveyd by means of pitfall traps and suction sampling in eight 0.25 m2 squares along an 8 m transect in each representative garden. Arthropods were identified up to morphospecies level. Vegetation was surveyed along the same transect and total species composition was determined. Plants were identified up to species level. The plant and arthropod surveys were conducted in both the vegetable gardens and lawns of all SES classes. For the soil samples a 1:2.5 water analysis was conducted. A social survey was conducted in all representative gardens by means of a questionnaire and a SPOT 5 satellite imagery was used to determine the land-use types in the areas surrounding the participating gardens. All the above mentioned factors were compared between the different SES classes.
Diversity indices for the arthropods, multivariate statistical analyses and ANOVA analyses were applied to test for meaningful variables between socio-economic status classes as well as vegetable gardens and lawns.
From the results it was evident that the more affluent SES classes had significantly higher arthropod diversity values, whilst the lower income classes had higher plant diversity. The factor analysis between the plants and arthropods with the surrounding land-uses revealed two significant factors. Firstly, arthropod diversity was influenced by domestic gardens in the surrounding landscape and there was a positive correlation between these two variables. This indicates that a high percentage of surrounding domestic gardens were possible drivers of arthropod diversity. No correlations were evident between plant and arthropod diversity. Secondly, the other significant factor showed that one SES class had a significantly higher percentage of woodlands and grasslands as opposed to two of the other classes that had a significantly higher percentage of built structures within the surrounding area. Differences were also apparent between the SES classes concerning management regimes, financial stability and level of education. The two more affluent SES classes had obtained a higher level of education and income and had management practices that were uncommon in the three poorer SES classes.
This study proposes that domestic gardens are a means to conserve biodiversity in cities. Vegetable gardens in domestic gardens will also be able to harbour a larger diversity of plants and arthropods than the lawns. The socio-economic status of residents also had a significant effect on biodiversity and therefore it should be included in studies on urban domestic gardens. This study also provides additional knowledge to the fundamentals of the field of urban ecology and the importance of using domestic gardens as an urban green space for conservation purposes.Thesis (Master of Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Lubbe, Catherina Susanna. "Comparison of the urban domestic garden flora along a socio-economic gradient in the Tlokwe City Municipality / Catherina Susanna Lubbe." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6589.
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Urbanisation has increased tremendously over the last 60 years so that more than 50 per cent of the
world population now live in cities. This is especially true for in developed countries, but it is expected
that developing countries will take the lead in future urban population growth. This increasing trend of
urbanisation has severe consequences for the environment, as it fragments and changes natural areas
and alter environmental conditions. This has compelled scientists from many different disciplines to
focus on the inclusion of humans into ecology as a driving force of change to create a better
understanding of urban ecosystems.
The diversity of fauna and flora in the urban environment provides a myriad of ecosystem goods (such
as food and fuel) and services (e.g. cleaning the air and reducing noise levels). Apart from these tangible
benefits, urban green space also provides recreational, educational and social benefits to urban
inhabitants. A surprisingly substantial proportion (21‒36 %) of the total urban green space that
produces these ecosystem goods and services is located in private yards. This portrays the importance
of the flora of this land-use type, but very little is known about garden flora and its potential for
conservation. The determinants of diversity and species richness in gardens were found to be different
than for semi-natural ecosystems, because of the high anthropogenic influence. One of these is the
socio-economic status of the inhabitants. People with higher socio-economic status were found to
harbour more diverse species assemblages in their gardens than those of lower socio-economic status.
This phenomenon was termed the “luxury concept”.
In the Tlokwe City Municipality (TCM), the legacy effects of apartheid created a steep socio-economic
gradient as a result of the inequitable distribution of economic, natural and social resources. The aims of
this study were to gain information on the flora that is present in the domestic gardens of the TCM and
to determine if socio-economic status (SES), a management index (MI) and demographic factors
influences the distribution of plant species between these gardens. A total of 835 plant species were
recorded from 100 domestic gardens and the majority were of alien origin. This large number of species
included some Red Data species, invasive alien species and also many utilitarian species. This portrays
gardens as important ex situ conservation habitats, but simultaneously it could also threaten the
integrity of our natural ecosystems through the distribution of alien invasive species.
The gamma, alpha and beta diversity were determined across five SES classes to describe the patterns of
domestic garden plant species diversity in the TCM. In accordance with other studies, correlations
showed that the SES of the inhabitants affected the plant species distribution in the study area. This was
especially true for the distribution of alien species that are cultivated for their ornamental value. More species were found in areas of high SES than those of lower SES. The other aspect that influenced the
distribution of plant species in these gardens were the MI, although this was to a lesser extent than the
effect of SES. The confirmation of differences along the SES gradient could be utilised by urban planners
and policy makers to correct this imbalance through the provision of urban green spaces where it is
needed most.Thesis (M. Environmental Sciences and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Ezeji, Joachim Ibeziako. "Increasing the resilience of urban water utilities to extreme weather events." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12359.
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The sustainability of municipal drinking water services in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria requires that its water utilities enhance their resilience to a range of risks posed by extreme weather events. Excellence in managing such risks is essential, not only to the bottom line and reputation of the utilities, but also to the wellbeing and prosperity of the people they serve and the preservation of nature in order to sustain ecosystem services. In the context of this study, organisational resilience has been defined as the adaptive deployment of the utility s assets and structures within its continua of inter-dependences to improve and sustain performance even in the face of repeated perturbations. On the other hand, vulnerability is defined as the utility s inability to withstand adverse stress based on limited or constrained capacity to adapt hence creating pathways through which risk impacts the utility. This definition of vulnerability is in tandem with those that argue that the key parameters of vulnerability are the stress to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. In view of this, and also based on the findings of the study, the study notes that utility management could be a complex and challenging task, especially, in a multi-risk delta environment where extreme events are intense and frequent. Utility managers can become veterans of risks by dissipating, more than ever before technical competence, watershed/ecosystem awareness, social engagement skills and conceptual ability. The latter includes an understanding of how the complexities of the upstream and downstream environment impacts on the utility s internal environment and operations. The diffusive nature of risk makes every risk a potential high impact risk and the understanding of this, is the key to a resilient organization. Risk analysis and management in water utilities should aim to limit the diffusion of risks across streams in order to retard vulnerability. Utility resilience options will need to vary depending on climate related risks to each system, utility management goals, legislation, local and national water management strategies and finance. Utilities in the Niger delta needs to fully understand that they operate close to the edge by virtue of being below sea level and should cultivate a keen awareness of the consequences of flooding and saltwater intrusion, and the importance to manage them amongst others. The study has shown that there is need now, more than ever before for increased revenue generation, elimination of wastes/inefficiencies, financial investment and strategic management of water services operations in the study area if residents and the unborn generation are to be guaranteed of safe and adequate drinking water.
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Willems, Erik Pierre. "From space to species : integrating remotely sensed information on primary productivity into investigations and systems models of vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) socio-ecology." Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2559/.
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An in depth investigation of the socio-ecology of the vervet monkey species complex (Cercopithecus aethiops subspp.) is presented. Herein, particular emphasis has been placed on evaluating the information content of remotely sensed primary productivity with respect to inquiries into the causal network underlying the behavioural ecology of the species. The principal aim was to construct an inter-populational model of group size and range of distribution for vervet monkeys over the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. Data were collected on a habituated group of vervet monkeys over a 12 months observation period at the Lajuma Research Centre, South Africa. In addition, behavioural information from other populations was gathered in an extensive literature review. Environmental data were accrued on both a global (inter-populational) and local (intra- populational) level using a combination of remotely sensed data and more traditional field-observation based techniques. Where appropriate, variables were integrated into the powerful modelling environment of a Geographical Information System (GIS).Biologically intuitive associations between a remotely sensed index of primary productivity (the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI) and climatic conditions were established on the long-term global (annual average values over sub- Saharan Africa) and short-term local level (monthly values over the home range area of the study group). Local NDVI values, moreover, were strong correlates and predictors of field estimates on local phenology and food availability as well as of temporal and spatial variation in parameters of range use and time allocation by the study group. Global NDVI values proved pivotal to the eventual inter-populational time budget model of vervet monkey group size and potential range of distribution. Current results are taken to suggest that several areas of research within primatology may stand a lot to gain from a more widespread and systematic application of the powerful methodological synergism offered by remote sensing and geographical information systems.
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Heyward, Benjamin Rex, and ben heyward@baptistworldaid-au org. "A Comparative Study of Community Participation in the Philippines." Flinders University. Geography, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070328.131827.
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Community participation takes place when community members act together as subjects. It is argued here that community participation empowers when community members take decisions, or negotiate an equitable share in making the decisions that affect them. However, since participation takes place within a network of power relations it is not necessarily empowering but can take a range of forms from enforcement to empowerment, whereby empowerment may involve not only willing cooperation, but also resistance to outsider project objectives. This thesis explores these issues through a study of how people in three Philippine upland communities participated in soil conservation and livelihood restoration projects initiated by three different NGOs.
The principal aim of the study was to identify and examine the changing discourses of development and participation held by the NGOs and by the members of the subject communities. The development discourses revolved around socio-ecology, described as the relationship between the culture and society of Filipino subsistence smallholders and the ecological units of their local environment. The failure of this existing socio-ecology under the pressure of increasing population density on a limited upland resource base was the stimulus for change in the study communities. The thesis compares the NGOs practice of engaging with the communities with their discourses of participation, and examines the importance of the relationships between the NGOs, government agencies and the communities for the success of the projects.
