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Szpak, Ancret, Tobias Loetscher, Owen Churches, Nicole A. Thomas, Charles J. Spence, and Michael E. R. Nicholls. "Keeping your distance: attentional withdrawal in individuals who show physiological signs of social discomfort." Neuropsychologia 70 (April 2015): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.008.
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Ortega-Díaz, Esther, Jonatan García-Campos, José María Rico-Gomis, Carlos Cuesta-Moreno, Antonio Palazón-Bru, Gabriel Estañ-Cerezo, José Antonio Piqueras-Rodríguez, and Jesús Rodríguez-Marín. "Social cognition and social functioning in people with borderline personality disorder and their first-degree relatives." PeerJ 8 (October 30, 2020): e10212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10212.
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Background A few papers studying healthy, first-degree relatives of people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have found that this group presents attention and memory problems. However, current research has not analyzed their social cognition. Materials and Methods We designed an age-, gender- and education-level matched case-control study involving 57 people with BPD, 32 of their first-degree relatives, and 57 healthy controls in Spain in 2018–2019. All were assessed for social cognition and functioning using the Movie for Assessment of Social Cognition and the Social Functioning Scale; other potential confounders were also collected (marital status, occupation and household variables). Results There were differences in the social cognition domain of overmentalizing errors, with the BPD group scoring significantly higher than controls; however, there was no significant difference with relatives; in the social functioning domain of family relationships, with the controls showing the highest scores. Social engagement/withdrawal, interpersonal behavior, independence-competence, prosocial activities, full scale and categorization domains showed the same pattern: the BPD group had lower scores than their relatives and the controls. Relatives were significantly different from BPD patients in family relationships, social engagement/withdrawal and interpersonal behavior, as well as on the full Social Functioning Scale (both as a linear and categorical variable). However, only controls showed differences with relatives in family relationships. Conclusions All in all, relatives show similar levels of social cognition and functioning compared with controls, and people with BPD show some alterations in different domains of both social cognition and functioning.
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Kato, T. "Hikikomori and modern-type depression in Japan." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.835.
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Maladaptive social interaction and its related-psychopathology have been highlighted in psychiatry especially among younger generations. “Hikikomori” defined as a syndrome with six months or longer of severe social withdrawal was initially reported in Japan, and the prevalence rate has been reported as 1.2% in Japanese population. The majority of hikikomori patients are adolescents and young adults who become recluses in their parents’ homes for months or years. They withdraw from contact with family, rarely have friends, and do not attend school or hold a job. An international vignette-used questionnaire survey indicates the spread of hikikomori in many other countries (Kato et al. Lancet, 2011; Kato et al. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2012). In addition, our international clinical studies have revealed the prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan (Teo et al., 2015). On the other hand, a novel form of maladaptive psychopathology, called modern-type depression has emerged in Japan (Kato et al. J Affect Disord, 2011; Kato et al. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2016).In this presentation, I will introduce “Hikikomori” and “modern-type depression” in Japan, and also propose novel diagnostic/therapeutic approach against them.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Mandali, Alekhya, Claire Gillan, and Valerie Voon. "27 The coexistence of social withdrawal and impulsivity: a trans-diagnostic approach." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): e19.1-e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.44.
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IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder or phobia (SAD) is a debilitating condition, where an individual experiences overwhelming fear to situations involving social interactions. Prototypically, SAD presents as shy, submissive, inhibited, and risk- aversive behaviours. Contrastingly, an atypical sub-group show impulsive, aggressive, novelty-seeking behaviours along with severe substance abuse problems. In scenarios, where there is co-existence of polar opposite symptoms, trans-diagnostic approaches extrapolate the characteristics of a disorder as a continuum rather than a categorical one. Data-driven computational models such as drift diffusion model utilize behavioural measures and extract potential markers that reflect the activity of specific brain networks. Here, we aim to analyse and correlate the psychological traits with computational estimates of behaviour during risk-taking and value based decision making.MethodsWe used the data from 1400 participants who completed the 2 stage sequential learning task. We focused on the second stage of the task, where the reward probabilities of the choices are stochastic. The computational measures were estimated for two scenarios i.e. when the participants made 1) accurate choices and 2) risky choices (the choice with maximum variance in reward probability was labelled as risky). This computation was performed for all the trials across all the participants. We then used choice–(risky vs non-risky or correct vs incorrect) and response time as inputs to the hierarchical drift diffusion model to extract threshold (a), drift rate (v) and response bias (z) parameters. The computational parameters were then correlated with the 3 psychological factors that span the compulsive, anxiety- depression and the social withdrawal spectrum.ResultsThe computational parameters from both accuracy and risk taking scenarios of the sequential learning task were correlated with the 3 factors. While controlling for IQ and age, we found a generalized correlation which is significant between the threshold parameter(‘a’) and social withdrawal, with the former estimate being negatively correlated (Accuracy: |r| = -0.078, p=0.003; Risk: |r| = -0.075, p=0.005) with the latter. This relation was not observed with regard to anxiety-depression and compulsive traits.ConclusionsWe show that individuals with higher social withdrawal levels are impulsive as they accumulate less evidence while making a choice. This behaviour holds irrespective of the choice being chosen is an optimal or a risky one. Critically, we show how a trans-diagnostic approach of integrating computational model and psychological questionnaires can reveal the existence of psychological traits as a continuum.
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Bustamante Loyola, Jorge, Marcela Perez Retamal, Monica Isabel Morgues Nudman, Andres Maturana, Ricardo Salinas Gonzalez, Horacio Cox, José Miguel González Mas, et al. "Interactive Guidance Intervention to Address Sustained Social Withdrawal in Preterm Infants in Chile: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): e17943. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17943.
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Background Preterm newborns can be exposed early to significant perinatal stress, and this stress can increase the risk of altered socioemotional development. Sustained social withdrawal in infants is an early indicator of emotional distress which is expressed by low reactivity to the environment, and if persistent, is frequently associated with altered psychological development. Infants born prematurely have a higher probability of developing sustained social withdrawal (adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.04-3.26) than infants born full term, and there is a correlation between weight at birth and sustained social withdrawal at 12 months of age. Objective The aims of this study are to compare the effect of the interactive guidance intervention to that of routine pediatric care on sustained social withdrawal in infants born moderately or late preterm and to explore the relationship between sustained social withdrawal in these infants and factors such as neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization variables, parental depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Methods This study is designed as a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Moderate and late preterm newborns and their parents were recruited and randomized (1:1 allocation ratio) to control and experimental groups. During neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization, daily duration of skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and parental visits were recorded. Also, a daily score for neonatal pain and painful invasive procedures were recorded. After discharge from neonatal intensive care, for the duration of the study, both groups will attend follow-up consultations with neonatologists at 2, 6, and 12 months of age (corrected for gestational age) and will receive routine pediatric care. Every consultation will be recorded and assessed with the Alarm Distress Baby Scale to detect sustained social withdrawal (indicated by a score of 5 or higher). The neonatologists will perform an interactive guidance intervention if an infant in the intervention group exhibits sustained social withdrawal. In each follow-up consultation, parents will fill out the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the modified Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire, and the Impact of Event Scale–revised. Results Recruitment for this trial started in September 2017. As of May 2020, we have completed enrollment (N=110 infants born moderately or late preterm). We aim to publish the results by mid-2021. Conclusions This is the first randomized controlled trial with a sample of infants born moderately or late preterm infants who will attend pediatric follow-up consultations during their first year (corrected for gestational age at birth) with neonatologists trained in the Alarm Distress Baby Scale and who will receive this interactive guidance intervention. If successful, this early intervention will show significant potential to be implemented in both public and private health care, given its low cost of training staff and that the intervention takes place during routine pediatric follow-up. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03212547; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03212547. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17943
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Bell, James, Rob van der Waal, and John Strang. "Supervised Injectable Heroin: A Clinical Perspective." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 7 (October 6, 2016): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743716673966.
