Academic literature on the topic 'Social withdrawal (SoW)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social withdrawal (SoW)"
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Szpak, Ancret, Tobias Loetscher, Owen Churches, Nicole A. Thomas, Charles J. Spence, and Michael E. R. Nicholls. "Keeping your distance: attentional withdrawal in individuals who show physiological signs of social discomfort." Neuropsychologia 70 (April 2015): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.008.
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Ortega-Díaz, Esther, Jonatan García-Campos, José María Rico-Gomis, Carlos Cuesta-Moreno, Antonio Palazón-Bru, Gabriel Estañ-Cerezo, José Antonio Piqueras-Rodríguez, and Jesús Rodríguez-Marín. "Social cognition and social functioning in people with borderline personality disorder and their first-degree relatives." PeerJ 8 (October 30, 2020): e10212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10212.
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Background A few papers studying healthy, first-degree relatives of people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have found that this group presents attention and memory problems. However, current research has not analyzed their social cognition. Materials and Methods We designed an age-, gender- and education-level matched case-control study involving 57 people with BPD, 32 of their first-degree relatives, and 57 healthy controls in Spain in 2018–2019. All were assessed for social cognition and functioning using the Movie for Assessment of Social Cognition and the Social Functioning Scale; other potential confounders were also collected (marital status, occupation and household variables). Results There were differences in the social cognition domain of overmentalizing errors, with the BPD group scoring significantly higher than controls; however, there was no significant difference with relatives; in the social functioning domain of family relationships, with the controls showing the highest scores. Social engagement/withdrawal, interpersonal behavior, independence-competence, prosocial activities, full scale and categorization domains showed the same pattern: the BPD group had lower scores than their relatives and the controls. Relatives were significantly different from BPD patients in family relationships, social engagement/withdrawal and interpersonal behavior, as well as on the full Social Functioning Scale (both as a linear and categorical variable). However, only controls showed differences with relatives in family relationships. Conclusions All in all, relatives show similar levels of social cognition and functioning compared with controls, and people with BPD show some alterations in different domains of both social cognition and functioning.
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Kato, T. "Hikikomori and modern-type depression in Japan." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.835.
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Maladaptive social interaction and its related-psychopathology have been highlighted in psychiatry especially among younger generations. “Hikikomori” defined as a syndrome with six months or longer of severe social withdrawal was initially reported in Japan, and the prevalence rate has been reported as 1.2% in Japanese population. The majority of hikikomori patients are adolescents and young adults who become recluses in their parents’ homes for months or years. They withdraw from contact with family, rarely have friends, and do not attend school or hold a job. An international vignette-used questionnaire survey indicates the spread of hikikomori in many other countries (Kato et al. Lancet, 2011; Kato et al. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2012). In addition, our international clinical studies have revealed the prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan (Teo et al., 2015). On the other hand, a novel form of maladaptive psychopathology, called modern-type depression has emerged in Japan (Kato et al. J Affect Disord, 2011; Kato et al. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2016).In this presentation, I will introduce “Hikikomori” and “modern-type depression” in Japan, and also propose novel diagnostic/therapeutic approach against them.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Mandali, Alekhya, Claire Gillan, and Valerie Voon. "27 The coexistence of social withdrawal and impulsivity: a trans-diagnostic approach." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): e19.1-e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.44.
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IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder or phobia (SAD) is a debilitating condition, where an individual experiences overwhelming fear to situations involving social interactions. Prototypically, SAD presents as shy, submissive, inhibited, and risk- aversive behaviours. Contrastingly, an atypical sub-group show impulsive, aggressive, novelty-seeking behaviours along with severe substance abuse problems. In scenarios, where there is co-existence of polar opposite symptoms, trans-diagnostic approaches extrapolate the characteristics of a disorder as a continuum rather than a categorical one. Data-driven computational models such as drift diffusion model utilize behavioural measures and extract potential markers that reflect the activity of specific brain networks. Here, we aim to analyse and correlate the psychological traits with computational estimates of behaviour during risk-taking and value based decision making.MethodsWe used the data from 1400 participants who completed the 2 stage sequential learning task. We focused on the second stage of the task, where the reward probabilities of the choices are stochastic. The computational measures were estimated for two scenarios i.e. when the participants made 1) accurate choices and 2) risky choices (the choice with maximum variance in reward probability was labelled as risky). This computation was performed for all the trials across all the participants. We then used choice–(risky vs non-risky or correct vs incorrect) and response time as inputs to the hierarchical drift diffusion model to extract threshold (a), drift rate (v) and response bias (z) parameters. The computational parameters were then correlated with the 3 psychological factors that span the compulsive, anxiety- depression and the social withdrawal spectrum.ResultsThe computational parameters from both accuracy and risk taking scenarios of the sequential learning task were correlated with the 3 factors. While controlling for IQ and age, we found a generalized correlation which is significant between the threshold parameter(‘a’) and social withdrawal, with the former estimate being negatively correlated (Accuracy: |r| = -0.078, p=0.003; Risk: |r| = -0.075, p=0.005) with the latter. This relation was not observed with regard to anxiety-depression and compulsive traits.ConclusionsWe show that individuals with higher social withdrawal levels are impulsive as they accumulate less evidence while making a choice. This behaviour holds irrespective of the choice being chosen is an optimal or a risky one. Critically, we show how a trans-diagnostic approach of integrating computational model and psychological questionnaires can reveal the existence of psychological traits as a continuum.
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Bustamante Loyola, Jorge, Marcela Perez Retamal, Monica Isabel Morgues Nudman, Andres Maturana, Ricardo Salinas Gonzalez, Horacio Cox, José Miguel González Mas, et al. "Interactive Guidance Intervention to Address Sustained Social Withdrawal in Preterm Infants in Chile: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): e17943. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17943.