The study identified several key factors in the empowerment of subject groups. Firstly, the need for a discourse that enables them to embark on socio-ecological change. For the Filipino communities examined here, the discourse of sustainability was validated by enabling the restoration of their livelihoods. Secondly, outside agencies, either NGO or government, may be needed to catalyse community change processes. Thirdly, the subjects need leaders who have the vision and skills to work for the desired livelihood and social development outcomes. Training activities of livelihood restoration proved highly significant in expanding womens political space that led to opportunities for them to take up leadership, as well as giving capacity-building training for existing and future leaders which helped to equalize gender relations between men and women. Fourthly, the policy and program initiatives of host government agencies can synergize with community and partner agency activities at several levels, including resourcing and building the capacities of leadership.
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Устиненко, В. А., В. Ф. Ларинов, Анатолій Олександрович Єпіфанов, Анатолий Александрович Епифанов, and Anatolii Oleksandrovych Yepifanov. "Социально-экономическое развитие и экология." Thesis, Украинская академия банковского дела Национального банка Украины, 1992. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62024.
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Mohammed, Suraj. "Urbanization and Water Resources Vulnerability in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2422.
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Most urban areas of developing countries were hitherto experiencing unprecedented growth in their population, the phenomenon commonly referred to as urbanization, which in this study can be said to be the proportion of urban population relative to the total population of a region.
This phenomenon has opportunities vis-à-vis challenges, whose impact on natural resources in general and water resources in particular, cannot be over- emphasized. It is within the context of these urban challenges that this study attempts to look into and possibly assess the situation in the urban and peri- urban areas of Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) in Ghana, whose urbanization processes is prejudiced by this study to be increasing rapidly.
The study specifically attempted to assess thechanges in the urbanization patterns and the possible future urbanization trend of the area within a specific time frame. The study also attempts to look at the causes of this urbanization, and its impact on water resources in the Area, both qualitatively and quantitatively, envisaged to be the results of socio-economic activities taking place in the Area. Finally, the study attempts to look into the measures put in place to curb these challenges.
Amid paucity of data, however, the study reveals that the most single contributor of urbanization processes in the area has been migration from the countryside, and in particular from the northern part of the country. The study also reveals the fact that even though the general quality standard of some water resources is better, the largely uncontrolled socio-economic activities, coupled with the deplorable sanitary conditions in the KMA, has potential to degrade the water resources in the KMA. In addition, the study reveals that little attention is given, in terms of policy formulation to curb this urbanization processes and to protect water resources in the area.
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Gomez-Rivera, Sara Maria. "Por uma cultura ecológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-20092010-141932/.
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O presente trabalho busca compreender e analisar a partir de um ponto de vista conceitual o termo cultura ecológica, que vem sendo usado como sinônimo de uma infinidade de conceitos associados à racionalidade econômica capitalista. O objetivo principal deste trabalho não é definir o quê é cultura ecológica, mas apontar as suas possíveis potencialidades conceituais, já que até agora tem se forjado como um termo mais normativo do que conceitual. Este trabalho propõe uma análise teórica - critica do termo e de vários aspectos ligados a ele, questionando e refletindo sobre a atual crise socioambiental. Primeiramente faz-se uma análise dos termos cultura, ecologia e cultura ecológica, apontando para os usos atuais desta idéia. Baseando-se em alguns aspectos teóricos de Karl Marx, de Max Weber e usando o conceito de cultura política de Gabriel Almond e Sidney Verba, analisaram-se algumas possibilidades de estudo da cultura ecológica. Depois, refletiu-se sobre a relação entre idéias e práticas ecológicas apoiando-se no conceito de práxis, o que levou também a tratar do espaço público, da cidadania e do individualismo.This study aims to understand and analyze from a conceptual point of view the term ecological culture, which has been used as a synonymous of several concepts associated to the capitalist economic rationality. Thus, the main objective is not to define what ecological culture is, but to point at the possible conceptual potentialities, since it has been shaped as a normative term, instead of a conceptual one. This study suggests a theoretical and critical analysis of the term and of several aspects linked to it, inquiring and reflecting on the current socio environmental crisis. First of all, an analysis of the terms culture, ecology and ecological culture is done, pointing at the current usages of the term ecological culture. Some possibilities of study of the ecological culture are analyzed based upon theoretical aspects from Karl Marx, Max Weber and using the political culture concept from Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba. Finally, a reflection on the relation between ecological ideas and practices is made using the praxis concept, what leads to treat about public sphere, citizenship and individualism.
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Bognon, Sabine. "Les transformations de l'approvisionnement alimentaire dans la métropole parisienne : trajectoire socio-écologique et construction de proximités." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010578.
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Les villes n’ayant pas vocation à produire elles-mêmes leurs moyens de subsistance sont un point de départ pour l’étude du système alimentaire. L’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur dense des métropoles participe à l’amont au métabolisme territorial, impliquant des échanges matériels entre la société organisatrice du système alimentaire et la biosphère qui la sustente. Si des analyses historiques des modalités de l’approvisionnement alimentaire de la capitale ont été produites, ses mécanismes contemporains complexes sont aujourd’hui méconnus. Un objectif de la thèse réside en l’établissement d’un récit circonstancié de la trajectoire socio-écologique de l’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne, de la fin de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours. Inscrites dans un paysage économique mondialisé, les aires de préhension alimentaire de Paris confirment l’existence d’une empreinte globale du système alimentaire parisien. Cependant, des initiatives récentes promeuvent un retour à un approvisionnement de proximité. Le tournant 2010-2011 marque l’essor de ces démarches nouvelles, jusqu’alors ignorées ou considérées comme marginales et anecdotiques tant par le grand public que par la plupart des acteurs décisionnaires du système alimentaire. La reterritorialisation de l’approvisionnement est issue d’une construction sociale de proximités tant géographique qu’organisée, dont les prétextes et les intérêts des acteurs qui l’encouragent sont multiples. Un second objectif est donc constitué par l’analyse des politiques de trois acteurs (public, associatif et privé) quant à l’avènement d’une transition dans le système alimentaire, impliquant un rapprochement entre les aires de production et les bassins de consommation. Prenant appui sur un cadre théorique fondé par l’écologie territoriale, l’analyse des trajectoires et transitions socio-écologiques et les apports de l’école de la proximité, cette thèse propose une vision pluridisciplinaire de l’évolution du système alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienneCities are not meant to produce their own livelihood, and so, they are an interesting starting point to the study of the food system. Based on a threefold theoretical framework – territorial ecology, socio-ecological paths and transitions, and proximity strategies – this thesis aims at a multidisciplinary analysis attesting how the food system has been evolving inside the Paris metropolis. The thesis gives a detailed account of the food supply’s socio-ecological trajectory, from the end of the Ancien Régime to the present day. The 2010-2011 turning point settles new initiatives aiming at proximity foodsheds – which had hitherto been ignored altogether or considered marginal and minor. Reterritorialization of the supply is the result of social constructions of geographical and organized proximities. This work also investigates the policies of three food-system stakeholders (public, community and private) regarding an impending transition in the socio-ecological pathway that would imply a merger between production and consumption foodsheds
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Manyanga, Munyaradze. "Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin, southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Archaeology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7205.
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The general perception today is that the Shashi-Limpopo Basin in southern Africa is hot and dry and not conducive to human habitation. Today there is no doubt that the Shashi-Limpopo Basin has been home to many communities throughout the pre-historical period. A study of the changing ecological conditions in the Mateke Hills and the Shashi-Limpopo Valley as well as historical and present day land-usage offers an alternative explanation of how prehistoric communities could have interacted with this changing landscape. The archaeological record, historical sources and recent land-use patterns show that settlement location has always been orientated towards the rivers and circumscribed environments. The mosaic of floodplains, wetlands, drylands and circumscribed zones provided the ideal ecological setting for the development of socio-political complexity in southern Africa. The resilience of these semi arid savanna regions together with human innovation and local knowledge ensured that societies continued to derive subsistence even in the face of seasonal variability in rainfall and even climate change.
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Iacopino, Simone. "Exploring the multiple effects of the invasive alien black locust tree." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425418.
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Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most widespread invasive alien tree species in Europe and throughout the world. Its spread has been favoured by its ecological attitudes and economic relevance, with positive and negative implications. The aim of this thesis was to further develop knowledge on the black locust’s ecological and socio-economic drivers. A stand, landscape and national scale were considered. At the stand scale, ecological impacts on the plant community were assessed through a comparative approach, based on a sample of pairs of woodlands, invaded or non-invaded by black locust. A focus on a sample of three types of landscape (rural, riverine and urban) allowed black locust impacts to be compared across different environmental contexts. A second focus on a sample of three European cities (Berlin, Padova and Roma) allowed the impacts of both black locust dominance and urban matrix properties to be investigated across urban environments at different latitudes. Socio-economic drivers were investigated at a national scale in Italy, linking these factors with changes in both land cover and black locust distribution. Knowledge on the drivers of black locust spread and its effects on natural resources is deepened, offering insights into a desirable trade-off between biodiversity conservation and black locust socio-economic significance at multiple scales and contexts.La robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) è una delle specie arboree aliene invasive più diffuse in Europa e nel mondo. La diffusione di questa specie è stata favorita dalla sua amplitudine ecologica e dai suoi diversificati interessi economici, determinandone conseguenze positive e negative. Lo scopo della tesi è di approfondire le conoscenze sui fattori ecologici ed economici che hanno causato e caratterizzano la sua distribuzione. Sono state prese in considerazione diverse scale di studio, una scala di popolamento, una di paesaggio e una nazionale. A scala di popolamento, sono stati valutati gli impatti ecologici sulla comunità vegetale seguendo un metodo comparativo, basato su un campione di coppie di boschi, invasi o meno dalla robinia. È stato condotto un confronto degli impatti di robinia in diversi contesti ambientali mediante un approfondimento su un campione di tre tipi di paesaggio (rurale, fluviale e urbano). Un secondo approfondimento su un campione di tre città europee (Berlino, Padova e Roma) ha permesso invece di indagare gli impatti della copertura di robinia e delle proprietà della matrice urbana in contesti urbani a latitudini molto diverse. I fattori socio-economici sono stati indagati al livello nazionale italiano, collegandoli con i cambiamenti della copertura del suolo e della distribuzione della robinia. Le conoscenze sulle cause della diffusione della robinia e dei suoi effetti sulle risorse naturali vengono approfondite offrendo spunti di riflessione su un auspicabile bilanciamento tra conservazione della biodiversità e valorizzazione socio-economica di questa specie, a molteplici scale e contesti.