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Background: Six recent randomised control trials (RCTs) have suggested that supervised injectable heroin (SIH) can be effective in patients who persist in street heroin use during methadone treatment. However, short-term randomised control trials have limitations in assessing the effectiveness of treatments for addictive disorders, which are chronic and relapsing disorders of motivation. These RCTs particularly fail to capture the process of the SIH treatment and the diversity of influence and change over time. Method: This narrative review is based on the analysis of published data. Conclusions are drawn from a process of reflection informed by experience in delivering one of the published trials, subsequent experiences in varying the way SIH is delivered, and through consideration of possible mechanisms of action of SIH. Observations: Many long-term, socially marginalised and demoralised people who are addicted to heroin experience few rewards from the stability afforded by methadone treatment. Supervised injected heroin is sufficiently reinforcing for many of these individuals to attend daily and participate in highly structured treatment. With an adequate daily dose of supervised methadone to avoid withdrawal dysphoria, occasional diamorphine injections—not necessarily twice daily, or even every day—is enough to hold people in treatment. Participation was associated with reduced amounts of non-prescribed drug use, a gradual change in self-image and attitude, and for some subjects, a movement towards social reintegration and eventual withdrawal from SIH. Conclusions: Prescribed heroin is sufficiently motivating to hold a proportion of recidivist addicts in long-term treatment. Participation in structured treatment provides respite from compulsive drug use, and a proportion of subjects develop sufficient rewards from social reintegration to successfully withdraw from treatment. Such change, when it occurs, is slow and stuttering.
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Minaei, Mohsen, Mainack Mondal, Patrick Loiseau, Krishna Gummadi, and Aniket Kate. "Lethe: Conceal Content Deletion from Persistent Observers." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2019, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 206–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2019-0012.
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Abstract Most social platforms offer mechanisms allowing users to delete their posts, and a significant fraction of users exercise this right to be forgotten. However, ironically, users’ attempt to reduce attention to sensitive posts via deletion, in practice, attracts unwanted attention from stalkers specifically to those (deleted) posts. Thus, deletions may leave users more vulnerable to attacks on their privacy in general. Users hoping to make their posts forgotten face a “damned if I do, damned if I don’t” dilemma. Many are shifting towards ephemeral social platform like Snapchat, which will deprive us of important user-data archival. In the form of intermittent withdrawals, we present, Lethe, a novel solution to this problem of (really) forgetting the forgotten. If the next-generation social platforms are willing to give up the uninterrupted availability of non-deleted posts by a very small fraction, Lethe provides privacy to the deleted posts over long durations. In presence of Lethe, an adversarial observer becomes unsure if some posts are permanently deleted or just temporarily withdrawn by Lethe; at the same time, the adversarial observer is overwhelmed by a large number of falsely flagged undeleted posts. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of Lethe, we analyze large-scale real data about users’ deletion over Twitter and thoroughly investigate how to choose time duration distributions for alternating between temporary withdrawals and resurrections of non-deleted posts. We find a favorable trade-off between privacy, availability and adversarial overhead in different settings for users exercising their right to delete. We show that, even against an ultimate adversary with an uninterrupted access to the entire platform, Lethe offers deletion privacy for up to 3 months from the time of deletion, while maintaining content availability as high as 95% and keeping the adversarial precision to 20%.
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Brancato, Anna, Valentina Castelli, Gianluca Lavanco, Giuseppe Tringali, Vincenzo Micale, Martin Kuchar, Cesare D’Amico, Giuseppe Pizzolanti, Salvatore Feo, and Carla Cannizzaro. "Binge-like Alcohol Exposure in Adolescence: Behavioural, Neuroendocrine and Molecular Evidence of Abnormal Neuroplasticity… and Return." Biomedicines 9, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091161.
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Binge alcohol consumption among adolescents affects the developing neural networks underpinning reward and stress processing in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This study explores in rats the long-lasting effects of early intermittent exposure to intoxicating alcohol levels at adolescence, on: (1) the response to natural positive stimuli and inescapable stress; (2) stress-axis functionality; and (3) dopaminergic and glutamatergic neuroadaptation in the NAc. We also assess the potential effects of the non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid cannabidiol, to counteract (or reverse) the development of detrimental consequences of binge-like alcohol exposure. Our results show that adolescent binge-like alcohol exposure alters the sensitivity to positive stimuli, exerts social and novelty-triggered anxiety-like behaviour, and passive stress-coping during early and prolonged withdrawal. In addition, serum corticosterone and hypothalamic and NAc corticotropin-releasing hormone levels progressively increase during withdrawal. Besides, NAc tyrosine hydroxylase levels increase at late withdrawal, while the expression of dopamine transporter, D1 and D2 receptors is dynamically altered during binge and withdrawal. Furthermore, the expression of markers of excitatory postsynaptic signaling—PSD95; Homer-1 and -2 and the activity-regulated spine-morphing proteins Arc, LIM Kinase 1 and FOXP1—increase at late withdrawal. Notably, subchronic cannabidiol, during withdrawal, attenuates social- and novelty-induced aversion and passive stress-coping and rectifies the hyper-responsive stress axis and NAc dopamine and glutamate-related neuroplasticity. Overall, the exposure to binge-like alcohol levels in adolescent rats makes the NAc, during withdrawal, a locus minoris resistentiae as a result of perturbations in neuroplasticity and in stress-axis homeostasis. Cannabidiol holds a promising potential for increasing behavioural, neuroendocrine and molecular resilience against binge-like alcohol harmful effects.
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Long, Leonora E., Rose Chesworth, Xu-Feng Huang, Iain S. McGregor, Jonathon C. Arnold, and Tim Karl. "Transmembrane domain Nrg1 mutant mice show altered susceptibility to the neurobehavioural actions of repeated THC exposure in adolescence." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145711001854.
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Abstract Heavy cannabis abuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Adolescents appear particularly vulnerable to the development of psychosis-like symptoms after cannabis use. To test whether the schizophrenia candidate gene neuregulin 1 (NRG1) modulates the effects of cannabinoids in adolescence, we tested male adolescent heterozygous transmembrane domain Nrg1 mutant (Nrg1 TM HET) mice and wild type-like littermates (WT) for their neurobehavioural response to repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 10 mg/kg i.p. for 21 d starting on post-natal day 31). During treatment and 48 h after treatment withdrawal, we assessed several behavioural parameters relevant to schizophrenia. After behavioural testing we measured autoradiographic CB1, 5-HT2A and NMDA receptor binding. The hyperlocomotor phenotype typical of Nrg1 mutants emerged after drug withdrawal and was more pronounced in vehicle than THC-treated Nrg1 TM HET mice. All mice were equally sensitive to THC-induced suppression of locomotion. However, mutant mice appeared protected against inhibiting effects of repeated THC on investigative social behaviours. Neither THC nor Nrg1 genotype altered prepulse inhibition. Repeated adolescent THC promoted differential effects on CB1 and 5-HT2A receptor binding in the substantia nigra and insular cortex respectively, decreasing binding in WT while increasing it in Nrg1 TM HET mice. THC also selectively affected 5-HT2A receptor binding in several other regions in WT mice, whereas NMDA receptor binding was only affected in mutant mice. Overall, Nrg1 mutation does not appear to increase the induction of psychotomimetic symptoms by repeated adolescent THC exposure but may attenuate some of its actions on social behaviour and schizophrenia-relevant neurotransmitter receptor profiles.
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Klein, Ruiz, Morales, and Stanley. "Variations in Parent and Teacher Ratings of Internalizing, Externalizing, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Selective Mutism." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214070.