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Background Preterm newborns can be exposed early to significant perinatal stress, and this stress can increase the risk of altered socioemotional development. Sustained social withdrawal in infants is an early indicator of emotional distress which is expressed by low reactivity to the environment, and if persistent, is frequently associated with altered psychological development. Infants born prematurely have a higher probability of developing sustained social withdrawal (adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.04-3.26) than infants born full term, and there is a correlation between weight at birth and sustained social withdrawal at 12 months of age. Objective The aims of this study are to compare the effect of the interactive guidance intervention to that of routine pediatric care on sustained social withdrawal in infants born moderately or late preterm and to explore the relationship between sustained social withdrawal in these infants and factors such as neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization variables, parental depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Methods This study is designed as a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Moderate and late preterm newborns and their parents were recruited and randomized (1:1 allocation ratio) to control and experimental groups. During neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization, daily duration of skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and parental visits were recorded. Also, a daily score for neonatal pain and painful invasive procedures were recorded. After discharge from neonatal intensive care, for the duration of the study, both groups will attend follow-up consultations with neonatologists at 2, 6, and 12 months of age (corrected for gestational age) and will receive routine pediatric care. Every consultation will be recorded and assessed with the Alarm Distress Baby Scale to detect sustained social withdrawal (indicated by a score of 5 or higher). The neonatologists will perform an interactive guidance intervention if an infant in the intervention group exhibits sustained social withdrawal. In each follow-up consultation, parents will fill out the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the modified Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire, and the Impact of Event Scale–revised. Results Recruitment for this trial started in September 2017. As of May 2020, we have completed enrollment (N=110 infants born moderately or late preterm). We aim to publish the results by mid-2021. Conclusions This is the first randomized controlled trial with a sample of infants born moderately or late preterm infants who will attend pediatric follow-up consultations during their first year (corrected for gestational age at birth) with neonatologists trained in the Alarm Distress Baby Scale and who will receive this interactive guidance intervention. If successful, this early intervention will show significant potential to be implemented in both public and private health care, given its low cost of training staff and that the intervention takes place during routine pediatric follow-up. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03212547; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03212547. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17943
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Bell, James, Rob van der Waal, and John Strang. "Supervised Injectable Heroin: A Clinical Perspective." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 7 (October 6, 2016): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743716673966.
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Background: Six recent randomised control trials (RCTs) have suggested that supervised injectable heroin (SIH) can be effective in patients who persist in street heroin use during methadone treatment. However, short-term randomised control trials have limitations in assessing the effectiveness of treatments for addictive disorders, which are chronic and relapsing disorders of motivation. These RCTs particularly fail to capture the process of the SIH treatment and the diversity of influence and change over time. Method: This narrative review is based on the analysis of published data. Conclusions are drawn from a process of reflection informed by experience in delivering one of the published trials, subsequent experiences in varying the way SIH is delivered, and through consideration of possible mechanisms of action of SIH. Observations: Many long-term, socially marginalised and demoralised people who are addicted to heroin experience few rewards from the stability afforded by methadone treatment. Supervised injected heroin is sufficiently reinforcing for many of these individuals to attend daily and participate in highly structured treatment. With an adequate daily dose of supervised methadone to avoid withdrawal dysphoria, occasional diamorphine injections—not necessarily twice daily, or even every day—is enough to hold people in treatment. Participation was associated with reduced amounts of non-prescribed drug use, a gradual change in self-image and attitude, and for some subjects, a movement towards social reintegration and eventual withdrawal from SIH. Conclusions: Prescribed heroin is sufficiently motivating to hold a proportion of recidivist addicts in long-term treatment. Participation in structured treatment provides respite from compulsive drug use, and a proportion of subjects develop sufficient rewards from social reintegration to successfully withdraw from treatment. Such change, when it occurs, is slow and stuttering.
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Minaei, Mohsen, Mainack Mondal, Patrick Loiseau, Krishna Gummadi, and Aniket Kate. "Lethe: Conceal Content Deletion from Persistent Observers." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2019, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 206–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2019-0012.
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Abstract Most social platforms offer mechanisms allowing users to delete their posts, and a significant fraction of users exercise this right to be forgotten. However, ironically, users’ attempt to reduce attention to sensitive posts via deletion, in practice, attracts unwanted attention from stalkers specifically to those (deleted) posts. Thus, deletions may leave users more vulnerable to attacks on their privacy in general. Users hoping to make their posts forgotten face a “damned if I do, damned if I don’t” dilemma. Many are shifting towards ephemeral social platform like Snapchat, which will deprive us of important user-data archival. In the form of intermittent withdrawals, we present, Lethe, a novel solution to this problem of (really) forgetting the forgotten. If the next-generation social platforms are willing to give up the uninterrupted availability of non-deleted posts by a very small fraction, Lethe provides privacy to the deleted posts over long durations. In presence of Lethe, an adversarial observer becomes unsure if some posts are permanently deleted or just temporarily withdrawn by Lethe; at the same time, the adversarial observer is overwhelmed by a large number of falsely flagged undeleted posts. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of Lethe, we analyze large-scale real data about users’ deletion over Twitter and thoroughly investigate how to choose time duration distributions for alternating between temporary withdrawals and resurrections of non-deleted posts. We find a favorable trade-off between privacy, availability and adversarial overhead in different settings for users exercising their right to delete. We show that, even against an ultimate adversary with an uninterrupted access to the entire platform, Lethe offers deletion privacy for up to 3 months from the time of deletion, while maintaining content availability as high as 95% and keeping the adversarial precision to 20%.
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Brancato, Anna, Valentina Castelli, Gianluca Lavanco, Giuseppe Tringali, Vincenzo Micale, Martin Kuchar, Cesare D’Amico, Giuseppe Pizzolanti, Salvatore Feo, and Carla Cannizzaro. "Binge-like Alcohol Exposure in Adolescence: Behavioural, Neuroendocrine and Molecular Evidence of Abnormal Neuroplasticity… and Return." Biomedicines 9, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091161.