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Cosme, Maximilien. "Modélisation qualitative à événements discrets des dynamiques d'écosystèmes." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG013.
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Les écosystèmes se déploient dans le temps au rythme des événements successifs qui modifient ses composants. Ces événements, qu'ils soient aléatoires ou non, sont les phénomènes par lesquels les écosystèmes s'assemblent et se désassemblent. Chaque séquence d'états – ou trajectoire – est une histoire possible de l'écosystème. Mais si ces événements, ou leur ordre, avait été différent, l'état futur aurait pu l'être également. Or, l'ordre des événements, du fait des limites de notre connaissance, est souvent incertain. Lorsque cette incertitude est grande, il est donc raisonnable de concevoir la dynamique de l'écosystème comme un ensemble de trajectoires possibles. Si l'ensemble des trajectoires possibles était connu, il pourrait notamment se révéler utile pour savoir si un état souhaitable est atteignable, et si oui, par quel(s) chemin(s). Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche de modélisation nommée EDEN (pour Ecological Discrete-Event Networks) permettant de répondre à cette question. Elle se présente sous la forme d'un formalisme dont les variables sont qualitatives et dont les valeurs sont modifiées par des règles "si-alors" représentant les événements de l'écosystème. Celles-ci sont tirées une à une, de façon non-déterministe et sans aucune probabilité. Cette approche non-déterministe et non-probabiliste a donc été qualifiée de possibiliste. Les dynamiques se présentent alors sous la forme d'un graphe états-transitions dont on peut vérifier l'existence de propriétés dynamiques (comme le fait qu'une espèce puisse persister).Dans un premier temps, une brève histoire de la modélisation en écologie des écosystèmes est présentée, avec une attention particulière aux approches de modélisation qualitatives, dont l'approche EDEN fait partie. Prenant appui sur les limites des approches existantes pour répondre à certaines questions, nous proposons l'approche EDEN et justifions la pertinence de ses propriétés par des exemples simples.Dans un second temps, l'approche EDEN est illustrée sur des écosystèmes semi-arides d'Afrique de l'Est et de l'Ouest dans le but de savoir si certains états d'intérêt sont atteignables (comme le maintien de la végétation en savane, ou de la fertilité dans un agroécosystème). Pour ce faire, nous présentons et utilisons des outils jusqu'ici peu utilisés en écologie, comme les summary graphs et les logiques temporelles. Pour un scénario donné, ces outils rendent possible de définir (1) les transitions possibles entre les états d'intérêt, (2) les conditions dans lesquelles elles peuvent advenir et (3) les événements responsables de ces transitions. En Afrique de l'Est, l'approche EDEN a permis de déterminer les effets à long terme sur la végétation et les activités humaines d'une réduction/accroissement de la disponibilité en eau de surface, indiquant une forte influence indirecte de cette dernière sur la végétation ligneuse. En Afrique de l'Ouest, en utilisant EDEN, il a été possible de déterminer les conditions permettant à de petits producteurs du sud-ouest du Burkina Faso de développer un agropastoralisme persistant, ainsi que les événements nécessaires pour atteindre un tel état.Nous discutons enfin des apports de l'ensemble des modèles EDEN à divers champs de l'écologie, ainsi que des améliorations possibles et des ponts à dresser entre l'écologie, la biologie des systèmes et l'informatique théoriqueEcosystems unfold over time in response to successive events that modify their components. These events, whether random or not, are the phenomena by which ecosystems assemble and disassemble. Each sequence of states - or trajectory - is a possible history of the ecosystem. Yet, if these events, or their order, had been different, the future state could have been different. However, the order of events, due to the limits of our knowledge, is often uncertain. When this uncertainty is important, it is therefore reasonable to conceive the dynamics of the ecosystem as a set of possible trajectories. If the set of possible trajectories were known, it could be useful to know if a desirable state is attainable, and if so, by which path(s).In this thesis, we propose a modelling approach named EDEN (for Ecological Discrete-Event Networks) to answer this question. It is presented in the form of a formalism whose variables are qualitative and whose values are modified by "if-then" rules representing the events of the ecosystem. These rules are executed one by one, in a non-deterministic way and without any probability. This non-deterministic and non-probabilistic approach has therefore been called possibilistic. The dynamics are then presented in the form of a state-transition graph whose dynamic properties (such as the fact that a species can persist) can be verified.First, a brief history of dynamical modelling in ecosystem ecology is presented, with a particular focus on qualitative modelling approaches, to which EDEN belongs to. Based on the limitations of existing approaches to answer certain questions, we propose the EDEN approach and justify the relevance of its properties with simple examples.Then, the EDEN approach is illustrated on semi-arid ecosystems in East and West Africa in order to know if certain states of interest are reachable (such as the maintenance of vegetation in savanna, or soil fertility in an agroecosystem). To do this, we present and use tools that have not been used much in ecology until now, such as summary graphs and temporal logics. For a given scenario, these tools enable to define (1) the possible transitions between the states of interest, (2) the conditions under which they can occur and (3) the events responsible for these transitions. In East Africa, the EDEN approach was able to determine the long-term effects on vegetation and human activities of reduced/increased surface water availability, indicating a strong indirect influence of the latter on woody vegetation. In West Africa, using EDEN, it was possible to determine the conditions that allowed small-scale producers in southwestern Burkina Faso to develop persistent agropastoralism, as well as the events necessary to achieve such a state.Finally, we discuss the contributions of the EDEN set of models to various fields of ecology, as well as possible improvements and bridges to be built between ecology, systems biology and theoretical computer science
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Liedke, Mônica Souza. "Proteção do genoma humano e socioambientalismo : aspectos bioéticos e jurídicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2009. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/445.
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A construção do paradigma socioambiental é resultado da compreensão de que não é possível a proteção isolada, implicando o cuidado conjunto. O ser humano, ente integrante da biodiversidade, está amparado pelas legislações que lhe são próprias, assim como pelas legislações ambientais. O genoma humano é próprio de cada indivíduo e o distingue dos demais entes da mesma espécie. O desenvolvimento do Projeto Genoma Humano possibilitou o acesso e o uso das informações genéticas. A evolução da ciência deve ser regulamentada para evitar a utilização indevida das informações genéticas, assim como para que os benefícios proporcionados por essa evolução sejam acessíveis a toda população. O ser humano não pode sofrer discriminação em razão da sua carga genética. O acesso às informações contidas nos genes deve ocorrer unicamente para melhorar a saúde dos indivíduos. O consentimento informado é imprescindível para acesso e uso das informações genéticas. A bioinformática possibilita a descoberta das funções de cada gene específico. A farmacogenômica, por sua vez, proporciona o tratamento e a cura de doenças de acordo com a carga genética de cada indivíduo. Os biorepositórios e os biobancos são importantes para conservar o material genético destinado à pesquisa, bem como a ser utilizado no futuro tratamento médico do próprio doador. As pesquisas genéticas devem ser conduzidas de forma transparente e regulada a fim de evitar a detenção do biopoder. O acesso do genoma humano pode permitir a manipulação desse com finalidades bioterroristas de modo a atingir à população em geral ou a determinado grupo específico. Alguns países já estão patenteando os genes, muito embora sejam considerados descoberta e não invenção. A não permissão do patenteamento de genes no Brasil deixa o país em desvantagem quanto aos demais que permitem, pois futuramente, nosso país, poderá ter que pagar royalties pela utilização dos genes já patenteados no desenvolvimento de pesquisas genéticas. Todas essas situações demonstram a importância de proteger o genoma humano para que as atuais e futuras gerações não tenham sua carga genética alterada. A criação de uma legislação nacional e, principalmente, internacional é indispensável.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T18:15:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Monica Souza Liedke.pdf: 1347371 bytes, checksum: 041ecbd172b0c26294c008a919ffc003 (MD5)
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The build of the socio-environment paradigm is resultant from the comprehension that isolated protection is not possible, implying collective care. The human being, as a biodiversity integrant, is supported by his laws, but also by environment laws. The human genome is unique for each individual and distinguishes itself from the others beings of the same species. The development of The Human Genome Project made possible the access to and the use of genetic information. Science evolution must be ruled to avoid improper use of genetic information, but also for granting universal access to it. The human being must not be discriminated by its genetic information. Genetic information access should only be for individual health improvement. Informed assent is essential for the access and the use of this information. Pharmacogenomics, in its turn, provides treatment and cure for diseases in agreement with every individual genetic information. The biorepositories and biobanks are important to preserve genetic material destined to research, such as future use in the medical treatment of the donor. Genetic researches must be lead in a clear and ruled form in order to avoid retention of biopower. The access to the human genome can permit its manipulation with bioterrorist intents of reaching general population or a specific group. Some countries are already patenting the genes, although they are considered findings and not inventions. The non permission of gene patenting in Brazil put the country in disadvantage with the others that permit, because, in the future, our country could pay royalties for the already patented in the development of genetic researches. All these situations show the importance of protecting human genome for this and future generations. The creation of national and, mainly, international laws is indispensable.
