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1
Dibazar, Pedram, and Judith Naeff, eds. Visualizing the Street. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984356.
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From user-generated images of streets to professional architectural renderings, and from digital maps and drone footages to representations of invisible digital ecologies, this collection of essays analyses the emergent practices of visualizing the street. Today, advancements in digital technologies of the image have given rise to the production and dissemination of imagery of streets and urban realities in multiple forms. The ubiquitous presence of digital visualizations has in turn created new forms of urban practice and modes of spatial encounter. Everyone who carries a smartphone not only plays an increasingly significant role in the production, editing and circulation of images of the street, but also relies on those images to experience urban worlds and to navigate in them. Such entangled forms of image-making and image-sharing have constructed new imaginaries of the street and have had a significant impact on the ways in which contemporary and future streets are understood, imagined, documented, navigated, mediated and visualized. Visualizing the Street investigates the social and cultural significance of these new developments at the intersection of visual culture and urban space. The interdisciplinary essays provide new concepts, theories and research methods that combine close analyses of street images and imaginaries with the study of the practices of their production and circulation. The book covers a wide range of visible and invisible geographies — From Hong Kong’s streets to Rio’s favelas, from Sydney’s suburbs to London’s street markets, and from Damascus’ war-torn streets to Istanbul’s sidewalks — and engages with multiple ways in which visualizations of the street function to document street protests and urban change, to build imaginaries of urban communities and alternate worlds, and to help navigate streetscapes.
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Valjakka, Minna, and Meiqin Wang, eds. Visual Arts, Representations and Interventions in Contemporary China. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982239.
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This edited volume provides a multifaceted investigation of the dynamic interrelations between visual arts and urbanization in contemporary Mainland China with a focus on unseen representations and urban interventions brought about by the transformations of the urban space and the various problems associated with it. Through a wide range of illuminating case studies, the authors demonstrate how innovative artistic and creative practices initiated by various stakeholders not only raise critical awareness on socio-political issues of Chinese urbanization but also actively reshape the urban living spaces. The formation of new collaborations, agencies, aesthetics and cultural production sites facilitate diverse forms of cultural activism as they challenge the dominant ways of interpreting social changes and encourage civic participation in the production of alternative meanings in and of the city. Their significance lies in their potential to question current values and power structures as well as to foster new subjectivities for disparate individuals and social groups.
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Marcetti, Corrado, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, and Nicola Solimano, eds. Housing Frontline. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-082-2.
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Over recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the various possible forms of poverty and housing vulnerability: from the total lack of shelter of the homeless to the risk of losing their home that now threatens numerous families in medium-low income brackets. At the same time, the traditional linear and standardised housing policies appear no longer adequate to address these phenomena. This book contains the results of a study entrusted by the Tuscan Regional Authority to a working group from the University of Florence and the Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci. The research explores the field of practices for self-production of housing in Italy and the world, through a critical selection of significant experiences, revealing the architectural and social creativity exploited in a large variety of collective actions. The book also contains a reconstruction of housing problems in Tuscany and an overview of alternative approaches to housing policy. The last section is devoted to the research-action on the occupation of the Luzzi, the abandoned sanatorium on the border between Florence and Sesto Fiorentino, a case that illustrates the most significant contradictions and dilemmas gravitating around the housing issue for the new poor: the problem of homeless immigrants; the difficulty of the authorities in managing problems of extreme housing poverty; the role of the associations and organisations of social mediation, and the inherent complexity of achieving a participatory approach to social and town planning research.
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Samalin, Zachary. The Masses are Revolting. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756467.001.0001.
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This book reconstructs a pivotal era in the history of affect and emotion, delving into an archive of nineteenth-century disgust to show how this negative emotional response came to play an outsized, volatile part in the emergence of modern British society. Attending to the emotion's socially productive role, the book highlights concrete scenes of Victorian disgust, from sewer tunnels and courtrooms to operating tables and alleyways. The book focuses on a diverse set of nineteenth-century writers and thinkers whose works reflect on the shifting, unstable meaning of disgust across the period. It elaborates this cultural history of Victorian disgust in specific domains of British society, ranging from the construction of London's sewer system, the birth of modern obscenity law, and the development of the conventions of literary realism to the emergence of urban sociology, the rise of new scientific theories of instinct, and the techniques of colonial administration developed during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. By bringing to light disgust's role as a public passion, the book reveals significant new connections among these apparently disconnected forms of social control, knowledge production, and infrastructural development.
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Plain Pottery Traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and near East: Production, Use, and Social Significance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Gurukkal, Rajan. History and Theory of Knowledge Production. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490363.001.0001.
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This book seeks to provide an introductory outline of the history and theory of knowledge production, notwithstanding the vastness of the subject. It is to try and do a history of intellectual formation or history of ideas. One can see it as a textbook of historical epistemology, which in spatio-temporal terms historicizes knowledge production and contextualizes methodological development. It addresses itself as the historical process of the social constitution of knowledge, that is, the social history of the making of knowledge. Its objective is to make researchers of knowledge knowledgeable about the significant elements that underlie the history of knowledge. These elements constitute contemporary compulsions that make, shape, and regulate knowledge. Understanding what they mean and how they work is essential to prepare researchers as self-consciously realistic about the socio-economic and cultural process of knowledge production. What forces engender knowledge, how certain forms of it acquire precedence over the rest, and why are questions examined. Who decides what knowledge means or what should be recognized as knowledge becomes important here. We confine the discussion of knowledge systems to the broad heads, namely, the non-European, specifically the Indian and the European. Examining the process of the rise of science and new science, the book ends up reviewing speculative thoughts and imagination about the dynamics of subatomic micro-universe as well as the mechanics of the galactic macro-universe.