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Binge alcohol consumption among adolescents affects the developing neural networks underpinning reward and stress processing in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This study explores in rats the long-lasting effects of early intermittent exposure to intoxicating alcohol levels at adolescence, on: (1) the response to natural positive stimuli and inescapable stress; (2) stress-axis functionality; and (3) dopaminergic and glutamatergic neuroadaptation in the NAc. We also assess the potential effects of the non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid cannabidiol, to counteract (or reverse) the development of detrimental consequences of binge-like alcohol exposure. Our results show that adolescent binge-like alcohol exposure alters the sensitivity to positive stimuli, exerts social and novelty-triggered anxiety-like behaviour, and passive stress-coping during early and prolonged withdrawal. In addition, serum corticosterone and hypothalamic and NAc corticotropin-releasing hormone levels progressively increase during withdrawal. Besides, NAc tyrosine hydroxylase levels increase at late withdrawal, while the expression of dopamine transporter, D1 and D2 receptors is dynamically altered during binge and withdrawal. Furthermore, the expression of markers of excitatory postsynaptic signaling—PSD95; Homer-1 and -2 and the activity-regulated spine-morphing proteins Arc, LIM Kinase 1 and FOXP1—increase at late withdrawal. Notably, subchronic cannabidiol, during withdrawal, attenuates social- and novelty-induced aversion and passive stress-coping and rectifies the hyper-responsive stress axis and NAc dopamine and glutamate-related neuroplasticity. Overall, the exposure to binge-like alcohol levels in adolescent rats makes the NAc, during withdrawal, a locus minoris resistentiae as a result of perturbations in neuroplasticity and in stress-axis homeostasis. Cannabidiol holds a promising potential for increasing behavioural, neuroendocrine and molecular resilience against binge-like alcohol harmful effects.
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Long, Leonora E., Rose Chesworth, Xu-Feng Huang, Iain S. McGregor, Jonathon C. Arnold, and Tim Karl. "Transmembrane domain Nrg1 mutant mice show altered susceptibility to the neurobehavioural actions of repeated THC exposure in adolescence." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145711001854.
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Abstract Heavy cannabis abuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Adolescents appear particularly vulnerable to the development of psychosis-like symptoms after cannabis use. To test whether the schizophrenia candidate gene neuregulin 1 (NRG1) modulates the effects of cannabinoids in adolescence, we tested male adolescent heterozygous transmembrane domain Nrg1 mutant (Nrg1 TM HET) mice and wild type-like littermates (WT) for their neurobehavioural response to repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 10 mg/kg i.p. for 21 d starting on post-natal day 31). During treatment and 48 h after treatment withdrawal, we assessed several behavioural parameters relevant to schizophrenia. After behavioural testing we measured autoradiographic CB1, 5-HT2A and NMDA receptor binding. The hyperlocomotor phenotype typical of Nrg1 mutants emerged after drug withdrawal and was more pronounced in vehicle than THC-treated Nrg1 TM HET mice. All mice were equally sensitive to THC-induced suppression of locomotion. However, mutant mice appeared protected against inhibiting effects of repeated THC on investigative social behaviours. Neither THC nor Nrg1 genotype altered prepulse inhibition. Repeated adolescent THC promoted differential effects on CB1 and 5-HT2A receptor binding in the substantia nigra and insular cortex respectively, decreasing binding in WT while increasing it in Nrg1 TM HET mice. THC also selectively affected 5-HT2A receptor binding in several other regions in WT mice, whereas NMDA receptor binding was only affected in mutant mice. Overall, Nrg1 mutation does not appear to increase the induction of psychotomimetic symptoms by repeated adolescent THC exposure but may attenuate some of its actions on social behaviour and schizophrenia-relevant neurotransmitter receptor profiles.
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Klein, Ruiz, Morales, and Stanley. "Variations in Parent and Teacher Ratings of Internalizing, Externalizing, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Selective Mutism." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214070.
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Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder that impacts communication. Children with SM present concerns to parents and teachers as they consistently do not speak in situations where there is an expectation to speak, such as at school, but speak in other settings where they feel more comfortable, such as at home. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of children with SM on behavioral rating scales and language measures. Forty-two children (22 boys and 20 girls, ranging from 2.4 to 13.8 years, with a mean age of 7.1 years) took part in this study. Parents and teachers completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-3) measuring internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, adaptive skills, and behavioral symptoms. Frequency of speaking and language abilities were also measured. Parents and teachers both identified withdrawal as the most prominent feature of SM but parents saw children as significantly more withdrawn than did their teachers. Both rated children similarly at-risk on scales of functional communication and social skills. Higher adaptive skills (including functional communication and social skills) were positively correlated with vocabulary, narrative language, and auditory serial memory according to teachers. Parent and teacher rating scales provide valuable information for diagnosis and progress monitoring. Children with SM can benefit from mental health practitioners who can identify and enhance their emotional well-being.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social withdrawal (SoW)"
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Trainoir, Marianne. "Ethnographie des pratiques numériques des personnes à la rue." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20063/document.
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La question « SDF » est étudiée au sein de deux paradigmes : l’approche critique qui insiste sur les phénomènes de domination sociale et l’approche interactionniste qui souligne les adaptations successives que les individus mettent en oeuvre. Ces adaptations sont étudiées à travers des situations particulières dans lesquelles l’identité de sansdomicilese construit et une carrière se dessine. Cette carrière est abordée soit comme une carrière de désocialisation dont la clochardisation constitue l’horizon, soit comme une carrière de survie dont le maintien de soi forme la perspective quotidienne et biographique. Dans ce cadre, les travaux menés sur les questions de la « sortie » et du « chez soi »ouvrent la voie à une approche renouvelée du maintien de soi au-delà de la gestion de la « face » en situation. C’est dans cette perspective que s’inscrit notre ethnographie des pratiques numériques comme supports pratiques du maintiende soi. L’expérience de l’errance est traversée par un certain nombre d’épreuves rassemblées dans une lutte pour le maintien de soi. Ainsi, le maintien de soi est à la fois une préoccupation quotidienne et une question biographique englobant les temporalités passées, présentes et futures. Il se travaille dans le quotidien de la survie mais aussi dans le travail de mémoire, de présentation, d’expérimentation et de projection de soi. Si la lutte contre la déprise est un travail essentiellement invisible, les pratiques numériques, observées dans l’écologie de l’activité, offrent une entrée pourl’observation et l’analyse. Ainsi, les pratiques numériques supportent, dans le quotidien de la survie, les démarches d’accès aux droits et la négociation de marges d’autonomie. Elles sont également un support des sociabilités familiales etamicales. Les pratiques numériques, à l’interface entre le privé et le public permettent aux personnes à la rue de s’aménager des temps et des espaces pour se soucier d’elles-mêmes. Enfin, notre recherche montre que les pratiques numériques constituent un support ambivalent, tantôt habilitant, tantôt disqualifiant. En effet, le support ne s’actualise pas nécessairement positivement et peut, au contraire, se retouner contre le sujet, alimentant l’émiettement identitaire et renforçant les sentiments de solitude et d’indignitéHomelessness is studied within two paradigms: the critical approach, which emphasizes the phenomena of social domination and the interactionist approach that underlines the successive adaptations that individuals implement. Those adaptations are studied through particular situations within which the "homeless" identity is built and a career takes shape. That career is looked at either as a un-socialization career or as a survival career in which self-preservation forms a daily and biographical perspective. In this context, working on issues such as "Getting off the streets" and "Home" paves the way for a renewed approach to self-preservation beyond situational facework. In this perspective, our ethnography of digital practices forms a practical support for self-preservation. Our fieldwork within social support structures shows that all the people surveyed, despite their heterogeneity, experience wandering as an intimate and social experience, and as a form of extreme precariousness which is lived between street and assistance, and marked by a self-weakening and an alteration of the capacity to look to the future. This experience is punctuated by many trials, gathered in a struggle for self-preservation. Self-preservation is then both a daily concern and a biographical question encompassing past, present and future temporalities. It is a work in the daily reality of survival but also through a memory work, selfpresentation, self-experimentation and self-projection. If the struggle against disengagement is almost invisible, digital practices offer a new approach for observation and analysis. Digital uses make it possible to access to rights and margins of autonomy. They also support friendship and family links. Between private and public life, digital uses allow homeless people to set up times and spaces to care about themselves. Eventually, our study also shows that digital uses create an ambivalent form of support: sometimes enabling, sometimes disqualifying. Indeed, it can turn against the subject, feeding identity crumbling and strengthening the solitude and unworthiness feelings
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Goh, Hong Eng. "A new structural summary of the MMPI-2 for evaluating personal injury claimants." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2006. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001434/.