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Shuster, Gabriela. "The Management Of Feral Pig Socio-Ecological Systems In Far North Queensland, Australia." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1357345563.
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Циганенко, Олена Василівна, Елена Васильевна Циганенко, and Olena Vasylivna Tsyhanenko. "Стратегії соціо-еколого-економічного розвитку міських територій." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45880.
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Дисертація присвячена дослідженню науково-методичних основ формування стратегій соціо-еколого-економічного розвитку міських територій. Проаналізовано наявні теоретичні та науково-методичні підходи до розроблення стратегій соціо-еколого-економічного розвитку міських територій. Виявлено напрями удосконалення системи методичного супроводу формування процесу розробки стратегій соціо-еколого- економічного розвитку. Запропоновано методичний підхід до розробки стратегії соціо-еколого-економічного розвитку з використанням стратегічної комплексної оцінки. Розроблено науково-методичні основи оцінки якості міського середовища на основі показників локальної сталості.Диссертация посвящена исследованию научно-методических основ формирования стратегий социо-эколого-экономического развития городских территорий. Предложен методический подход к разработке и реализации стратегий обеспечения экологосбалансированного развития городской территории, который учитывает взаимосвязи экологических, экономических, социальных процессов, происходящих в городской среде, что позволяет определить оптимальный сценарий стратегически устойчивого развития городских территорий. Проанализированы существующие теоретические и научно-методические подходы к разработке стратегий социо-эколого-экономического развития городских территорий и обоснована необходимость привлечения эффективных инструментов оценки социо-эколого-экономического состояния городских территорий. Для решения этой проблемы разработана дополнительная система количественных показателей. Они являются основой аналитически-оценочного этапа выбора направлений развития городских территорий. На основе системного, процессного, ситуационного и эколого-экономического подходов определена структурно-логическая сущность понятия «качество городской среды», и пополнено классификационным признаком понятия «город», которая разделяет города по качеству городской среды на города с благоприятной средой, с умеренно благоприятной и неблагоприятной средой. Выявлены направления совершенствования системы методического сопровождения формирования процесса разработки стратегии социо-эколого-экономического развития. Усовершенствовано научно-методические основы формирования стратегии социо-эколого-экономического развития городских территорий. Предложен методический подход к разработке стратегии социо-эколого-экономического развития, который в отличие от существующих базируется на использовании принципа Деминга путем поэтапного согласования и корректировки промежуточных результатов разработки стратегии социо-эколого-экономического развития и стратегической экологической оценки. Разработаны научно-методические основы оценки качества городской среды на основе показателей локальной устойчивости, которые в отличие от существующих характеризуют взаимодействие между социальной, экономической и экологической подсистемами. В качестве индикатора для оценки состояния городской среды предложен комплексный показатель оценки качества городской среды, который позволяет оценить социально-экономическое, эколого-экономическое и социально-экологическое состояние, что отображается в учетной карточке показателей оценки качества городской среды и дает возможность дифференцировать города, разработать приотетные направления экологосбалансированного развития. На основе предложенного методического подхода к разработке стратегий социо-эколого-экономического развития городских территорий разработаны основные направления развития для г. Конотоп и определен оптимальный сценарий развития.
This thesis focuses on scientific and methodical foundations of strategies formation of socio-ecology-economic development of urban areas. Analyzed existing theoretical, scientific and methodical approaches to strategies formation of socio-ecology-economic development of urban areas. Discovered the directions of improvement of methodical support system of process formation of strategies ofsocio-ecology-economic development of urban areas. Proposed methodical approach to strategy formation of socio-ecology-economic development with the use of strategic complex assessment. Developed the scientific and methodical basis of quality assessment of urban environment based on local sustainability indicators.
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Reichardt, Fernanda Viegas. "A função socioambiental das patentes de plantas geneticamente modificadas no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-11092015-092308/.
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Trata-se de um estudo interdisciplinar que aborda os aspectos socioambientais dos problemas associados ao uso da terra e à conservação da natureza, frente à legislação brasileira vigente e dentro da perspectiva da Ecologia Política. Em especial, dedica-se à Biotecnologia Moderna e ao Direito. Mais especificamente, procurou-se analisar a proteção da plantas geneticamente modificadas através de direitos de patente [direitos relativos à propriedade industrial] em contraposição à obrigação de se cumprir uma função socioambiental. A partir da teoria das linhas abissais proposta por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, buscou-se um aprofundamento da perspectiva socioambiental dos problemas relacionados à Biotecnologia Moderna. Verificou-se se os aspectos socioambientais são considerados em conjunto pela legislação e quais as implicações desta relação. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tanto em relação à Biotecnologia Moderna, quanto ao Direito. Há expectativa de que este estudo contribua com subsídios necessários para a defesa dos interesses humanos mais básicos atingidos pelos resultados das ciências genéticas e suas aplicações na agricultura moderna no Brasil.This inter-disciplinary study focus the social-environmental issues associated to land use and to the conservation of nature in view of the current Brazilian legislation and within a Political Ecology perspective. In particular, it is dedicated to Modern Biotechnology and Law. More specifically, we analyzed the protection of plants through patent rights [industrial property rights] in contraposition to the obligation to comply with the socio-environmental function. As a follow-up of the abyssal line theory proposed by Boaventura de Souza Santos, we look for a deepening of the socio-environmental perspective of the problems related to Modern Biotechnology. We verified if the socio-environmental aspects are being considered by the legislation, and which are the implications of this relation. This study was developed through literature and documental search, as much in Modern Biotechnology as in Law. It is expected that this study contributes with subsidies to the defense of the most basic human interests, hit by the results of genetic sciences and their applications in modern agriculture in Brazil.
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Silva, Emanuel Luiz Pereira da. "Da casa ao mangue: abordagem sócio-ecológica do processo de trabalho das marisqueiras do estuário do Rio Paraíba-PB." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7202.
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This dissertation deals with the contemporary intricacies infers the processing and handling of ecological harvesting of Pickers Seafood by the cities of Bayeux, and João Pessoa and Cabedelo in Paraiba depending on the environment where shellfish grow. This study was undertaken to analyze the relationship of socio-ecological process and organization of work that occur in the pick up process and marketing of shellfish seafood by the riverside communities of the estuary of River Paraíba. Among the qualitative methods include: life history, free interviews, semi-structured, guided tours and direct observation, the data were analyzed by interpreting the speech of the interviewees, based on the model of the integration of the various individual skills. The knowledge that these women have about the distribution of resources and its ecology, and environmental perception, constitutes a valuable tool in that it is enough to be incorporated in both plans of socio-economic studies and in management, conservation and sustainable use of local fauna.
Esta dissertação trata das imbricações contemporâneas no que infere o processamento e manuseio ecológico da coleta de mariscos pelas marisqueiras dos municípios de Bayeux, João Pessoa e Cabedelo no Estado da Paraíba que dependem do ambiente onde os moluscos bivalves se desenvolvem. Teve-se como objetivo analisar as relações sócio ecológicas do processo e organização do trabalho que ocorrem no processo de cata e comercialização dos moluscos pelas marisqueiras das comunidades ribeirinhas do estuário do Rio Paraíba. Dentre os métodos qualitativos, destacam-se: história de vida, entrevistas livres, semi-estruturadas, turnês guiadas e observação direta; os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da interpretação do discurso das entrevistadas, com base no modelo de união das diversas competências individuais. O conhecimento que estas mulheres detêm sobre a distribuição dos recursos e sua ecologia, além de sua percepção ambiental, constitui-se em uma ferramenta valiosa que é suficiente para ser incorporada tanto em planos de desenvolvimento sócio-econômicos quanto em estudos de manejo, conservação e utilização sustentável da fauna local.
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Trapanese, Cinzia. "Spatial foraging in primates : strategies and mechanisms of decision-making What, where and when: spatial foraging decisions in primates Species-specific socio-ecology shapes spatial foraging strategies in primates Where or what? Primates in “miniature nature”: frugivory triggers spatial cognition to forage efficiently." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB119.
