Academic literature on the topic 'Socially significant production'
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Journal articles on the topic "Socially significant production"
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Grigoriev, Michael, and Ludmila Babich. "Use of Silver Nanoparticles in Treatment of Socially Significant Diseases." Key Engineering Materials 683 (February 2016): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.683.493.
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The effects of colloidal silver are determined by concentration, sizes and stability of the finely-divided nanoparticles. Studies of silver-based drugs acting against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are of significant scientific and practical interest. Silver does not effect on the infection, but directly on the cell structure. The main disadvantages of the current nanosilver-based compositions include low aggregative stability, polydispersity and oxidation of silver nanoparticles during prolonged storage. The main attention should be paid to the preservation of activity and bioavailability of the active substance, and ideally the increase in efficiency through synergy with other components of the formulation. Scientists of different special fields should focus not only on the development of new technologies for production of new nanomedicines, but on the possible health and environmental side effects
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Kosov, Dmitriy. "Socially significant activity: algorithmic provision of its quality assessment." Digital Technology Security, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2782-2230-2021-2-85-96.
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Any type of activity acquires social significance if it meets the requirements imposed on it. The main condition for the origin (emergence) of socially significant activity should be considered the high demand for the results of this type of professional work. The demand, especially the higher, is a complex indicator that includes not only frequency quantitative statistical characteristics (for example, the frequency of applying to any type of socially significant activity, namely to its specialists for the results of this activity that affect the processes of life activity of both an individual and society as a whole), but also characteristics that determine the quality of procedures performed at each step of the "algorithm" (technological cycle) of a specific, significant type of activity, and hence the results of its implementation. Strict compliance with the technological cycle within the framework of various socially significant professional branches of production can be considered as a guarantee of the quality of the results obtained in them, as a guarantee that consumers of products and services (the population of the state) will form a stable positive attitude to this type of activity. In the proposed article, based on many years of research, the author proposes and considers two components of an integrated approach to assessing the quality of socially significant activities – an algorithm for selecting experts to assess the quality of socially significant activities and the actual algorithm for evaluating the quality of this activity. Each of the proposed algorithms has both general steps for performing actions and individual ones, which ensure its novelty and differences from existing similar algorithmic schemes. Fuzzy logic was chosen as a mathematical tool for the implementation of these algorithms.
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Loseva, O. A., and N. V. D’yachkova. "State and Development of Socially Significant Activities of the Industrial Production in the Chelyabinsk Region." Voprosy statistiki 26, no. 9 (September 28, 2019): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2019-26-9-39-52.
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Roslyakova, E. A. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTION OF INDUSTRIAL AND TRADE POLICY IN SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT INDUSTRIES." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 6, no. 200 (June 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-6-200-23-34.
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The development of socially oriented industries is a fundamental component of the socio-economic development of the country. The co-dependence of industries and the state of industry in it gives the research topic relevance, since consumer satisfaction can be achieved both with the help of their own industrial development and with cooperation with foreign industrial companies. The problem of the issue is precisely that most branches of the domestic processing industry, including socially significant ones, are import-dependent, and the level at which the interaction of industrial and trade policy (hereinafter referred to as the IITP) in them determines the future of their further development. The purpose of the study is to determine the essence of the IITP, the sustainability (and) development in socially oriented industries by considering the development both within the interaction itself (setting priorities and distributing roles among the main participants in the interaction of industrial and trade policy), and within its phased implementation as a single organism. The achievement of the author's goal was facilitated by strategic, system and process approaches using general scientific research methods: comparative comparison, abstraction, logic, analysis, synthesis, etc. As a result of the conducted research, the scheme of interaction between the spheres of material and non-material production is presented; the definitions of the IITP are formulated; a cycle-model of the development of the IITP in socially oriented sectors of the national economy is developed; a comprehensive analysis of the set of certain indicators is recommended to assess the sustainability of the IITP development; the definition of the sustainable IITP development from the position of system formation and economic activity is presented.
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Darenskaya, Marina A., Lubov I. Kolesnikova, and Sergey I. Kolesnikov. "Free radical reactions in socially significant infectious diseases: HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 75, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn1328.
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The analysis of current literature data on the study of the features of the course of free-radical reactions, as well as the state of the antioxidant defense system at socially significant infectious diseases HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis was carried out. The role of this kind of reaction in the genesis and progression of socially significant infections a long time has been studied. Foreign studies of recent years have been focused on the identification of specific markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress, which make it possible to identify the redox imbalance of the cell under conditions of infection and target affect it to modulate the activity of the main transcription factors of viral proteins and the bacteria pathogenicity. Numerous sources indicate the involvement of active oxygen metabolites in a wide range of events in infected cells and tissues, including neoplastic transformation processes. These biochemical markers can be used as additional criteria for monitoring the progression of infection. At the same time, noticeable gaps in this area there are that may become the goal of future research. The issues of changing free radical reactions depending on gender, age, place of residence of patients remain practically unstudied. There is little data about intensity of oxidative stress in patients of reproductive age with HIV, hepatitis B and C, and pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the relationship of antioxidant deficiency with reproductive disorders in conditions of infection. These data could serve as the basis for the development of pathogenetically substantiated methods for the correction of socially significant infectious diseases. Modulation of the production of reactive oxygen metabolites and oxidative stress is a potentially new pharmacological approach to reduce the effects of viral and bacterial exposure.
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Long, Xiaofeng, Jiali Ge, Tong Shu, and Chunxia Liu. "Production Decision and Coordination Mechanism of Socially Responsible Closed-Loop Supply Chain." Complexity 2020 (May 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9095215.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a significant impact on the operation of enterprises. This study analyzes the production and coordination decisions of closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) by establishing two assumptions of endogenous and exogenous CSR. The results reveal that, for ordinary consumers, CSR is quantified as the parameter of consumer surplus, which has an impact on the patent licensing fee, revenue-sharing ratio, and so on, and which not only increases the sales quantity in CLSC but also creates more value for the manufacturer and the retailer. Considering endogenous CSR, the study found that the manufacturer’s CSR level and the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s profits both increase with the proportion of CSR-sensitive consumers. In the endogenous model, the manufacturer sets a higher wholesale price and lower patent licensing fee than in the exogenous model. Perfect coordination in the two models can be achieved by setting a revenue-sharing ratio related to wholesale price and patent licensing fee. In practice, improving the social responsibility consciousness of consumers and raising enterprises’ CSR level can achieve a win-win situation for revenues and social welfare.
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Chekhovska, Iryna, Natalia Nykytchenko, and Tetiana Bilous. "THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF REPRODUCTION OF SHADOW RELATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF PRODUCTION AND REALIZATION OF HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-396-404.
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the sources of shadow relations in the sphere of production and realization of housing and communal services (technologies and causes of their occurrence, subjects’ complex, level of danger, etc.); the classification of these sources of shadow relations, the definition of priorities in the development of state measures on the localization of certain sources of shadow relations in the field of production and implementation of housing and communal services, depending on the trend of their development, the level of danger to society. Methodology. The methodological foundations of research the sources of shadow relations in the field of production and realization of housing and communal services are determined by a set of methods of scientific knowledge, which allow considering the studied topics as a multidimensional, interdisciplinary phenomenon. In the course of scientific research, the following methods were used: scientific abstraction and systemic were used to generalize the current state of the production and realization of housing and communal services, to define a system of administrative measures in order to distinguish its shadow aspects; systematic structural and formaldogmatic methods allowed exploring and classifying the sources of shadow relations; formal-legal was used to study the regulatory framework governing the relations in the field of study. The paper also uses methods of statistical, comparative analysis, dialectic, extrapolation, etc. Results. The classification of sources of shadow relations will allow monitoring of financial and economic capital and document circulation in the sphere of production and realization of housing and communal services in order to determine the whole spectrum of sources of shadow relations – from socially neutral, socially positive, socially-changing (disappearing) sources of the informal sector shadow economy, to socially-variable (newly created), socially negative and antisocial sources of the underground sector of the shadow economy. The isolation of the most dangerous sources of shadow relations, producing a significant illegal potential in the field of production and implementation of housing and communal services will enable the development of a causal rather than a consequential problem and a way to combat the most dangerous acts that are reproducing-progressing sources of the shadow economy in this area of research.
