Journal articles on the topic 'Society of the Bianchi della Giustizia'

Designed by the architect most closely associated with fascism, Marcello Piacentini, the Palace of Justice was the largest building constructed in Milan in the interwar period. Piacentini intended that the building, with its extensive decorative program, would assert the state’s authority in Milan, the commercial and financial center of Italy and the birthplace of fascism, and serve as a permanent monument to the legal system that structured the fascist state. In Giustizia Fascista: The Representation of Fascist Justice in Marcello Piacentini’s Palace of Justice, Milan, 1932–1940, Lucy M. Maulsby examines the controversy surrounding the decorative program, which ultimately involved government officials at the highest levels, and argues that the building evinces a genuine uncertainty about how to translate fascist policy into a cultural program. The continued use of this building as the setting for the nation’s legal dramas raises questions about how and to what extent these symbols continue to embody the notion of justice in Italian society and culture today.

For the first time, many decades after World War II or at least after the fall of the Berlin wall, the matter of democracy received traits of an anthropological and bringing up matter. It is conductive to carry out a full-scale and sincere analysis concerning its aims. The upbringing of the human kind which was a great theme of the seventeenth-century education, becomes a challenge which concerns the foundation of the humanity and asks consciences. The use of education as the factor of the social discrimination made a stand to all revolutions of modern times, and even became a decisive element in the process of secularizing of a society. Beginning from the XVII century rulers and countries, took the place of the Church. In reality, the Churched had the monopoly over education till that time, and in a special way of the high intellectual formation.It is not accidental that the Catholic Church is calling for new humanism today. The humanism which would be able to free man from increase of false humanistic ideology. The Catholic Church is able to face, using also scientific knowledge, the problem of human existence and defence creation. Today Christians should testify, individually and together, that the Church has reached new consciousness when it comes to the value of democracy in the areas which concern creating of people and their critical spirit, and also their abilities to cling to Gospel always in a new way, and with relation to cultures and values which are often opposed to each other. “Meritocracy” as a social temptation is radically different from the democracy of the merit which aims is to build the idea of life. The idea is worth living for because it is democratic.

In some of Pirandello’s short stories there is an irremediable conflict between right and laws. If the former represents the world of nature, the absolute spontaneity of passions and moods linked to furor, as well as the universe of the peasant countryside, the latter is the expression of an urban civilization, based on order and objective facts. However we find that elements such as the crime of honor, adultery, social redemption, the right to work, relating to the cultural identity of the characters, clash with the boureacracy of the courts and the absurdity of official laws, which rather reflect bourgeois hierarchies and power circles that are difficut to dismantle. In investigating all this, the author, although he starts from forms and figures of the classical myth (including the Orestea of Aeschylus and Oedipus king of Sophocles), provocatively unmasks modern society full of rethoric and iniquity. The result of a chaotic and disintegrating world.

LA BATTAGLIA PER LA LIBERTÀ — THE ANTI-FASCIST OPPOSITION OF THE BROTHERS CARLO AND NELLO ROSSELLI IN 1926–1937 The opposition activities of the Rosselli brothers, brutally killed on 9 June 1937 in Bagnoles­-de-l’Orne, France, by the French cagoualards, were rooted in their deep conviction concerning the necessity of fighting for freedom in fascist Italy, fighting that brought together Italian, Jewish and French anti-fascist circles. This was manifested in numerous initiatives and various kinds of oppo­sition activities undertaken by Carlo Rosselli b. 1899 — a writer, economist and politician — and his younger brother Sabatino Enrico b. 1900, known as Nello — a historian and journalist. Their collaboration with the opposition periodicals Noi giovani and Non Mollare, their work in the “L’Italia Libera” society, and, above all, in the social-liberal movement “Giustizia e Libertà”, fo­unded by the Rosellis in August 1929, the political programme of which was based on ideas included in Socialismo liberale published by Carlo, were an attempt to unite all non-communist forces that wo­uld be willing to fight together to put an end to the fascist regime. “Giustizia e Libertà” played an im­portant role in sensitising the public, especially outside Italy, to and informing it about the true fascist reality, the image of which was usually distorted by the regime’s propaganda or simply created by it. In Carlo Rosselli’s interpretation, fascism appeared as an anti-freedom and anti-liberal move­ment, “the most passive product of Italian history”, a manifestation of reaction and not revolution. In an article entitled La lotta per la libertà C. Rosselli concluded that fascism was, in a way, an “autobiography of the nation”. It took root in Italy thanks to some favourable circumstances, among which C. Rosselli listed a lack of moral formation of Italian society and conviction of the masses that they should become involved in political life, but also bias, romantic tastes, petit bourgeois idealism, nationalistic rhetoric, sentimental post-war reaction, and restless desire for “novelty” regardless of what was behind it. Carlo Rosselli saw one of the causes of the “triumph of fascism” in a degeneration of parliamentarism” and “inability to rally society around a constructive programme and create a uniform force” that would be capable of standing up to Mussolini. The contribution of the Rosselli brothers to the fight for freedom — encouragements to be­come involved, attempts to make people aware of the real problems exposed by fascism in Italian society — is unquestionable. Their intellectual legacy, political engagement and commitment, and anti-fascist opposition certainly deserve to be reflected upon by generations for whom the idea of freedom still remains invaluable.

Alvaro Bianchi é professor livre-docente, coordenador do Laboratório de Pensamento Político (Pepol/Unicamp) e, atualmente, diretor do Instituto de Filosofia em Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Referência internacional em Antonio Gramsci, foi visiting researcher na Fondazione Gramsci e é membro do Comitê de Coordenação da International Gramsci Society e do corpo editorial do International Gramsci Journal. De seu vasto currículo, destacamos sua vinculação ao pensamento político gramsciano porque ela é a ponte que liga a suas pesquisas recentes sobre as novas direitas, especialmente dedicadas à obra literária de Olavo de Carvalho – temas que orientaram a entrevista que nos concedeu para o dossiê “Nova Direita no Brasil: matrizes teóricas, intelectuais e discursivas”.