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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is a popular measure of psychosocial functioning and psychopathology in the assessment of individuals in a variety of settings. However, the method of construction employed with the MMPI more than 60 years ago with psychiatric patients challenges the applicability of the scales for determining the psychosocial functioning of individuals from different settings. The restandardisation conducted in 1987 made no effort to eradicate the item overlap that was a result of the criterion keying method with contrasted groups. Although restandardized and updated with more contemporary language and content, the original psychiatric constructs were retained in order to maintain continuity with its predecessor. The aims of this investigation were to develop a new structure for the MMPI-2 constructed at the item-level, empirically derived and which specifically represents the dimensions that are relevant and appropriate in evaluating the psychosocial functioning of personal injury claimants. This task included comparisons with a comparable scale-level analysis and developing optimal scoring strategies where items in components and facets are allocated weightings based upon their strength of association. Study 1 was conducted using a sample of 2989 personal injury claimants assessed in Australia and the United States of America. The final sample of 3230, included 241 normal individuals, was utilized to develop a scale-level structure from 79 standard MMPI-2 scales and subscales. A nine-component solution consisting of General Maladjustment /Emotional Distress, Asocial Beliefs, Social Vulnerability, Somatic Complaints, Psychological Disturbance, Impulsive Expression, Antisocial Practices, Stereotypic Fears and Family Difficulties was derived using principal component analysis. However, intercorrelation between components in the structure signaled the need to develop a structure that would eradicate problems that were perpetuated by item overlap. The second study was conducted with a set of best practice procedures with the same clinical sample of 2989 personal injury claimants as Study 1. Forty-one components were derived through principal component analysis. Through the application of a set of criteria, a 35-component solution was retained. The pattern coefficients from the allocation of items to components determined the weightings to be applied to each item. Further analysis of the 35 components derived a substructure of 37 facets. The 35 components included only 442 of the 567 items, with the reliability coefficients of the first 25 components that ranged between .5 and .97, and the remaining 10 components that ranged from .29 to .49. The latter unreliable components were not included in the final Structural Summary, leaving 25 components (400 items) and their 33 facets for interpretation. Hence, in demonstrating the utility of the newly-derived structure, only 25 components and their 33 facets were interpreted. The 25 components were grouped conceptually into six domains. In the emotional domain were Psychological Distress (PsyDist), Anger, Fears, Psychotic Symptoms (PsyS), Paranoia (Par), Irritability (Irrit), Elation (Elat), Fear of the Dark (FD), and Financial Worry (FinWo). Somatic Complaints (SomC), Sexual Concerns (SexCon), and Gastrointestinal Problems (GasP) made up the measures in the physiological domain. In the behavioural domain were Cognitive Difficulties (CogDiff), Stimulus-Seeking (StimuS), Discipline (Dis), and Delinquency (Del) whilst the interpersonal domain was formed by Social Withdrawal (SoW), Negative Interpersonal Attitude (NIA), Timidity (Tim), Lie, Dissatisfaction with Self (DWS) and Family Relationship Difficulties (FReD). Alcoholism (Alco) was the only measure in the substance abuse domain, and the gender domain was comprised of Masculinity (Mas) and Femininity (Fem). The third study established preliminary normative means and standard deviations using a small opportunistic Australian university student sample (N = 219). No substantial gender differences were found but gender norms were maintained to facilitate comparisons with the traditional MMPI-2 approach. Comparisons of frequency of 'true' item response between the Australian university student sample and the U.S. restandardisation sample found relatively little differences and permitted evaluation of between sample differences on components and facets. The utility of the structure was demonstrated with the illustration of two clinical case examples, and a comparison was made with the standard MMPI-2 scales and subscales. The Structural Summary for the MMPI-2 demonstrated discriminative measures of psychosocial functioning that were a result of no item overlap, and the ability to attend to the different levels of intensity of self-report items because of differential weightings.