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Chercher sa nourriture s'avère coûteux et potentiellement exigeant cognitivement, notamment pour des animaux comme les primates, vivant dans un environnement difficilement prévisible. Les fruits étant une ressource éphémère, un régime alimentaire frugivore implique des capacités cognitives élevées. Cette étude comparative s'intéresse aux différentes stratégies mises en place lors du fourragement chez trois espèces de primates (Macaca tonkeana=5, M. fascicularis=3 and Sapajus sp.=6) vivant dans des parcs boisés, au Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg. Ces conditions d'hébergement en semi-liberté nous ont permis de manipuler l'environnement afin de simuler la répartition saisonnière spatio-temporelle des fruits en milieu naturel. Nous avons notamment fait varier la disponibilité de différents fruits chaque semaine avec un rythme saisonnier d'un mois, répété pendant quatre mois. Notre protocole expérimental vise à évaluer le poids des variables Où (localisation, tâche « Fourragement Spatial »), Quoi (distribution, tâches « Groupé vs. Dispersé » et qualité, tâche « Groupé vs. Qualité »), et Quand (disponibilité) sur les décisions individuelles lors de la recherche de nourriture. Nous avons utilisé 42 boîtes à ouverture télécommandée, fixées sur des arbres de l'enclos des singes, dans lesquelles nous avons placé des fruits. Ce dispositif a permis de tester les sujets individuellement dans leur groupe social. Pour chaque essai, nous avons enregistré les trajectoires des sujets, l'ordre des boîtes visitées et la présence de congénères. Dans la tâche « Fourragement Spatial », nous avons comparé les trajectoires observées des essais dans lesquels les sujets ont visité toutes les boites (Ntot=77) avec des trajectoires simulées pour trois stratégies : optimale, de proche en proche, ou aléatoire. Aucune espèce n'a suivi une stratégie aléatoire, les capucins suivent fréquemment une trajectoire optimale, les macaques fascicularis suivent davantage une stratégie de proche en proche alors que les Tonkeans suivent les deux stratégies avec des fréquences similaires. Toutes les espèces ont adopté soit une stratégie globale (trajet optimal) soit une stratégie locale (boite la plus proche) afin de fourrager efficacement. Les expériences de la tâche « Groupé vs. Dispersé » proposent aux animaux de choisir parmi des boîtes dont la répartition spatiale forme deux patchs de nourriture de six boites chacun, l'un groupé, l'autre dispersé. Nous avons testé l'effet de cette distribution spatiale en utilisant les mêmes fruits dans les deux patchs (Nobs=2477). Nos résultats indiquent une préférence pour la distribution groupée (vs. dispersée) chez les trois espèces. Nous avons également testé l'effet de la qualité de la nourriture (tâche « Groupé vs. Qualité ») en proposant deux fruits différents disponibles en même temps, le préféré dans la distribution dispersée vs. le moins préféré dans la distribution groupée (Nobs=2546). Les trois espèces ont continué de choisir préférentiellement la distribution groupée, mais les Tonkeans dans une moindre mesure que les capucins, ce qui indique que la qualité influence également leurs choix. Les Tonkeans ont aussi montré des déplacements plus directs. Enfin, pour la composante Quand, les sujets ont bien adapté leur fourragement à la séquence temporelle de la disponibilité alimentaire, répétée quatre fois, mais des hypothèses alternatives peuvent expliquer ces résultats (e.g. capacité à reconnaitre les boîtes disponibles). Cette étude montre que toutes les espèces utilisent des stratégies de fourragement efficaces. Cependant, contrairement aux omnivores, les frugivores ont davantage pris en compte leurs préférences alimentaires et ont montré des déplacements plus directs vers les sites alimentaires. Cette étude souligne que les contraintes écologiques des espèces peuvent affecter l'évolution des capacités cognitives et, plus généralement, des comportementsForaging can be a challenging activity, especially for animals like primates living in seasonal environments characterised by not fairly predictable food availability. Since fruit is an ephemeral resource, a frugivorous diet is associated to brain size and high cognitive abilities. This comparative study aims to investigate the spatial foraging strategies of three primate species (Macaca tonkeana=5 individuals, M. fascicularis=3 and Sapajus sp.=6) having different degree of frugivory and living in semi-free ranging conditions at the Primate Centre of Strasbourg University. The experimental protocol aims to assess the relative weight of Where (food location, Spatial Foraging Task), Where vs. What (food distribution, Clumped vs. Scattered Tasks and quality, Clumped vs. Quality Task) and When (food temporal availability) variables on the individual foraging decisions. Forty-two boxes were fixed on trees in the outdoor area and were lockable via a remote-control system to individually test subjects in their social group. Each week, a subset of boxes was filled with one/two appealing fruit types; a seasonal pace of one month was repeated for four months to mimic the seasonality of wild fruit. We recorded subjects' trajectories, the order of visited boxes and the presence of other individuals. In the Spatial Foraging Task, considering the trials in which subjects visited all six baited boxes (Tonkeans Ntrials=35, long-tailed macaques Ntrials=31, capuchins Ntrials=11), we compared the observed routes to simulated routes under three strategies: optimal route, nearest neighbour rule, random route. None of the species choose random routes, suggesting that they relied on spatial memory to visit food sites. Capuchins optimized more their travels than long-tailed macaques, which followed mainly a nearest neighbour strategy, while Tonkeans used both strategies at similar frequency. All study species used a global (optimal path) or local strategy (nearest-neighbour rule) to forage efficiently. In the Clumped vs. Scattered Tasks, we tested how the food distribution influences primate spatial foraging. In the Clumped vs. Scattered Task 1, 12 boxes were baited with the same fruit type, six boxes in a circular clumped distribution and other six in a scattered circle. The Task 2 provided a similarly preferred fruit in the same two circular configurations but with opposite reciprocal spatial positions in terms of the side of the outdoor area. All study species (Nvisited boxes=2477) visited at first significantly more the clumped distribution. In the Clumped vs. Quality Task, we assessed the relative impact of food preference versus food distribution: boxes had the similar spatial configuration of the Clumped vs. Scattered Task 1 but the scattered distribution was filled with the most favourite fruit and the clumped one with the least preferred fruit. All species (Nvisited boxes=2546) showed again a preference for visiting first the boxes of the clumped distribution, but the most frugivorous species, Tonkeans, showed a less strong preference compared to the least frugivorous, the capuchins. The higher was the frugivory degree of the species, the higher were the goal-directed travels. Lastly, to investigate if primates developed a temporal knowledge of fruit availability, we investigated if they correctly remembered food spatio-temporal availability: primates visited each month between 79%-98% of baited boxes/tot boxes visited, even if this positive result could be explained by alternative hypothesis (e.g. ability in detecting the available boxes). All primate species maximised foraging efficiency, avoiding random walks. However, frugivorous species took food preference into account in their decisions and showed significantly more goal-directed movement. This study underlines how species feeding ecology may affect the evolution of their abstract mental abilities and more in general, their behaviour
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Biase, Laura De. "Agroecologia, campesinidade e os espaços femininos na unidade familiar de produção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-21062010-080227/.
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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre a dimensão feminina na campesinidade e a importância de sua valorização para a incorporação dos aspectos sócio-culturais na prática agroecológica. A agroecologia pode ser definida como um campo de estudos de caráter multidisciplinar, que tem como objetivo articular o saber-fazer científico ao saber-fazer das comunidades rurais, como forma de potencializar práticas sustentáveis de agricultura. Como movimento de oposição ao processo de modernização da agricultura, busca recuperar as condições socioambientais perturbadas por este e viabilizar a construção de uma realidade sustentável. Contudo, tem-se constatado atualmente que a prática agroecológica brasileira tem sido realizada de maneira restrita, limitando-se principalmente a aspectos técnicos, insuficiente à realização da transformação pretendida teoricamente. Neste trabalho analisou-se, portanto, as possibilidades da campesinidade, e particularmente a valorização da sua dimensão feminina, contribuir para efetivar o projeto agroecológico de construção da sustentabilidade. Para tanto, realizou-se: (1) um estudo sobre as diferentes concepções teóricas da agroecologia e suas possibilidades de articulação para construção de uma proposta de agroecologia plena; (2) uma análise teórica sobre o campesinato e as características da campesinidade, de uma perspectiva de gênero, como fundamentação para a pesquisa de campo; (3) análises empíricas sobre campesinidade, relações de gênero na unidade familiar de produção e prática agroecológica, em duas realidades distintas: a região do Vale do Ribeira/SP e o município de Joanópolis/SP; e finalmente, (4) uma reflexão sobre as potencialidades de contribuição da dimensão feminina e da campesinidade para a construção da agroecologia plena. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada através de observação participante e realização de entrevistas abertas, buscando diversas formas de reduzir a distância existente entre pesquisadores e pesquisados. Como conclusão, constatou-se que (1) o processo de modernização da agricultura causou efeitos perturbadores à campesinidade e às relações de gênero, mas que, ainda assim, (2) é possível encontrar elementos de campesinidade nas realidades transformadas por esse processo. No entanto, (3) as iniciativas agroecológicas estudadas não alcançaram as condições necessárias para transcender os efeitos desta modernização sobre a organização sócio-cultural camponesa, especialmente no que se refere à masculinização dos processos familiares de produção. Finalmente, sugeriu-se que, quanto ao procedimento metodológico, a antropologia tem muito a contribuir com a construção de uma agroecologia plena.The aim of this research was to reflect about the feminine dimension inside rural communities and the importance of feminine valorization looking to incorporate socio cultural aspects in agroecological practice. Agroecology can be defined as a multidisciplinary field of study that aims to articulate the scientific know-how with the rural communities know-how, as a way to strengthen sustainable practices in agriculture. As an opposition movement against the agricultural modernization process, it seeks to recover socio environmental conditions disturbed by it and facilitate the construction of a sustainable reality. However, it has been confirmed that agroecolgy has been practiced in a restricted way, limiting it to technical aspects that are not enough to reach the aimed theoretical transformation. Therefore, the contribution of rural communities, especially regarding feminine valorization was analyzed looking to see its contributions to the execution of an agroecological project for the construction of sustainability. Looking to achieve the objectives of this research, the following analysis were made: (1) a study about the different theoretical conceptions about agroecolgy and its articulation possibilities to construct a full agroecological proposal; (2) a theoretical analysis about rural communities and its characteristics from a gender perspective, as the basis for the field study; (3) empirical analysis about rural communities, gender relations inside the family production unit and agroecological practice in two different realities: Vale do Ribeira region SP, Brazil and Joanópolis municipality SP, Brazil; finally, (4) a reflection about the potentialities of feminine dimension contribution and of rural communities for the construction of a full agroecolgy. Field research was carried out by means of participant observation and open interviews, looking to reduce the distance between the researcher and the researched in several ways. To conclude it can be stated that (1) the agriculture modernization process caused disturbing effects to rural communities and to gender relations, but, even so (2) it is possible to find rural elements in the realities modified by this process. However, (3) the analyzed agroecological initiatives did not achieve the necessary conditions to transcend the effects of this modernization inside the rural socio cultural organization, especially regarding the masculinization of family production processes. Finally, it is suggested that anthropology can make a great contribution to the construction of a full agroecolgy, regarding the methodological procedure.