La reintroduzione in Italia di un meccanismo di finanziamento pubblico dei partiti politici, la cui entità venisse collegata direttamente e in via almeno prevalente a una percentuale significativa degli utili generati dalle partecipazioni statali, potrebbe determinare da parte dei leader politici una maggiore propensione alla scelta di management capace e l'adozione di un efficace sistema di verifica delle procedure di gestione di questo patrimonio pubblico. Si potrebbe ridimensionare drasticamente per questa via la piaga apparentemente endemica e cronica del clientelismo dei colletti bianchi di alto livello e realizzare contestualmente una gestione della proprietà pubblica più efficiente, di tipo finalmente privatistico, se proprio vogliamo assegnare a questa categoria una valenza cogente. Le riforme di politica economica introdotte negli ultimi decenni dai governi dei paesi più industrializzati sono state fortemente condizionate dalla dottrina del New Public Management, un approccio radicale, capace di compromettere l'integrità strutturale ed etica del settore pubblico subordinando la giustizia sociale all'efficienza economica, una trasformazione caratterizzata dal taglio della spesa pubblica che ha travolto anche un fondamentale istituto del sistema democratico, i partiti politici. Purtroppo i trascorsi delle imprese pubbliche hanno fortemente agevolato quelle riforme, in quanto per un certo periodo storico queste hanno mostrato una tendenza cronica alla bassa produttività, rispetto alle imprese private, anche a causa delle politiche clientelari e dell'uso intensivo del fattore lavoro. Poiché elementi di servizio pubblico ed elementi di business convivono soprattutto nel settore delle public utilities, potenzialmente capace di generare reddito, le imprese pubbliche possono rappresentare un'utile e prudente forma di diversificazione dei ricavi per la finanza pubblica, in grado di ridurre sensibilmente i rischi di liquidità, ancor di più in un contesto storico di crisi finanziarie ed economiche internazionali ricorrenti. Il finanziamento pubblico dei partiti politici è stato introdotto nel 1974 con la L. 195/1974 per contrastare le collusioni con i grandi poteri economici, già sorte negli anni precedenti. È stato completamente abolito con D.L. 149/2013, convertito in L. 13/2014, lasciando spazio ad una crescente attività di lobbying e finanziamento indiretto ai partiti. La domanda a cui questo elaborato cerca di rispondere è: può l'azienda pubblica essere gestita in modo efficiente dallo Stato, produrre entrate e servizi per la comunità, senza dare luogo a risultati di gestione cronicamente negativi e contribuire a finanziare il diritto costituzionalmente garantito di organizzarsi in partiti politici, finanziando il loro meccanismo?

Children are observed as potentially productive individuals whose ‘productivity’ is critical to the future and development of society (Ang, 2014). Therefore, society expects that children need to be prepared for future productivity. Heckman (2011) suggests that significant economic benefits can be gained from investing in early childhood development. Specifically, early education is an invaluable investment for governments and families. Based on this perspective, countries invest in early care and education (Kulic et al., 2019). Most countries have attempted to achieve multiple purposes in ECE (Cochran, 2011; Kulic et al., 2019). Some are child-focused purposes, such as preparation for compulsory education and the socialisation of migrant children. There are also parent-oriented purposes, such as emancipating women and encouraging them to enter the labour market and meeting the childcare needs of working parents (Bianchi & Milkie, 2010). This research attempts to use the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) and the Reggio approach as examples to critically discuss one of the purposes of ECE from an international pedagogical perspective. The purpose is to prepare for primary school. This is a controversial sexual purpose. This purpose will lead schools, parents, and teachers to place an over-emphasis on developing children’s academic skills and neglect other children’s needs. Therefore, the risk of schoolization of early education needs to be prevented.

When working with museum collections, specialists often pay more attention to the funds. This is due both to the difficulty of accessing the items located in the showcases, and to the fact that the most striking exhibits are used for demonstration, which do not give an objective idea of the material culture of the ancient society at a particular period. However, with a small number of copies related to a particular topic, all of them can be laid out on display, forming a representative complex. The article uses the example of the Biysk Museum of Local Lore named after V.V. Bianchi to substantiate the relevance of the study of exposition materials. The showcase dedicated to the era of the early nomads, in particular, the items of weapons presented on it, is considered in detail. Their description is given, their dating and cultural identity are once again clarified, and the species composition is analyzed. Based on the latter, some aspects of the military affairs of the bearers of the Bolsherechenskaya archaeological culture are reconstructed. The possibility of such conclusions indicates the diversity and completeness of the presented set. Keywords: museum, weapons, military affairs, reconstruction, early Scythian time

When working with museum collections, specialists often pay more attention to the funds. This is due both to the difficulty of accessing the items located in the showcases, and to the fact that the most striking exhibits are used for demonstration, which do not give an objective idea of the material culture of the ancient society at a particular period. However, with a small number of copies related to a particular topic, all of them can be laid out on display, forming a representative complex. The article uses the example of the Biysk Museum of Local Lore named after V.V. Bianchi to substantiate the relevance of the study of exposition materials. The showcase dedicated to the era of the early nomads, in particular, the items of weapons presented on it, is considered in detail. Their description is given, their dating and cultural identity are once again clarified, and the species composition is analyzed. Based on the latter, some aspects of the military affairs of the bearers of the Bolsherechenskaya archaeological culture are reconstructed. The possibility of such conclusions indicates the diversity and completeness of the presented set. Keywords: museum, weapons, military affairs, reconstruction, early Scythian time

The essay brings together the results of two researches carried out within the project: Limen, Languages of Notarial Mediation between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age, presented in July 2019 at the Extraordinary Call for Interdepartmental Projects of the University of Milan and considered worthy of funding with the recognition of the Seal of excellence in 2020. In the two interventions previously published in italian language (L’attività di mediazione del notaio nella Summa di Rolandino in Mediazione Notarile. Forme e linguaggi tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna, a cura di Alessandra Bassani, Marta Mangini e Fabrizio Pagnoni, Quaderni degli Studi di Storia Medievale e di Diplomatica VI, Milano Pearson 2022 e Notaio mediatore: la distanza fra la vita e la pergamena in Giustizia, istituzioni e notai tra i secoli XII e XVII in una prospettiva europea. In ricordo di Dino Puncuh, a cura di Denise Bezzina - Marta Calleri - Marta Luigina Mangini - Valentina Ruzzin, Notariorum Itinera Varia 6, Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Genova 2022) the Author used the hermeneutic tool of the ‘function’ of mediation to connect the results of the historical-legal research with those equally in-depth of the historians of society, institutions and the economy. Thus the medieval notary’s activity emerges from the examination of testimonial depositions, mortis causa deeds and contracts of writing and discipleship: the notary was protagonist of the institutional, social and economic life of the medieval municipality and also a spiritual and family mediator in his customers’ most intimate and personal life.

AbstractFlorence suffered heavy destruction due to blasting by the german Wehrmacht in the area around the Ponte Vecchio in 1944. On the question of how the historic, in the core medieval buildings should be rebuilt, a vigorous debate was ignited, which also was intensively conducted in public. The debates core was about the question of wether the old center should be reconstructed exactly as it was or should a modern and contemporary solution be given priority. The art historian Bernhard Berenson and the archeologist Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli exemplified the position in the debate for the Florentine context. Linked to this discussion was also the question, how Italy would present itself after war and fascism as a new and democratic society. The built result can be seen as a compromise of these positions, as the new architecture is added in the center emphasized inconspicuousDespite the consistently negative reception, it was possible to dissociate oneself in two respects from this locally located variety of post-war modernity: On the one hand, the international architectural scene and, on the other hand, its own architectural heritage which is contaminated by fascism. The reference to its own architectural heritage and the very independent appropriation of international influences should remain the basic characteristic of the »Scuola Fiorentina« until the mid-1970s