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Ribaeus, Matilda. "Jag vill inte vara med : Om förskollärares erfarenheter av att arbeta med barns fysiska aktivitet i förskolan." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43748.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate preschool teacher’s experience of children’s withdrawals during physical activity in preschool. Interviews were used as a method to study the subject. Five preschool teachers was interviewed and recorded for a total of 109 minutes’ witch has been analyzed. The focus of the study is preschool teacher’s experiences accounting children 3-5 years of age. The theory of SOC, sense of coherence, founded by Antonovsky (2005) has been used in the study. The results indicate that the preschool teachers have experience of children’s withdrawals during physical activity in preschool. According to the teachers, it is uncertainty over the activity, not trusting your body and low self-esteem that causes the withdrawals. Not feeling safe, a lack of social skills and disinterest over the activity is also causes for withdrawal. The withdrawals often happen verbally or invisible and quiet. The teachers frequently analyze their work to be able to develop the physical activity’s to be able to include everyone and make the experience of the physical activity motivating and fun.Syftet med den här studien var att bidra med kunskap gällande förskollärares erfarenheter av barn som drar sig undan planerad fysisk aktivitet i förskolan samt på vilket sätt förskollärare arbetar för att inkludera dessa barn. Kvalitativa intervjuer i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att ta reda på förskollärares erfarenheter av att arbeta med planerad fysisk aktivitet. Barn i åldrarna 3-5 år har framförallt varit i fokus. 5 förskollärare intervjuades i sammanlagt 109 minuter vilket har legat till grund för resultatet av studien. Antonovskys (2005) teori KASAM användes som teoretiskt ramverk. Resultatet visade att samtliga förskollärare hade erfarenhet av barn som drar sig undan planerad fysisk aktivitet i förskolan. Barnen drog sig enligt deras erfarenheter undan på grund av osäkerhet inför vad som kommer hända, dålig tilltro till den egna kroppen och låg självkänsla. Även otrygghet, rädsla i sociala sammanhang och helt enkelt ointresse för aktiviteten kunde också göra att barn drar sig undan. Antingen kunde barnen dra sig undan verbalt med ljud eller ickeverbalt och tyst. För att inkludera alla barn arbetar förskollärarna med att stärka de barn som är osäkra samt analysera och ändra i de aktiviteter som utförs så att alla blir motiverade och har möjlighet att delta.
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Tajan, Nicolas. "Le retrait social au Japon : enquête sur le hikikomori et l'absentéisme scolaire (futôkô)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20004.
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Notre thèse de doctorat décrit et analyse le retrait social au Japon (hikikomori et futōkō). Hikikomori désigne à la fois un phénomène de retrait social concernant plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes, et la personne elle-même, qui reste enfermée dans sa chambre, généralement au domicile familial, pour une durée de plusieurs mois voire plusieurs années, sans relations sociales. Le retrait social des élèves est plutôt désigné par le terme futōkō (absentéisme scolaire).D’abord, nous envisageons le hikikomori comme problème de société, nous synthétisons les travaux en anthropologie, psychiatrie et psychologie, et nous décrivons notre enquête dans les associations à but non lucratif (NPO), ainsi que les témoignages recueillis. Nous inscrivons nos perspectives à la charnière de la psychopathologie clinique et de l’anthropologie. Ensuite, et dans la mesure où la plupart des hikikomori ont vécu une période d’absentéisme scolaire, nous menons une enquête sur l’assistance au futōkō, via des entretiens menés avec des cliniciens du département de Kyōto. Enfin, nous confrontons le retrait social aux discours sur l’identité japonaise, à travers une étude originale des textes de Doi Takeo, Kawai Hayao, et Jacques Lacan.Nos résultats soulignent que les hikikomori reçoivent surtout l’assistance des NPO au sein desquelles les psychiatres et les psychologues sont absents. En revanche, les psychologues cliniciens sont présents auprès des collégiens en difficulté, mais l’assistance des lycéens en difficulté demeure faible. L’ensemble de notre enquête démontre qu’au début du XXIème siècle, nous assistons à la naissance de la clinique infanto-juvénile nipponeThe purpose of this PhD Dissertation is to provide a review of social withdrawal in Japan (hikikomori and futōkō). Hikikomori is the phenomenon of social withdrawal that effects hundreds of thousands individuals, in which the individual shuts his/herself in their room generally at their family’s home for several months and even years without social relationships. During the period of compulsory education, students’ social withdrawal is rather coined by the term futōkō (school non-attendance).First, I consider hikikomori as a social issue and sum up previous research in Anthropology, Psychiatry and Psychology. Then, I describe my investigation in NPOs, hikikomori individuals’ accounts I collected, and draw my perspective on the intersection of Clinical Psychology and Mental Health Anthropology. Second, I investigate the support available to futōkō since many hikikomori experienced school non-attendance, using research interviews with clinical practitioners in Kyōto prefecture. Finally, I examine social withdrawal phenomenon in relation to Japanese identity discourse, towards a new approach of Doi Takeo’s, Kawai Hayao’s, and Jacques Lacan’s writings.My results reveal that hikikomori mostly receive support from caregivers working in NPOs, among which psychiatrists and psychologists are absent. However, while clinical psychologists actually support junior high school students who are classified as futōkō, the support available to high school dropouts remains low. As a whole, this dissertation shows that at the beginning of the 21st century, we are just witnessing the birth of psychological clinics in Japan, especially in the field of child and adolescent mental care
Books on the topic "Social withdrawal (SoW)"
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Pernice, Ingolf, and Ana Maria Guerra Martins, eds. Brexit and the Future of EU Politics. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748903246.
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As the end of the Brexit process is still not in sight, the consequences of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU—with or without an agreement—are difficult to assess. This volume aims at an interim assessment of Brexit, from basic questions of sovereignty, which Brexiteers seem to be striving to recover, models of differentiated integration and the protection of fundamental rights, to the principle of democracy, which seems to be being challenged in different ways. How has the internal market been affected by Brexit? How have citizens’ social rights as developed by the ECJ been affected? What impact has Brexit had on the control of immigration in the UK? All this is dealt with in part II of this anthology. Its last part is devoted to monetary and financial policies, as well as to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, a policy that is only subject to supranational discipline in part and in which the UK, nevertheless, plays an important role—and may continue to do so in the future. A great deal looks different today than one may have expected prior to the 2016 referendum.
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Small, Will, and Ryan McNeil. Understanding the Risk Environment Surrounding Drug Use in Prisons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0011.
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Qualitative research is uniquely positioned to advance understanding of the role of social and structural factors in shaping drug use and drug-related harms in prison settings and following release. This chapter critically reviews the qualitative literature examining drug use within the prison risk environment and following release, while identifying research gaps and directions for future inquiry. The extant literature has documented: (1) how drug use in prisons is shaped by which drugs are available, their pharmacological effects, and correctional policies; (2) how injection-related risk and syringe sharing are shaped by social and structural forces within prisons (including policies restricting syringe access) which increase the potential for drug-related harm; (3) how withdrawal and detoxification experiences in custody both foster participation in high-risk injecting practices (eg, syringe-sharing) and facilitate injection cessation and drug abstinence; (4) how inmates and staff view prison-based methadone maintenance therapy, the experiences of those receiving treatment, and barriers to scaling up methadone programs; and, (5) how transitions from prison to community shape health access, harms, and drug use patterns. By documenting prisoners’ drug-related experiences, and situating these experiences within their social, structural, and environmental contexts, these studies have generated insights beyond what is possible using other research approaches. In doing so, they have identified features of prison and post-release risk environments amenable to modification. There is an urgent need to scale up qualitative studies of prison and post-release risk environments, to better inform targeted public health interventions. Emerging interventions, including prison-based syringe exchange, should similarly be examined using qualitative approaches to more fully document their potential impacts on drug-related risks and harms.
Book chapters on the topic "Social withdrawal (SoW)"
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Dulak, Michał. "Pro-Europeans and ‘Euro-Realists’: The Party-Voters Linkage and Parties’ Political Agendas in Poland, 2004–2019." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 157–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_7.
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Abstract Poland’s European policy and its struggles with EU institutions since 2015 may lead to the conviction that the country’s illiberal turn is accompanied by a process of de-Europeanisation which is fostered by the government to undermine the country’s presence in the EU. Drawing on the party-voters linkage concept, this chapter examines whether such assumptions can be confirmed. It covers societal attitudes and manifestos of the main ruling party and main opposition parties in Poland, PO and PiS, in the period from 2004 to 2019. The chapter shows that party manifestos do not show signs of radical de-Europeanisation (like, for example, calls for withdrawal from the EU) but a limited refocusing of EU issues. One exception was PiS’s open rejection to accept the Euro currency in the future. This mixed strategy is explained by differentiated positions among the party’s electorate over EU issues.
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Watson, David, and Michael W. O’Hara. "Anger and Psychopathology." In Understanding the Emotional Disorders, 146–74. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199301096.003.0006.
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This chapter explores how individual differences in anger and hostility are linked to a broad range of psychopathology. An examination of this topic is complicated by the fact that measures of anger/hostility correlate strongly with other types of negative affect, such as fear/anxiety and sadness/depression; it therefore is important to control for the influence of these other negatively valenced emotions when examining relations with psychopathology. The reviewed data indicate that anger/hostility scales tend to show weak to moderate associations with internalizing psychopathology; however, these relations essentially disappear after controlling for other types of negative affect. In contrast, anger/hostility displays somewhat stronger associations with externalizing that remain significant after controlling for anxiety and depression. Finally, anger/hostility scales exhibit relatively strong and specific relations with paranoia/suspiciousness and social anhedonia/withdrawal—which persist after controlling for the other negative emotions—but are not consistently linked to other forms of psychoticism.
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Manuel Morales Rodríguez, Francisco. "Risk Suicide, Anxiety, and Coping Strategies." In Suicide [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99618.
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In this paper, we sought to examine the levels of suicidal risk and anxiety, as well as the coping strategies used in a sample of 154 Spanish university students, most of them first-year students, during the situation of confinement and the pandemic. After approval by the Ethics Committee, instruments for the evaluation of these constructs were administered. An ex post facto design was used. A high level of suicide risk was not found in the sample. Statistically significant differences were found in the levels of suicidal risk and anxiety according to gender, with higher scores in both variables for women. Likewise, the coping strategies of self-criticism and social withdrawal show direct associations with the levels of suicidal risk. We conclude by pointing out the relevance of the data obtained for a more effective design of psychoeducational interventions to face these public health problems with the training of effective coping strategies.
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Morris, John. "Breaking the hold of debt: Cambridge Money Advice Centre." In Austerity, Community Action, and the Future of Citizenship. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331032.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the work of the Cambridge Money Advice Centre, a faith-based debt advice charity located 80 km north of London that has been serving local people for eleven years. In that time it has witnessed (i) a period of growing economic prosperity accompanied by an increase in the availability of credit, (ii) the financial crisis of 2008 resulting in the withdrawal of some forms of credit, (iii) the introduction of austerity measures in 2010 causing personal financial hardship and thus making debt repayments more painful, and (iv) a subsequent slow growth in the economy only helping those who are not adversely affected by austerity. The implications for this see-saw variation in the UK’s economic performance for both a middle class and working class population are described in terms of the general accessibility of credit and individuals’ ability to meet debt repayment obligations. The debt advice process and clients’ attitudes and practical responses to being in stressful, unmanaged debt are illustrated by eight case studies. The Christian motivation of volunteer advisers to support others is also examined. Finally, in an era of intense stigma surrounding debt and reliance on welfare benefits, the isolation suffered by debtors in their communities is noted. The nature of the client-adviser relationship, which often bridges social boundaries, is also strained by professional boundaries and clients’ ambivalence towards engaging with the emotionally draining process of getting their debts under control. Ironically, community-building is best seen between advisers themselves and their partners in other welfare services.
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Irmscher, Christoph. "Realtor and Realist." In Max Eastman. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300222562.003.0011.
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Publicly regarded as right-wing, Eastman defends Dewey against conservative critics but also suspects his former teacher of mistaking the true method of arriving at the truth with the truth itself. Alienating his lover Florence Norton, he marries social worker Yvette Szekely in 1958. He chafes under the “slavery” imposed on him by Reader’s Digest but continues to work for the magazine and develops a new interest in animal studies. Now calling himself a “libertarian conservative,” Max withdraws from National Review, citing his atheism. The second volume of his autobiography, Love and Revolution (1965), completed with the help of critic Daniel Aaron, reminds readers of the puzzling arc of Max’s life. Seven Kinds of Goodness, his final book, with portraits of spiritual leaders from Buddha to Jesus, ends with the encouragement that we make a “jewel of the accident of [our] being.” Max dies on March 26, 1969, in Bridgetown, Barbados, his summer home. His son Daniel, alternately rejected and embraced by his distracted father, follows him a half year later.
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Hinton, David A. "Envoi." In Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264537.003.0014.
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The significance of material culture, and the portable objects that are part of it, is dictated by people’s economic and social power, and their need to give physical expression to their status and aspirations. As in any society, the ability and wish to acquire, display, and use metals, glass, gems, or pots depended in the Middle Ages upon the supply of raw materials and finished products, and the demand that their availability might meet or create. The island of Britain had never been united by the Romans, and different reactions to their army’s withdrawal were only to be expected. Generally, however, power-seeking leaders establishing petty and impermanent fiefdoms relied largely upon being able to demonstrate their success by the acquisition of booty that could be profligately consumed, shown off, or distributed to families and supporters. Swords, brooches, or drinking-vessels symbolize how these social affinities were created and maintained, whether recorded in graves, hoards, and other deliberate deposits, or in accidental loss or intentional jettisoning of what was beyond reuse. The precise meanings that were given to gold and silver, glass and garnets, changed according to their contexts; some gave physical expression to an ambition to inherit the prestigious authority of Rome, others gave credence to stories of descent from far-travelling heroes, while others stressed a person’s place within their own immediate society. Yet artefacts such as pottery show that even people whose priority was subsistence were part of a wider network of contact. External factors influenced behaviour: no leader of a group in Britain could negotiate directly with the Byzantine emperor for the subsidies that brought gold into western Europe, so none could take action to ensure its continuing availability during the seventh century. Its relative value changed as it became rarer, so that it had to be used sparingly if at all; consequently, for some people the display of access to it became even more important. Contemporaneously, however, Christianity’s infiltration changed beliefs about what happened after death, and how people should use and dispose of their worldly goods. In bigger political units, using symbols to show origins and allegiances mattered less, but the large numbers of artefacts now known show that prosperity was not confined in the eighth and ninth centuries to the royal families.
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Trickey, David, and Dora Black. "Child trauma." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1728–31. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0225.
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This chapter will focus on the impact on children of traumatic events other than child abuse or neglect, which are covered in Chapter 9.3.3. According to the DSM-IV-TR definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic events involve exposure to actual or threatened death or injury, or a threat to physical integrity. The child's response generally involves an intense reaction of fear, horror, or helplessness which may be exhibited through disorganized or agitated behaviour. Terr suggested separating traumatic events into type I traumas which are single sudden events and type II traumas which are long-standing or repeated events. If the traumatic event includes bereavement, the reactions may be complicated and readers should consult Chapter 9.3.7 to address the bereavement aspects of the event. Following a traumatic event, children may react in a variety of ways (see Chapters 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 for the adult perspective on reactions to stressful and traumatic events). Many show some of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder—re-experiencing the event (e.g. through nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, re-enactment, or repetitive play of the event), avoidance and numbing (e.g. avoidance of conversations, thoughts, people, places, and activities associated with the traumatic event, inability to remember a part of the event, withdrawal from previously enjoyed activities, feeling different from others, restriction of emotions, sense of foreshortened future), and physiological arousal (e.g. sleep disturbance, irritability, concentration problems, being excessively alert to further danger, and being more jumpy). In young children the nightmares may become general nightmares rather than trauma-specific. Other reactions to trauma in children are: ♦ becoming tearful and upset or depressed ♦ becoming clingy to carers or having separation anxiety ♦ becoming quiet and withdrawn ♦ becoming aggressive ♦ feeling guilty ♦ acquiring low self-esteem ♦ deliberately self-harming ♦ acquiring eating problems ♦ feeling as if they knew it was going to happen ♦ developing sleep disturbances such as night-terrors or sleepwalking ♦ dissociating or appearing ‘spaced out’ ♦ losing previously acquired developmental abilities or regression ♦ developing physical symptoms such as stomach aches and headaches ♦ acquiring difficulties remembering new information ♦ developing attachment problems ♦ acquiring new fears ♦ developing problems with alcohol or drugs. Such problems may individually or in combination cause substantial difficulties at school and at home. The reactions of some children will diminish over time; however, for some they will persist, causing distress or impairment, warranting diagnosis, and/or intervention. Research predicting which children will be more likely to be distressed following a traumatic event suffers from a number of methodological flaws. However, factors which are often identified as constituting a risk for developing PTSD across a number of studies include: level of exposure, perceived level of threat and peri-traumatic fear, previous psychological problems, family difficulties, co-morbid diagnoses, subsequent life events, and lack of social support.
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Compton, Michael T., and Beth Broussard. "Psychosocial Treatments for Early Psychosis." In The First Episode of Psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372496.003.0016.
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People experiencing psychosis often have to deal with a number of problems. These problems may stem from certain symptoms. As explained in Chapter 2, these symptoms may include positive symptoms (such as hearing voices or having unusual beliefs), negative symptoms (such as being isolated, withdrawn, or slow), cognitive dysfunction (such as difficulties with attention, learning, or memory), and other types of symptoms. However, psychosocial difficulties (like problems with school, work, relationships, and recreation/leisure activities) may disrupt life as well, even though they are not necessarily thought of as symptoms. Unfortunately, these types of problems are very common for people dealing with a psychotic disorder. Treating the se difficulties in addition to the specific symptoms is necessary to begin to feel better and to live a full life. In fact, the recovery process focuses as much on resuming school, work, relationships, and leisure activities as it does on remission (see Chapter 11 on Promoting Recovery). Although medicines are extremely important in treating symptoms, especially positive symptoms (see Chapter 6 on Medicines Used to Treat Psychosis), another type of treatments, called psychosocial treatments, focus more on helping patients with these broader problems. Normal psychosocial development begins in childhood but continues throughout adolescence and early adulthood. Adolescence and early adulthood are extremely important times when most people develop social skills and build relationships. Late adolescence and early adulthood is typically a time of finishing high school, starting college, getting a first job, having a first romantic relationship, beginning to live more independently from parents, buying a car, and establishing career goals. Success in all of these domains of life requires both psychological skills and social skills. The term psychosocial brings together these two words. So, psychosocial development refers to the important developmental stage when psychological and social skills mature. Unfortunately, for people who develop a psychotic disorder, late adolescence and early adulthood is the period of time when a first episode of psychosis usually begins. Thus, psychosis that first happens in this time period often interrupts psychosocial development, leading to psychosocial problems. Psychosocial problems refer to difficulties at school, at work, in relationships, or in recreation and leisure activities.
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Pallot, Judith, and Tat'yana Nefedova. "Household Production and the Large Farm Sector." In Russia's Unknown Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227419.003.0012.
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Household production varies according to the range of resources available to it; different environments give rise to different types of production, setting limits upon what can be produced. But as we saw in the previous chapter, in order to gain access to the environmental resources they need, households are at the mercy of a variety of gatekeepers that include local authorities, large farm managements, other private landowners, and the community at large. Among the other actors with which rural households have to interact, by far the most important in most regions are the large farms or ‘agricultural enterprises’. In this respect, there is continuity with the Soviet period when the managements of collective and state farms determined the social, cultural, and political character of rural places and the economic welfare of the rural population. Collective and state farms were like ‘company towns’, but with their authority extending over large territories and embracing a number of populated places. Figure 5.1 shows the territorial arrangement typical of a collective farm during the Soviet period. Since 1991, many of their former areas of authority, both formal and informal, have been withdrawn from large farms; they have lost control of land under rural settlements and they have reduced influence over a range of local services where their interventions used to be decisive. To advocates of market reforms, the retreat of large farms from these areas is a welcome rationalization of the agrarian economy and part of the process of redirecting farm activities towards producing agricultural products by the most efficient means possible. But this retreat has often left a gap that cashstrapped local authorities and private enterprise have not yet been able to plug, so that rural people’s experience of the market transition is of the loss of formal employment and a reduction in the level of services they previously enjoyed. In this situation, it is not surprising that rural Russia has been the scene of a muted, but real, contestation of market reform on the part of people intent on defending their access to resources and services to which they still believe they are entitled.
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"Language and Communication Skills A child's competence withlanguage is highly likely to affect the extent and quality of her/his social relationships. As significant conversational ability develops at approximately 2Vi years, social interaction increases simultaneously (Holmberg, Note 2). Children whose language and comprehension skills are limited may be hampered in their ability to communicate and interact with •their peers. Certainly, the relationship between language com-petence and competence in other areas has been documented (Ap-pleton, Clifton, & Goldberg, 1975). Social play requires at least some level of adequate communi-cation skills (Asher, Oden, & Gottman, 1977), e.g., the ability to share a theme of an activity and develop it (Garvey, 1976). Little is known yet about the relative importance of deficits in specific com-munication skills, and further, few effects have been noted as a function of training. It is probable that children with less verbal ability, e.g., younger or handicapped, are less likely to profit from skills training involving verbal instruction or complex language per-formance. And. whereas language skills may not be related to social competence among prelingual toddlers, as the child develops, lan-guage may play a more crucial role. Preliminary analyses of our data show a significant but low correlation between measures of listener vocabulary and knowledge of basic concepts in preschool children and both teacher ratings of social behavior and peer popularity. It appears, then, that language has some role to play in a child's social competence, and the practitioner would be wise to consider the socially withdrawn child's language capabilities before at-tempting remediations which otherwise may prove ineffective. Motor Skills A series of studies of elementary school children from 4th through 7th grades found consistent and significant relationships between their performance on physical measures and social status as measured by socio-metrics (Broekhoff, 1976, 1977, in press). Com-parisons of high and low status contrast groups indicated that signifi-cant differences were maintained over the three years on physical fitness and indices of muscular strength. Thus, it seems logical to." In Social Skills Training for Children and Youth, 45–50. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315059167-4.
Full textReports on the topic "Social withdrawal (SoW)"
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Keane, Claire, Karina Doorley, and Dora Tuda. COVID-19 and the Irish welfare system. ESRI, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202201.
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COVID-19 had, and continues to have, a strong negative effect on incomes in Ireland due to widespread job losses as the measures put in place to slow the spread of the disease resulted in severe economic restrictions. Despite the existence of unemployment supports, additional income supports were introduced to protect incomes. As public health restrictions lift and the economy recovers, we face the withdrawal of such supports. We examine these supports and the role they played in supporting incomes. By profiling those who benefitted most from the new schemes, we highlight the groups most at risk of significant income losses as they wind down. We consider what gaps in the social welfare system necessitated the introduction of such schemes in the first place, along with potential future policy changes to ensure that the social welfare system can provide adequate income protection and financial incentives to work as we emerge from the COVID-19 crisis.
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Bano, Masooda, and Zeena Oberoi. Embedding Innovation in State Systems: Lessons from Pratham in India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/058.
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The learning crisis in many developing countries has led to searches for innovative teaching models. Adoption of innovation, however, disrupts routine and breaks institutional inertia, requiring government employees to change their way of working. Introducing and embedding innovative methods for improving learning outcomes within state institutions is thus a major challenge. For NGO-led innovation to have largescale impact, we need to understand: (1) what factors facilitate its adoption by senior bureaucracy and political elites; and (2) how to incentivise district-level field staff and school principals and teachers, who have to change their ways of working, to implement the innovation? This paper presents an ethnographic study of Pratham, one of the most influential NGOs in the domain of education in India today, which has attracted growing attention for introducing an innovative teaching methodology— Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) – with evidence of improved learning outcomes among primary-school students and adoption by a number of states in India. The case study suggests that while a combination of factors, including evidence of success, ease of method, the presence of a committed bureaucrat, and political opportunity are key to state adoption of an innovation, exposure to ground realities, hand holding and confidence building, informal interactions, provision of new teaching resources, and using existing lines of communication are core to ensuring the co-operation of those responsible for actual implementation. The Pratham case, however, also confirms existing concerns that even when NGO-led innovations are successfully implemented at a large scale, their replication across the state and their sustainability remain a challenge. Embedding good practice takes time; the political commitment leading to adoption of an innovation is often, however, tied to an immediate political opportunity being exploited by the political elites. Thus, when political opportunity rather than a genuine political will creates space for adoption of an innovation, state support for that innovation fades away before the new ways of working can replace the old habits. In contexts where states lack political will to improve learning outcomes, NGOs can only hope to make systematic change in state systems if, as in the case of Pratham, they operate as semi-social movements with large cadres of volunteers. The network of volunteers enables them to slow down and pick up again in response to changing political contexts, instead of quitting when state actors withdraw. Involving the community itself does not automatically lead to greater political accountability. Time-bound donor-funded NGO projects aiming to introduce innovation, however large in scale, simply cannot succeed in bringing about systematic change, because embedding change in state institutions lacking political will requires years of sustained engagement.