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Kopsakangas-Savolainen, Maria, and Rauli Svento. "Hydropower Production Profiles: Impacts on Capacity Structure, Emissions, and Windfall Profits." Journal of Energy 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/710414.
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Production structure in markets with a significant role of hydropower is sensitive to the production profile of hydropower. In this paper we utilize a long-run oriented real-time price based simulation model to analyze through scenarios the impact of different hydropower production profiles on the total annual energy consumed, prices, and capacity structure. We also show the relation between different hydropower production profiles and emissions, costs, and windfall profits. There seems to be no superior scenario under which all socially desirable goals are achieved as there is a clear tradeoff between allowing high windfall profits with highest cost efficiency and achieving the target for lower emissions.
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Piccoli, Alessandra, Adanella Rossi, and Angela Genova. "A Socially-Based Redesign of Sustainable Food Practices: Community Supported Agriculture in Italy." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111986.
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Several grassroots initiatives in the last two decades have shown the need for different food practices that should be locally based and founded on ethical goals of social and environmental justice. Among the many “alternative food networks”, the Community Supported Agriculture model is particularly significant and interesting. By redefining meanings and social norms around food practices, this model actualizes significant processes of food re-socialization and re-territorialization. Focusing on Italy, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the potential of this model. It does so through two investigations carried out in 2019 and 2020, aimed at analyzing, respectively, structural and organizational aspects of CSAs and the features of resilience shown by these initiatives during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. On the whole, the two surveys give us the image of a radically innovative experience, potentially capable of deeply redefining production and consumption practices, being rooted in socially-shared knowledge, motivations, willingness, commitment and sense of community. In addition to being characterized by a determination to pursue sustainability and equity goals, the model shows a remarkable character of resilience thanks to the original arrangements that the common value basis and the strong sense of interdependence and solidarity of its members can provide.
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Клычова, Гузалия, Guzaliya Klychova, Алсу Закирова, Alsu Zakirova, Альфия Юсупова, Al'fiya Yusupova, Айгуль Клычова, and Augul Klychova. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ESTIMATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bcf579e4860c0.23941805.
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In modern conditions, the social component of business is becoming increasingly important both for organizations and for society as a whole, since, as many years of experience show, those enterprises that develop their socially-oriented activities are more trusted by the state, investors, counterparties, creditors and other business partners. The social responsibility of business helps minimize the negative impact of the enterprise's production activities, the formation of an atmosphere of trust, predictability and common values in society, thanks to which, business becomes economically and socially more sustainable. In this regard, relevant issues are related to the assessment of the level of social responsibility of the enterprise, determining the main directions of social development of companies. The economic essence of the concept “corporate social responsibility” has been studied and specified in the article, the main directions of the corporate social responsibility of business assessment are examined. For a comprehensive assessment of corporate social responsibility, a system of indicators is proposed that takes into account its following components: the development and implementation of human resources, the formation of environmental sustainability and the implementation of socially significant projects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Socially significant production"
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Посохов, Игорь Михайлович. "Государственное регулирование цен на продукцию социального значения." Thesis, Харьковский национальный университет им. В. Н. Каразина, 2009. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/30670.
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Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата экономических наук по специальности 08.00.03 – экономика и управление национальным хозяйством – Харьковский национальный университет имени В. Н. Каразина, Харьков, 2009.
В диссертации автором обоснованы теоретические, методические и практические вопросы совершенствования управления ценообразованием как направление развития социально-экономической стратегии формирования в Украине новой модели экономического развития. Разработки автора основаны на собственном исследовании государственного регулирования цен на социально значимую продукцию и анализе работы системы органов ценообразования. Исследуются сущность, цели, особенности и механизмы государственного регулирования цен. Теоретически обоснована необходимость влияния государства на ценовую политику на современном этапе развития экономики, теоретически направления и предложены научно-методические подходы к совершенствованию государственной ценовой политики. Получили дальнейшее развитие научно-теоретическое обоснование государственного регулирования цен на современном этапе развития Украины, классификация целей и методов государственного регулирования цен, исследование эффективности государственного регулирования цен на рынке социально значимых продовольственных товаров на примере рынка хлеба и подсолнечного масла, перспективы развития системы ценообразования в условиях вступления Украины в ВТО. В процессе исследования выполнена классификация целей и методов государственного регулирования цен. Классификация методов государственного регулирования цен, в соответствии принципам управления по дополнительному набору признаков, отражает использование методов государственного регулирования цен в Украине. Выделены характерные особенности государственного регулирования цен, современной социальной политики и предложены направления их оптимизации. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию социально значимого перечня товаров и услуг, согласно которому осуществляется регулирование цен в Украине. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию нормативной базы в области ценообразования, рекомендации по совершенствованию работы Государственной инспекции по контролю за ценами и системы ценообразования, предложены составляющие механизма управления тендерными закупками, как косвенного механизма государственного регулирования цен на социально значимые товары.The Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of economic sciences on a speciality 08.00.13 - Economics and Governance of a National Economy, Kharkiv National Karazina University, Kharkiv, 2009. The goal of this dissertation is to research the theoretical, methodical and practical questions of improvement of pricing management as development concept of "social and economic strategy of formation of the new economic development model in Ukraine". The dissertation offers recommendations on improvement of normative base in the field of pricing, recommendations on improvement of work of governmental price management inspection and the pricing system. Also the mechanism of tender purchases management, as the indirect mechanism of governmental price regulation for socially significant production is offered.
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Посохов, Ігор Михайлович. "Державне регулювання цін на продукцію соціального значення." Thesis, Харківський національний університет ім. В. Н. Каразіна, 2009. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/27923.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.03 - економіка та управління національним господарством. Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна, Харків, 2009.
У дисертації досліджуються теоретичні, методичні та практичні питання вдосконалення управління ціноутворенням як напрямок розвитку "Соціально-економічної стратегії формування в Україні нової моделі економічного розвитку". Пропонуються рекомендації з вдосконалення нормативної бази в області ціноутворення, рекомендації з вдосконалення роботи Державної інспекції контролю за цінами і системи ціноутворення, запропонований механізм управління тендерними закупівлями, як непрямий механізм державного регулювання цін на соціально значущі товари. Обґрунтовано існуючі джерела фінансування сучасної системи державного регулювання цін і запропоновані нові. Розроблено науково-методичні рекомендації подальшого розвитку системи ціноутворення та вдосконалення моніторингу цін Державної інспекції з контролю за цінами. Пропонується поширити моніторинг цін на приватних підприємців, в зв'язку з тим, що вони займають значну частину ринку соціально значущої продукції.The Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of economic sciences on a speciality 08.00.13 - Economics and Governance of a National Economy, Kharkiv National Karazina University, Kharkiv, 2009. The goal of this dissertation is to research the theoretical, methodical and practical questions of improvement of pricing management as development concept of "social and economic strategy of formation of the new economic development model in Ukraine". The dissertation offers recommendations on improvement of normative base in the field of pricing, recommendations on improvement of work of governmental price management inspection and the pricing system. Also the mechanism of tender purchases management, as the indirect mechanism of governmental price regulation for socially significant production is offered.
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Álvarez, Chávez Roland. "La masculinidad figurada la representación del significado social de la virilidad en las ilustraciones de humor de la prensa limeña /." Lima : Fondo Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, UNMSM, 2005. http://www.cybertesis.edu.pe/sdx/sisbib/envoi?dest=file:/d:/cybertesis/tesis/production/sisbib/2004/alvarez_chr/xml/../pdf/alvarez_chr.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Master's thesis in sociology (2004), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Peru); directed by Mg. Guillermo Nugent Herrera.Title from ebook home page (viewed on nov. 20, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-173). Also available in print.
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Justo, Joana Sanches [UNESP]. "Olhares que contam histórias: a fotografia como memórias e narrativas da família." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97632.