This article is devoted to the unexplored issue of the birth of museum science in the small pro-vincial town of Biysk in southern Siberia. Reliance on historical sources, many of which are intro-duced into scientific circulation for the first time, allows the authors to carry out a historical recon-struction of the sociocultural development of Biysk in the second half of 19th – early 20th century. The article reports on the increasing role of the city bourgeoisie and intellectuals in the life of Biysk, shows the charity of merchants Kotelnikov, Vasenev, Assanov, Sychev, Morozov. The authors emphasize donations of Biysk townspeople to the museums of Imperial Tomsk University. They reveal the role of G.N. Potanin who involved some residents of Biysk in studying of the southern part of Altai and Mon-golia, in collecting and descripting of natural and historical memorials. All these events are considered as the most important prerequisites for the origin of the museum science in Biysk. Then the article shows that the first idea of establishing Biysk museum was expressed in 1886. However, it was not possible to implement it. New attempts to open the museum were made in 1911. There were the funds of the merchant Kopylov, who wanted to use them for the sake of culture and education. They also failed. Only the events of the Revolution of 1917 allowed starting works on the creation of the museum. Now it is known about People's University opened in Biysk in 1918 and the museum, which was created under it. The purpose of the museum was educating of townspeople. The first head of Biysk museum was A.A. Khrebtov, a graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute. He managed to attract knowledgeable people, who conducted expeditions and delivered collections of minerals, archaeology and ethnography to the museum. From the first days of opening rural teachers, employees of the county land (zemstvo) and others visited the museum. The museum became a center of educa-tional work in Biysk and its county. The Society of Nature Lovers was based on People's University and its museum. Members of this society turned to the study of the nature and history of Biysk district. The representative of the department of out-of-school education V.V. Belyanin planned to create a network of museums of the Biysk district. The authors point out that in the future he became a well-known Soviet writer V.V. Bianchi. The article shows that the museum funds, created in 1918–1919, were used as the basis of Biysk Soviet People's Museum. It was opened in April 1920 by section on organization of museums in Biysk district, established in the department of public education of Biysk district revolutionary committee. The authors of the article express their opinion that the preparatory period, which lasted 44 years, had finished with great success. Scientific and cultural center was created in the southern part of Altai, and it still works today as the Biysk Regional Museum named after V.V. Bianchi.

A brief overview is given of the formation of museum collections of birds in Russia, collected as a result of academic expeditions around the world and across Russia. The imperishable value of zoological collections, concentrated in zoological museums and institutes, is underlined. The results of expeditions are described in chronology, beginning with 18th century (they were conducted under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society): the First Siberian expedition (D.G. Messershmidt), the First Kamchatka and the Great Northern expeditions (V.I. Bering, А.I. Chirikov, G.F. Müller, G.V. Stöller, I.G. Gmelin, S.P. Krasheninnikov), Great academic expeditions across Russia (P.S. Pallas, S.G. Gmelin, I.A. Güldenstädt, I.I. Lepyokhin, I.P. Falk, I.G. Georgi), round-the-world sea expeditions (I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev, F.G. Kittlitz and A.K. Mertens), as well as expeditions to Brazil (G. I. Langsdorf and E.P. Menetries) and expedition of I.G. Voznesensky in Russian America, the Commanders and Kamchatka. Reference is made to the importance of zoological expeditions of K.F. von Baer, A.F. Middendorf, G.I. Radde, N.A. Severtsov, M.N. Bogdanov, G.E. and M.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo. Particular attention is paid to the great Asian campaigns to Central Asia in the late XIX – early XX century of NM. Przevalsky, V.I. Roborovsky, P.K. Kozlov, G.N. Potanin, M.V. Pevtsov, B.L. Grombchevsky, M.A. Pyltsov and N.A. Zarudny. The contribution of the ornithologists of Russia M.N.Bogdanov, M.M. Berezovsky, M.A. Menzbir, V.L. Bianchi, F.D. Pleske, V.I. Dybowski, V.A. Godlewski, M.I. Jankowski, V.K. Taczanowski, P.P. Sushkin and S.A. Buturlin to the bird systematics at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of XX century is described. In conclusion, it is said about the unique value of zoological collections for the study of taxonomy and phylogeny, including on the basis of molecular genetic studies.

Abstract At the latest with the designation of Indonesian group of artists, ruangrupa, as collective co-directors of documenta fifteen in 2022, the collective has arrived at the centre of the art world. This notion includes not only the organizational form of a group, but also designates a specific mode of cooperating with outsiders, of reflecting and of cultivating appearances. In their curatorial approach, ruangrupa present an extremely comprehensive conceptualisation of the collective, in which the various collective aspirations observable in the art field, which have been spreading for some time now, are condensed. As early as the 1990s, there has been, in the art world, an increase in individual facets of the collective. This is evidenced not only by the growing differentiation between different forms of collective associations, which can hardly be represented in a typology anymore; the turn towards the collective is also reflected in its being addressed in exhibitions, which in turn often refer to theoretical considerations derived from the fields of philosophy, cultural studies, or sociology, interpreting the ›collective turn‹ as a ›sign of the times‹. Art-historically speaking, the examination of the collective is a relatively young phenomenon which exhibits a range of subject-specific peculiarities. While art-historical classification, in particular, retains fundamental reservations about this ›unconventional‹ artistic working mode (Thurn 1991, Stahlhut 2019), rather more recent, cultural studies approaches tend to put forward typologies based on such notions as complicity (Ziemer 2013) or collaboration (Schneider 2006). In all these contributions, authorship is the central ›axis‹ of analysis. However, the breaking up of individual authorship, which in the visual arts remained virtually unchallenged for a very long time, to make room for collective associations, has been neither the only nor the most important reason, in recent decades, for artists to associate collectively. The rejection of a ›singular‹ notion of creation is nevertheless often introduced as the most important theoretical-analytical reference; social factors, by contrast, which have accompanied or even promoted the spread of the phenomenon, are often pointed out only selectively, if at all. Well-founded discussions of select examples, or instances of reasonably systematic contextualisation, may only be found from the mid-2000s onwards (e. g. Lind 2007). And it was only in the 2010s that art historians and scholars from other disciplines became interested in collective working modes. In their attempts to clarify and classify this trend, whose reality can no longer be gainsaid owing to its omnipresence, most publications and events initially started from a rather broad, and thus vague, understanding of the collective. Nevertheless, the tension between the creative individual and the collective remained central to the narrative put forward in numerous contributions. Those texts originating from artistic and/or curatorial practice – i. e., from the art world itself – often were written in a legitimating style which, combined as it often was with inventive text and image elements, appeared intended confidently to position collective forms of organisation (cf. Baukrowitz 1994; Bianchi 1999; Block/Nollert 2005). Based on this, the diversity of the formats that have since been established was emphasised, as were the advantages of this mode of working and organising. So far, there has been hardly any question as to the social structure within which this mode of working has been able to gain its considerable resonance; neither have scholars investigated how the individual groups relate to their political and social framework, what kind of self-image they derive from this, or how they relate the ›we‹ they have created to the group’s individual members. Against this backdrop, the present article proposes an interpretation of collective authorship as a complex and dynamic constellation of elements that develops and positions itself within a field of tension generated by the various notions of authorship, the organisation of work, criticism of the prevailing system, and competing models of society. The notion of a ›constellation‹ appears particularly suitable here because it suggests a ›bigger picture‹, yet at the same time allows to crystallise, for concrete situations (such as specific collective associations), »the elements of their respective special relationship, and what may conceivably emerge from them in concrete terms« (Mersch 2015, 166). The present article outlines and traces these relationships based on a selection of such collective associations, intending to show where and how – despite specific contextual difference – common concerns and overarching trends may be identified. This, ultimately, results in a complex reading of those individual phenomena.