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Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder that impacts communication. Children with SM present concerns to parents and teachers as they consistently do not speak in situations where there is an expectation to speak, such as at school, but speak in other settings where they feel more comfortable, such as at home. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of children with SM on behavioral rating scales and language measures. Forty-two children (22 boys and 20 girls, ranging from 2.4 to 13.8 years, with a mean age of 7.1 years) took part in this study. Parents and teachers completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-3) measuring internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, adaptive skills, and behavioral symptoms. Frequency of speaking and language abilities were also measured. Parents and teachers both identified withdrawal as the most prominent feature of SM but parents saw children as significantly more withdrawn than did their teachers. Both rated children similarly at-risk on scales of functional communication and social skills. Higher adaptive skills (including functional communication and social skills) were positively correlated with vocabulary, narrative language, and auditory serial memory according to teachers. Parent and teacher rating scales provide valuable information for diagnosis and progress monitoring. Children with SM can benefit from mental health practitioners who can identify and enhance their emotional well-being.
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Puzakova, Marina, and Hyokjin Kwak. "Should Anthropomorphized Brands Engage Customers? The Impact of Social Crowding on Brand Preferences." Journal of Marketing 81, no. 6 (November 2017): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.16.0211.
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Anthropomorphizing a brand (i.e., imbuing a brand with humanlike features) serves as an important brand positioning strategy for marketing managers. This research identifies a key brand anthropomorphization strategy—positioning a brand as either oriented to interact with consumers or not. Managers generally rely on this brand interaction strategy to enhance consumer brand engagement regardless of the social context. However, given that consumers often experience brands in a social context, this research demonstrates that social crowdedness moderates the positive impact of interaction-oriented anthropomorphized brands on consumer brand preferences. Specifically, the authors show that consumers’ inferences of an anthropomorphized brand's intentionality to interact with them in a socially crowded context trigger greater social withdrawal, thereby resulting in lower preferences for the brand. The authors further demonstrate that the core negative effect of social crowdedness is contingent on the type of crowding (goal-related vs. goal-unrelated). In particular, a goal-related crowding decreases social withdrawal reactions, which, in turn, leads to greater preferences for interaction-oriented anthropomorphized brands relative to brands with other positioning strategies. In contrast, the effect of social crowdedness on consumer preferences for interaction-oriented anthropomorphized brands remains negative in goal-unrelated crowded settings.
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Borrelli, Lisa Marie, Stefanie Kurt, Christin Achermann, and Luca Pfirter. "(Un)Conditional Welfare? Tensions Between Welfare Rights and Migration Control in Swiss Case Law." Swiss Journal of Sociology 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2021-0008.
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Abstract This analysis of Swiss Federal Supreme Court judgements shows the coupling of welfare and migration control. Foreign nationals depending on social assistance might face the withdrawal of their residence permits. We show how the conveyed legal logics create conditionality of rights and a differentiation of (non-)citizens. The judgements individualise social assistance dependence and follow a neoliberal logic of economic participation. They establish rationalities which reinforce politics of belonging and welfare chauvinism.
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Almudi, Isabel, and Julio Sánchez Chóliz. "Influencia social y sostenibilidad en el uso de recursos renovables." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 6, no. 11 (October 18, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2006.11.02.
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In this paper we present a model in which we show that if the withdrawal activities referring to a renewable resource are abusive, they generate a social reaction of some kind that changes the social preferences. This change is taken into account by the social planner in deciding the optimal allocation between consumption and stock of the resource. Given these new conditions we ask how the stock of the resource in the steady state changes and what can be deduced about the chance of overuse of the resource. At the same time we compare these results to the ones obtained with traditional models which did not take social reactions into account. The conclusions obtained show that with these new conditions the stock of the steady state increases and the economy behavior becomes more conservative, diminishing the chance of overuse of the resource.
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Freund, Anat. "The fair sex and unfair treatment in management of community-based organizations." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0122.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of gender on the organizational commitments of managers in community-based organizations. Design/methodology/approach A total of 327 managers in community-based organizations were asked about their work attitudes. LISREL analysis was performed. The dependent variable was the intention to withdraw from the organization. The questionnaires were mailed to the sampled population. In all, 202 questionnaires were returned, representing a 62 percent response rate. Findings Findings show that for women, job involvement was related to affective organizational commitment and to career commitment, but not to continuance organizational commitment. The current research offers an alternative path structure to that of Randall and Cote’s (1991) original model, which does not relate job involvement to continuance organizational commitment. As for men, the author found a significant relationship between job involvement, career commitment, and affective organizational commitment. Hence, men’s work attitudes in this study are consistent with those elicited in the original research model. Regarding the factors influencing withdrawal intentions among women, the author found that career commitment influenced the initial intention to withdraw from the organization and thinking of quitting. The author also found that affective organizational commitment influenced initial intention to withdraw, thinking of quitting, and search intentions. Among men, there was a significant relationship between job involvement, career commitment, and affective organizational commitment. Research limitations/implications Future research should use multiple informants for assessing the model as well as a longitudinal design. Another potential avenue of research is to examine whether the findings hold true across professions and sectors. Practical implications The findings are important for community-based organizations because they are not-for-profit organizations; therefore, the provision of good service to the community is based on managers’ high levels of commitment. In addition, results could assist managers in developing a policy to bolster adequate work attitudes by considering the differences between men and women, in order to retain high-quality workers in the organization. Social implications The social contribution of this study derives from the demographic differences found between men and women, and according to the literature that supports the inclusion of different genders, cultures, and social groups in community-based organizations. Originality/value The findings are important for community-based organizations because they are not-for-profit organizations and therefore good service to the community is based on high commitment of managers.
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Azhgaliyeva, Dina. "The Effect of Oil Revenue Funds on Social Welfare." Public Finance Review 46, no. 4 (December 18, 2016): 692–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116681838.
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Recently, it has become popular among oil-producing countries to establish oil revenue funds, which are believed to stabilize the economy and provide intergenerational redistribution. Oil revenue funds differ depending on rules, such as accumulation rules and withdrawal rules. Numerical simulations show that funds can improve intergenerational social welfare, though not always. Which rule yields the highest intergenerational social welfare depends on countries’ parameters such as gross interest rate, relative risk aversion, and growth rate of oil production. Some rules may be unaffordable for a government budget. If oil production does not decline, funds following expenditure-based accumulation rules yield higher social welfare than funds that follow other rules. If oil production declines, the permanent oil income model or “Bird-in-Hand” can yield the highest social welfare.
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Lemmers-Jansen, Imke, Mandy Wisman-Van der Teen, Lisa Krijnen, Margreet Oorschot, and Lydia Krabbendam. "M229. EXPERIMENTAL TRUST AND REAL LIFE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: CLOSENESS OF THE CONTACT AND EMPATHIC SKILLS MAKE THE DIFFERENCE." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S223—S224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.541.
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Abstract Background Psychosis is associated with profound problems in interpersonal functioning. One of the key elements of social relationships is trust. Previous research has shown that patients with psychotic disorders display reduced trust in others. Reduced trust may lead to paranoid ideation and (as a consequence) to social withdrawal. Patients with psychotic disorders have fewer social contacts and less social support than comparison groups and they frequently have difficulties in developing and maintaining social relationships. This has also been found in young people with first episode psychosis (FEP), who report having less close friends. However, social functioning and social support are a strong predictor for future outcome: Social networks buffer against the impact of adversities. Social isolation, in turn, is associated with reduced quality of life, increased mortality and poor patient outcomes. Therefore, investigating trust and responses to social interactions in daily life is essential for developing interventions to improve social functioning in the field of schizophrenia research. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of reduced trust in early psychosis patients by linking experimental trust data with emotional responses to day to day social interactions by means of experience sampling. We hypothesized that early psychosis patients, similar to chronic patients with schizophrenia, show more social withdrawal, and report higher levels of negative affect and lower positive affects when in company of others compared to controls. We expect that these social aspects are associated with reduced trust. Methods The sample consisted of 28 patients, of which 16 FEP and 12 patients at clinical high-risk, and 28 healthy controls. Participants performed a trust game during fMRI, and filled in a questionnaire about their social activities and their emotions and symptoms during these activities, 10 times a day, during a week. Results Patients had less social contact, and less contact with familiar others than healthy controls. Furthermore, social contact in general was associated with more positive affect. Contact with familiar others was associated with lower positive symptoms in the patient group, and with more positive affect and less negative affect in patients, whereas patients showed higher negative affect when being alone compared to controls. Empathy was a moderator between closeness of contact and mental health. Group differences in baseline trust, with patients showing reduced baseline trust, were not moderated by social withdrawal (the amount of social contact). Nor was baseline trust moderated by negative or positive affect when in company of others. Social contact was not significantly associated with neural activation. However, in the caudate and the temporo-parietal junction a decrease in activation was apparent, if participants showed more social withdrawal. Discussion The results indicate that familiar company is related to better outcomes in psychotic disorders. Subjects with low levels of empathy had more negative affect when in company of close others when compared to being in company of less familiar others. Furthermore, associations of daily social interactions with baseline trust and its neural correlates show link between reduced baseline trust and frequently being alone. Being alone affects neural responses to received trust in patients. Future research should investigate the role of perceived social support, and the motivation to engage in social contact with good friends or family. Treatment involving familiar contacts may be effective in patients with psychotic symptoms to facilitate social contact and strengthen their relationships.