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Mwangi, Damaris Kamara. "Socio-economic factors affecting implementation of community-managed tsetse control in Busa district, Kenya." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336662.
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Neve, Paul. "The conservation of rare arable weeds on set-aside land : ecological, socio-economic and political implications." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264021.
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Magnusson, Petra. "Meningsskapandets möjligheter : multimodal teoribildning och multiliteracies i skolan." Doctoral thesis, Malmö högskola, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15174.
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This thesis concerns the changing predispositions and conditions for contemporary meaning-making in school education. From a socio-cultural perspective, multimodal theory formation is used to find suitable tools and concepts for developing teaching and learning. The overall aims are to investigate and conceptualize meaning-making in school in the frame ofmultimodal theory. Firstly, the research questions are concerned with how teachers work with written; paper-based, expository texts, and secondly, with students' meaning-making, working with meaning-offerings from different modes and media. This is followed by questions surrounding the predispositions for a multimodal view in the Swedish curriculum outline. Finally, the consequences for the role of fiction in education, using multimodal theory formation as a framework are addressed. The thesis presents two empirical studies which investigate meaning-making in upper secondary education, followed by critical discussions of the cmTiculum outline and the role of fiction. The empirical data was collected using methods inspired by ethnography in classes taking social sciences and media courses. The analyses were inspired by multimodal research, and the main analytical tools consist of a discourse framework and model inspired by Roz IvaniC, the Leaming Design Sequence developed by Staffon Selander, the wheel of multimodality and the pedagogy of multiliteracies, both developed by the New London Group and Bill Cope and :Mary Kalantzis. The first study focuses on the teachers' perspective in trying to develop students' meaning-making through written, paper-based expository texts. Analyses within the discourse framework and design layer model are used to describe the teachers' practical theory. The wheel ofmultimodality is used to differentiate the meaning-offerings used in class, and the pedagogy of multiliteracies is used to describe and analyze the discussions in groups and with the teacher. Results highlight three major possibilities for working with written, paper-based expository texts: a vvider view on meaning-making, meaning-offerings encompassing several modes and media, and the teacher's modeling ofthe reading through discussion. The second study describes and analyzes meaning-making and design in learning \vith meaning-offerings from different modes and media from the students' perspective. The analytical tools are the wheel of multimodality, the Learning Design Sequence and the further-developed pedagogy of multiliteracies. Results show a similarity in meaning-making regardless of mode and media, staiiing with the visual mode and with the students focusing their efforts on comprehending the meaning-offering. This can be explained by lack of clarity and lack of guidance which are seen as obstacles for learning. The discussions surrounding the curriculum outline and the role of fiction show that, in using a multimodal theory formation frame, the curriculum does not explicitly support a multimodal view on meaning-making and that fiction can not be seen as unique due to neither mode nor media. The results suggest that multimodal theory formation gives access to tools that are useful in developing students' meaning-making according to the predispositions and conditions oftoday, in which reading development is viewed as part of developing meaning-making as a who lei and that meaning-making in school should be based on a non-hierarchical and inclusive view on modes and media to create a readiness and a flexibility to meet demands of a rapidly-changing society. As a consequence, the curriculum outline needs to be reworded and the role of fiction in education needs to be problematized.
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TASSAN, MANUELA. "Le identità ibride della natura: pratiche, discorsi, corporeità. Un’etnografia della Reserva Extrativista Quilombo do Frechal (Maranhão, Brasile)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46247.
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Based on an anti-essentialist and ‘monist’ framework, this thesis deals with the epistemological potentialities of interpretative anthropology in the study of ‘nature’. Influenced by post-structuralist political ecology, this ethnography of a Brazilian Amazonian natural reserve - inhabited by a community of afro-descendents - tries to experiment with theoretical formulations that overcome the traditional ‘nature-culture’ dichotomy. The category ‘hybrid identity’ applied to ‘nature’ suggests its relational and situational character, a by-product of the interrelation between practice and discourse, as well as symbolic and material dimensions. The case-study highlights the coexistance of different paradigmatic configurations of ‘nature’ in the same ethnographic context: a pragmatic nature experienced in everyday life through the incorporated practices of the roça, example of swidden agriculture; a contested political-managerial nature, discursively constructed through the relation between local community and government institution that controls the Reserve; finally, a “magical/spiritual” nature, domain of invisible entities – known as encantados – invoked on occasions of specific sicknesses that harken back to the world of pajelança rituals. Combining an actor-oriented methodology with a reflexive and reflective approach, the thesis also problematizes the logocentric attitude of anthropology in order to valorize the role of researcher’s body in the field work
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Storm, Ingrid. "Liberal and conservative religion as different socio-ecological strategies." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Gauld, Richard Fraser. "Statutory protected areas and socio-political marginalisation : explaining resistance to SSSIs among crofters in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322532.
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Hawken, James R. "Socio-natural landscapes in the Palmarejo Valley, Honduras." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002011.
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Ni, Duong Van. "Developing a practical model for sustainable wetland management based on the environmental and socio-economic functions of Meleleuca cajuputi in the Mekong delta." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367582.
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In Vietnam, wetlands have generally been perceived as wastelands. Large wetland areas were altered for agriculture, especially in the Mekong Delta, where rice production is a top priority for national food security and export Drainage of wetlands for agriculture has resulted in severe acid water pollution and degradation of wetland ecosystems where a native species Melaleuca cajuputi once dominated. The native Melaleuca forest provides many values for both people and environment. Rehabilitation of the Melaleuca forest faces policy conflicts for development programmes, immediate problems of poverty and lack of appropriate technical information. Poverty affects 15-20% of the population of the Delta, with many people landless and exploiting natural resources for their main income. This study examines the scientific basis for integration of the environmental and socioeconomic functions of Melaleuca into farming systems and trials a model to achieve this end. The effects of the Melaleuca ecosystem on surface water quality have been identified. Where rainwater passing through the Melaleuca canopy is temporarily acidified, the effect is greater on contact with the trunk than the leaves. Annually, Melaleuca adds 7-12 ton/ha litter to the ground. Litter decomposition led to a pH increase, and a reduction in Fe, Al, and SO4 concentration in surface water. Soil layers contribute to a pH increase under submerged conditions by reducing H' concentration, and soil micro-organisms decreased Fe concentration in acid water. Living Melaleuca and Eleocharis undergrowth significantly reduced Al and S04. concentration in acid water. These experimental results justified the establishment of an agro-forestry trial where Melaleuca forest was integrated with rice cultivation at a farm scale. In this trial Melaleuca land acts as a reservoir to keep flood water to irrigate the rice land, and improves quality of acidic drainage water from the rice land for irrigation. Farmers participated for the duration of three rice crops. The new combination of Melaleuca and rice crop management was linked with the indigenous knowledge of local people in its implementation. This has lead to the trial being readily adapted to field conditions. Specifically, one hectare of Melaleuca land can hold enough water to irrigate 1.5 hectares of rice land, whilst it can improve acidic water drained from 3 hectares of rice land. Farmers have no difficulty in the planting of Melaleuca, but they need information relating to rice crop management Melaleuca plantation provides more profit than the rice crop. The farmer needs to invest only once at the time of crop planting and can harvest after seven to eight years. They can also manage up to 70% of the crop profit at the harvesting time in terms of their own labour. For rice production, the farmer needs to invest in every crop over three to four months, and in terms of their own labour, they can manage only 30% of the crop profit, which is strongly dependent on the market. Thus, integrated agro-forestry based on the combination of Melaleuca forest with rice allows farmers to balance between short-term and long-term income while improving also environmental quality and biodiversity conservation
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Afifi, Mansur. "Socio-economic and ecological impacts of coral reef management in Indonesia." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/55018162.html.
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Humphreys, Bebbington Denise. "The political ecology of natural gas extraction in Southern Bolivia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-political-ecology-of-natural-gas-extraction-in-southern-bolivia(dcbcf2ae-e3a3-4ba4-ac3b-9b1b0b959643).html.
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Capital investment in natural resource extraction has fuelled an unprecedented rush to secure hydrocarbon and mining concessions and contracts throughout the Andes-Amazon-Chaco region leading to increased tensions and conflict with lowland indigenous groups residing in the areas that contain subsoil resources. This thesis explores resource extraction and conflict through an ethnography of state-society interactions over proposed hydrocarbon extraction in Bolivia. It asks, how does a “post-neoliberal state” combine commitments to indigenous people, the environment and the redistributive development of natural resource wealth, and how do social movements and other actors respond? In answering this question, the thesis examines how hydrocarbon expansion has affected the country’s most important gas producing region (the Department of Tarija), indigenous Guaraní society and indigenous Weenhayek society, both in their internal relationships and in their historically uneasy negotiations with the central state. By paying particular attention to the Guaraní and Weenhayek it also asks how far a national “government of social movements” has favoured or not the concerns and political projects of indigenous groups that are generally not well represented in the social movements that undergird this new state. In this vein, this research seeks to shed light on a series of contradictions and incongruities that characterise extractive-led economies with an end to contributing to debates about the possibility of combining more socially and environmentally sound modes of production, new forms of democracy, self governance and popular participation.
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Grabowski, Zbigniew Jakub. "Removing Dams, Constructing Science: Watershed Restoration Through a Socio-Eco-Technical Systems Lens." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4515.