Resumo: O Brasil vive hoje o aprofundamento de uma forte ofensiva neoliberal decorrente de mais uma ruptura institucional em 2016, conduzida pelas elites políticas e econômicas representativas do capital nacional e internacional, com suporte parlamentar, midiático e jurídico que fragilizou o estado democrático de direito e impôs graves retrocessos sociais e econômicos ao povo brasileiro. Nesse contexto, as forças populares e democráticas são desafiadas a intensificar os processos de mobilização social e de disputa eleitoral com o desafio de retomada da democracia e defesa de direitos já conquistados, além de avançar na construção de um projeto nacional popular. O presente artigo pretende contribuir com a análise da recente trajetória da sociedade brasileira, tendo por foco os dilemas e conquistas para enfrentamento das desigualdades sociais, enquanto base para um “projeto social de nação”. Palavras-chave: Conjuntura nacional. Desigualdade social. Projeto popular.Abstract: Brazil lives now deepening the strong neoliberal offensive due to another institutional rupture in 2016, conducted by political and economic elites which are representatives of national and international capital, with parliamentary, mass media and judiciary support, that fragilized the democratic state of law and imposed serious social and economic regressions to Brazilian people. Within this context, popular and democratic forces are challenged to intensify their processes of social mobilization and electoral dispute with the challenge of returning democracy and defending the already acquired rights, in addition to advance building a popular national project. This article is willing to contribute with the recent Brazilian society course analysis, focusing in dilemmas and achievements to fight against social inequalities, while it's a base to a "social project of nation".Keywords: National conjuncture. Social inequality. Popular project. 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Revista de Economia Política, São Paulo, v.4, n.3, p. 5-14, jul.-set.1984.GUIMARÃES, Samuel Pinheiro. Meireles e o Consenso de Washington. Publicado em 31/08/2017. Disponível em: https://jornalggn.com.br/noticia/henrique-meirelles-e-o-consenso-dewashington-por-samuel-pinheiro-guimaraesIBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais. Uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira 2014. Série Estudos e Pesquisas, Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica número 34. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2014. Disponível em https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv91983 .pdf ________. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais. Uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira 2017. Série Estudos e Pesquisas, Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica número 34. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2017. Disponível em https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101459.pdf ________. PNAD Contínua Tri: subutilização da força de trabalho é de 23,6% no 4º tri e fecha 2017 em 23,8%. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2018. Disponível em https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-deimprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/20117-pnad-continua-trisubutilizacao-da-forca-de-trabalho-e-de-23-6-no-4-tri-e-fecha-2017-em23-8.htmlIPEA - Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Nota Técnica da PNAD 2014 - breves análises. Brasília: IPEA, 2014. http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/ PDFs/nota_tecnica/151230_nota_tecnica_pnad2014.pdfKATZ, Claudio. Neoliberalismo, neodesenvolvimentismo e socialismo. São Paulo: Expressão Popular/Perseu Abramo, 2016.MARQUES, Rosa Maria; ANDRADE, Patrick Rodrigues. Brasil 20032015: balance de una experiencia “popular”. In ESTAY, Jaime (coord.). La Economía Mundial Y América Latina, ante la continuidad de la crisis global. Puebla, Mexico: Clacso e Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 2016. (p. 383 - 404).MERCADANTE, Aloísio. As bases do novo desenvolvimentismo: análise do governo Lula. Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - IE Unicamp, Campinas, 2010.OXFAM Brasil. A distância que nos une. Um retrato das desigualdades brasileiras. Relatório da OXFAM 2017. Disponível em: https://www.oxfam.org.br/sites/default/ files/arquivos/Relatorio_A_distancia_que_nos_une.pdf________. Recompensem o trabalho, não a riqueza. Documento informativo da OXFAM – Janeiro de 2018. Disponível em: https://www.oxfam.org.br/arquivos/ recompensem_o_trabalho_nao_a_riqueza.pdfPOCHMANN, Márcio. Desenvolvimento, trabalho e renda no Brasil: avanços recentes no emprego e na distribuição dos rendimentos. São Paulo: Editora Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2010.SANTOS, Wanderley Guilherme. O Epílogo da conciliação: a supremacia do "eu" sobre o "nós". Revista Insight-Inteligência, ano XX, n. 79, out.-dez. de 2017, p. 31-46. Disponível em: http://insightinteligencia.com.br/pdfs/79.pdf SANTOS, Boaventura de Souza. A democracia brasileira na encruzilhada. Revista Carta Maior, 12/02/2018. Disponível em https://www.cartamaior.com.br/?/Editoria/Politica/A-democraciabrasileira-na-encruzilhada/4/39358SENADO FEDERAL - Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito do Senado Federal destinada a investigar a contabilidade da previdência social (CPIPREV). Relatório Final. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2017.SILVA, Ronalda Barreto. As raízes do neoliberalismo. In: Revista da FAEEBA, Salvador, nº. 15, p. 157-168, jan/jun, 2001.SINGER, Paul. Repartição da renda: pobres e ricos sob o regime militar. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1986.SOUZA, Jessé de. A elite do atraso: da escravidão à Lava Jato. Rio de Janeiro: Leya, 2017.TAVARES, Maria da Conceição. Restaurar o Estado é preciso. Revista Insight-Inteligência, ano XX, n. 79, out.-dez. de 2017, p. 201-204. Disponível em: http://insightinteligencia.com.br/pdfs/79.pdf YAZBEK, Maria Carmelita. Pobreza no Brasil contemporâneo e formas de seu enfrentamento. Revista Serv. Soc. Soc., São Paulo, n. 110, p. 288-322, abr./jun. 2012.WILLIAMSON, John e KUCZYN. Pedro-Pablo. Depois do Consenso de Washington: retomando o crescimento e a reforma na América Latina. São Paulo: Editora Saraiva, 2004.

Vincenzo Ferrari, THE ITALIAN SYSTEM OF JUSTICE THROUGH A SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE. This article offers a brief description of an extensive research on “Justice in Italy in the 2000s”, conducted in the first half of the last decade by a group of social scientists led by the author. This project, whose results have been collected in nine volumes containing twelve monographic studies, focused on the structure and functions of the system of justice, as well as on how it relates to certain other systems of social action, such as the family, politics, the European context and the Bar. The author portrays the Italian judiciary as relatively closed towards society and highlights the main dysfunctions of both civil and penal proceedings. He adds that congestion seems to be a common feature of many modern justice systems and, echoing some recent American studies, lays down the hypothesis that they only succeed in functioning when semi-institutional alternatives are also available, even if prima facie incompatible with their basic principles, such as plea bargaining in criminal and negotiation in civil proceedings.