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Plog, Stephen, Carrie C. Heitman, and Adam S. Watson. Key Dimensions of the Cultural Trajectories of Chaco Canyon. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.15.
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This chapter reviews the issues that continue to challenge understandings of the pre-colonial developments that occurred in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico during the ninth–twelfth centuries ce. It specificially focuses on questions of population, agricultural potential, the organization of production, internal social dynamics, and the nature of regional interactions. The chapter highlights major trends in Chacoan research, as space does not allow a full review of the significant interpretive models in the current literature. Instead, the chapter focuses thematically on the aforementioned issues and offers interpretations in the context of contemporary and historic research and the authors’ specific areas of specialization. The authors argue for the significant agricultural potential of the canyon, dispersed and non-coercive craft specialization driven by a ritual mode of production, a substantial residential population, distinct social differentiation based largely on religious authority, and a multi-nodal network of local and regional relationships consistent with house society models.
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Maxwell, David. Christianity. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0014.
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The chapter examines conversion to Christianity, one of the most significant social and cultural transformations in twentieth-century Africa. The focus is upon the role of Christianity in African society, with emphasis on the making of identities of class, ethnicity, gender, generation, and nation. The diversity of African Christianity is examined in terms of both the range of African societies it encountered and the spectrum of changing mission Christianities, which extend back as far as the late fifteenth century. Scholarship has been advanced through a greater sensitivity to missionary and African literary production as well as increasing use of photographic data. Growing interest in African cultural history has caused scholars to shift emphasis away from missionaries and their institutions towards an interest in what Christianity meant for ordinary adherents, including the mental transformations involved in conversion and the significance of baptism, pilgrimage, and the religious landscape.
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McClanahan, Bill. Visual Criminology. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529207446.001.0001.
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From its earliest days, criminology has been a visual discipline, and the processes of the visual remain significant in the production and configuration of harm, crime, and justice. Reflecting the foundational power of the image, contemporary criminological and social theory are increasingly engaging with the processes and products of the visual from fine art to popular digital cultures. Following a longstanding and critical theoretical interest in the politics of meaning and the ways that our understandings of the phenomena of crime and justice shape (and are shaped-by) their cultural meaning and significance, visual criminology has begun to address the ways that contemporary social conditions, crime, justice, politics, and history configure the production and meaning of the visual (and vice versa). Detailing and employing the most prominent methodological and theoretical approaches at work in visual criminology, with a focus on the ways in which visually-attentive theory can enrich and enliven critical understandings of social relations, this book traces the development of the visual as a field and object of inquiry in criminology and social science at large. It describes the key methodological tendencies of the field, and theoretically explains and explores the visual perspective in relation to material ecology and environmental harm, drugs and drug culture, prison and punishment, and police and police power. This book broadens the horizons of criminological engagement and reveals how visual criminology—as one dimension of a broader sensory agenda—can offer new and critical ways to understand and theorize crime and harm.
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Kishore, Shweta. Indian Documentary Film and Filmmakers. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433068.001.0001.
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Independent documentary is enjoying a resurgence in post-reform India. But in contemporary cinema and media cultures, where ‘independent’ operates as an industry genre or critical category, how do we understand the significance of this mode of cultural production? Based on detailed onsite observation of documentary production, circulation practices and the analysis of film texts, this book identifies independence as a 'tactical practice’, contesting the normative definitions and functions assigned to culture, cultural production and producers in a neoliberal economic system. Focusing on selected filmmakers, the book establishes how they have reorganised the dominance of industrial media, technology and social relations to develop practices that build upon principles of de-economisation, artisanship and interdependence.
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Bernard, Seth. Building Mid-Republican Rome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878788.001.0001.
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Building Mid-Republican Rome treats for the first time the development of the Mid-Republican city from 396 to 168 BCE. As Romans established imperial control over Italy and beyond, the city itself radically transformed into the center of the Mediterranean world. The book describes profound changes in terms of new urban architecture and new socioeconomic structures and argues that such developments were in fact closely linked: building Mid-Republican Rome was highly costly, and meeting such costs had significant implications for the structures and institutions of urban society. By viewing building as an historical process, this book brings architectural and socioeconomic developments into a single account of urban change. The author, a specialist in the period’s history and archaeology, assembles an array of evidence, from literary sources to coins, epigraphy, and archaeological remains. Chapters describe the supplies of material and especially labor for urban production. The period saw the decline of architectural production based on obligation and dependency and the rising importance of slavery and an urban labor market. A quantitative model of the costs of the period’s largest monument, the Republican city walls, is contextualized within the flow of labor in the larger productive economy. A new account of Mid-Republican building technology allows for a better understanding of the social character of the city’s builders. The study thus sheds light on a little known but formative period in Rome’s development, while the innovative synthesis of a major Western city’s spatial and historical aspects will hold appeal to a broad readership.
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Lippert, Amy DeFalco. Consuming Identities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268978.001.0001.
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Along with the rapid expansion of the market economy and industrial production methods, innovations including photography, lithography, and steam printing created a pictorial revolution in the nineteenth century. Consuming Identities: Visual Culture in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco explores the significance of that revolution in one of its vanguard cities: San Francisco, the revolving door of the gold rush and the hub of Pacific migration and trade. The proliferation of visual prints, ephemera, spectacles, and technologies transformed public values and perceptions, and its legacy was as significant as the print revolution that preceded it. In their correspondence, diaries, portraits, and reminiscences, thousands of migrants to the city by the Bay demonstrated that visual media constituted a central means by which to navigate the bewildering host of changes taking hold around them in the second half of the nineteenth century. Images themselves were inextricably associated with these world-changing forces; they were commodities, but they also possessed special cultural qualities that gave them new meaning and significance. Visual media transcended traditional boundaries of language and culture that had divided groups within the same urban space. From the 1848 conquest of California and the gold discovery to the disastrous earthquake and fire of 1906, San Francisco anticipated broader national transformations in the commodification, implementation, and popularity of images. For the city’s inhabitants and visitors, an array of imagery came to mediate, intersect with, and even constitute social interaction in a world where virtual reality was becoming normative.
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Swift, Ellen. Roman Artefacts and Society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785262.001.0001.
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In this book, Ellen Swift uses design theory, previously neglected in Roman archaeology, to investigate Roman artifacts in a new way, making a significant contribution to both Roman social history and our understanding of the relationships that exist between artefacts and people. Based on extensive data collection and the close study of artefacts from museum collections and archives, the book examines the relationship between artefacts, everyday behavior, and experience. The concept of "affordances"--features of an artefact that make possible, and incline users towards, particular uses for functional artifacts--is an important one for the approach taken. This concept is carefully evaluated by considering affordances in relation to other sources of evidence, such as use--wear, archaeological context, the end--products resulting from artifact use, and experimental reconstruction. Artifact types explored in the case studies include locks and keys, pens, shears, glass vessels, dice, boxes, and finger-rings, using material mainly drawn from the north-western Roman provinces, with some material also from Roman Egypt. The book then considers how we can use artefacts to understand particular aspects of Roman behavior and experience, including discrepant experiences according to factors such as age, social position, and left- or right-handedness, which are fostered through artifact design. The relationship between production and users of artifacts is also explored, investigating what particular production methods make possible in terms of user experience, and also examining production constraints that have unintended consequences for users. The book examines topics such as the perceived agency of objects, differences in social practice across the provinces, cultural change and development in daily practice, and the persistence of tradition and social convention. It shows that design intentions, everyday habits of use, and the constraints of production processes each contribute to the reproduction and transformation of material culture.
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López-Bertran, Mireia, and Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz. Tiny Bodies for Intimate Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0007.
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This chapter seeks to understand the material and corporeal significance of human figurines through a comparative examination of two ritual contexts from Iron Age Iberia: the cave sanctuaries of Cástulo (Linares, Jaén) and the urban sanctuary of La Serreta (Alcoi, Alicante). The authors specifically focus on the materiality of the figurines—production technologies, patterns of use, and deposition—to address issues of social significance, body construction, and personhood among the communities that produced, handled, and deposited them. They analyze the web of material and social relations between humans, miniatures of humans, and the materials the miniatures were crafted of—bronze and clay. In the final section, the authors consider the corporeal implications of processes of miniaturization of human bodies and the qualities of the bodies that were sought after by the Iberian communities.
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Boud’hors, Anne. Copyist and Scribe: Two Professions for a Single Man? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0013.
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Newly discovered or published Coptic documents on papyrus or ostraca have shed light on the written production of two characters from the Theban region (Upper Egypt), namely the priest Mark (early seventh century) and the monk Frange (c.725), whose writings are here compared. Their hands, as well as their language use and the content of their writings, indicate significant differences that can be considered in relation to several factors: level of education and culture, social condition, and the general evolution of the Coptic language towards a state of decreased standardization. Only the priest Mark really combines both activities of notary and copyist, thus demonstrating an exceptional influence.
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Turner, Stephen. Knowledge Formations. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.2.
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Knowledge is socially distributed, and the distribution of knowledge is socially structured, but the distribution and the structures within which it is produced and reproduced—often two separate things—have varied enormously. Disciplines are one knowledge formation of special significance. They can be thought of as very old, or as a very recent phenomenon: In the very old sense, disciplines begin with the creation of rituals of certification and exclusion related to knowledge; in the more recent sense, they are the product of university organization, and especially that part of university organization that joins research and teaching, knowledge production and reproduction, in the modern research university. If we understand the general structural constraints on knowledge formations, we can understand the peculiar strengths of disciplines, as well as the historical alternatives to disciplines and the motives for finding alternatives.
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Stirr, Anna Marie. Songs with Consequences? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631970.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the pragmatics of dohori singing in rural songfests. With a comparative focus on different types of songfest across Nepal’s rural hill areas, it addresses how songfests frame performances in ways that allow for particular pragmatic effects. These are based on forms of ritualized material and musical exchange that idealize the production of equality, yet often still reproduce inequality. It tells the history of dohori as a means of communication across social divides, often with significant material stakes in binding contests that could end in marriage. It discusses dohori’s historical connections with labor exchange and marriage exchange to show how this practice of singing is grounded in ways of producing equality and hierarchy. It gives examples of how binding dohori contests or song duels have been considered threats to the social order and how their outcomes have been reintegrated, changing aspects of individuals’ lives and social relations.
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Rowlands, Mark. World on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197541890.001.0001.
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We face three epoch-defining environmental problems: climate, extinction, and pestilence. Our climate is changing in ways that will have serious consequences for humans, and it may even profoundly affect the ability of the planet to support life. All around us, other species are disappearing at a rate between several hundred and several thousand times the normal background rate of extinction. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has wreaked social and economic havoc, is merely the latest model off a blossoming production line of newly emerging infectious diseases, many of which have the potential to be far worse. At the heart of these problems lies an ancient habit: eating animals. This habit is the most significant driver of species extinction and of newly emerging infectious diseases, and one of the most important drivers of climate change. This is a habit we can no longer afford to indulge. Breaking it will substantially reduce climate emissions. It will stem our insatiable hunger for land that is at the heart of both the problems of extinction and pestilence. Most importantly, breaking this habit will make available vast areas of land suitable for afforestation: the return of forests to where they once grew. Afforestation will significantly mitigate all three problems. But only if we stop eating animals will we have enough land for this strategy to work.
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White, Peter. New Guinea. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.005.
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New Guinea, inhabited for approximately 50,000 years, has been the focus of far less archaeological research compared to Australia and Polynesia, to the south and east, respectively. However, the archaeology of this island is significant to perennial archaeological topics including the development of agriculture and social complexity, the explanation and effects of human interaction, the archaeological relevance of paleoenvironmental research, and the intersection of different dimensions of human variation, linguistic, biological, and cultural. This chapter focuses on both the changing subsistence practices of New Guinean populations over some 50 millennia, and the development of interaction and social networks between and within highland and lowland populations over the same time. Although Lapita pottery, often considered a marker of Austronesian migrants, is found in relatively small quantities on New Guinea, post-Lapita ceramics, document production, and exchange systems over the last two thousand years.
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Valenti, Marco. Changing Rural Settlements in the Early Middle Ages in Central and Northern Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0012.
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Archaeological sites of this period reveal the continued existence of a very ruralized society. The countryside, subject to a significant strengthening of economic control, was the primary source of wealth and success for the middle and upper social strata that invested in it. Choosing to optimize the exploitation of agricultural land led defining settlements in a more urban way. Since rural sites were the spaces where the labour force was ‘anchored’, they were often fortified to protect assets. Examples include both large lay and ecclesiastical aristocratic landowners and more local elites all over Italy. In the vast majority of cases we have fortified villages that are, in fact, agricultural holdings (manorial estates). In any context, the signs of material power exercised by a dominant figure include the management and a very pronounced control of activities, goods, foodstuffs, and labour, which find their counterpart in features and topography of rural centres. Settlements where production is aimed at wealth accumulation, often defended even from insiders by separating the spaces of power from those of the peasant masses, are frequently observed archaeologically. This is evidenced by the structural changes taking place both in the villages and in the single residential building types, serving as signs of a significant effort devoted to the centralization of production means (animals, tools, craft-shops), in order to increase what appears to be the main objective of landed elites: managing territorial resources in order to store foodstuffs, not only for personal consumption but also for to sell them in urban markets; in other words, to produce wealth.
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McEnhill, Linda. Psychosocial care in diverse communities and encouraging communities to support each other. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews issues of psychosocial care in diverse communities. In the face of ongoing inequity, despite the Equality Act (2010), it analyses the concept of access as it impacts differentially on people from diverse communities. Suggesting that patient leadership, co-production, and compassionate community models of care are all vehicles by which to improve psychosocial care in the face of diminished resources and increased demand as a result of rising numbers of people dying and the need to respond to all who are dying based on need not on diagnosis or social circumstance. Despite a plethora of policy documents and legislation there are still significant numbers of people who are unable to access palliative care in general and specialist palliative care in particular.
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Gallo, Carina, and Mimi E. Kim. Crime Policy and Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.46.
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This essay provides a synthesis of criminological and social welfare theoretical frameworks, along with empirical data illuminating the links between crime policy and welfare policy. It also reviews current debates regarding the extent to which European countries are undergoing a shift toward more punitive welfare or crime policies. Building upon Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s classic typology of welfare regimes, current scholarship ties liberal welfare regimes to punitive penal ideologies and high rates of incarceration and social democratic welfare regimes to lenient attitudes toward punishment and low incarceration rates. Research also underscores the significance of economic and social inequality in the production and outcomes of crime and welfare policies. Comparative empirical data supports the persistence of penal-welfarism in Europe, particularly in social democratic states, exemplified by Sweden, while indicating more punitive policies targeting marginalized sectors of the population, notably immigrants.
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Hatt, Beth. The Denial of Competence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676087.003.0010.
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The legacy of the social construction of race, class, and gender within the social construction of smartness and identity in US schools are synthesized utilizing meta-ethnography. The study examines ethnographies of smartness and identity while also exploring what meta-ethnography has to offer for qualitative research. The analyses demonstrate that race, class, and gender are key factors in how student identities of ability or smartness are constructed within schools. The meta-ethnography reveals a better understanding of the daily, sociocultural processes in schools that contribute to the denial of competence to students across race, class, and gender. Major themes include epistemologies of schooling, learning as the production of identity, and teacher power in shaping student identities. The results are significant in that new insights are revealed into how gender, class, and racial identities develop within the daily practices of classrooms about notions of ability.
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Nolan, Brian. Social Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0002.
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Social investment has come to play a major part in debates about the role of social spending and the future of welfare states in Europe, in part because it has significant appeal to different audiences. This chapter argues that social investment can be seen as a (new) paradigm for social policies and spending, as a conceptual base and framework for analysis, and as a basis for political or rhetorical advocacy. There may, however, be a tension between these functions which needs to be recognized. This is brought out when one asks whether social investment can credibly be presented as the paradigm most likely to underpin strong job-friendly economic growth, and whether the distinction between social ‘investment’ and other social spending is conceptually and empirically robust. Finally, the chapter wonders whether focusing on that distinction, and on a narrowly economic rationale, is the most productive way to frame the debate.
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Shadle, Matthew A. Modern Catholic Social Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660130.003.0005.
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Jacques Maritain and Marie-Dominique Chenu, O.P., were two Catholic thinkers who had a significant impact on Catholic social teaching. Jacques Maritain proposed the idea of a “New Christendom” in which the “temporal order” and the “spiritual order” were distinguished and the dignity and rights of each person respected. Maritain envisioned an economy in which workers cooperatively owned their own businesses and in which associations of workers collaborated to promote the common good. Marie-Dominique Chenu developed a “theology of work” exploring the human vocation to gain mastery over the earth. He believed modern society was witnessing the “socialization” of work, an increasing sense of collective effort and ownership over the production process. He believed socialization was a manifestation of the Incarnation, the presence of grace in history.
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Addison, Tony, and Alan Roe. The Regulation of Extractives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0012.
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This chapter focuses on the fact that every natural resource-abundant country needs to regulate the extractives sector in the public interest, given its significant social, economic, and environmental impact. This is a daunting challenge, requiring not only the design and enactment of the necessary laws and regulations but also the assignment of responsibilities for implementation across ministries and often numerous government agencies. The regulatory system must be comprehensive, transparent, and implemented to a high standard. Production never starts immediately and even when it does start there is always a further lengthy lag before government revenues begin to rise. Consequently, governments are often pressured into poorly devised policies, pandering to populist sentiments. The reality is that high-quality strategic decision-making needs long-term and carefully built institutional arrangements.
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Tulloch, John, and Belinda Middleweek. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244606.003.0001.
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This introduction traces the book’s origins across three significant dialogical moments. First is the mediated moment of television producer Middleweek interviewing the 7/7 survivor Tulloch, followed by their intertextual engagement with two texts of intimacy, Chéreau’s film and Giddens’s book. Second is an interdisciplinary dialogue employing feminist mapping theory to forge a “bridging” and “rainbow” scholarship between disciplinary fields that provide ways of seeing real sex films, including risk sociology, feminist psychoanalytical theory, and critical geopolitical theory, in combination with concepts of genre, authorship, production, stardom, social audience, and spectatorship. Third is a dialogue within theories of risk modernity exploring the tension between the “demand for constant emotional closeness” and the quest for “confluent love” in real sex film as the utopia and dystopia of love are played out through cinema.
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Rouzer, Paul. “Chinese Poetry”. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.16.
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The chapter seeks to give a historical overview of elite shi, popular shi, fu, and Chuci forms up until 1000 ce, emphasizing the role of traditional theoretical perspectives in shaping or problematizing modern views. In the case of shi, these perspectives include the Mao school’s interpretation of the Shijing; the retroactive creation of a shi tradition by pre-Tang court anthologists and critics in an attempt to privilege elite participation; the explosion of shi composition among the literate classes from the eighth century on due to its significant role in social exchange and in civil service examinations, and the concomitant decline of court aesthetics; the gradual triumph of a self-expressive and autobiographical model for shi composition; and the elite tradition’s general disregard for forms of verse production that did not fit its ideals. In discussing fu and Chuci, it is important to note its changing social roles as well as continuing existence.
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Silvers, Michael B. Voices of Drought. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042089.001.0001.
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Voices of Drought is an ethnomusicological study of relationships between popular music, the environmental and social costs of drought, and the politics of culture and climate vulnerability in the northeast region of Brazil, primarily the state of Ceará. The book traces the articulations of music and sound with drought as a discourse, a matter of politics, and a material reality. It encompasses multiple entwined issues, including ecological exile, poverty, and unequal access to vital resources such as water, along with corruption, prejudice, unbridled capitalism, and rapidly expanding neoliberalism. Each chapter is a case study: the use of carnauba wax, formed by palm trees as a protective climate adaptation, in the production of wax cylinder sound recordings in the late nineteenth century; the political significance of regionalist popular music, especially baião and forró, in the mid-twentieth century; forró music and practices of weather forecasting that involve listening to bird calls; the production and meaning of the soundscape of a small city as it involves musician Raimundo Fagner; social and musical change at the turn of the twenty-first century; and the cancellation of state-sponsored Carnival celebrations due to a costly multi-year drought in the 2010s. Demonstrating how ecological crisis affects musical culture by way of and proportionate to social difference and stratification, the book advocates a focus on environmental justice in ecomusicological scholarship.
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Boon, Timothy. Medical Film and Television: An Alternative Path to the Cultures of Biomedicine. Edited by Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0034.
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This article is concerned with the triangular territory between biomedicine, relevant moving image media production, and lay people — sometimes cinematic subjects, sometimes patients, and sometimes audiences. The examples quoted — mainly British — arise from the period stretching from the late nineteenth century up to the 1960s. The significant costs and effort involved in producing medical films and programmes make their existence in certain times and places particularly interesting evidence for the terrain of biomedicine in the past. The three modes of medical film and television are discussed and they stand for different aspects of biomedicine. This article provides an understanding of how biomedicine came to be made and used and gives access to the politics and social attitudes of participants in interesting ways. The coverage of each mode of film-making is concentrated in the decade of its emergence.
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Ing, Michael D. K. Regret, Resentment, and Transgression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190679118.003.0005.
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This chapter builds on the previous chapter by further exploring regret as it relates to resentment and transgression. Specifically, this chapter challenges the dominant understanding of resentment in Confucian thought. It argues that, from an early Confucian perspective, resentment is a sign that we require the care of significant others and that we are vulnerable to their concern or neglect. The chapter then connects resentment with frustrated desire and the production of literature designed to channel this desire to future others who might realize the Confucian dao道. It shows that this act of releasing pent up desire is often associated with the transgression of social norms, as in the case of Kongzi composing the Chunqiu《春秋》. In short, the chapter demonstrates that early Confucians saw these kinds of transgressions as valid responses to value conflicts.
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Thompson, Paul B. Farming, the Virtues, and Agrarian Philosophy. Edited by Anne Barnhill, Mark Budolfson, and Tyler Doggett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199372263.013.38.
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Food production can be viewed as one among many activities that produce goods in modern industrial societies, with ethical issues analogous to those of other sectors of the economy. Contrarily, agriculture and farming have historically been thought to have unique influence on the nature of social institutions, the reinforcement of moral virtues, and the reproduction of cultural forms. Mainstream approaches in consequentialist and deontological ethics implicitly adopt the first perspective: the industrial philosophy of agriculture. The chapter summarizes alternative agrarian viewpoints, emphasizing the role of the household farm in the thought of Aristotle and Xenophon, as well as the special role accorded to agriculture in early modern debates on property and political economy. It concludes with the emergence of contemporary agrarian philosophies that see farming and food systems as uniquely significant for environmental ethics and sustainability.
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Aguayo, Angela J. Documentary Resistance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676216.001.0001.
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The potential of documentary moving images to foster democratic exchange has been percolating within media production culture for the last century, and now, with mobile cameras at our fingertips and broadcasts circulating through unpredictable social networks, the documentary impulse is coming into its own as a political force of social change. The exploding reach and power of audio and video are multiplying documentary modes of communication. Once considered an outsider media practice, documentary is finding mass appeal in the allure of moving images, collecting participatory audiences that create meaningful challenges to the social order. Documentary is adept at collecting frames of human experience, challenging those insights, and turning these stories into public knowledge that is palpable for audiences. Generating pathways of exchange between unlikely interlocutors, collective identification forged with documentary discourse constitutes a mode of political agency that is directing energy toward acting in the world. Reflecting experiences of life unfolding before the camera, documentary representations help order social relationships that deepen our public connections and generate collective roots. As digital culture creates new pathways through which information can flow, the connections generated from social change documentary constitute an emerging public commons. Considering the deep ideological divisions that are fracturing U.S. democracy, it is of critical significance to understand how communities negotiate power and difference by way of an expanding documentary commons. Investment in the force of documentary resistance helps cultivate an understanding of political life from the margins, where documentary production practices are a form of survival.
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Contois, Emily, and Anastasia Day. The History of Food and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0001.
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Economic, political, and social changes prompted the evolution of our current food system. Studying the historical context of these changes helps us to better understand and devise nutrition policy and programs today. This chapter begins with the roots of the modern U.S. food system at the dawn of the 20th century, isolating four key aspects that have shaped nutrition and public health: food production, processing, and consumption, along with state nutritional policy. To begin, government subsidies, in tandem with shifts in farming demographics and business models, have significantly determined what food is available to consumers at what prices. Next, an examination of food processing complicates this story, exploring the growing number of intermediaries between farmers and consumers over the 20th century. In addition, federal dietary advice and resources have sought to guide what and how people eat. At the same time, the consumer culture has influenced eaters through cookbooks, home economics, advertising, and a host of food media, from magazines and radio to blogs and social media. The Example in Practice addresses the history of the National School Lunch Program, combining the themes of production, processing, consumption, and policy in a single case study. This chapter provides readers with key landmarks and a basic historical context to understand the origins of and potential futures for today’s food, nutrition, and public health policy problems.
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Hobden, Fiona, and Amanda Wrigley, eds. Ancient Greece on British Television. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474412599.001.0001.
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Ancient Greece has inspired television producers and captivated viewing audiences in the United Kingdom for over half a century. By examining how and why political, social and cultural narratives of Greece have been constructed through television’s distinctive audiovisual languages, and also in relation to its influential sister-medium radio, this volume explores the nature and function of these public engagements with the written and material remains of the Hellenic past. Through ten case studies drawn from feature programmes, educational broadcasts, children’s animations, theatre play productions, dramatic fiction and documentaries broadcast across the decades, this collection offers wide-ranging insights into the significance of ancient Greece on British television.
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O'Brien, Patrick Karl. Industrialization. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0018.
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Industrialization refers to an economic transformation that is recent and different in scale and scope from the mere making of artifacts and has involved the rapid rise in the significance of manufacturing in relation to all other forms of production and work undertaken within national economies. This article discusses the many facets of industrialization: industrialization as a historical process; the present tendencies and future trends in global diffusion; inter-sectoral connections; international relations and the global context; and industrialization on a global scale over the very long run. In the twenty-first century success seems to require new and different political and social capabilities that are already shifting the concentrations of industrial activity away from Europe and North America and back to Asia.
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Watts, Sydney. Food and the Annales School. Edited by Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0001.
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Food history emerged as a serious academic pursuit in the wake of a major reorientation in the field of history led by French scholars of the Annales School. Established in 1929 by French historians Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, the Annales in 1929 was a ground-breaking journal dedicated to historical and contemporary research in economics and sociology. Although the Annales is not solely responsible for the rise of social history, its founders undertook ambitious studies focusing on historical standards of living, material lives, demographic trends, and mentalities of pre-modern peoples, a research interest which typically addressed the history of agriculture and problems of subsistence. This article explores how the Annales School has shaped the field of food history by looking at three significant"moments": agricultural patterns and cognitive frameworks of pre-modern societies, food production and food consumption as a foundation of social and economic life, and the history of cuisine through a cultural approach to taste and identity. The article concludes by assessing the influence of the Annales School on the history of food outside of France.
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Sleat, Graham, and David Noyes. General principles of trauma. Edited by Anthony R. Mundy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0054.
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Trauma is a major public health problem worldwide, responsible for a substantial morbidity and mortality burden. All surgeons need to be familiar with the key steps in managing traumatized patients not only for injuries that are relevant to their specialty, but also in the wider management of trauma as part of the multidisciplinary team. These include recent advances in care such as the use of tranexamic acid, major transfusion protocols, and changes to the organization and management of trauma care after the implementation of regional trauma networks for major trauma in England. Appropriate and timely care during the initial stages after significant trauma improves long-term survival, but if patients are to return to a socially and economically productive life then tailored input from rehabilitation and re-enablement services is required. In many respects, after surviving their traumatic insult, this is the most important phase of their treatment.
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Polis, Stéphane. Linguistic Variation in Ancient Egyptian. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0004.
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This chapter provides an overview of the types of linguistic variation attested in pre-demotic Egyptian. More specifically, a sociolinguistic perspective is adopted in order to describe the impact that extralinguistic factors—such as time, origin, and social status of the scribe, situation of communication—may have on the written performance at the time. It is observed that the dimensions of variation related to the scribes, while not entirely absent, are rather elusive in this corpus. Variation resulting from the contexts of communication, conversely, is significant: within a multifaceted scribal repertoire, each genre imposes the selection of specific linguistic registers, which range from greater vernacularity and variation to greater formality and standardization. In a final section, the community of Deir el-Medina, namely the settlement of (royal) tomb-builders during the New Kingdom, is in focus so as to describe the effects that this particular scribal environment had on the written production.
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Mirola, William A. A “New Consciousness” for Constructing a Morality of Leisure. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038839.003.0006.
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This chapter details several key eight-hour campaign successes and losses in the 1890s and their impact on the religious framing among workers and clergy. As the 1880s gave way to the 1890s, arbitration was heard much more frequently as a solution to impasses between employers and organized labor. Prominent businessmen such as Cyrus McCormick and Marshall Field rejected the notion of bargaining with their employees on what they considered to be their right to conduct their business affairs free from interference. Nevertheless, finding ways to minimize class hostilities and prevent the production losses that inevitably accompanied drawn-out strikes and lockouts was becoming a priority for more and more employers. In 1893, Illinois enacted the “Sweatshop Act” that limited the workdays of women and children to eight hours. Moreover, the 1890s is significant as the period in which eight-hour support among Protestant clergy was strengthened as the result of a new social consciousness regarding labor reform.
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Bartley, Tim. A Substantive Theory of Transnational Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794332.003.0002.
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Social scientists have theorized the rise of transnational private authority, but knowledge about its consequences remains sparse and fragmented. This chapter builds from a critique of “empty spaces” imagery in several leading paradigms to a new theory of transnational governance. Rules and assurances are increasingly flowing through global production networks, but these flows are channeled and reconfigured by domestic governance in a variety of ways. Abstracting from the case studies in this book, a series of theoretical propositions specify the likely outcomes of private regulation, the influence of domestic governance, the special significance of territory and rights, and several ways in which the content of rules shapes their implementation. As such, this theory proposes an explanation for differences across places, fields, and issues, including the differential performance of labor and environmental standards.
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O’Reilly, Maria. Feminism and the Politics of Difference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.177.
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Feminist scholars and practitioners have challenged—and sought to overcome—gendered forms of inequality, subordination, or oppression within a variety of political, economic, and social contexts. However, feminists have been embroiled in profound theoretical disagreements over a variety of issues, including the nature and significance of the relationship between culture and the production of gendered social life, as well as the implications of cultural location for women’s agency, feminist knowledge production, and the possibilities of building cross-cultural feminist coalitions and agendas. Many of the approaches that emerged in the “first” and “second waves” of feminist scholarship and activism were not able to effectively engage with questions of culture. Women of color and ethnicity, postcolonial feminists and poststructural feminists, in addition to the questions and debates raised by liberal feminists (and their critics) on the implications of multiculturalism for feminist goals, have produced scholarship that highlights issues of cultural difference, division, diversity, and differentiation. Their critiques of the “universalism” and “culture-blindness” of second wave theories and practices exposed the hegemonic and exclusionary tendencies of the feminist movement in the global North, and opened up the opportunity to develop intersectional analyses and feminist identity politics, thereby shifting issues of cultural diversity and difference from the margins to the center of international feminism. The debates on cultural difference, division, diversity, and differentiation have enriched feminist scholarship within the discipline of international relations, particularly after 9/11.
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Russell, James A., and Jose Miguel Fernandez Dols, eds. The Science of Facial Expression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.001.0001.
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Organized in eleven thematic sections, The Science of Facial Expression offers a broad perspective of the “geography” of the science of facial expression. It reviews the scientific history of emotion perception and the evolutionary origins and functions of facial expression. It includes an updated compilation on the great debate around Basic Emotion Theory versus Behavioral Ecology and Psychological constructionism. The developmental psychology and social psychology of facial expressions is explored in the role of facial expressions in child development, social interactions, and culture. The book also covers appraisal theory, concepts, neural and behavioral processes, and lesser-known facial behaviors such as yawing, vocal crying, and vomiting. In addition, the book reflects that research on the “expression of emotion” is moving towards a significance of context in the production and interpretation of facial expression The authors expose various fundamental questions and controversies yet to be resolved, but in doing so, open many sources of inspiration to pursue in the scientific study of facial expression.
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Gano, Geneva M. The Little Art Colony and US Modernism. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439756.001.0001.
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U.S. Modernism at Continent’s End: Carmel, Provincetown, Taos historicizes and theorizes the significance of the early twentieth-century little arts colony as a uniquely modern social formation within a global network of modernist activity and production. Emphasizing communities rather than single artists, and modernist activity instead of products, this study considers modernism as social, aesthetic, and political processes that developed differentially in response to local and global pressures. In addition to offering a historical overview of the emergence of three critical sites of modernist activity—the little art colonies of Carmel, Provincetown, and Taos—this study offers new critical readings of major authors associated with those places: Robinson Jeffers, Eugene O’Neill, and D. H. Lawrence. Continent’s End tracks the radical thought and aesthetic innovation that emerged from these villages and reveals a surprisingly dynamic circulation of persons, objects, and ideas between the country and the city and back again, producing modernisms that were cosmopolitan in character yet also site-specific.
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Nishime, Leilani. Multiracial Asian Americans and the Myth of the Mulatto Millennium. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.003.0001.
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This chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to trace the history and continued significance of multiracial representations, in order to challenge a dominant U.S. cultural narrative that imagines multiracial people as symbols of the declining significance of race. It then turns to a discussion of contemporary multiracial Asian American representations. Multiracial Asian American representations form an especially productive ground to explore the contradictions of racial narratives in the United States. Understanding why Asians, particularly multiracial Asians, have so frequently been held up as examples of the eventual triumph of a colorblind United States can help us see what interlocking racial narratives make this such an alluring story. If we contextualize that story within politics, social hierarchies, and a longer historical trajectory, it becomes clear that leaving Asians out of discussions of color blindness and multiracial meaning in the United States serves only to naturalize and render invisible racial inequalities and power hierarchies.
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Denecke, Wiebke. Masters (zi子). Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.14.
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“Masters Literature” constitutes China’s most influential and productive repository of philosophical thought, featuring debates about fundamental questions of social order, the good life, governance, heavenly justice, human character, and the cosmos. The chapter first discusses how people have defined the Masters corpus from antiquity to the present and how divergent definitions affect our understanding of this textual genre. It then surveys the most important intellectual camps and approaches within Masters Literature, namely Confucians, Mohists, Persuaders, Lao-Zhuang and Huang-Lao Daoism, statecraft specialists, encyclopedic compendia, and Han masters and scholar-officials, asking in each case what central intellectual concerns were at stake and what major rhetorical formats and strategies were used to make convincing arguments. Lastly, it touches on how Masters Literature is significant today and what kind of debates it has catalyzed for the present.
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Sierra-Tapiro, Juan Pablo. Hacia la construcción de un Trabajo Social Crítico en Colombia. Editorial Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35985/9789585522862.
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El libro nos ofrece es fruto de un esfuerzo de muchos años. Un trabajo personal pero de ningún modo individual. El lector podrá apreciar desde las primeras páginas el compromiso con que el autor busca la verdad histórica, de forma respetuosa y rigurosa, preocupado por la coherencia teórica y metodológica de sus afirmaciones sobre la realidad social contemporánea, especialmente la de su país: Colombia. El texto que sigue, tampoco es un producto endógeno del autor, “aislado". Más bien, forma parte de una totalidad mayor, de un colectivo, que actúa en su país y en la región para instaurar un debate serio y plural sobre el significado social de la profesión de Trabajo Social. No es casual que el “proceso de Reconceptualización" haya tenido un pilar fundamental en esa tierra, como lo fue el llamado “Método Caldas"
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Jenkins, Jesse D., and Valerie J. Karplus. Carbon Pricing under Political Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0003.
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The economic prescription for mitigating climate change is clear: price carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions to internalize climate damages. In practice, a variety of political economy constraints have prevented the introduction of a carbon price equal to the full social cost of emissions. This chapter develops insights about the design of climate policy in the face of binding political constraints. Using a stylized model of the energy sector, the authors identify welfare-maximizing combinations of a CO2 price, subsidy for clean energy production, and lump-sum transfers to energy consumers or producers under a set of constraints: limits on the CO2 price, on increases in energy prices, and on energy consumer and producer surplus loss. The authors find that strategically using subsidies or transfers to relieve political constraints can significantly improve the efficiency of carbon pricing policies, while strengthening momentum for a low-carbon transition over time.
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Grischow, Jeff. Disability and Work in British West Africa. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.13.
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World War II significantly affected the development of disability programs in British West Africa during the late colonial period. Beginning in the early 1940s, Britain’s Colonial Office worked with the West African governors to develop rehabilitation programs for disabled African veterans. In Britain, rehabilitation for disabled veterans took the form of social orthopedics, which equated citizenship with the ability to work; British programs therefore prioritized reintegration into the workforce as the main goal of rehabilitation. The colonial programs attempted to transfer the social orthopedics program to Africa. The project failed because the African veterans did not want to be remade into productive workers on the Western/capitalist model. However, it did produce two lasting legacies: the creation of a network of Disabled People’s Organizations during the 1950s and 1960s, and the development of a successful onchocerciasis control program between 1974 and 2002.
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Brück, Joanna. Personifying Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.001.0001.
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The Bronze Age is frequently framed in social evolutionary terms. Viewed as the period which saw the emergence of social differentiation, the development of long-distance trade, and the intensification of agricultural production, it is seen as the precursor and origin-point for significant aspects of the modern world. This book presents a very different image of Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. Drawing on the wealth of material from recent excavations, as well as a long history of research, it explores the impact of the post-Enlightenment 'othering' of the non-human on our understanding of Bronze Age society. There is much to suggest that the conceptual boundary between the active human subject and the passive world of objects, so familiar from our own cultural context, was not drawn in this categorical way in the Bronze Age; the self was constructed in relational rather than individualistic terms, and aspects of the non-human world such as pots, houses, and mountains were considered animate entities with their own spirit or soul. In a series of thematic chapters on the human body, artefacts, settlements, and landscapes, this book considers the character of Bronze Age personhood, the relationship between individual and society, and ideas around agency and social power. The treatment and deposition of things such as querns, axes, and human remains provides insights into the meanings and values ascribed to objects and places, and the ways in which such items acted as social agents in the Bronze Age world.