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Fotografias estão constantemente ao nosso redor: nos jornais, revistas, outdoors, galerias de arte, nos envolvendo também de forma mais íntima através dos álbuns de família. Colecionar imagens de momentos importantes tais como nascimentos, casamentos, aniversários e viagens é costume de quase toda família, mas por que registrar e guardar estas lembranças? A fim de explorar detalhadamente a relação dos membros da família com seus acervos fotográficos, rastreando os sentidos dos álbuns, realizamos uma investigação tendo como participantes duas famílias: Aragão e Silva. Cada família possuía três voluntários que foram entrevistados individualmente, tendo como foco as narrativas instigadas por fotografias previamente selecionadas de momentos importantes para a família. A conduta básica do entrevistador pautou-se por intervenções mínimas, deixando os entrevistados discorrerem sobre as imagens. Como principais resultados observamos que, apesar das diferenças quanto ao relacionamento com o álbum da família, as fotos guardadas permitem a revisitação de experiências, a re-significação de acontecimentos e a criação de narrativas. No contato com interlocutores possibilita-se a produção de sentido de forma que o sujeito se reconhece como parte de uma história construída coletivamente. Dessa forma, o álbum de família é um importante acervo documental iconográfico e patrimônio do grupo familiar. Funciona não somente como arquivo de registros da memória, mas, sobretudo, como imagens disparadoras de afetos, sentimentos e recordações instigadores de narrativas capazes de ampliar a compreensão do passado e do presente.
Photographs are constantly around us in newspapers, magazines, advertizing bill boards, art galleries and specially through the family albums. Collecting pictures of special occasions like births, weddings, birthdays, and trips are a custom of almost any family. Why register and file these souveniers? In order to explore in detail the relation of the family with their photo album and trace the significance of the photo album for the family, a recent study between two families, Aragão and Silva was carried out. This study involved six volunteers, three in each family who were interviewed individually on their personal memories of each pre-selected picture shown of their own family pictures. The behavior of the interviewer was based on minimum interventions, leaving the participants free to discourse about the images. As a result it was observed that regardless of the differences in relationship of the photo album, the pictures allowed the participants to revisit experiences, re-signify events and create vivid memory narratives. The significance of recollective memory is made through contact with others and one recognizes himself as part of a history constructed collectively. In this way, the family album is an important iconographic documented legacy for the family and therefore, not only a file of registered souveniers but over all as images of affection, feelings and memories that instigate narratives capable of extending/amplifying the past and the present.
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Sanches-Justo, Joana. "Olhares que contam histórias : a fotografia como memórias e narrativas da família /." Assis : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97632.
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Orientador: Elizabeth da Silva GelliBanca: Maria Lúcia de Oliveira
Banca: Isaac Antonio Camargo
Resumo: Fotografias estão constantemente ao nosso redor: nos jornais, revistas, outdoors, galerias de arte, nos envolvendo também de forma mais íntima através dos álbuns de família. Colecionar imagens de momentos importantes tais como nascimentos, casamentos, aniversários e viagens é costume de quase toda família, mas por que registrar e guardar estas lembranças? A fim de explorar detalhadamente a relação dos membros da família com seus acervos fotográficos, rastreando os sentidos dos álbuns, realizamos uma investigação tendo como participantes duas famílias: Aragão e Silva. Cada família possuía três voluntários que foram entrevistados individualmente, tendo como foco as narrativas instigadas por fotografias previamente selecionadas de momentos importantes para a família. A conduta básica do entrevistador pautou-se por intervenções mínimas, deixando os entrevistados discorrerem sobre as imagens. Como principais resultados observamos que, apesar das diferenças quanto ao relacionamento com o álbum da família, as fotos guardadas permitem a revisitação de experiências, a re-significação de acontecimentos e a criação de narrativas. No contato com interlocutores possibilita-se a produção de sentido de forma que o sujeito se reconhece como parte de uma história construída coletivamente. Dessa forma, o álbum de família é um importante acervo documental iconográfico e patrimônio do grupo familiar. Funciona não somente como arquivo de registros da memória, mas, sobretudo, como imagens disparadoras de afetos, sentimentos e recordações instigadores de narrativas capazes de ampliar a compreensão do passado e do presente.
Abstract: Photographs are constantly around us in newspapers, magazines, advertizing bill boards, art galleries and specially through the family albums. Collecting pictures of special occasions like births, weddings, birthdays, and trips are a custom of almost any family. Why register and file these souveniers? In order to explore in detail the relation of the family with their photo album and trace the significance of the photo album for the family, a recent study between two families, Aragão and Silva was carried out. This study involved six volunteers, three in each family who were interviewed individually on their personal memories of each pre-selected picture shown of their own family pictures. The behavior of the interviewer was based on minimum interventions, leaving the participants free to discourse about the images. As a result it was observed that regardless of the differences in relationship of the photo album, the pictures allowed the participants to revisit experiences, re-signify events and create vivid memory narratives. The significance of recollective memory is made through contact with others and one recognizes himself as part of a history constructed collectively. In this way, the family album is an important iconographic documented legacy for the family and therefore, not only a file of registered souveniers but over all as images of affection, feelings and memories that instigate narratives capable of extending/amplifying the past and the present.
Mestre
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Popkin, Ronna. "Variants of Significance? The Production and Management of Genetic Risk for Breast and Ovarian Cancer in the Era of Multi-Gene Panel Testing." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-ccx3-9w86.
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This dissertation examines the production and management of genetic risk for breast and ovarian cancer in the United States in the new era of multi-gene panel testing. Drawing on three years of ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews with genetics health professionals and women with mutations, this project is the first social science study to examine how breast and ovarian cancer genetic risk is constructed and managed among women with variants of uncertain significance or moderate-risk mutations. Moving beyond an individual-level focus on women’s risk management decisions, this project instead explores how the structures, practices, and organization of genetic medicine constrain and enable those decisions.
There are four key findings from this study. First, the adoption of panel testing has shifted the boundaries of risk, disease, and patienthood and contributed to a spectrum of medicalization of breast and ovarian cancer risk. Women with high-risk breast and ovarian cancer mutations are now typically viewed and treated like full patients with a "disease," while women with moderate-risk mutations occupy a liminal space of qualified patienthood. Second, the structures and organization of genetic medicine in the United States point women with breast and ovarian cancer mutations toward risk-reducing mastectomy and breast reconstruction and encourage choosing those surgical responses over breast surveillance or staying flat. Mastectomy has become the standard “treatment” for the “disease” of genetic risk for breast cancer, regardless of whether women have high- or moderate-risk mutations and despite more conservative recommendations in clinical guidelines.
Third, the structures of genetic medicine and the contemporary gender order in the United States are mutually constituted and co-produced. Breast reconstruction and gynecologic surgery practices both emerge from and reinforce gendered social and cultural norms that prioritize women's appearance and their reproductive capacity over their embodied experiences and daily quality of life. Finally, the discourses and practices of genetic medicine leave many women un- or under-prepared for the duration and severity of the side effects and consequences associated with breast reconstruction and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. By closely examining the social and structural dimensions of how cancer genetic risk is produced and managed in the United States, this project illuminates how clinical practices that magnify and focus on reducing certain risks simultaneously obscure and generate exposure to others.
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Bruxel, Laerson. "Democracia, Deliberação e Mídia na Esfera Pública Contemporânea: um Estudo sobre Experiênciasa Referendárias no Brasil e em Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/20165.