Nel quadro dello sviluppo sostenibile promosso dall’Agenda 2030, il contributo entra in dialogo con le proposte culturali, sociali ed economiche del Buen vivir (Ecuador e Bolivia) e dell'Ubuntu (Sud Africa) come occasione di riflessione pedagogica e interculturale. Ascoltare diverse interpretazioni di sviluppo umano, realizzate in comunità (attraverso prassi di responsabilità, educazione e partecipazione) e in equilibrio con l’ambiente (nel rispetto dei diritti della natura), non è solo un modo per conoscere la storia degli altri, ma diventa un atto di giustizia sociale se si riconosce il diritto di voce a altre visioni e si mette in discussione la nostra prospettiva, basata su un assunto individualista e eurocentrico. Nuovi sguardi ci insegnano la necessità di nutrire la diversità culturale, sociale e biologica come responsabilità pedagogica e economica per educare alla ricerca di risposte alternative e aprire le porte dell'oikos al mondo.

In the development of science and of a democracy, competition represents the highest form of collaboration. The same applies in the free market economic system that supports political freedom and corresponds to the most secure source of extended welfare. However, Hayek warns that The «Great Society» is seriously threatened by the comeback of the social-ism’s «tribal ethic»: «the concept of ‘social justice’ has been the Trojan horse for the entrance of the totalitarism». By saying this, he does not deny the value of solidarity. The Great Society can allow itself to help those in need, and actually it must do it. Resumen. La competizione nello sviluppo della scienza e nella vita di una democrazia costituisce la piü alta forma di collaborazione, cosí come lo é nell’economia di mercato - sistema económico che sta a base delle liberta politiche e che é la fonte maggiormente sicura del piü esteso benessere. La Grande Societá, tuttavia, é seriamente minacciata - ammonisce Hayek - dalla riaffermazione dell»’etica tribale» del socialismo: «il concertó di ‘giustizia sociale’ é stato il cavallo di Troia tramite il quale ha fatto il suo ingresso il totalitarismo». Con ció Hayek non nega affatto il valore della solidarietá, in quanto la Grande Societá puó permettersi di aiutare i piü deboli e deve farlo.

L’autore riflette sui dilemmi etici dei medici odierni e su quali siano le misure che devono individuare per risolverli. Nega che la bioetica sia la panacea per risolvere queste questioni come pure che la legge rappresenti l’ultima istanza dell’ideale di giustizia. La risposta risiede nella ricerca che ciascuno fa nella ricerca della soluzione ottimale di un problema. L’autore è particolarmente critico con linee di pensiero che difendono una visione neutrale della giustizia nelle questioni morali, lasciando che gli individui agiscano secondo le proprie credenze; accusa il liberalismo neutrale di creare una società senza valori e di promuovere leggi che stanno trasformando la società; esplora il futuro dell’umanità minacciato da tecniche che possono modificare il genoma e con essa creare nuovi tipi di esseri umani; riflette sul rapporto scienza-etica-legge per dimostrare che sia la bioetica che la legge dovrebbero avere solidi fondamenti scientifici. A titolo di esempio, egli ricorda come le leggi fondamentali per la procreazione assistita e la ricerca biomedica in Spagna, 14/2006 e 14/2007, si basavano su una sola Commissione senza una garanzia scientifica. L’autore sottolinea come l’aspetto essenziale per legiferare sulla natura giuridica dell’embrione umano è quello di stabilire scientificamente ed inequivocabilmente quando comincia la vita umana. Dopo aver preso in considerazione le diverse opinioni egli fa notare come tutti gli argomenti scientifici che supportano la natura giuridica dell’embrione e molte leggi sull’aborto che negano la personalità dell’embrione sino a un certo periodo dell’impianto, si basano sulle stesso tipo di speculazione mai provata. Nel 1922 G.W. Corner mise in relazione la struttura delle membrane fetali (corialità, amnios) con le differenti fasi ipotetiche di duplicazione embrionale. Corner presentò la sua teoria come una proposta teorica, una speculazione. (We may permit ourselves to (…) indulge in a brief speculation regarding the morphogenesis of human monochorionic twins). Un autore moderno, Rowena Spencer ha dimostrato che questa teoria non è affatto vera. L’autore conclude dicendo che solo una società che considera l’uomo come fine per se stesso senza considerare le circostanze sarà salva dall’autodistruzione. ---------- The author reflects upon the ethical dilemmas of nowadays doctors and which are the measures they have to try to solve them. He denies that bioethics is the panacea for solving these issues as well as the consideration of law as the last instance of the ideal of justice. The answer everybody looks for in the quest for the optimal resolution of a problem. The author is specially critical with lines of thought that advocate a neutral kind of Justice in moral issues letting individuals act according to their own believes. The author accuses neutral liberalism of creating a society without values and of promoting laws that are transforming society. The author explores the future of humanity threatened by techniques that may modify the Genome and therewith create new types of human beings. The author reflects upon the relation Science-Ethics-Law to demonstrate that both bioethics and law should have solid scientific foundations. As an example, the author mentions how the Fundamental Laws for assisted human reproduction and biomedical research in Spain 14/2006 and 14/2007 were based on the opinion of a sole commission without scientific warrant. The author outlines how the essential aspect in order to be able to legislate about the juridical nature of the human embryo is to establish scientifically and unequivocally when does a human life begin. After considering different opinions he analyzes that all the scientific arguments that support the juridical nature of the embryo and most abortion laws denying personhood of the embryo until after a certain period of implantation, are based upon the same type of never proven speculation. In 1922 G. W. Corner put in relation the structure of fetal membranes (chorionicity, amnion) with different hypothetical stages of embryonic duplication. Corner presented his theory as a theoretical suggestion, a speculation. (We may permit ourselves to (…) indulge in a brief speculation regarding the morphogenesis of human monochorionic twins). Modern author, Rowena Spencer has demonstrated that this theory is far from true. The author finishes by saying that only a society that considers man, as an end in itself notwithstanding circumstances will be saved from self-destruction.

Abstract Motivated by an application about interhospital connections, we propose a modelling approach for data referred to a temporal network. The approach may be seen as an extension of the one recently proposed in Bianchi et al. [(2020). Longitudinal networks of dyadic relationships using latent trajectories: Evidence from the European interbank market. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C, 69(4), 711–739] and, in turn, of the popular p1 and p2 models by Holland and Leinhardt [(1981). An exponential family of probability distributions for directed graphs. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76(373), 33–50] and van Duijn et al. [(2004). p2: A random effects model with covariates for directed graphs. Statistica Neerlandica, 58(2), 234–254], on which the latter is built. The proposed extension consists in the introduction of covariates and in the adoption of a hierarchical Bayesian inferential approach that shows advantages in the specific application. For Bayesian inference we rely on a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that produces samples from the posterior distribution of the model parameters. The application is based on original data on patient referral relations among 127 hospitals serving a large regional community of patients in Italy from 2014 to 2018. Results indicate that interhospital collaborative behaviours are primarily local and that collaborative attitudes vary at different time occasions of the considered period and in accordance with the level of competition faced by hospital organisations.

Giovanni Paolo II nel suo Magistero ha trattato ampiamente il tema della legge naturale, in particolare nell’Enciclica Veritatis Splendor, ove è possibile reperire una trattazione sulla definizione, l’essenza e le caratteristiche di essa secondo l’insegnamento di Tommaso d’Aquino. La legge naturale è una legge propria dell’uomo creato quale essere libero e razionale, la cui ragione, partecipe della ragione divina e ordinatrice, è capace di reperire in se stessa, in base alle inclinazioni naturali della persona umana, i principi primi e, in tal modo, svolgere funzione normativa e di discernimento sul bene e sul male. La legge naturale è la stessa ragione umana in quanto compie questo ruolo normativo nell’unità sostanziale di corpo e anima spirituale. Nella Veritatis Splendor la questione etica si esplica mediante una trattazione sull’oggetto dell’azione, dal quale dipende fondamentalmente la moralità dell’atto umano poiché nell’oggetto viene a trovarsi il fine immediato o proximus di una libera scelta della volontà guidata dalla ragione. Tale insegnamento trova applicazione nell’ambito dell’etica della vita nei tre grandi temi affrontati da Giovanni Paolo II nell’Enciclica Evangelium Vitae: il divieto assoluto di uccidere, che si specifica in particolare nella condanna di atti quali l’uccisione diretta di un innocente, l’aborto e l’eutanasia, deriva da una fondamentale violazione della giustizia, fondata sull’uguaglianza. La scelta deliberata della morte di un soggetto, intesa quale fine o mezzo, con la relativa strumentalizzazione della vita e della persona, è perciò sempre moralmente illecita. Così, Giovanni Paolo II ha presentato una dottrina coerente atta ad evidenziare il nesso fra legge naturale, oggetto morale degli atti umani ed etica della vita. Il divieto di uccidere è un principio primo ed universale della stessa legge naturale che, perseguendo il bene dell’uomo, viene, come diritto naturale, a costituire il fondamento della convivenza umana nella società. ---------- John Paul II broadly dealt with the topic of natural law in his Magisterial teaching, particularly in the Encyclical Veritatis Splendor, where it is possible to retrieve a treatment on the definition, the essence and the characteristics of it according to the teaching of Thomas Aquinas. Natural law is a law proper of man created as a free and rational being, whose reason, participating of the divine and ordaining reason, is able to retrieve in itself, according to the natural inclinations of the human person, the first principles and, in such way, to develop normative function and of discernment on the good and on the evil. The natural law is the human reason itself as it achieves this normative role in the substantial unity of body and spiritual soul. In Veritatis Splendor the ethical matter is expounded through a treatment on the object of the action, on which the morality of the human act fundamentally depends, since in the object it comes to be the immediate end itself or proximus of a free choice of the will driven by the reason. Such teaching finds application within the ethics of life in the three great themes faced by John Paul II in the Encyclical Evangelium Vitae: the absolute prohibition to kill, that is particularly specified in the condemnation of acts as the direct killing of an innocent, the abortion and the euthanasia, derives from a fundamental violation of the justice, founded upon the equality. The deliberate choice of the death of a subject, intended as end or mean, with the relative exploitation of the life and the person, is therefore always morally illicit. This way, John Paul II presented a coherent doctrine able to underline the connection between natural law, moral object of the human acts and ethics of life. The prohibition to kill is a first and universal principle of the natural law itself that, aiming at the good of man, it comes, as natural right, to constitute the base of the human cohabitation in the society.

Öz Giriş ve Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, 36-72 aylık çocuğa sahip olan çalışan babaların stres düzeyleri ile baba-çocuk ilişkisi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modeli olarak bilinen nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklem grubunu İstanbul ilinde yaşayan ve aktif olarak çalışan toplam 220 baba oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak demografik bilgi formu, Anne-Baba Stres Ölçeği, İş Stresi Ölçeği-20 ve Çocuk Ebeveyn İlişki Ölçeği- Baba Formu kullanılmıştır. Pandemi nedeniyle çalışmanın verileri çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmada toplanan veriler SPSS 22 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Basıklık ve çarpıklık değerleri incelenmiş ve parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Araştırma sonuçları, iş ve ev içi stres düzeyi düşük olan babaların çocukları ile olan baba-çocuk ilişkilerinin daha olumlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, baba yaşı, babanın medeni durumu, babanın gelir durumu ve çocuğun okul öncesi eğitime devam ediyor olması gibi faktörlerin baba-çocuk ilişkisini etkilediği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Kaynakça: 1. Amat, P. R. (1986). Father involvement and the self-esteem of children and adolescents. Australian. Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 7(1), 6-16, https://doi.org/10.1080/01591487.1986.11004335. 2. Amerikan Psikoloji Derneği (2020). Stress in America 2020: A National mental health crisis. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/report-october. 3. Atzaba-Poria, N., Meiri, G., Millikovsky, M., Barkai, A., Dunaevsky-Idan, M. , & Yerushalmi, B. (2010). Father-child and mother-child interaction in families with a child feeding disorder: The role of paternal involvement. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31(6), 682–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20278. 4. Aygün, H.A., Köksal, S., & Uysal, G. (2020). COVID-19 salgınının hane gelirleri üzerindeki yıkıcı etkisi. https://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ArastirmaNotu254.pdf 5. Beyazıt, U., & Mağden, D. (2015). Üniversitede öğrenim gören erkek öğrencilerde aşırı cinsiyet ideolojisi ve babalık rolü algısı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 207-229. https://dergi.neu.edu.tr/public/journals/7/yazardizini/beyazit-u-magden-d-2015-ekim.pdf 6. Bianchi, S.M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37(4), 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0001. 7. Bornstein, M.H. , & Putnick, D.L. (2016). Mothers' and fathers' parenting practices with their daughters and sons in low- and middle-income countries. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 81(1), 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12226. 8. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x 9. Cabrera, N. J. (2020). Father involvement, father-child relationship, and attachment in the early years. Attachment and Human Development, 22(1), 134-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589070. 10. Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J.D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers' influence on their children's cognitive and emotional development: From toddlers to pre-k. Applied Developmental Science, 11(4), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762100. 11. Cabrera, N., & Mitchell, S. (2009). An exploratory study of fathers parenting stress and toddlers social development in low-income African American families. Fathering, 7, 201–225. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0703.201. 12. Cerezo, M.A., Sierra-García, P., Pons-Salvador, G., & Trenado, R.M. (2017). Parental and infant gender factors in parent–infant interaction: State-Space dynamic analysis. Front. Psychology, 8, 1724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01724. 13. Conger, R.D., Conger, K.J., & Martin, M.J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage Fam., 72, 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x 14. Craig, L., & Churchill, B. (2018). Parenting stress and the use of formal and ınformal child care: Associations for fathers and mothers. Journal of Family Issues, 39(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18776419.

IntroductionAccounts of mentoring relationships inevitably draw attention to hierarchies of expertise, knowledge and learning. While public concerns about both the risks and benefits for young people of social media, little attention has been given to the nature of the mentoring role that parents and families play alongside of schools. This conceptual paper explores models of mentorship in the context of family dynamics as they are affected by social media use. This is a context that explicitly disrupts hierarchical structures of mentoring in that new media, and particularly social media use, tends to be driven by youth cultural practices, identity formation, experimentation and autonomy-seeking practices (see for example: Robards; boyd; Campos-Holland et al.; Hodkinson). A growing body of research supports the notion that young people are more skilled in navigating social media platforms than their parents (FOSI; Campos-Holland et al.). This research establishes that uncertainty and tension derived from parents’ impression that their children know more about social media they do (FOSI; Sorbring) has brought about a market for advice and educational programs. In the content of this paper it is notable that when family dynamics and young people’s social media use are addressed through notions of digital citizenship or cyber safety programs, a hierarchical mentorship is assumed, but also problematised; thus the expertise hierarchy is inverted. This paper argues that use of social media platforms, networks, and digital devices challenges traditional hierarchies of expertise in family environments. Family members, parents and children in particular, are involved in ongoing, complex conversations and negotiations about expertise in relation to technology and social media use. These negotiations open up an alternative space for mentorship, challenging traditional roles and suggesting the need for cooperative processes. And this, in turn, can inspire new ways of relating with and through social media and mobile technologies within the family.Inverting Expertise: Social Media, Family and MentoringSocial media are deeply embedded in everyday routines for the vast majority of the population. The emergence of the ‘networked society’, characterised by increasing and pervasive digital and social connectivity, has the potential to create new forms of social interactions within and across networks (Rainie and Wellman), but also to reconfigure intergenerational and family relations. In this way, social media introduces new power asymmetries that affect family dynamics and in particular relationships between young people and their parents. This relatively new mediated environment, by default, exposes young people to social contexts well beyond family and immediate peers making their lived experiences individual, situational and contextual (Swist et al.). The perceived risks this introduces can provoke tensions within families looking to manage those uncertain social contexts, in the process problematising traditional structures of mentorship. Mentoring is a practice predominantly understood within educational and professional workplace settings (Ambrosetti and Dekkers). Although different definitions can be found across disciplines, most models position a mentor as a more experienced knowledge holder, implying a hierarchical relationship between a mentor and mentee (Ambrosetti and Dekkers). Stereotypically, a mentor is understood to be older, wiser and more experienced, while a mentee is, in turn, younger and in need of guidance – a protégé. Alternative models of mentorship see mentoring as a reciprocal process (Eby, Rhodes and Allen; Naweed and Ambrosetti).This “reciprocal” perspective on mentorship recognises the opportunity both sides in the process have to contribute and benefit from the relationship. However, in situations where one party in the relationship does not have the expected knowledge, skills or confidence, this reciprocity becomes more difficult. Thus, as an alternative, asymmetrical or cooperative mentorship lies between the hierarchical and reciprocal (Naweed and Ambrosetti). It suggests that the more experienced side (whichever it is) takes a lead while mentoring is negotiated in a way that meets both sides’ needs. The parent-child relationship is generally understood in hierarchical terms. Traditionally, parents are considered to be mentors for their children, particularly in acquiring new skills and facilitating transitions towards adult life. Such perspectives on parent-child relationships are based on a “deficit” approach to youth, “whereby young people are situated as citizens-in-the-making” (Collin). Social media further problematises the hierarchical dynamic with the role of knowledge holder varying between and within the family members. In many contemporary mediated households, across developed and wealthy nations, technologically savvy children are actively tailoring their own childhoods. This is a context that requires a reconceptualisation of traditional mentoring models within the family context and recognition of each stakeholder’s expertise, knowledge and agency – a position that is markedly at odds with traditional deficit models. Negotiating Social Media Use within the FamilyIn the early stages of the internet and social media research, a generational gap was often at the centre of debates. Although highly contested, Prensky’s metaphor of digital natives and digital immigrants persists in both the popular media and academic literature. This paradigm portrays young people as tech savvy in contrast with their parents. However, such assumptions are rarely grounded in empirical evidence (Hargittai). Nonetheless, while parents are active users of social media, they find it difficult to negotiate social media use with their children (Sorbring). Some studies suggest that parental concerns arise from impressions that their children know more about social media than they do (FOSI; Wang, Bianchi and Raley). Additionally, parental concern with a child’s social media use is positively correlated with the child’s age; parents of older children are less confident in their skills and believe that their child is more digitally skillful (FOSI). However, it may be more productive to understand social media expertise within the family as shared: intermittently fluctuating between parents and children. In developed and wealthy countries, children are already using digital media by the age of five and throughout their pre-teen years predominantly for play and learning, and as teenagers they are almost universally avid social media users (Nansen; Nansen et al.; Swist et al.). Smartphone ownership has increased significantly among young people in Australia, reaching almost 80% in 2015, a proportion nearly identical to the adult population (Australian Communications and Media Authority). In addition, most young people are using multiple devices switching between them according to where, when and with whom they connect (Australian Communications and Media Authority). The locations of internet use have also diversified. While the home remains the most common site, young people make use of mobile devices to access the internet at school, friend’s homes, and via public Wi-Fi hotspots (Australian Communications and Media Authority). As a result, social media access and engagement has become more frequent and personalised and tied to processes of socialisation and well-being (Sorbring; Swist et al.). These developments have been rapid, introducing asymmetry into the parent-child mentoring dynamic along with family tensions about rules, norms and behaviours of media use. Negotiating an appropriate balance between emerging autonomy and parental oversight has always featured as a primary parenting challenge and social media seem to have introduced a new dimension in this context. A 2016 Pew report on parents, teens, and digital monitoring reveals that social media use has become central to the establishment of family rules and disciplinary practices, with over two thirds of parents reporting the use of “digital grounding” as punishment (Pew). As well as restricting social media use, the majority of parents report limiting the amount of time and times of day their children can be online. Interestingly, while parents engage in a variety of hands-on approaches to monitoring and regulating children’s social media use, they are less likely to use monitoring software, blocking/filtering online content, tracking locations and the like (Pew). These findings suggest that parents may lack confidence in technology-based restrictions or prefer pro-active, family based approaches involving discussion about appropriate social media use. This presents an opportunity to explore how social media produces new forms of parent-child relationships that might be best understood through the lens of cooperative models of mentorship. Digital Parenting: Technological and Pedagogical Interventions Parents along with educators and policy makers are looking for technological solutions to the knowledge gap, whether perceived or real, associated with concerns regarding young people’s social media use. Likewise, technology and social media companies are rushing to develop and sell advice, safety filters and resources of all kinds to meet such parental needs (Clark; McCosker). This relatively under-researched field requires further exploration and dissociation from the discourse of risk and fear (Livingstone). Furthermore, in order to develop opportunities modelled