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Ecological conservation and restoration in the anthropocene must struggle with overlapping drivers of biodiversity and cultural loss; ruptures of the ecological environment mirror ruptures of human relationships with nature. And yet technology cannot remove humans from nature; technological and infrastructural reconfigurations of nature create new vulnerabilities and risks for humans and ecosystems alike. How can conservation and restoration science productively grapple with complex infrastructure systems and decision-making processes as biophysical and social drivers of ecosystem change?
Using dam removals in the USA and in the Mid Columbia River region of the Pacific Northwest, this dissertation develops a conceptual framework for Social, Environmental, and Technological Systems (SETS), and applies it at three spatial and temporal scales to the practice of dam removal as a river restoration strategy. Drawing upon existing data sets, as well as biophysical, document, survey, and interview data this dissertation addresses how dam removals have functioned in the context of the social histories of river restoration programs, examines how these restoration programs must continue to renegotiate the human relationships with nature through the infrastructure systems that enable certain forms of existence while precluding others.
Of particular interest is how restoration programs have increasingly functioned to deliver novel infrastructure solutions, while ignoring longer-term changes in ecological structure and function due to infrastructure development; in other words, the infrastructural work of restored ecosystems, and the infrastructural blind spots of restoration programs.
How restoration planning considers, or does not consider, infrastructural blind spots, is indicative of not only the biophysical drivers of threatened and endangered species loss, but also the political dynamics of decision making at large, and the power-knowledge relationships constituting legitimate and relevant knowledge in the decision making space.
In the Pacific Northwest, there appears to be a tipping point of social convention in centering treaty rights and obligations vis-a-vis ongoing processes of colonization and institutionalized scientific expertise. Ecological restoration will only be successful if it addresses both engineered infrastructures and social justice.
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Souto, Leesa. "Landscaping Perceptions and Behaviors: Socio-ecological Drivers of Nitrogen in the Residential Landscape." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5513.
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Driven by individual influences such as beliefs, attitudes, personal norms, and abilities, as well as by social influences like community norms, mandates, and the market, suburban homeowners are motivated to select and maintain a turf grass landscape. In many areas of Florida, effective suburban lawn maintenance requires regular inputs of nitrogenous fertilizer, some of which is lost to the environment, contributing to water quality degradation and ecosystem dysfunction. Reducing nitrogen inputs to aquatic systems requires a better understanding of the links between residential landscape management and the potential for fertilizer loss. This dissertation examines the linkages between the human behaviors contributing nitrogen to the suburban landscape and the resulting environmental impacts. Framed in socio-psychological theory and social marketing research, the outcomes of this dissertation contribute much needed information to the growing realm of interdisciplinary science that expands integrative theory, develops mixed methods, utilizes spatial and temporal analyses, and conducts actionable research.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Biology
Sciences
Conservation Biology; Applied Conservation Biology
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Payet, Karine. "The effect of spatial scale on the use of biodiversity surrogates and socio-economic criteria in systematic conservation assessments." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/944.
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Fox, Helen Elizabeth. "The role of anthropogenic disturbance in the creation of a socio-ecological landscape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008061.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the role of anthropogenic disturbance in the creation of a socio-ecological landscape. Three key questions were answered: what impact has past anthropogenic disturbance had on present vegetative characteristics; what value did this disturbed landscape have to local people; how did the local peoples' worldviews and eco-cosmologies influence how they perceived, valued and managed their landscape? Research was based in a rural, predominantly amaXhosa village in the Kat River valley, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Four major landscape components characterised the environment, namely dense forests, former grazing lands, abandoned fields and old settlements. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted, consisting of a vegetation and soil survey and social science methods including semistructured interviews, focus groups, transect walks and participant observation. The key finding was that anthropogenic disturbance is necessary to enhance the potential of the area to support human habitation. However, anthropogenic disturbance can have positive or negative effects for both local people and the environment. An intermediate level of disturbance is a key factor leading to a resilient socio-ecological system. Various anthropogenic disturbances have had significant affects on vegetation characteristics in terms of species richness, and a change in vegetation composition and species heights. Of the three anthropogenic landscapes examined, former grazing lands were the least intensively disturbed. They were also more species rich and structurally diverse than areas that were under agricultural production or used as a settlement. Dense forests, although the least desirable landscape to local people were, together with sacred pools, sources of ecosystem renewal and played a critical role during times of disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance has added value to local people's livelihoods; this disturbance has resulted in a patchy landscape that supplies a wide variety of resources to local people. Local people are dependent on their environment for their basic needs; this has encouraged sustainable management practices. The local AmaXhosa still retain many elements of their traditional worldview, which has many characteristics of Animism. The environment is an integral component of their belief system and certain sites and species have significant cultural value and are protected.
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Adjei, Cornelius Owusu. "Citizen Action, Power Relations and Wetland Management in the Tampa Bay Urban Socio-ecosystem." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3942.
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Wetlands are vital ecosystems that provide ecological, economic and social benefits to societies. In the Tampa Bay region in West Central Florida, a growing population has put immense pressure on wetlands. The situation has not gone unnoticed in the public domain with concerns raised about the need to formulate policies that would protect them. However, it has been difficult to ascertain the level of citizen involvement in the decision making process.
This study aimed at investigating whether the perceptions and concerns of citizens drove them to influence local water policy. Questionnaires were used to collect data from residents living in close proximity to well fields situated in wetlands in Northwestern Hillsborough County.
Results of the research showed that residents demonstrated a high degree of knowledge about water resources in the Tampa Bay region. Residents expressed concerns about groundwater pumping and development, and attributed them to changes in their environment. However, there was little engagement from residents with decision makers to address these concerns. This study therefore recommends that improved participatory mechanisms be created by local water agencies to incorporate valuable inputs from the public.
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Lewis, Casey Lynette. "Non-Native Mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) of Moloka'i, Hawai'i: a Socio-Ecological Analysis." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4074.
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The formation of novel ecosystems by non-native species poses management challenges that are both socially and ecologically complex. This complexity necessitates consideration of both ecological dynamics and social attitudes and perceptions. Red mangrove propagules were introduced to Moloka'i, Hawaii in 1902 to mitigate the effects of soil erosion and they have since spread along the coast and to adjacent islands creating novel habitat. Non-native mangroves in Hawai'i present a unique case study to examine diverse social attitudes and perceptions resulting from a long history of land cover transformations on the Hawaiian Islands, socio-cultural diversity of involved stakeholders, and the potential array of ecosystem services they may provide under changing land use and climatic conditions.
Ecological dynamics were examined to (1) determine whether novel mangrove habitat affects zooplankton diversity and richness, (2) test the hypothesis that zooplankton community composition differs significantly among established mangrove and coastal non-mangrove habitat, and (3) assess other factors driving differences in zooplankton community assemblages. This study found no significant differences found between sites with and without mangroves in terms of richness, diversity, or community composition. However, lunar cycles and site dynamics, including fishpond structure, mangrove and open shoreline length, percentage of mangrove shoreline length, total percentage of carbon in mangrove leaves, and disturbance in the upstream watershed influenced zooplankton community composition. These findings suggest that non-native mangroves support community composition, richness, and diversity similar to non-mangrove areas, though some widespread taxa have lower abundances in mangrove habitat. My research suggests that in the face of declining fisheries, threatened reef habitat, and changing climate and ocean conditions, mangroves may provide zooplankton habitat in novel locations similar to that provided by native habitat, such that habitat availability for zooplankton is not hindered by non-native mangroves.
To understand social dynamics 204 residents of Moloka'i, Hawaii were surveyed to evaluate: 1) attitudes and perceptions about this non-native species, 2) what factors influence these attitudes, and 3) how attitudes influence perceptions about management. A belief that mangroves should be removed, concern about threats to Moloka'i's coast, and not relying on mangroves for benefit were the primary drivers of negative attitudes towards non-native mangroves. Support for management actions was predicted by attitudes towards mangroves, perception and concern about threats to Moloka'i's coast, and experiences involving mangroves. I propose a framework for assessing and incorporating diverse perceptions and attitudes into decision-making around non-native species that have created novel ecosystems.
An active management approach allowing mangroves to thrive in certain locations and to provide services such as habitat and crabbing access while in other locations limiting their extent to protect native bird habitat and cater for human needs, including safe beach and ocean access, may ultimately offer the greatest benefits to both the ecosystem and society. As environmental issues, such as species introductions, become increasingly complicated in the age of the Anthropocene, with intricate relationships made more difficult in the face of climate change, integrated research in socio-ecological systems may provide a comprehensive approach to better evaluate and understand our changing world.
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Galán, del Castillo Elena. "Socio Ecological Transition of Organic Agricultures in Catalonia (late 19th-20th century)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288378.
Full textAbstract:
The main motivation of this dissertation is to add the environmental dimension to the Economic History of the changes in agriculture in Catalonia since the late 19th century. According to this, we speak in terms of Socio-Ecological Transition instead of agrarian development, which considers only the variable of productivity. That allows us to focus in fertility (first and second waves of the transition) and in a last step, in the use of fossil fuels (direct and indirect) in agriculture (third wave).
Therefore, this thesis seeks to bring to light the ways followed by Mediterranean organic agricultures to overcome its yield ceilings (not necessary Malthusian ceilings) in order to be adapted to the structural changes of the economy in the late 19th. Indeed, as the rest of Spain, Catalonia was strongly hit by the end-of-century crisis, when the cheap grain from North America flooded European market due to improvements in transport technologies and the use of fossil fuels. The grain was cheap because the never ploughed deep organic horizons of the North American prairies accumulated high amounts of nutrient, consequently, their mining had not effects in the short run. Accordingly, North American farmers could produce without compensating the nutrients extracted by harvests, something completely opposite to the case of European agricultures with old soils and agricultural systems that relied strongly in the circulation of organic matter. In addition, the phylloxera plague, which destroyed all vineyards and the introduction of new kinds of vegetable oils, changed the market conditions for wine and olive oil, important crops in Catalonia.