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Tese de doutoramento em Altos Estudos Contemporâneos, na especialidade de Ciência Política (História Política e Estudos Internacionais), apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de CoimbraA presente investigação analisa e compara material publicado por dois jornais, – Folha de São Paulo, do Brasil, e Público, de Portugal -, sobre referendos realizados nos dois países, respectivamente, em 2005 e 2007. O objetivo é verificar se nesse material há falas com argumentos que possam ser considerados úteis para contribuir com um processo deliberativo, na perspectiva da democracia defendida por Jürgen Habermas. Ancorado numa sugestão de Simone Chambers, o material jornalístico é classificado como retórica plebiscitária ou retórica deliberativa. A retórica plebiscitária se caracteriza pela presença de mais elementos que não contribuem para a realização de uma deliberação pública, enquanto a deliberativa contém significativa presença de subsídios considerados importantes para o desenvolvimento desse processo. O reforço de alguns elementos no material jornalístico, – e a investigação avalia e quantifica quais elementos a mídia privilegia -, pode fazer com que se aproxime ou se distancie daquilo que é qualificado como importante para um debate público numa perspectiva habermasiana. A decisão de acionar mais um ou outro elemento está entre as opções que a mídia faz. Ao optar, ela sai de uma zona de fronteira, com várias possibilidades em aberto, e realiza um processo de demarcação. E, ao demarcar, ela estabelece limites, seja para um ou para outro processo. Considerando que a mídia tem potenciais ambivalentes, a investigação assume este pressuposto: não é possível definir a priori o papel que a mídia desempenha em eventos específicos de deliberação pública, como no caso dos referendos, isto porque em seu material comparecem todos os elementos da retórica, tanto os tendentes a favorecer como aqueles que prejudicam um processo deliberativo. Mas dada sua lógica de produção e divulgação, ela revela alguns dos seus limites que a impedem de complexificar os temas da agenda pública. E a hipótese que se assume nesta tese é que as escolhas da mídia privilegiam mais os elementos da retórica que se coadunam com a lógica da evidência, que é refratária a um processo argumentativo. Por acionar em maior número os elementos que são limitadores de um processo argumentativo, é temerário apontar a mídia como fórum central para a deliberação pública. E, se o seu poder de abrangência pode ser tomado como potencialmente útil para a realização de processos deliberativos nas democracias contemporâneas, a simples disponibilidade desse dispositivo não permite chegar à conclusão açodada de que sua prática contribua efetivamente para o desenvolvimento do debate público. Pelo seu potencial, e por permitir que em seu interior também circule material identificado como uma retórica deliberativa, até pode-se ver na mídia um ator capacitado a realizar um papel complementar, mas não central, no processo mais amplo da deliberação pública. E, nessa linha de análise, não se pode descartar por completo a possibilidade de o material produzido pela mídia ser desencadeador de um processo deliberativo na sociedade ao ser apropriado ou reinterpretado de diferentes maneiras pelos diversos atores da esfera pública.
Books on the topic "Socially significant production"
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Dibazar, Pedram, and Judith Naeff, eds. Visualizing the Street. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984356.
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From user-generated images of streets to professional architectural renderings, and from digital maps and drone footages to representations of invisible digital ecologies, this collection of essays analyses the emergent practices of visualizing the street. Today, advancements in digital technologies of the image have given rise to the production and dissemination of imagery of streets and urban realities in multiple forms. The ubiquitous presence of digital visualizations has in turn created new forms of urban practice and modes of spatial encounter. Everyone who carries a smartphone not only plays an increasingly significant role in the production, editing and circulation of images of the street, but also relies on those images to experience urban worlds and to navigate in them. Such entangled forms of image-making and image-sharing have constructed new imaginaries of the street and have had a significant impact on the ways in which contemporary and future streets are understood, imagined, documented, navigated, mediated and visualized. Visualizing the Street investigates the social and cultural significance of these new developments at the intersection of visual culture and urban space. The interdisciplinary essays provide new concepts, theories and research methods that combine close analyses of street images and imaginaries with the study of the practices of their production and circulation. The book covers a wide range of visible and invisible geographies — From Hong Kong’s streets to Rio’s favelas, from Sydney’s suburbs to London’s street markets, and from Damascus’ war-torn streets to Istanbul’s sidewalks — and engages with multiple ways in which visualizations of the street function to document street protests and urban change, to build imaginaries of urban communities and alternate worlds, and to help navigate streetscapes.
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Valjakka, Minna, and Meiqin Wang, eds. Visual Arts, Representations and Interventions in Contemporary China. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982239.
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This edited volume provides a multifaceted investigation of the dynamic interrelations between visual arts and urbanization in contemporary Mainland China with a focus on unseen representations and urban interventions brought about by the transformations of the urban space and the various problems associated with it. Through a wide range of illuminating case studies, the authors demonstrate how innovative artistic and creative practices initiated by various stakeholders not only raise critical awareness on socio-political issues of Chinese urbanization but also actively reshape the urban living spaces. The formation of new collaborations, agencies, aesthetics and cultural production sites facilitate diverse forms of cultural activism as they challenge the dominant ways of interpreting social changes and encourage civic participation in the production of alternative meanings in and of the city. Their significance lies in their potential to question current values and power structures as well as to foster new subjectivities for disparate individuals and social groups.
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Marcetti, Corrado, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, and Nicola Solimano, eds. Housing Frontline. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-082-2.
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Over recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the various possible forms of poverty and housing vulnerability: from the total lack of shelter of the homeless to the risk of losing their home that now threatens numerous families in medium-low income brackets. At the same time, the traditional linear and standardised housing policies appear no longer adequate to address these phenomena. This book contains the results of a study entrusted by the Tuscan Regional Authority to a working group from the University of Florence and the Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci. The research explores the field of practices for self-production of housing in Italy and the world, through a critical selection of significant experiences, revealing the architectural and social creativity exploited in a large variety of collective actions. The book also contains a reconstruction of housing problems in Tuscany and an overview of alternative approaches to housing policy. The last section is devoted to the research-action on the occupation of the Luzzi, the abandoned sanatorium on the border between Florence and Sesto Fiorentino, a case that illustrates the most significant contradictions and dilemmas gravitating around the housing issue for the new poor: the problem of homeless immigrants; the difficulty of the authorities in managing problems of extreme housing poverty; the role of the associations and organisations of social mediation, and the inherent complexity of achieving a participatory approach to social and town planning research.
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Samalin, Zachary. The Masses are Revolting. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756467.001.0001.
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This book reconstructs a pivotal era in the history of affect and emotion, delving into an archive of nineteenth-century disgust to show how this negative emotional response came to play an outsized, volatile part in the emergence of modern British society. Attending to the emotion's socially productive role, the book highlights concrete scenes of Victorian disgust, from sewer tunnels and courtrooms to operating tables and alleyways. The book focuses on a diverse set of nineteenth-century writers and thinkers whose works reflect on the shifting, unstable meaning of disgust across the period. It elaborates this cultural history of Victorian disgust in specific domains of British society, ranging from the construction of London's sewer system, the birth of modern obscenity law, and the development of the conventions of literary realism to the emergence of urban sociology, the rise of new scientific theories of instinct, and the techniques of colonial administration developed during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. By bringing to light disgust's role as a public passion, the book reveals significant new connections among these apparently disconnected forms of social control, knowledge production, and infrastructural development.
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Plain Pottery Traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and near East: Production, Use, and Social Significance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Gurukkal, Rajan. History and Theory of Knowledge Production. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490363.001.0001.
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This book seeks to provide an introductory outline of the history and theory of knowledge production, notwithstanding the vastness of the subject. It is to try and do a history of intellectual formation or history of ideas. One can see it as a textbook of historical epistemology, which in spatio-temporal terms historicizes knowledge production and contextualizes methodological development. It addresses itself as the historical process of the social constitution of knowledge, that is, the social history of the making of knowledge. Its objective is to make researchers of knowledge knowledgeable about the significant elements that underlie the history of knowledge. These elements constitute contemporary compulsions that make, shape, and regulate knowledge. Understanding what they mean and how they work is essential to prepare researchers as self-consciously realistic about the socio-economic and cultural process of knowledge production. What forces engender knowledge, how certain forms of it acquire precedence over the rest, and why are questions examined. Who decides what knowledge means or what should be recognized as knowledge becomes important here. We confine the discussion of knowledge systems to the broad heads, namely, the non-European, specifically the Indian and the European. Examining the process of the rise of science and new science, the book ends up reviewing speculative thoughts and imagination about the dynamics of subatomic micro-universe as well as the mechanics of the galactic macro-universe.
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Plog, Stephen, Carrie C. Heitman, and Adam S. Watson. Key Dimensions of the Cultural Trajectories of Chaco Canyon. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.15.
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This chapter reviews the issues that continue to challenge understandings of the pre-colonial developments that occurred in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico during the ninth–twelfth centuries ce. It specificially focuses on questions of population, agricultural potential, the organization of production, internal social dynamics, and the nature of regional interactions. The chapter highlights major trends in Chacoan research, as space does not allow a full review of the significant interpretive models in the current literature. Instead, the chapter focuses thematically on the aforementioned issues and offers interpretations in the context of contemporary and historic research and the authors’ specific areas of specialization. The authors argue for the significant agricultural potential of the canyon, dispersed and non-coercive craft specialization driven by a ritual mode of production, a substantial residential population, distinct social differentiation based largely on religious authority, and a multi-nodal network of local and regional relationships consistent with house society models.