on concepts of cooperative mentoring, such programs and interventions need to move away from hierarchical assumptions about the nature of expertise within family contexts. As Collin and Swist point out, online campaigns aimed at addressing young people and children’s safety and wellbeing “are often still designed by adult ‘experts’” (Collin and Swist). A cooperative mentoring approach within family contexts would align with recent use of co-design or participatory design within social and health research and policy (Collin and Swist). In order to think through the potential of cooperative mentorship approaches in relation to social media use within the family, we examine some of the digital resources available to parents.Prominent US cyber safety and digital citizenship program Cyberwise is a commercial website founded by Diana Graber and Cynthia Lieberman, with connections to Verizon Wireless, Google and iKeepSafe among many other partnerships. In addition to learning resources around topics like “Being a Responsible Citizen of the Digital World”, Cyberwise offers online and face to face workshops on “cyber civics” in California, emphasising critical thinking, ethical discussion and decision making about digital media issues. The organisation aims to educate and support parents and teachers in their endeavor to guide young people in civil and safe social media use. CyberWise’s slogan “No grown up left behind!”, and its program of support and education is underpinned by and maintains the notion of adults as lacking expertise and lagging behind young people in digital literacy and social media skills. In the process, it introduces an additional level of expertise in the cyber safety expert and software-based interventions. Through a number of software partners, CyberWise provides a suite of tools that offer parents some control in preventing cyberbullying and establishing norms for cyber safety. For example, Frienedy is a dedicated social media platform that fosters a more private mode of networking for closed groups of mutually known people. It enables users to control completely what they share and with whom they share it. The tool does not introduce any explicit parental monitoring mechanisms, but seeks to impose an exclusive online environment divested of broader social influences and risks – an environment in which parents can “introduce kids to social media on their terms when they are ready”. Although Frienedy does not explicitly present itself as a monitoring tool, it does perpetuate hierarchical forms of mentorship and control for parents. On the other hand, PocketGuardian is a parental monitoring service for tracking children’s social media use, with an explicit emphasis on parental control: “Parents receive notification when cyberbullying or sexting is detected, plus resources to start a conversation with their child without intruding child’s privacy” (the software notifies parents when it detects an issue but without disclosing the content). The tool promotes its ability to step in on behalf of parents, removing “the task of manually inspecting your child's device and accounts”. The software claims that it analyses the content rather than merely catching “keywords” in its detection algorithms. Obviously, tools such as PocketGuardian reflect a hierarchical mentorship model (and recognise the expertise asymmetry) by imposing technological controls. The software, in a way, fosters a fear of expertise deficiency, while enabling technological controls to reassert the parent-child hierarchy. A different approach is exemplified by the Australian based Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre, a “living lab” experiment – this is an overt attempt to reverse deliberate asymmetry. This pedagogical intervention, initially taking the form of an research project, involved four young people designing and delivering a three-hour workshop on social networking and cyber safety for adult participants (Third et al.). The central aim was to disrupt the traditional way adults and young people relate to each other in relation to social media and technology use and attempted to support learning by reversing traditional roles of adult teacher and young student. In this way ‘a non-hierarchical space of intergenerational learning’ was created (Third et al.). The result was to create a setting where intergenerational conversation helped to demystify social media and technology, generate familiarity with sites, improve adult’s understanding of when they should assist young people, and deliver agency and self-efficacy for the young people involved (7-8). In this way, young people’s expertise was acknowledged as a reflection of a cooperative or asymmetrical mentoring relationship in which adult’s guidance and support could also play a part. These lessons have been applied and developed further through a participatory design approach to producing apps and tools such as Appreciate-a-mate (Collin and Swist). In that project “the inclusion of young people’s contexts became a way of activating and sustaining attachments in regard to the campaign’s future use”(313).In stark contrast to the CyberWise tools, the cooperative mentoring (or participatory design) approach, exemplified in this second example, has multiple positive outcomes: first it demystifies social media use and increases understanding of the role it plays in young people’s (and adults’) lives. Second, it increases adults’ familiarity and comfort in navigating their children’s social media use. Finally, for the young people involved, it supports a sense of achievement and acknowledges their expertise and agency. To build sustainability into these processes, we would argue that it is important to look at the family context and cooperative mentorship as an additional point of intervention. Understood in this sense, cooperative and asymmetrical mentoring between a parent and child echoes an authoritative parenting style which is proven to have the best outcome for children (Baumrind), but in a way that accommodates young people’s technology expertise.Both programs analysed target adults (parents) as less skilful than young people (their children) in relation to social media use. However, while first case study, the technology based interventions endorses hierarchical model, the Living Lab example (a pedagogical intervention) attempts to create an environment without hierarchical obstacles to learning and knowledge exchange. Although the parent-child relationship is indubitably characterised by the hierarchy to some extent, it also assumes continuous negotiation and role fluctuation. A continuous process, negotiation intensifies as children age and transition to more independent media use. In the current digital environment, this negotiation is often facilitated (or even led) by social media platforms as additional agents in the process. Unarguably, digital parenting might implicate both technological and pedagogical interventions; however, there should be a dialogue between the two. Without presumed expertise roles, non-hierarchical, cooperative environment for negotiating social media use can be developed. Cooperative mentorship, as a concept, offers an opportunity to connect research and practice through participatory design and it deserves further consideration.ConclusionsPrevailing approaches to cyber safety education tend to focus on risk management and in doing so, they maintain hierarchical forms of parental control. Adhering to such methods fails to acknowledge young people’s expertise and further deepens generational misunderstanding over social media use. Rather than insisting on hierarchical and traditional roles, there is a need to recognise and leverage asymmetrical expertise within the family in regards to social media.Cooperative and asymmetrical mentorship happens naturally in the family and can be facilitated by and through social media. The inverted hierarchy of expertise we have described here puts both parents and children, in a position of constant negotiation over social media use. This negotiation is complex, relational, unpredictable, open toward emergent possibilities and often intensive. Unquestionably, it is clear that social media provides opportunities for negotiation over, and inversion of, traditional family roles. Whether this inversion of expertise is real or only perceived, however, deserves further investigation. This article formulates some of the conceptual groundwork for an empirical study of family dynamics in relation to social media use and rulemaking. The study aims to continue to probe the positive potential of cooperative and asymmetrical mentorship and participatory design concepts and practices. The idea of cooperative mentorship does not necessarily provide a universal solution to how families negotiate social media use, but it does provide a new lens through which this dynamic can be observed. Clearly family dynamics, and the parent-child relationship, in particular, can play a vital part in supporting effective digital citizenship and wellbeing processes. Learning about this spontaneous and natural process of family negotiations might equip us with tools to inform policy and practices that can help parents and children to collaboratively create ‘a networked world in which they all want to live’ (boyd). ReferencesAmbrosetti, Angelina, and John Dekkers. "The Interconnectedness of the Roles of Mentors and Mentees in Pre-Service Teacher Education Mentoring Relationships." 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