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Pant, Anurag, and Raj K. Kohli. "What is the optimal age for withdrawing Social Security Benefits? Full Retirement Age, Late Withdrawal Age of 70, or Early Withdrawal Age of 62." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 12 (January 15, 2021): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.812.9517.
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When to retire is an individual decision based on many criteria like health of the individual, family responsibilities, expected life of the individual, single family income or dual family income, and other such considerations. A financial consideration can also be made. Retiring early will imply a reduction in social security benefits for the rest of your life. Retiring later than your full retirement age can mean a significant bump in benefits for the rest of your life. This paper simulates different conditions to estimate how long a life one needs to live to recover from the reduction in benefits resulting from earlier retirements. Specifically, we model four permutations of the time value of money and the marginal tax rate on early benefits. Our results show there are significant advantages of withdrawing early benefits in most cases where life expectancy is shorter. But when expected life terms are much higher above 83, delaying retirement can significantly enhance the payout of benefits.
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Vera, L., C. Nollet-Clémençon, G. Vila, MC Mouren-Siméoni, and JJ Robert. "Social anxiety in insulin-dependent diabetic girls." European Psychiatry 12, no. 2 (1997): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)89643-5.
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SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of social anxiety and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (n = 40 girls between 13 and 19 years of age). Mean duration of diabetes was 7 years. We supposed that this chronic illness may provoke feelings of friendlessness and sadness, social withdrawal and fear of social situations because diabetes entails a series of demands which differentiate the diabetic child from healthy children. Our population was compared with 35 healthy young girls. All were administered the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age-Children and completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Self-Consciousness Scale and the Imaginary Audience Scale. Diagnoses of anxiety disorders across DSM-IIIR do not show significant differences between groups. In self-report inventories, our findings do not support the hypothesis that social anxiety is a pathological symptom in diabetic subjects. However, they were more depressed than the control group. Furthermore, social functioning of the diabetic group did not differ from that of the control group. They were more concerned with their illness than with social anxiety.
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Schuster, Rilana, Matthias Winkler, Anne Koopmann, Patrick Bach, Sabine Hoffmann, Iris Reinhard, Rainer Spanagel, J. Malte Bumb, Wolfgang H. Sommer, and Falk Kiefer. "Calcium Carbonate Attenuates Withdrawal and Reduces Craving: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Alcohol-Dependent Patients." European Addiction Research 27, no. 5 (2021): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512763.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Preclinical studies have shown that calcium seems to be the active component of the anti-craving drug acamprosate (Ca<sup>2+</sup> bis-acetyl-homotaurinate). Clinical effects in humans have also indicated an association between increased calcium plasma concentration due to acamprosate treatment and better outcome relating to time to relapse and cumulative abstinence. In contrast, low calcium concentration in alcohol-dependent patients was related with craving for alcohol. The main goal of the trial was to investigate whether an oral calcium administration is able to affect craving, withdrawal, and relapse risk in alcohol-dependent patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a single-blind, randomized, monocentric, controlled clinical two-arm trial in alcohol-dependent patients (Clinical Trials Registration: DRKS00011293). A total of 55 alcohol-dependent subjects received calcium carbonate (800 mg + 5 μg vitamin D) versus sodium bicarbonate (1,000 mg) daily during the 14 days of inpatient alcohol-withdrawal treatment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Based on an intention-to-treat protocol, withdrawal intensity (assessed with CIWA-Ar) in the calcium carbonate group attenuated faster than in the sodium bicarbonate subgroup. Alcohol craving (assessed with OCDS) in the calcium carbonate subgroup was also significantly reduced versus the sodium bicarbonate subgroup. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our data support earlier findings and show that treatment with calcium carbonate during alcohol withdrawal reduces symptoms of alcohol withdrawal as well as alcohol craving in a controlled clinical pilot study. Mode of actions will need to be determined to allow the further development of pharmacological interventions beyond Ca<sup>2+</sup> bis-acetyl-homotaurinate.
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Jobst, Andrea, Sandra Dehning, Simone Ruf, Tobias Notz, Anna Buchheim, Kristina Henning-Fast, Dominik Meißner, et al. "Oxytocin and vasopressin levels are decreased in the plasma of male schizophrenia patients." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 26, no. 6 (October 7, 2013): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2014.20.
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ObjectiveImpaired social functioning and autistic symptoms are characteristics of schizophrenia. The social hormones oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) both modulate social interaction and therefore may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We investigated whether men with schizophrenia show altered OT and AVP levels compared with healthy controls (HC) and whether autism symptoms are associated with OT levels.MethodsForty-one men with non-acute schizophrenia and 45 matched HC were enroled. Schizophrenia was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Blood samples were collected on 2 days, and plasma OT and AVP levels were measured by ELISA immunoassay.ResultsThe schizophrenia patients had significantly lower plasma OT levels than the HC; a similar trend was found for AVP. Plasma OT levels were associated with severe life events, fewer important attached persons, and a higher score on the PANSS negative scale; the most dominant PANSS items were ‘preoccupation’, ‘emotional withdrawal’, and ‘passive/apathetic social withdrawal’.ConclusionThese findings support an association between the social hormones OT and AVP and schizophrenia. We suggest that OT metabolism may be altered in schizophrenia, but other possible causes for decreased plasma OT levels in schizophrenia patients include decreased OT synthesis, mRNA expression, and translation. Especially the ‘autistic’ symptoms of schizophrenia seem to be closely linked to an altered metabolism of OT, the ‘attachment’ hormone.
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Mulia, Saptari Wijaya, Sujiharno Sujiharno, and Arief Wibowo. "IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA NAIVE BAYES UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI FREKUENSI TUNAI PADA MESIN ATM DI MASA TRANSISI PEMBATASAN SOSIAL BERSKALA BESAR (PSBB) PANDEMI COVID-19." SINTECH (Science and Information Technology) Journal 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31598/sintechjournal.v4i1.622.
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Determining the need of money for ATM is usually different, that is one of the problems in managing money allocation of ATM. Some seasonal factors such as holidays and the implementation of transition large-scale social restrictions related to the covid-19 pandemic that can affect fluctuations in cash transactions. In this paper aims to determine the frequency of cash withdrawals at ATM since the enactment of transition large-scale social restrictions in Jakarta using the naive bayes algorithm so it can be identified which ATM require more allocation money or not. Providing the right money allocation can improve the quality of service to customers and minimize unused money in ATM. Results of analysis using a Naive Bayes algorithm to predict cash withdrawals frequencies at ATM that show a prediction accuracy up to 81%
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Sahin, Alain N. "Storytelling and Asperger Syndrome: A Key for Social Integration." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (November 13, 2016): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v6i1.1372.
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Storytelling is a universal way of communication between human beings. It is inhibited when neurodevelopmental disorders hinder human reciprocity, the understanding of body language, and nuances of language. Asperger Syndrome (AS), one of these disorders, is characterized by social impairment and repetitive patterns of behaviour. Messages cannot be conveyed through storytelling, which causes social isolation and withdrawal of individuals with AS from society. The development of the mirror neuron system in the brain, which incites imitation of peers, might be altered in AS by a mechanism that is not entirely understood. Because mirroring the emotions of others is key to understanding their feelings and perceptions of the world, the “theory of mind” is not formed in individuals with AS as it normally would be. While studies have suggested this impediment, current views and evidence show that people with AS may use storytelling as a powerful tool to integrate themselves into society. Future research should investigate storytelling as an intervention to increase social interaction of individuals with AS.
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Ihezie, Stephanie A., and Nachum Dafny. "Prevention of Opioid Addiction." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 8 (August 2021): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1304.
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Opioid addiction is classified as a Substance Use Disorder (SUD), a complex and chronic health condition with physical, social, and psychological consequences. While there is no cure for it, we present a novel approach towards preventing a hallmark feature of addiction-- the opiate withdrawal syndrome. Opioids exert numerous effects, acutely and chronically, on the nervous system with physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal being the most adverse chronic features. The degree of opioid dependence can be quantified by the frequency and/or intensity of the behavioral expression of withdrawal seen after abrupt termination of opioid consumption or after treatment with an opioid antagonist such as naloxone. Although the Central Nervous System (CNS) is the primary area of opioid impact, the involvement of the immune system in modifying CNS phenomena was suggested nearly two centuries ago and proved by several groups within the last few decades. Through a series of studies with immunomodulators alpha interferon, cyclosporine A, and cortisol, preclinical experiments show that administration of these agents prior to chronic morphine exposure prevents the expression of opiate withdrawal a hallmark feature of addiction. This review provides updates on current developments in the management of the opioid epidemic and an overview of studies on preventative immunomodulation prior to repetitive opioid administration as a means of addressing one of the underlying symptomatology driving the epidemic.
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Milani, Luca, Elena Camisasca, Chiara Ionio, Sarah Miragoli, and Paola Di Blasio. "Video games use in childhood and adolescence: Social phobia and differential susceptibility to media effects." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 25, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 456–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104519882754.
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Literature established a correlation between heavy exposure with video games (VGs) and withdrawal, loneliness, worse social skills, and social phobia. The present study hypothesizes that children with social phobia are more vulnerable to higher exposure in video gaming. Moreover, it hypothesizes that children with social phobia and higher exposure with VGs will be more at risk of developing negative outcomes such as externalizing problems. A survey measuring VG use habits, social phobia, and clinical outcomes was administered to 359 children and adolescents attending primary, secondary, and high schools in Northern Italy (aged 6–18 years old; M = 12.81, standard deviation ( SD) = 3.16). Results show that participants with both social phobia and higher exposure in video gaming habits display worse developmental outcomes. Results are discussed in the light of the existing literature.
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Schultz, Rikke, Marius Brostrøm Kousgaard, Peter la Cour, and Annette Sofie Davidsen. "Between three chairs: Experiences of being a patient with chronic widespread pain in an intersectoral setting in Denmark." Health Psychology Open 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 205510291985250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055102919852500.
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This study explores how patients with chronic widespread pain experience their contacts with health and social services in Denmark, including general practice, hospitals, and municipality job centers. We analyzed interviews with 10 patients using interpretative phenomenological analysis and found the following four superordinate themes: meeting different attitudes, fragmentation of treatment, the importance of time, and feeling trapped. Findings show that when patients do not feel understood by professionals, they can resort to withdrawal strategies. On an organizational level, patients said that they needed sufficient time in meetings and better coordination of interventions in and between the health and social care sectors.
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Reid, Andrew H., and Brian R. Ballinger. "Behaviour Symptoms among Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 4 (October 1995): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.4.452.
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BackgroundLittle is known about the natural history and evolution of behaviour symptoms and patterns in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults. This paper reports a cohort study of 100 such adults.MethodAbnormal behaviour symptoms and patterns have been followed, using a carer rating scale and the Modified Manifest Abnormality Scale of Goldberg's Clinical Interview Schedule (1970) by the same two consultant psychiatrists in 1975, 1981 and 1992.ResultsEmotional withdrawal, stereotypies and eye avoidance are particularly persistent. Carer ratings of noisiness and social withdrawal, and psychiatrist ratings of suspiciousness, overactivity and hostile irritability, are also persistent but to a lesser degree. Overall ratings of psychiatric disorder are persistent and act against successful community placement.ConclusionsAbnormal behaviour patterns in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults show only a modest degree of abatement over time. Care staff need a good understanding of clinical psychiatric and behaviour management techniques.
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Hoekstra, Rosa A., Meike Bartels, James J. Hudziak, Toos C. E. M. Van Beijsterveldt, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "Genetic and Environmental Covariation Between Autistic Traits and Behavioral Problems." Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.6.853.
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AbstractOur objective was to examine the overlap between autistic traits and other behavioral problems in a general population sample, and explore the extent to which this overlap is due to genetic or environmental factors. Youth Self Report (YSR) data were collected in a general population sample of 424 twin pairs at 18 years of age, and their nontwin siblings. In 197 of these twin families, self-report ratings on the Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) were collected. Stepwise backward regression analyses revealed that of all 8 YSR syndrome scales, the Withdrawn Behavior (WB) and Social Problems (SOC) scale were the most important predictors of AQ scores, and together with sex, explained 23% of the variance in AQ scores. Genetic structural equation modeling showed that the overlap between AQ and WB and SOC was mainly due to genetic effects. About half of the genetic variance in AQ scores was specific to the AQ, with the remaining half shared with genetic variance in WB and SOC. Endorsement of autistic traits in a general population sample is associated with social and withdrawn behavioral problems and these problems partly share a common genetic etiology with autistic traits. However, most of the variance in AQ scores remains unexplained by YSR scores, and half of the genetic variance in AQ is unshared with WB and SOC. These results indicate that autistic traits have specific characteristics that are substantially genetically independent from other common but related behavioral domains such as social problems and withdrawn behavior.
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Jalonen, Harri, Jussi Kokkola, Valtteri Kaartemo, and Miika Vähämaa. "Sosiaalisen median hyödyntäminen nuorten palvelujen yhteiskehittämisessä." Hallinnon Tutkimus 40, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37450/ht.107611.
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Co-creation assumes an interactive and dynamic relationship where value is created at the nexus of interaction. Co-creating value is challenging with marginalized youths. In this article, social media is seen as an underutilized resource for developing services. This article approaches social media as a context from which it is possible to derive information that would otherwise be unattainable. Using data from a Finnish discussion board, this article answers the following question: How can the experiences of socially withdrawn youth shared on social media be used to enrich the knowledge base on service co-creation processes? The empirical data consist of messages on the Hikikomero discussion forum, which were analysed using a combination of unsupervised machine learning and discourse analysis. The results show that social media provides a window into the everyday lives of socially withdrawn youths, offering information that could be used to develop public services
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Riek, Blake M., and Christin C. DeWit. "Differences and Similarities in Forgiveness Seeking Across Childhood and Adolescence." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 8 (March 19, 2018): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218760797.
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The current study examines age-related differences and similarities in forgiveness seeking. Students in third, seventh, and 12th grade imagined themselves committing various transgressions and the characteristics of these transgression (e.g., severity of consequences, type of offense) were manipulated. Across the age groups, forgiveness seeking was predicted by guilt, whereas withdrawal was predicted by shame. For all age groups, forgiveness seeking was more likely to occur when the offense was an active one rather than a failure to act. However, age differences were found in how offense severity affected forgiveness seeking. Older students were more likely to seek forgiveness when the offense was high rather than low in severity, but younger students did not show this difference. Age differences were also found in the motivations for seeking forgiveness. Finally, teacher ratings of students’ overall prosocial behavior were positively correlated with forgiveness seeking.
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Chmielewska, Anna. "Difficulties and prospects for change among drug addicts before and after withdrawal treatment." Praca Socjalna 35, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3139.
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The purpose of the article is to show the life situation of drug addicts before the start of the withdrawal treatment in an addiction treatment centre and after all stages of the treatment have been completed. It is important to show the difference in perception of a person’s life status before and after treatment. Despite similar potential problems, for example in the housing, professional, health and family situation, there is a fundamental change in the way they are assessed and how to solve them. The reason is the confrontation with the disease that occurs during the stay in the centre. Thanks to it, it is possible to think about what to change in the person’s life. The broadly understood change is possible thanks to appropriate support after leaving the centre. This support, provided, among others, by social workers, consists in accompanying such a person in the implementation of subsequent challenges and in solving emerging problems. It is associated with motivating, indicating resources and strengthening the sense of agency in life.
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Titova, O. N., and V. D. Kulikov. "Rehabilitation of patients with respiratory diseases and nicotine addiction." Russian Medical Inquiry 4, no. 4 (2020): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-219-225.
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This article addresses medical and social rehabilitation of smokers with respiratory diseases. Most smokers attempt to stop smoking, however, smoking relapses are common due to nicotine addiction. It was demonstrated that the major factors provoking tobacco smoking relapse are the lack of higher education, a smoking partner, accentuations of a character, and the lack of behavioral regulation. A substantial number of respiratory disease patients continue to smoke after being diagnosed. The rehabilitation of patients with respiratory diseases and comorbidities (i.e., tobacco dependency or nicotine withdrawal) should include both medical and social measures aiming at the physical, social, and psychological components of the addiction. Tiotropium bromide is an effective therapeutic option for the rehabilitation of smokers with respiratory diseases. It was demonstrated that the forced expiratory volume in one second increases by 169 ml and 105 ml in asthmatic smokers and asthmatic non-smokers, respectively. Other studies show the improvement of the quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who receive tiotropium bromide. The regulations and standards of the rehabilitation in smoking cessation are required to provide a successful rehabilitation (i.e., the prevention of smoking relapses) of patients with respiratory diseases. KEYWORDS: rehabilitation, smoking, nicotine addiction, withdrawal, respiratory diseases. FOR CITATION: Titova O.N., Kulikov V.D. Rehabilitation of patients with respiratory diseases and nicotine addiction. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(4):219–225. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-219-225.
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Worden, J. William, and Phyllis R. Silverman. "Parental Death and the Adjustment of School-Age Children." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/p77l-f6f6-5w06-nhbx.
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Findings on the emotional impact of parental death for dependent children have not been consistent due to serious methodological limitations. The Child Bereavement Study investigated a community-based sample of parentally bereaved children and compared their responses to those from matched non-bereaved controls. Children and their surviving parent were assessed four months, one year, and two years after the death using standardized instrumentation. Most of the difference between the two groups was not obvious until two years after the death. The bereaved showed higher levels of social withdrawal, anxiety, and social problems as well as lower self-esteem and self-efficacy. Although most bereaved children do not show signs of serious emotional/behavioral disturbance, there is a significantly large group of bereaved children who show serious problems at one year (19%) and at two years (21%).
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DeCelles, Katherine A., Scott Sonenshein, and Brayden G. King. "Examining Anger’s Immobilizing Effect on Institutional Insiders’ Action Intentions in Social Movements." Administrative Science Quarterly 65, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 847–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839219879646.
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We theorize that anger incited by a social movement, which has a mobilizing effect among outsider activists, might immobilize collective action intentions for institutional insiders—those sympathetic to the movement and employed by its target. We conducted initial field surveys across a spectrum of social movements, including Occupy Wall Street and #metoo, as well as those related to business sustainability and gun control, which showed that institutional insiders are often just as angry as outsider activists. But the evidence from those surveys did not show that social movement anger translated into collective action intentions among institutional insiders. We tested our theory deductively with an experiment conducted with participants who were supportive of social movement issues in their organizations. Overall, our results show that anger about a social movement issue relates to greater collective action intentions among outsider activists but not among institutional insiders. Instead of anger emboldening institutional insiders to act despite the potential costs, anger triggers fear about the potential negative consequences of collective action in the workplace, which in turn results in withdrawal. While social movements often rely on anger frames to mobilize sympathizers, our work suggests that this practice may paradoxically cause fear that immobilizes those uniquely positioned to be able to influence organizations to change.
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McDonald, Lynn, Stephe Billingham, Tammy Conrad, Arthur Morgan, O. Nancy, and Estella Payton. "Families and Schools Together (FAST): Integrating Community Development with Clinical Strategies." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 78, no. 2 (April 1997): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.754.
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Families and Schools Together (FAST) is an early-intervention/prevention, collaborative, school-based, multifamily family-support program for elementary school children who have been identified by their teachers as having behavior problems. The program integrates concepts and practices of community organizing with effective clinical techniques based on family therapy and play therapy. Parent–professional partnership is used to engage low-income and isolated families into the eight-week program. Process and outcome evaluation indicate that children show statistically significant improvements in conduct disorder, anxiety/withdrawal, and attention span over time. In addition, two-year follow-up data suggest that child-functioning gains are maintained and that FAST parents become more involved at school, regularly see their FAST friends, begin employment after being on welfare, return for further education, and become involved in the community.
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Coetzee, M., W. Verbeeck, and S. Tuinier. "Social Competence and Motor Function in the Asperger Syndrome, a Hypothesis." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71222-2.
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The precise nature of social impairments in Asperger syndrome is still in need of investigation and is less severe than in autism. Patients with Asperger show impairments in receptive and expressive language, social perception and social skills. Moreover deficits in empathy, motor disturbances and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities are often observed. An important finding is the association between motor disabilities and the degree of social withdrawal and the severity of autistic symptoms. Major motor control abnormalities are impaired gait, balance, manual dexterity and grip. It is hypothesized that specific deficits reflect impairment in the ability to integrate sensory input with appropriate motor commands and this is consistent with cerebellar dysfunction found in Asperger syndrome. It is important to emphasize that most theories of emotion stress that emotions arise from bodily sensations and are in essence preparations for (motor) action. Recently the importance of cerebellar function for emotional processing was rediscovered after a long time during which the cerebellum was considered to have no function at all in emotion regulation. These considerations might be of importance for further research and treatment. We present a review on this topic and some hypotheses about treatment modalities.
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Lee, Yeeun, Jennifer Lay, Atiya Mahmood, Peter Graf, and Christiane Hoppmann. "Loneliness and Social Engagement: The Unique Roles of State and Trait Loneliness for Daily Prosocial Behaviors." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2140.
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Abstract Loneliness is a distressing yet adaptive emotional experience that alerts us to socially re-engage. However, loneliness can also lead to social withdrawal and isolation. To reconcile the seemingly contradictory consequences of loneliness, we unpack the timing of the underlying processes by distinguishing between the roles of state loneliness (i.e., daily variations in loneliness) and trait loneliness (i.e., person-average loneliness) in predicting social re-engagement. Using ten days of electronic daily assessments from 95 older adults (M age = 67.0 years; 64.2% women), initial findings indicate that trait loneliness moderates time-varying associations between state loneliness and prosocial behavior: On days of elevated state loneliness, older adults low in trait loneliness report increases in prosocial behavior, whereas older adults high in trait loneliness show decreases in prosocial behavior. Findings suggest that transient loneliness may motivate older adults to actively re-engage with others; chronic loneliness may undermine such adaptive responses.
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Palomares Ruiz, Ascensión, Arantxa Oteiza-Nascimento, Mª Paz Toldos, Isabel Serrano-Marugán, and Javier Martín-Babarro. "Bullying and depression: the moderating effect of social support, rejection and victimization profile." Anales de Psicología 35, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.1.301241.
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Peer relationships can be shaped as influential factors in the prevalence of bullying episodes. This research aims to analyze the effect of school bullying on the levels of depression of the victims and to what extent it is affected by social support and status in the group and by the profile of victimization. Several hierarchical linear regression analyses were calculated, in a sample of 1063 students aged 10 to 14 (47.8% of girls, M = 11.59 years, SD = 1.21 years), from 10 school of the Region of Madrid. The degree of influence of the studied variables was observed: lack of social support, peer rejection, withdrawal and impulsivity behaviors, and the relationship of all of them with victimization and depression. Findings revealed the influence of the lack of social support on the depression of victimized students. However, peer rejection did not show influence on the levels of depression of the victims. In addition, victimization associated with internalizing characteristics showed a greater association with depression than victimization associated with an externalizing profile.
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Shirkey, Gabriela, Megan Belongeay, Susie Wu, Xiaoguang Ma, Hassan Tavakol, Annick Anctil, Sandra Marquette-Pyatt, et al. "An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water–Energy Nexus." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092633.
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To meet rising energy demands, power plant operations will expand, influencing the interactions between the water–energy nexus and society. However, a major challenge is integration of social dimensions within electricity generation. To address this, we generate a baseline dataset using US public data (2014–2019) from the Energy Information Administration and US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We identify the rate of energy consumed, CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions generated, and water used per MWh net electricity as well as employee wellbeing per unit MW capacity during electricity generation. Rates of energy consumption (MMBtu/MWh) decreased 4.9%, but water consumption and withdrawal (m3/MWh) both increased 0.93% and 0.31%, respectively. Emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOx decreased 22.64%, 75% and 25% MT/MWh, respectively. Thermoelectric cooling withdrawal and consumption is led by natural gas (50.07%, 38.31%), coal (29.61%, 25.07%), and nuclear energies (13.55%, 18.99%). Electric power generation contributes 0.06 injuries–illnesses/TWh and 0.001 fatalities/TWh, of which fossil fuels contributed 70% and 15%, respectively. Fossil fuels led in average annual employment (0.02 employees/MW) with low cost salaries (USD 0.09/MW) likely due to high collective capacity, which is declining. Estimated rates in this study and framework will aid power industry transition and operational decision makers.
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Møler, Iver Hornemann. "Early Retirement in Denmark." Ageing and Society 7, no. 4 (December 1987): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013076.
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ABSTRACTThe Danish Early Retirement Pension Scheme (ERPS) introduced in 1979 was intended to contribute to the reproduction of the social order and to the legitimation of the welfare state. The first objective was not achieved. Nevertheless ERPS reduced total unemployment by about 20% and thereby contributed to the positive image of the welfare state.Survey data show that the poorer the working conditions the stronger the probability that the eligible take early retirement. High rates of unemployment in industries with physically and psychologically onerous work increase the probability of early retirement. Taken together with employers' wishes for as large as possible a labour reserve and their ambivalent attitude to the total withdrawal of marginal workers, these findings render the debate about voluntary versus compulsory withdrawal from the labour market at best insignificant and at worse misleading.At the same time, ERPS has brought some unintended but quite considerable improvements to the lives of many recipients. These include better self-assessed health, increased contacts with family and friends and new leisure activities. Recently, however, there is evidence of an increase in economic deprivation among recipients, and early retirement pension levels have not kept pace with rises in industrial earnings or the cost of living.
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Maukeno, Angel V. A. P., Henny S. Taroreh, and Aneke Y. Punuindoong. "Pengaruh Kebudayaan, Sosial, Pribadi, dan Psikologi Terhadap Keputusan Konsumen dalam Penggunaan Grab Car pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado." JURNAL ADMINISTRASI BISNIS 9, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35797/jab.9.2.2019.24603.46-51.
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The purpose of this research is to know the existence of factors influence a company's marketing, personal, social, cultural and psychological effects are significant for consumer behaviour in the use of Grab Car. Consumer behavior is a process undertaken by someone in finding, buying, using, evaluating, and disposing of a product or service after it is consumed, the study was conducted at the Faculty of social and political sciences of the University of Sam Ratulangi Manado by taking 100 students as the respondent. Withdrawal methods used is the sample Random Sampling with data analysis using multiple regression. By using the test validity and reliability in order to test the validity of the data. The results of this research show that cultural factors, social, personal, and psychology at the same time positively and significantly to the decision of the consumer in using the Grab Car with personal factors the most dominant, and it has high determination coefficient values, or have a great contribution towards the decisions of consumers.
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Babb, L. A. "Monks and Miracles: Religious Symbols and Images of Origin among Osvāl Jains." Journal of Asian Studies 52, no. 1 (February 1993): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059142.
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Jainism is well known as a radically ascetic strategy for achieving liberation from the world''s bondage. It is less well known as a system of religious belief and practice embedded in social life. This article will examine Jainism as a symbolism of social identity. At the center of my inquiry is a puzzling cultural fact, the seemingly paradoxical claim by many nonviolent Jains to be descended from warlike Rājpūts. Despite its extreme emphasis on ascetic withdrawal from the world, Jainism is, as I hope to show, deeply implicated in the worldly identity of certain social groups and even can function as a kind of origin myth for these groups. Understanding how this is possible requires a considerable departure from the usual perspective on Jainism. The ascetic is normally the center of attention in Jain studies. This article, however, will give equal attention to a figure less frequently considered. This is the warrior-king.
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Bateman, Hazel, Christine Eckert, Fedor Iskhakov, Jordan Louviere, Stephen Satchell, and Susan Thorp. "Default and naive diversification heuristics in annuity choice." Australian Journal of Management 42, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896215617225.
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Retirement income stream products are difficult for consumers to choose because of their high perceived risk, irreversibility, high expenditure, little opportunity for social learning and distant consequences. Prior literature is unclear about consumers’ use of heuristics in decumulation decisions or whether sociodemographics can help identify vulnerable consumers. In the context of Australia’s retirement income arrangements, we examine choices of life annuities and phased withdrawal products, and identify use of default options and the diversification (1/ n or 50:50) heuristic using a novel finite mixture modelling approach. The innovative feature of this approach is that it captures the very specific allocation pattern associated with choices based on deterministic decision rules, namely pronounced spikes at the locations of the particular heuristics with little mass in their surroundings. We show that more than 30% of decumulation choices rely on these two heuristics, and that cognitive and product knowledge limitations contribute to using such heuristics. The results have implications for public policy on decumulation of retirement savings, regulation of product disclosures and providers of annuity and phased withdrawal products. More generally, our model has the potential to provide better understanding of the use of heuristics in consumer decisions.
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Putri, Retno, M. Fadhil Nurdin, Muhammad Fedriansyah, and Junaidi Junaidi. "Realitas Dinamika Integrasi Sosial Etnis Jawa dan Lampung di daerah Pardasuka Kabupaten Pringsewu." JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v11i2.13320.
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When the community only sees integration as limited as the meaning of tolerance, the dynamics of social integration through different ethnic social exchanges in the Pringsewu District Pardasuka area are interesting to study. The aim is to provide an understanding and knowledge of social integration in the wider community. This study certainly uses qualitative methods with case study analysis. Data collection techniques use observation, documentation, and interview techniques. The informant withdrawal is done by using purposeful sampling which is continued with the Snowball sampling technique. The research informants were drawn from the Javanese and Lampung ethnic communities which formed integration through social exchange. Documentation data is taken from the archives of the Pardasuka area. Then, from the results of interviews, observation and documentation is done reduction, analysis, and triangulation of all data that are considered necessary, so as to provide valid conclusions. From the results of the study show that, the social integration between Javanese ethnic and ethnic Lampung that occurred in the Pringsewu district Pardasuka area can integrate well. Social exchange is done as a bridge of interaction to obtain long-term agreements, so that the community can preserve its integration.
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Pitkänen, Kari J. "Contraception in Late Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Finland." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 2 (October 2003): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219503322649471.
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Finland's fertility decline started in the 1880s among educated people, and in the 1910s among the masses. By the late 1930s, fertility had started to decline even at the most remote areas. Various documents, such as newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, and ethnographic collections, show that although mechanical, quasimodern contraceptives were widely sold and actively marketed in Finland by the early twentieth century, they were mostly used by the upper social segments of the population, and, to some extent, by the working classes of the urban and industrial centers. The primary methods of birth control used by the masses were withdrawal, often in connection with douching and abortion.
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Ang, James S., Charles Hsu, Di Tang, and Chaopeng Wu. "The Role of Social Media in Corporate Governance." Accounting Review 96, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/tar-2018-0144.
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ABSTRACT We examine whether social media criticisms posted by small investors can predict subsequent firm acquisition decisions. Specifically, we use textual analysis to examine the internet stock message board postings of 303 value-reducing acquisition attempts. Our empirical evidence shows that small investors' negative postings are able to predict a potential acquirer's subsequent decision to withdraw its attempt. We further find that this predictive ability increases with the information quality of postings, and that the predictive information extracted from social media is incremental to that captured by proposal announcement returns, conventional media coverage, analyst reports, and institutional investors' responses related to the proposed acquisition. Finally, we show that message board criticisms are also able to predict governance outcomes beyond acquisition decisions. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that social media play a role in corporate governance by gathering crowd wisdom and uncovering additional value-relevant information. JEL Classifications: G34; G14; M41.
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Varshney, Deepanjana. "Relationship between social loafing and the self-concept." Journal of Indian Business Research 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-11-2017-0230.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social loafing behaviour, self-concept and perceived organisational politics (POP). The impact of POP and self-concept upon social loafing behaviour has been the fundamental focus of the paper. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from four companies (n = 262) that combined the responses of subordinates and supervisors. The consequent impact of self-concept factors and POP on social loafing behaviour was analysed through correlations; multiple regressions and mediation were tested using Barren–Kenny and Hayes Bootstrap methods. Findings A positively significant connection among self-concept, social loafing and POP has been found in this study. The findings show that POP significantly mediates the relationship between social loafing and self-concept. Research limitations/implications This study provides evidence of the positive relationship among POP, social loafing behaviour and self-concept. Such knowledge derived may facilitate the scientific task allocation process, feedback system, team orientation, individual differences and job choice aspects, and thus help in the essential understanding of withdrawal work behaviour and perceived organisational support variables. Practical implications Productivity and employee satisfaction are major concerns for all organisations. This research paper provides insight to the organisations and supervisors about individual loafing attitude, self-concept and organisational politics and suggests to overcome their impact and improvement in productivity and employee satisfaction. Originality/value This is a pioneer paper in the sense that previously there has been no attempt to determine the relationship between POP and social loafing behaviour. Past research has mostly been conducted in the laboratory settings or classroom contexts. The longitudinal data used in this study remove prior research drawbacks and enlighten the unexplored relationships.
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Muñoz Gomez, Paloma. "Yudhiṣṭhira and the blending of mokṣa into the puruṣārthas: A way of thinking about the dialogue of the Ṣaḍgītā." Journal of Hindu Studies 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiz005.
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Abstract Yudhiṣṭhira has long been considered a character who is at the crossroads of two different ideologies, i.e., pravṛtti, active social engagement, and nivṛtti, withdrawal from social engagement. Further, by drawing out the thematic convergence around the puruṣārthas between the dialogues of the Pāṇḍavas at the beginning of the Śāntiparvan and the Ṣaḍgītā, Bowles argues that the Ṣaḍgītā signals Yudhiṣhira’s transformation from wanting to renounce to facing up to his duty to rule (2007, 2009). In this article, I explore further the important role these two interconnected sets of passages have in the integration of mokṣa into the scope of the puruṣārthas. I show how in the Ṣaḍgītā Yudhiṣṭhira is represented as synthesising the knowledge about renunciation he is portrayed as displaying in the earlier Śāntiparvan dialogues, and performing a blend of nivṛtti and pravṛtti values that redefines, in the context of the puruṣārthas, the notion of mokṣa.
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Galán-Valdivieso, Federico, Laura Saraite-Sariene, Juana Alonso-Cañadas, and María Caba-Pérez. "Do Corporate Carbon Policies Enhance Legitimacy? A Social Media Perspective." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041161.
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Stakeholders are increasingly concerned about climate change and companies’ commitment to anticipate future carbon-related risks, and grant or withdraw support depending on their perceptions of firms’ carbon performance. The aim of this research is to analyse which carbon-related factors influence stakeholders with regards to the legitimacy-granting process. The sample in this study includes 146 firms from North America and Europe committed to carbon mitigation, whose legitimacy is measured via social media interactions. Findings show that setting a corporate carbon policy and disclosing an internal price of carbon are positively linked to legitimacy, while other factors are negatively or not related to legitimacy. This study makes theoretical contributions, proposing a metric based on social media stakeholder engagement to measure corporate legitimacy, as well as practical implications, revealing which carbon information shapes stakeholders’ perception of firms’ climate performance, and opening new possibilities for future research.
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Uchida, M., and C. Uchida. "Hikikomori; social withdrawal in Japan influenced by increased adaptation to economic changes and modernization while holding on to traditional values." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72188-5.
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Studies show that there may be more than 1 million Hikikomoris (individuals who withdraw in their rooms for over 6months,) in Japan, the majority being adolescent to young adult males living dependently on their parents. It is said that approximately 70% of them meet diagnostic criteria of a psychotic, mood, anxiety, developmental or personality disorder. It is noteworthy that while these psychiatric conditions seem to be universal, the very phenomenon of hikikomori is prominent only in Japan. Why only in Japan? The Japanese culture carries many social norms and structures that shape those diagnoses to present in this form. These include the expectation that children live with parents until marriage, the intense academic competition and the mother-son bond being more valued than the parents’ relationship as a couple. On top of that, Japan has experienced an increased adaptation towards western cultures while still holding on to the traditional virtues, as well as going through the huge economical bubble followed by the depression. The IT development has changed the communication around the world allowing people to chat and make transactions without interacting with anyone. The combination of changes and tradition is likely the major factor of Japan's hikikomori phenomenon.
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Brinton, Bonnie, Martin Fujiki, Elizabeth C. Montague, and Julie L. Hanton. "Children With Language Impairment in Cooperative Work Groups: A Pilot Study." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 31, no. 3 (July 2000): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3103.252.
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Purpose: This pilot study examined the manner in which the individual social-behavioral profiles of children with language impairment (LI) influenced their ability to work within cooperative groups. Method: Six children with LI each participated in four different cooperative work groups. In each of these groups, the child with LI interacted with two typically developing children (for a total of 48 different typical children). Groups were structured to make it possible for the child with LI to play a meaningful role in the interactions (e.g., assignment of specific roles). The success of each of these interactions was evaluated to determine the extent to which all of the children participated and worked together toward a joint goal. Social profiles of each of the children with LI were obtained using the Teacher Behavioral Rating Scale (TBRS, Hart & Robinson, 1996). The success of the collaborative work of each triad was then considered in light of the child’s social profile. Results: The success of the individual interactions was highly variable from child to child. However, the social profile of the child with LI appeared to be a good predictor of the child’s ability to work with other members of the triad toward a joint goal. Clinical Implications: In facilitating cooperative groups, teachers and speech-language pathologists need to consider the social profiles, as well as the language levels, of children with LI who participate. Children who show withdrawn behaviors may need support to help them become more responsive to their partners. Children with LI who show withdrawn as well as aggressive behaviors may need a variety of accommodations, including specific intervention designed to help them understand the value of working with others.