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Maxwell, David. Christianity. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0014.
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The chapter examines conversion to Christianity, one of the most significant social and cultural transformations in twentieth-century Africa. The focus is upon the role of Christianity in African society, with emphasis on the making of identities of class, ethnicity, gender, generation, and nation. The diversity of African Christianity is examined in terms of both the range of African societies it encountered and the spectrum of changing mission Christianities, which extend back as far as the late fifteenth century. Scholarship has been advanced through a greater sensitivity to missionary and African literary production as well as increasing use of photographic data. Growing interest in African cultural history has caused scholars to shift emphasis away from missionaries and their institutions towards an interest in what Christianity meant for ordinary adherents, including the mental transformations involved in conversion and the significance of baptism, pilgrimage, and the religious landscape.
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McClanahan, Bill. Visual Criminology. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529207446.001.0001.
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From its earliest days, criminology has been a visual discipline, and the processes of the visual remain significant in the production and configuration of harm, crime, and justice. Reflecting the foundational power of the image, contemporary criminological and social theory are increasingly engaging with the processes and products of the visual from fine art to popular digital cultures. Following a longstanding and critical theoretical interest in the politics of meaning and the ways that our understandings of the phenomena of crime and justice shape (and are shaped-by) their cultural meaning and significance, visual criminology has begun to address the ways that contemporary social conditions, crime, justice, politics, and history configure the production and meaning of the visual (and vice versa). Detailing and employing the most prominent methodological and theoretical approaches at work in visual criminology, with a focus on the ways in which visually-attentive theory can enrich and enliven critical understandings of social relations, this book traces the development of the visual as a field and object of inquiry in criminology and social science at large. It describes the key methodological tendencies of the field, and theoretically explains and explores the visual perspective in relation to material ecology and environmental harm, drugs and drug culture, prison and punishment, and police and police power. This book broadens the horizons of criminological engagement and reveals how visual criminology—as one dimension of a broader sensory agenda—can offer new and critical ways to understand and theorize crime and harm.
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Kishore, Shweta. Indian Documentary Film and Filmmakers. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433068.001.0001.
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Independent documentary is enjoying a resurgence in post-reform India. But in contemporary cinema and media cultures, where ‘independent’ operates as an industry genre or critical category, how do we understand the significance of this mode of cultural production? Based on detailed onsite observation of documentary production, circulation practices and the analysis of film texts, this book identifies independence as a 'tactical practice’, contesting the normative definitions and functions assigned to culture, cultural production and producers in a neoliberal economic system. Focusing on selected filmmakers, the book establishes how they have reorganised the dominance of industrial media, technology and social relations to develop practices that build upon principles of de-economisation, artisanship and interdependence.
Book chapters on the topic "Socially significant production"
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Kapsdorferová, Zuzana, Petronela Švikruhová, Radka Kataniková, and Veronika Zábojníková. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRIFOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION." In Socio-economic Determinants of Sustainble Consumption and Production II, 84–89. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8640-2021-9.
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In the management of agri-food companies in the Slovak Republic, significant changes have taken place in the last 4 decades, which were caused by social and economic changes in our society. After 1989, it was the transformation of agriculture into a market economy, gradually added to the pre-accession requirements for further changes in the agricultural sector. Accession to the EU meant great challenges, opportunities and risks for Slovak agriculture. However, the decline in agricultural production has not stopped, which is especially true of livestock production. Other obstacles had to be faced by farmers and food producers during the global economic and financial crisis from 2008 to 2010, and currently, in addition to environmental issues, the problems associated with the COVID 19 pandemic and food sufficiency and security are coming to the fore. In addition to addressing all external factors that affect the agri-food complex, managers must address agro-innovation issues and the penetration of new management models and approaches related to providing quality food to final consumers. The purpose of this paper is to point out key socio-economic determinants affecting production and consumption in the agri-food industry.
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Vameșu, Ancuța, Cristina Barna, and Irina Opincaru. "From public ownership back to commons." In Providing public goods and commons, 55–74. Liège: CIRIEC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.css1chap3.
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This chapter is an analysis of the forest commons in Romania (in Romanian - „obște”, „composesorat”) as social solidarity economy organisations mainly looking at how the collective production of norms in these new (re-instituted after 50 years) organisations impacts the sustainability concerns in the collective management of natural goods and production of new goods and services of interest to the community. The chapter has four parts: the first part is offering to the readers a conceptual framework of common goods in order to better understand the particular situation of Romanian natural resources (forests, pastures) as common goods and their transition from public management to commons across time; the second part is a brief history of commons in Romania covering evolutions from 1948 to 2012 and including estimates of the size of surfaces they manage; the third part studies the commons as social economy organisations using key social and economic indicators of commons as SSE organisations from the Prometeus research project in which the authors were involved; and the last part assesses the disposition of the commons for a public, community interest mission and sustainable management of forests using survey data analysis. The chapter thus provides an in-depth analysis of commons as social solidarity economy organisations in Romania and of their capacity to provide a viable framework for sustainably managing the common resources under circumstances of significant economic pressure.
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Cserti-Szauer, Csilla, Anikó Sándor, Vanda Katona, and György Könczei. "Social Innovation in Higher Education from a Disability Studies Perspective." In Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management, 273–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84044-0_13.
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AbstractDue to the traditionally highly hierarchical nature of science, close connection with praxis is not always smooth. Participatory approaches can significantly support the balancing of power and the connection of academic theory with practice. In (Critical) Disability Studies, it is particularly important that user needs are met through co-productive design, and implementation. In this chapter after providing the theoretical foundation of (Critical) Disability Studies, our experiences are summarized in research, teaching, and service development, highlighting the strengths and challenges of the participatory approach to enrich the social innovation ecosystem. Finally, the chapter points out the adaptation and many possibilities of the participatory method that might create inclusive networks and communities in higher education.
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Bologna, Emanuela, and Simona Staffieri. "Women and leisure in the Italian context." In Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience, 152–67. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0014.
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Abstract Gender is an important indicator of the processes of social change affecting contemporary society, although in the field of leisure research, it has not always received attention. To fill this gap, recent research proposes to include gender as a significant aspect in leisure paradigms. The chapter aims to analyse gender differences in the use of leisure time within the Italian context using data periodically produced by official statistics. Data, collected over time, make it possible to observe the changes occurring in the way men and women spend their leisure time. The chapter is structured according to the main dimensions of leisure, such as social relationships, sports practice, tourism, cultural participation, and satisfaction with leisure time. To observe gender differences, statistical methods (descriptive and multivariate analysis) were implemented. The results highlight the existence of strong differences in the way in which men and women spend their leisure time. Gender differences are often linked to demographic or sociocultural characteristics, such as age, level of education, or economic conditions. Results presented in the chapter could be used to frame future research aimed at solving weakness and to fill information gaps in Italian leisure gender studies.
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Migliaccio, Guido. "The Disability Marketing and the Cultural “Product”." In Handbook of Research on Management of Cultural Products, 321–46. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5007-7.ch016.
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Differences among people have to be considered as an opportunity, even in the field of economy. This would contribute to socially and professionally enhance the condition of people with disabilities. Due to an increase in life expectancy and medical advances, there are currently many people with disabilities. Disability creates significant burdens for public expenditure and for private enterprises including people with disabilities in their staff. Disability management facilitates the inclusion of people with disabilities in the production system, by considering diversity as an opportunity. There have been significant initiatives from museums and other cultural institutions, as well as publishing houses. Studies on this subject should therefore multiply in order to encourage the development of specific opportunity/cost measurement standards regarding the inclusion of disabled people in working processes and investments on products that, planned for all, favor disabled and non-disabled. In this new context, the education and culture of people with disabilities play a crucial role. In this chapter, the author focuses on the Italian experience which is assumed to be useful in broader contexts.
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Madhiwalla, Neha. "Protocols and Set-Ups." In Childbirth in South Asia, 210–40. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130718.003.0009.
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Within the larger context of commodified medical practice and compromised standards in under-resourced government services, premier government medical colleges are reputed to be the enclaves where ‘scientific medicine’ is practised. In the past decade, these have begun to admit a significant proportion of less socially privileged students. This chapter examines the contribution to the production of knowledge of obstetricians graduating from two such institutions who have returned to the ‘periphery’. These students approach medical education without the cultural resources to engage with medicine as a knowledge system. The focus is on instilling discipline and imparting skill in technique, which students imbibe as protocols, without acquiring a broader understanding of the field, an affinity for research, or an exposure to evidence-based practice. Unable to visualize their practice as a conscious engagement with their context, they define their adaptations as violations of the ‘protocolic practice’, undermining their self-assessment as practitioners of science.
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"Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment." In Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment, edited by Richard J. Beamish, Ruston M. Sweeting, and Chrys M. Neville. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874080.ch11.
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<em>Abstract</em>.-Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. catches are at historic high levels. It is significant that one of the world's major fisheries for a group of species that dominates the surface waters of the subarctic Pacific is actually very healthy. Natural trends in climate are now recognized to cause large fluctuations in Pacific salmon production, as shown in historical records of catch and recent changes probably have been affected by greenhouse gas induced climate changes. Pink salmon <em>O. gorbuscha </em>and chum salmon <em>O. keta </em>production and catch has increased in the past 30 years and may continue in a similar trend for for the next few decades. Coho salmon <em>O. kisutch </em>and Chinook salmon <em>O. tshawytscha </em>catches have been declining for several decades, particularly at the southern end of their range, and they may continue to decline. In the 1970s, hatcheries were considered to be a method of adding to the wild production of coho and Chinook salmon because the ocean capacity to produce these species was assumed to be underutilized. Large-scale changes in Pacific salmon abundances are linked to changes in large-scale atmospheric processes. These large-scale atmospheric processes are also linked to planetary energy transfers, and there is a decadal scale pattern to these relationships. Pacific salmon production in general is higher in decades of intense Aleutian lows than in periods of weak Aleutian lows. Key to understanding the impact of climate change on Pacific salmon is understanding how the Aleutian low will change. Chinook and coho salmon are minor species in the total commercial catch, but important socially and economically in North America. A wise use of hatcheries may be needed to maintain abundances of these species in future decades.
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Strang, Cameron B. "The Significance of the Frontier in American Knowledge." In Frontiers of Science, 1–21. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640471.003.0009.
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This chapter introduces the history of knowledge in the Gulf South and why it matters to American intellectual history on the whole. It also presents the book’s main argument, which is that encounters in America’s borderlands shaped the production, circulation, and application of natural knowledge within these contested regions and, more broadly, throughout the empires and nations competing for them. The expansion of European powers and the United States were the primary motors that drove these encounters. Between the 1500s and the mid-1800s, Spanish, British, French, and U.S. imperialism brought hitherto unconnected individuals, nations, and environments into intellectually productive (though often physically destructive) contact. These expansion-instigated encounters, moreover, resulted in new material, social, and political circumstances that influenced how people created and shared natural knowledge.
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Manow, Philip. "International Complementarities of National Capitalism." In Social Protection, Capitalist Production, 114–39. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842538.003.0006.
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The adjustment pattern of the German model to low growth and to the transition to the service economy proved unsustainable in the medium to long term, and ultimately led to a profound welfare state reform that in many respects broke with the quasi-corporatism of Modell Deutschland. This has been associated with the spectacular revival of the German economy, before and after the Great Recession, also because its competitive characteristics were significantly strengthened within the euro area. Yet, the success of Modell Deutschland of course also contributes to the increasing imbalances and to the divergent economic dynamics within the common currency area, which ultimately have the potential to disrupt it. The chapter explains in more detail how wage moderation remained stable in Germany even though the strategic interaction with the German Bundesbank, on which the wage-moderation arrangement for a long time had been based, was a thing of the past after the introduction of the euro. It points to functional equivalents for the disciplining effect of Germany’s accommodating social policy.
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Campbell, Robert. "News Production." In The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, Volume 3, 64–82. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424929.003.0003.
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This chapter provides an account of Alfred Harmsworth’s one-off production of the ‘Daily Timesaver’ at the start of our period – namely January 1 1901 –which responded to the intensely competitive mass market with a prototype ‘condensed’ tabloid, driven by production priorities, but laced with attempts to persuade readers that they were best served by journalism as a finely packaged consumer product. The launch of the prototype in New York, by a Briton, reminds us that there was much traffic in ideas and personnel especially between Great Britain, Ireland and the USA. Almost at the end of our period, come arguably the first significant qualitative changes in production and distribution since the start of it. Not with online journalism from the 1990s (which saw continuity in the massing of branded content in one place, albeit digital pages), but with the combination of social and mobile technologies that saw the press losing control over channels of distribution. Those channels began to dictate the form of journalism for the new environment and thus the production practices that contribute to it.
Conference papers on the topic "Socially significant production"
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Lazarevich, Anatoly Arkadjevich. "Informational and digital world in the mirror of processes of globalization." In 5th International Conference “Futurity designing. Digital reality problems”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/future-2022-5.
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The paper’s author pays his attention to two key trends of our time. There are the development of processes of globalization and the formation of the total digitalization. So we deal with the question of the correlation of these trends, their interdependence and determinism, the completeness of the content of the described concepts’ data. The post-industrial type of social development and the followed informational and digital structure have the necessary set of signs of globalization, i.e. they are social structures of a global nature. The author substantiates the thesis that post-industrial processes, as well as the processes of informatization, information and digital technologies and various types of social communications built on their basis are causal determinants of globalization, while globalization itself belongs to the category of investigative phenomena that can affect the content of the factors which have caused it. The author emphasizes the fact that in socio-practical context the processes of countering globalization have specific forms of political, economic and socio-cultural measures. But a worthy and effective counteraction to globalization can be carried out by implementing at least two factors: firstly, the production of material and spiritual socially significant goods on an innovative basis, and, secondly, the creation of technologies of their extrapolation beyond a certain local national space. The peculiarity of contemporary processes of social dynamics lies in the active confrontation of universal and local factors in culture. The global communication space of modern culture is determined by many things. Among these things is scientific and technological progress or the universal nature of scientific creativity and its results including the latest computer and information and digital technologies. The intensive development and at the same time the weak manageability of global informational processes determines the desire of the international community to coordinate them. That’s why the connection of value-semantic and institutional, structural-technological principles of management of global processes is actualized.
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Artemenko, T. V. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPANY'S FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE." In New forms of production and entrepreneurship in the coordinates of neo-industrial development of the economy. PD of KSUEL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0731-8-2020-081-090.
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The article considers various options for determining the significance of the foreign economic activity of an enterprise, including the implementation of the main functions or development strategies of an enterprise, depending on the motives of foreign economic activity. Six levels of manifestation of the effect of the foreign economic activity of a single enterprise are identified: the level of the enterprise, regional, sectoral, national, supranational levels, the level of the world economy. Briefly characterized are the areas of manifestation of the effect of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise, such as budget, production, investment, social, other. The nature of the manifestation of the effect (direct, indirect) and its orientation (positive, negative) are indicated.
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Islam, Mazharul, M. Ruhul Amin, and A. K. M. Sadrul Islam. "Renewable Energy Powered Rural Community Development Centres in the Developing Countries." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88085.
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People in the developing countries who lack basic services and economic opportunities are primarily concerned with improving their living conditions. At present, unemployment problem in the rural areas of the developing countries are diversifying the moral values and social responsibilities of unemployed youth. To solve the problem, rural development centres (involving vocational training, IT services and other productive activities) can contribute significantly for the upliftment of these rural youths and can transform them into grass-root entrepreneurs. One critical factor hindering the establishment of such rural development centers is access to affordable and reliable energy services. Under this backdrop, environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in providing much needed energy in the unserved or underserved rural development centers in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. The paper demonstrates that energy deficient, economically backward communities in the off-grid areas of the developing countries, can be given an array of opportunities for income generation and social progress through rural development centers with the aid of renewable energy sources (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and micro-hydro), thereby improving their standard of living. Poverty alleviation in rural areas can be accomplished and the critical role of access to adequate level of energy services, Information Technology (IT) and modern communication facilities in it demonstrated. Furthermore, the production, implementation, operation and maintenance of renewable energy applications being labor-intensive, will also result in job growth in the village context, preventing migration of labor force, especially of young men, from rural areas to overcrowded industrial areas. An appropriately designed renewable energy systems can also have a significant role in reducing the impact of climate change through non production of green house gases.
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Yilan, Gulsah, Arif Ozcan, and Tanju Caglar. "Sustainable cardboard label production." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p14.
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Recently, all industrial sectors have shown significantly increasing attention in reaching the sustainability goals regarding economic, environmental, social, and also technological aspects not only at the regional level but also nationwide and even global scale. Aside from being an economically popular concept, sustainability is strictly related to effective resource use and efficient waste disposal. Thus, it functions as a complementary issue to be considered in various production activities. The sustainable production approach includes reducing or (if possible) eliminating the negative impacts on the human health and environment, reducing the waste generated, increasing the recycling rate, and developing energy and material saving processes. The printing industry is one of the most important industries in reaching sustainable production goals. The need for the printed products, which is the focus of this study, is increasing in parallel with the changing consumer expectations and technological developments. However, from the point of the printing industry view, a solid sustainability consensus is not settled among the practitioners, yet. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability of the cardboard label production considering several combinations of raw materials such as paper, ink, and surface coating additives via appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. The most frequently used paper and ink types are considered with three alternatives for each. To indicate the sustainability scores economic, environmental, and social evaluation criteria are selected. By applying the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), the sustainability score of each label is calculated to determine the optimum alternative in terms of the production process and also the material used. This evaluation provides detailed information to the producer and also to the consumer about the alternative production routes to use less energy and raw material, and also to decrease the environmental impacts while sustaining the economic feasibility. Besides, alternative solutions are offered to reach sustainability goals by considering the economic and environmental life cycle impacts of these materials. Hence, an increase in awareness about the printing industry and service channels is expected. Moreover, this study is also important in presenting the applicability of sustainability assessments in the printing industry.
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Hadi, F. "Significance Impact of State and Local Government Engagements in Overcoming Spill Cases due to Illegal Tapping." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-o-315.
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PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (PT CPI) operates the Rokan block with 13,000 km pipeline length in Riau province. Oil theft attempts through illegal tapping is one of the challenges in operating Rokan block. PT CPI experienced 16 spill cases with a volume of 1,085.98 barrels in 2018-2019 as reported to The Government of Indonesia. The investigation using why tree method is conducted to identify the system level root causes described through tree branches. Five investigations in 2018-2019 reveal the repetitive root cause pattern. Significant root causes related to spill due to illegal tapping are key stakeholders’ engagement, surveillance resources, surveillance method and emergency response. Recommendations developed to these root causes create a comprehensive strategy to overcome spill due to illegal tapping. Comprehensive strategy by conducting continuous engagements to state government and local government, increasing personnel for surveillance resources, improving surveillance method and implementing thorough response has created significant impacts. Decreasing number of spill case in 2020 affects the revenue performance on financial aspect. Hiring local community for additional surveillance resources creates positive social impact for operation of PT CPI. Improved surveillance program shows sustained oil flow supporting the operation. Environmental impacts could be reduced by deploying response team immediately, recovering and cleaning the site according to regulation related to hazardous waste. Comprehensive strategy from PT CPI can be adopted by other Production Sharing Company (PSC) operators to maintain sustainability to deliver optimum production to meet the national target.
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Baksa, Máté. "A Relational Foundation of Knowledge Production: Advice-Seeking in Knowledge-Based Organizations." In New Horizons in Business and Management Studies. Conference Proceedings. Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/978-963-503-867-1_07.
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In the past decade, the revolutionary advancement of technology brought the attention of academics and management practitioners to the innovative capability of organizations. Companies in knowledgeintensive industries increasingly focus on their ability of self-renewal and adaptation. Concurrently, organizational processes that support the amassment, management, sharing, and employment of knowledge have grown in importance. Organizational social network analysis provides the apparatus to explore knowledge networks in organizations by identifying relationships through which knowledge and information flow. Advice-seeking relationships have an essential role in knowledge production as they enable actors to acquire information, professional support, and knowledge elements they can recombine to form new knowledge. Advice-seeking always assumes trust between actors: by asking for help, one necessarily exposes their weakness to the other. What other relational conditions might there be of advice-seeking in organizational knowledge networks? What are the prerequisites for asking for help? In this paper, I examine the case of two knowledge-based organizations, both located in Hungary: (1) a business services center (390 employees) that offers professional services to B2B partners and (2) a higher education institution (583 employees). I analyzed data collected by a Budapest-based management consultancy that specializes in organizational social network research. I found that most independent variables were significant in the regression models. However, there was a notable difference between each variable’s relative explanatory power in the two cases. While process- and decisionrelated relationships seemed essential in the business services center, informal communication and interpersonal trust were more critical for advice-seeking relationships to form in the higher education institution.
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Trost, Marco, Thorsten Claus, and Frank Herrmann. "Employment Of Temporary Workers And Use Of Overtime To Achieve Volume Flexibility Using Master Production Scheduling: Monetary And Social Implications." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0213.
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Flexibility and in particular volume flexibility is an important topic for industrial manufacturing companies. In this context, the harmonization of the available and required capacity is a central task, especially with increasing fluctuations in customer demand. In classical approaches, this is considered only by the use of additional capacities and there are only a few approaches that combine aspects of personnel planning with production planning. Therefore, this article presents a linear optimization model for master production scheduling that includes aspects of personnel requirements planning. It is used to investigate different strategies for the use of overtime and temporary workers in order to achieve different levels of volume flexibility. With regard to the monetary and social impacts, the results indicate that overtime has a stronger influence to achieve volume flexibility than the use of temporary workers. However, both are affected by substantial deficits in human working conditions. But the results also imply a promising potential for improving the social aspects without a significant increase in costs.
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Alexeyev, A., Z. Zharylkassyn, and Y. Otarov. "CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL RISK IN CHRYSOTILE INDUSTRY." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-16-20.
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Abstract: The study was carried out in the areas of studying the criteria of the social efficiency of occupational risk management by: assessing the general and occupational morbidity of workers, researching the quality of life, analyzing the social and hygienic factors of health and assessing the social protection of workers. It was found that the highest incidence rates were found in a group of workers with up to 9 years of experience, which amounted to 42.3 cases, 537.8 days of disability. When managing occupational risk in production for a five-year period, a tendency was determined to reduce the incidence of workers in sick persons by 6.1%, in cases by 4%, in days by 8.2% per 100 year-round workers. When assessing the quality of life of workers, it was found that the values of indicators on the scale "Vital activity" among employees significantly increase with increasing experience, and according to the scale "Mental health" of the psychological component of the quality of life, workers with experience of 0-9 years have significantly higher values compared to the rest of the senior groups. In the study of the criteria of social and hygienic factors of health and social protection of workers, a tendency was established to reduce the subjective assessment of their health by workers with an increase in age and work experience. So social efficiency in terms of subjective assessment of their health workers increased in all seniority and age groups. The greatest growth in the subjective assessment of their health was found among workers aged 30-39 - by 8% (0.4 points on the scale). Thus, the social effect of occupational risk management at chrysotile production is determined in a decrease in the incidence of sickness with temporary disability of employees and in an increase in the criteria for subjective assessments of their health by employees of the enterprise.
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Wang, Steve Hsueh-Ming, Shu-Ping Chang, and Jing Shi. "Determination of Sustainable Design-Centered Factors for Manufacturing Bioprinting Material of Polylactic Acid." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9384.
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Sustainable design-centered manufacturing (SDM) is a competitive advantage for new product development. In this research, we determine the SDM factors for Polylactic Acid (PLA) production from cradle to gate. PLA is a mainstream material for bioprinting. We utilize a holistic method to determine the most sensitive and significant sustainability factors among economic, environmental, and social pillars, by adopting ISO 14040 and 14044 frameworks, life cycle cost analysis, and regression analysis methods. The results show that three major sustainability impact factors are profit, water consumption, and health and wellness effects, and the corresponding strategies are proposed. As a result, SDM can help increase profitability, create positive social impacts, reduce waste of resources, and utilize resources with efficiency.
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Tashevska, Biljana, Marija Trpkova – Nestorovska, and Suzana Makreshanska – Mladenovska. "IS THERE A DOMINANCE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION?" In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0003.
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European welfare states, with their comprehensive and generous welfare model, create the largest part of general government expenditures in the European Union member countries. Given the rising trend of social expenditure and the long-run challenges coming from population ageing, this paper addresses the issue of social dominance, a situation in which, particularly when facing limited fiscal space, social expenditure could crowd-out other productive public expenditures, thus undermining growth potentials and possibly threatening fiscal sustainability. Using a panel regression analysis, the aim of the paper is to test whether social protection expenditure has crowded-out expenditures on other purposes in the European Union in the period 1995-2018. The results provide some evidence of crowding-out of infrastructure spending and education spending. Additionally, deficit financing and rising government debt have a significant adverse effect on spending on infrastructure, education and core public services, confirming that they are more prone to cutbacks in times of deteriorating public finance. These findings, along with the long-run fiscal pressure from the ‘greying population’ and the high political costs of welfare reforms suggest significant future risks of social dominance.
Reports on the topic "Socially significant production"
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Loukos, Panos, and Leslie Arathoon. Landscaping the Agritech Ecosystem for Smallholder Farmers in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by Alejandro Escobar and Sergio Navajas. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003027.
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Agriculture is an important source of employment in Latin America and the Caribbean. In rural areas, some 54.6 per cent of the labour force is engaged in agricultural production. Although much of the region shares the same language and cultural heritage, the structure and scale of the agriculture sector varies significantly from country to country. Based on the review of 131 digital agriculture tools, this report, prepared by GSMA and IDB Lab, provides a market mapping and landscape analysis of the most prominent cases of digital disruption. It highlights some of the major trends observed in five digital agriculture use cases, identifies opportunities for digital interventions and concludes with recommendations for future engagement that could deliver long-term, sustainable economic and social benefits for smallholder farmers.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.
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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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Niles, John S., and J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.
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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.
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Social, Psychological and Health Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on the Elderly: South African and Italian Perspectives. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0069.
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The Panel discussion titled “The Presidential Employment Stimulus: Research Opportunities”, was hosted on 10 December 2020 by the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) at the Science Forum South Africa (SFSA) 2020. The Presidential Employment Stimulus was launched in parliament on 15 October as part of government’s Economic Recovery Strategy. It directly funds 800,000 employment opportunities that are being implemented within the current financial year, but it is anticipated that it will also become a medium-term programme. The stimulus includes public employment programmes, job retention programmes and direct support to livelihoods. The single largest programme is run by the Department of Basic Education, which, in the last fortnight, recruited 300,000 young people as school assistants, to assist schools to deal with the setbacks faced as a result of the pandemic. The stimulus supports employment in the environmental sector and over 75,000 subsistence producers are receiving production grants through an input voucher scheme. There is a once-off grant to assist over 100,000 registered and unregistered Early Childhood Development Practitioners back on their feet, as well as a significant stimulus to the creative sector. The session set out to provide an introduction to the Presidential Employment Stimulus Programme (PESP), a key programme within government’s economic recovery plan led by Dr Kate Philip. The key objective was to get input from the research community on how the work that they are already doing and future work could contribute to the M&E efforts and be augmented in such a way that the PESP could become a medium-term programme. The DSI plans to hold further engagements in 2021 to mobilise the wider research community to provide evidence-based research in order to shape the research agenda that would support the M&E work and identify short-term issues that need to be factored into the department’s work plans, under the guidance of Dr Philip.
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Gender mainstreaming in local potato seed system in Georgia. International Potato Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4160/9789290605645.
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This report presents the study findings associated with the project “Enhancing Rural Livelihoods in Georgia: Introducing Integrated Seed Health Approaches to Local Potato Seed Systems” in Georgia. It also incorporates information from the results of gender training conducted within the framework of the USAID Potato Program in Georgia. The study had three major aims: 1) to understand the gender-related opportunities and constraints impacting the participation of men and women in potato seed systems in Georgia; 2) to test the multistakeholder framework for intervening in root, tuber, and banana (RTB) seed systems as a means to understand the systems themselves and the possibilities of improving gender-related interventions in the potato seed system; and 3) to develop farmers’ leadership skills to facilitate women’s active involvement in project activities. Results of the project assessment identified certain constraints on gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system: a low level of female participation in decision-making processes, women’s limited access to finances that would enable their greater involvement in larger scale potato farming, and a low awareness of potato seed systems and of possible female involvement in associated activities. Significantly, the perception of gender roles and stereotypes differs from region to region in Georgia; this difference is quite pronounced in the target municipalities of Kazbegi, Marneuli, and Akhalkalaki, with the last two having populations of ethnic minorities (Azeri and Armenian, respectively). For example, in Marneuli, although women are actively involved in potato production, they are not considered farmers but mainly as assistants to farmers, who are men. This type of diversity (or lack thereof) results in a different understanding of gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system as well. Based on the training results obtained in three target regions—Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, and Marneuli—it is evident that women are keen on learning new technologies and on acquiring updated agricultural information, including on potato production. It is also clear that women spend as much time as men do on farming activities such as potato production, particularly in weeding and harvesting. However, women are heavily burdened with domestic work, and they are not major decision-makers with regard to potato variety selection, agricultural investments, and product sales, nor with the inclusion of participants in any training provided. Involving women in project activities will lead to greater efficiency in the potato production environment, as women’s increased knowledge will certainly contribute to an improved production process, and their new ideas will help to improve existing production systems, through which women could also gain confidence and power. As a general recommendation, it is extremely important to develop equitable seed systems that take into consideration, among other factors, social context and the cultural aspects of local communities. Thus, understanding male and female farmers’ knowledge may promote the development of seed systems that are sustainable and responsive to farmers’ needs and capacities.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4.-2020.
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Recent data suggest that the technical staff’s appraisals of the condition and development of economic activity, inflation and the labor market have been in line with current trends, marked by a decline in demand and the persistence of ample excess productive capacity. A significant projected fall in output materialized in the second quarter, contributing to a decline in inflation below the 3% target and reflected in a significant deterioration of the labor market. A slow recovery in output and employment is expected to continue for the remainder of 2020 and into next year, alongside growing inflation that should remain below the target. The Colombian economy is likely to undergo a significant recession in 2020 (GDP contraction of 7.6%), though this may be less severe than projected in the previous report (-8.5%). Output is expected to have begun a slow recovery in the second half of this year, though it is not projected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2021 amid significant global uncertainty. The output decline in the first half of 2020 was less severe than anticipated, thanks to an upward revision in first-quarter GDP and a smaller contraction in the second quarter (-15.5%) than had been projected (-16.5%). Available economic indicators suggest an annual decline in GDP in the third quarter of around 9%. No significant acceleration of COVID-19 cases that would imply a tightening of social distancing measures is presumed for the remainder of this year or in 2021. In that context, a gradual opening of the economy would be expected to continue, with supply in sectors that have been most affected by the pandemic recovering slowly as restrictions on economic activity continue to be relaxed. On the spending side, an improvement in consumer confidence, suppressed demand for goods and services, low interest rates, and higher expected levels of foreign demand should contribute to a recovery in output. A low base of comparison would also help explain the expected increase in GDP in 2021. Based on the conditions laid out above, economic growth in 2020 is expected to be between -9% and -6.5%, with a central value of -7.6%. Growth in 2021 is projected to be between 3% and 7%, with a central value of 4.6% (Graph 1.1). Upward revisions compared to the July report take into account a lower-than-expected fall in first-semester growth and a somewhat faster recovery in the third quarter in some sectors. The forecast intervals for 2020 and 2021 growth tightened somewhat but continue to reflect a high degree of uncertainty over theevolution of the pandemic, the easures required to deal with it, and their effects on global and domestic economic activity.
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.