Moreover this thesis also aims to answer the question of whether there was or not a room for further organic improvements before the arrival of the second and third waves of the Socio- Ecological Transition. That is, when they finally outstripped all previous yield ceilings thanks to the spread of the use of fossil fuels, directly or indirectly in the form of chemical fertilisers, concentrated feed, and use of adapted seeds, etc.
Following the previous works in Spain we use the analytical perspective of the social metabolism and agro-ecology applied to Environmental History to study the Socio-Ecological Transition of Spanish agriculture to an industrial mode of agriculture. We focus on the study on the driving forces by reconstructing two sets of flows in agricultural systems of Catalonia, energy and nutrients.
The thesis is organised in the following structure. In the first block we make an analytical proposal to study and compare different energy efficiencies of agroecosystems and we apply it to a case study in the centre of Catalonia c.1860 and in 1999 (chapter 1 and 2). The second block is centred on the nutrient balances of the cropland areas of Catalan agriculture, hence, chapters 4 and 5 show two moments of time, c.1860 and c.1920. While chapter 4 analyses one municipality (Sentmenat) chapter 5 makes a regional analysis thus using provincial sources. This allows for the comparison among regions with different features. In the last chapter (3 and 6) of both blocks, we clarify the relations between the two chapters of each block, making joined questions and conclusions. In addition, we interpret the results in the framework of Socio-Ecological Transitions and explore the limitations of the methodology. Finally, in chapter 7 we summarize the conclusions of both blocks.La principal motivación de esta tesis es reconstruir la dimensión ambiental, un trabajo pendiente dentro del campo de la Historia Económica, de los cambios que experimentaron las agriculturas de base orgánica en Cataluña a partir de finales del siglo XIX. Para ello, en vez de usar la narrativa de desarrollo agrícola (que sólo distingue entre agriculturas avanzadas y el resto en términos únicos de productividad) utilizamos la narrativa de la Transición Socio- Ecológica aplicada a la agricultura. Así podemos aplicar herramientas del Metabolismo Social, como la contabilidad de flujos energéticos y de materiales. Al igual que el resto del Estado Español, Cataluña, nuestro caso de estudio, fue fuertemente golpeada por la crisis agraria finisecular. Debido a mejoras tecnológicas en el transporte y al uso de combustibles fósiles, hacia 1870 el grano barato producido en Norte América inundó los mercados europeos. La gran cantidad de materia orgánica acumulada en los profundos horizontes orgánicos que nunca antes habían sido cultivados, permitió a los agricultores norteamericanos cosechar con una elevada productividad sin necesidad de asumir los costes de la reposición de nutrientes, al menos en el corto plazo. Fue todo lo contrario para los viejos agroecosistemas europeos, cuya fertilidad dependía fuertemente de la capacidad campesina para poner de nuevo en circulación la biomasa generada por el agroecosistema. Además, la plaga de la filoxera, que destruyó todos los viñedos catalanes, y la generalización de nuevos aceites vegetales cambiaron totalmente las condiciones de mercado de vino y aceite de oliva a la entrada del siglo XX. La tesis se divide en dos bloques en el primero estudiamos los flujos energéticos en el agroecosistema de un mismo conjunto de municipios del Vallès (Cataluña) a un extremo y otro de la Transición Socio-Ecológica. En el segundo tenemos como objetivo estudiar la primera oleada de la Transición Socio-Ecológica, es decir, los efectos de la Primera Globalización sobre la fertilidad de los agroecosistemas catalanes. Para ello escogemos un caso de estudio previo a la transición y uno que debería estar entre la primera y la segunda oleada de la transición. Una vez sorteados las limitaciones impuestas por la utilización de fuentes históricas, los resultados de esta tesis arrojan luz sobre puntos clave para una agricultura más sostenible.
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Corghi, Fernanda Nascimento 1982. "Urbanização e segregação socio-espacial em Bauru (SP) : um estudo de caso sobre a Bacia hidrografica do Corrego da Agua Comprida." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287374.
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Orientador: Antonio Carlos VitteDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa se fundamenta na hipótese de que a produção do espaço urbano de Bauru é produto da relação complexa entre características do meio natural e interações antrópicas em sítio urbano. Por isso, este projeto vem de encontro aos processos de disputa territorial que emergem do espaço urbano desigual na cabeceira da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego da Água Comprida, sobre a qual se objetiva analisar o processo de formação desigual, de acordo com a lógica de urbanização do município e do Brasil. Bauru é um centro sub-regional do Estado de São Paulo, e como tal, reproduz em seu território o modo de produção capitalista segregador, o que o torna palco de constantes lutas de classes. Os debates sobre a reforma urbana se acentuam no espaço urbano contemporâneo, pois os enclaves fortificados e as favelas, como expressão da concentração do capital são, expressão da lógica de divisão territorial e da (re)produção do complexo social. A área estudada chama atenção por apresentar uma complexa fragmentação territorial e um histórico de degradação ambiental, onde uma relativa concentração de condomínios fechados se dá em meio a um assentamento de baixa renda não regularizado e a remanescentes florestais com vistas a serem loteados, apesar do interesse contrário da comunidade. A ocupação irregular, denominada Jardim Nicéia, teve origem durante o governo militar (1964-1988), governo que busca desenvolver o capitalismo, porém não investe em política social. O processo de favelização surgiu como sintoma de parte dos migrantes que não tinha condição de financiar uma casa pelo sistema de financiamento da habitação e invadiu áreas institucionais. O Nicéia se enquadra neste processo e, atualmente se encontra em contraste fronteiriço e temporal aos loteamentos fechados que surgiram depois da década de 90, ligados às novas centralidades, cuja idealização se encontra no modelo de cidade que surgiu a partir da intensificação da globalização. A relação centro periferia muda. As novas periferias urbanas são formadas por condomínios, loteamentos, shopping centers, e o Nicéia surgem como resquício da ditadura em meio a essa nova lógica processual. Para a constituição do presente projeto procurou-se participar do processo de luta dos ativistas da bacia, observando, fornecendo dados, e registrando sob a forma de entrevistas a atuação dos envolvidos. As alterações físicas foram registradas sob a forma de fotografias. A cartografia se baseou em fotos aéreas e mapas de altimetria, clinografia e geotécnica para analisar como o processo de urbanização se desenvolveu no sítio urbano. A bibliografia permitiu contextualizar os movimentos no processo de urbanização brasileira e compreender a luta pela racionalidade socioambiental no mundo contemporâneo. Os movimentos sociais estudados lutam por interesses, aquém da mera racionalidade econômica e graças a eles, a mata que já poderia estar loteada, hoje continua preservada, e a ocupação irregular em meio aos condomínios, que já poderia ter sido removida, encontra-se em franco processo de usucapião especial. Os movimentos socioambientais se pautam nas diretrizes do Plano Diretor Participativo e continuam dispostos a lutar pela reapropriação social da natureza, mesmo sem a aprovação da Câmara Municipal.
Abstract: This research is based on the hypothesis that production of urban space of Bauru is product of complex relationship between characteristics of the natural environment and antropical interactions in the urban area. Therefore this Project is linked with the processes of territorial dispute which emerge from the unlike urban space in the origin of the hydrographic basin of Água Comprida stream, on which it intends to analyze the process of unequal formation, according to the logic of urbanization of the county and of Brazil. Bauru is a sub-regional center of the State of São Paulo, and as such, reproduces in its territory the type of segregational capitalistic production, which turns it into a scenario of constant class struggles. The debates on urban reform are intensified on the contemporary urban space, since the fortified residential areas and the shantytown, as demonstration of the concentration of capital are an expression of the logic of territorial division and of the (re)production of the complex social situation. The study area is distinguish for its complex territorial fragmentation and a history of environmental degradation, where a relative concentration of closed condominiums are located in the midst of an unregulated low-income settlement and a remaining forest in order to be parceling, in spite of the community's disapproval. The illegal occupation, called as Jardim Nicéia, originated during the military government (1964-1988) that seeks to develop capitalism, but does not invest in social policy. The "ghettoing" process emerged as a symptom from the migrants who had no means of financing a house through the housing finance system and invaded institutional areas. The Nicéia fits in this process, and currently is in contrast both of terms of boundary and season with the closed lotting areas which surged after the 90s, linked to the new centralities areas, whose idealization is the model city that emerged from the intensification of globalization. The center-periphery relationship changes. The new urban peripheries are formed by condominiums, lots, shopping centers and the Nicéia appears as a remaining of dictatorship period among this new logic procedural. For the constitution of this project attempts were made to participate in the fighting process together with the activists of the basin, observing, providing data, and forming interviews with the people involved. The physical alterations were registered in the form of photography. The cartography was based on aereal photos and maps of altitude, slope and geotecnics in order to analyze how the urbanization process has developed in the urban area. The bibliography has contextualized the movements in the process of Brazilian urbanization, as well as the understanding of the struggle for socio-environmental rationality in the contemporary world. The social movements studied have interest struggles, which are mainly linked to economic rationality, and thanks to them, the forest which could have been parceling, continues today preserved, and illegal occupation among the condominiums, which might already have been removed, is a free process of Land Ownership. The socio-environmental movements are guided in the regulations of the Participative Master Plan and still willing to fight for social relocation of nature, even without the approval of the city council municipal.
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia