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Bertrand, Stéphane. "Structures d'interaction et dilemme social." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1EC05.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux nombreuses récentes approches tenant compte de l'existence de structures particulières gouvernant les modalités d'interaction entre les agents économiques. Ces approches fournissent notamment un renouveau du phénomène d'agrégation et offrent une nouvelle voie potentielle dans l'analyse de l'émergence de régularités au niveau macroscopique. Nous appliquons ces développements récents à la problématique de la coopération entre les agents dans les contextes de dilemme social, sous l'angle double de modèles théoriques et d'études expérimentales. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions une structure d'interaction locale, exogène. Nous montrons que l'émergence de la coopération est théoriquement possible ; cependant, une étude expérimentale montre de faibles différences par rapport à un contexte plus large d'interactions globales, et nous mène à étudier expérimentalement, dans un second temps, des modalités d'interaction plus flexibles, en donnant aux agents la possibilité d'être confrontés à une multiplicité d'interactions, et de refuser certaines d'entre elles. Les résultats montrent un clair effet favorable des interactions bilatérales, mais les incitations stratégiques de la possibilité de refus d'interaction ne sont pas suffisantes pour faire émerger une nette coopération dans le cas d'interactions multilatérales. Nous proposons alors, dans un troisième temps, un modèle de formation d'un réseau de coopération, par l'intermédiaire d'accords liants bilatéraux, au travers desquels les agents sont partiellement incités à la coopération par des raisons stratégiques. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent la pertinence de ce type d'approche, et nous permettent de conclure sur l'importance cruciale des structures endogènes fondées sur des interactions bilatérales multiples, et de la règle d'allocation de la valeur, dans l'optique de l'amélioration de l'efficience dans des contextes de dilemme socialThrough this work, we study the numerous recent approaches taking into account the existence of specific structures on which interactions among economic agents are based. These approaches lead to a revival of the aggregation phenomenon and potentially provide a new way in the analyses of emergence of regularities at the macroscopic level. We apply these recent developments to the problem of cooperation among agents in social dilemma contexts, from the double point of view of theoretical models and experimental studies. In a first part, we study an exogenous local interaction structure. We show that emergence of cooperation is theoretically possible ; however, an experimental study exhibits weak differences reported to a broader context of global interaction, and leads us, in a second part, to experimentally study more flexible interaction structures, by giving the agents the ability of being confronted to a multiplicity of interaction, and of refusing some of them. Results show a clear favourable effect of bilateral interaction, but strategic incentives allowed by the possibility of refusing interaction do not allow making cooperation clearly emerge in a multilateral context. We then propose, in a third part, a model of formation of a cooperation network, by the mean of bilateral binding agreements, through which agents are partly incited to cooperation by strategic motives. Experimental results show the relevance of this approach, and allow us to conclude on the crucial importance of endogenous structures based on multiple bilateral interactions, and of the allocation rule, in the aim of increasing efficience in social dilemma contexts
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Roberts, Francis Charles. "Social structures, epistemology and personal identity." Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57338/.
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In this thesis a set of interlocking arguments is fashioned. Each argument serves a dual purpose: it contributes to the acceptability of the main theme developed In the thesis and it increases the acceptability of the other arguments. At all stages the price paid for refusing to accept the conclusions drawn is cited. There are two driving forces behind the construction of the set of arguments. The first involves a recognition that there is a need for some 'underiabouring' work to be done for the Social Sciences; the second, relatedly. that there is a need to relocate the current debate in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy on, the question of Personal Identity. The colligation of the arguments accomplishes an 'underlabouring' task for the Social Sciences. This task consists of the identification of some of the Implications of the acceptance (whether tacit or explicitly stated) of two notions: the notions of what constitutes a person and what constitutes society. it Is argued that Possible uses of the concept of a person, inherent in any Interpretation of social phenomena, will constrain the explanatory power of any social scientific theory (or even ofa common system of beliefs) In which the interpretation is embedded. If one accepts a social scientific theory (or any common system of beliefs) which subsumes a concept of a person which does not see persons as essentially subjective, essentially social and essentially knowledge-seeking then one has to pay a series of penalties. Foremost among the penalties Is the sacrifice of the possibility of the expansion of the understanding of social phenomena. There are two concepts of society, embedded in contrasting systems of beliefs, whose acceptance has the effect of reinforcing the constraint on the explanatory power of the systems. One concept Involves a view of society as an object with causal powers, the other sees only Individuals as social causal agents. Whether it is Implicit or explicitly stated, the acceptance of either concept of society will cement the constraint on the expansion of one's understanding of social phenomena. The arguments go on to show that only the acceptance of a concept of society seen as an ensemble (itself devoid of detectable causal power) of social structures with causal powers can induce a lifting of some of the restrictions on the expansion of one's understanding of social phenomena. At the core of the arguments lies a fundamental distinction. This is the distinction which needs to be made between the functions of epistemological and ontological concepts which underpin one's understanding of social phenomena. It Is argued that, while such a distinction needs to be made, the relationship between the two functions is a symbiotic one - neither can operate without the other. The differentiation between the two functions is achieved by focusing on the distinction between knowledge and being - encapsulated in Chapter 2 by the distinction made between 'cultural environments' and 'social environments'. Linked to, and sustaining, the distinction between social and cultural environments is a distinction between two aspects of cognitive interactions between Individuals. These two aspects Involve a contrast between an Individual's sense of 'Interacting with' and a sense of 'being with' other Individuals. The former involves individuals in operating 'social kinds' while the latter involves them in sustaining the operating parameters of social kinds. Operations of social kinds are needed for changes in states of understanding to occur (in other words the operations have epistemological significance); by contrast the sustaining of the operational parameters of social kinds is significant with respect to the functions of ontological concepts. The failure of many theories of Personal Identity to address the problems generated by conflating epistemology and ontology In the social sciences renders such theories Inadequate to the task of providing a comprehensive analysis of Personal Identity. The arguments In the thesis pinpoint the nature of this Inadequacy, and show how it might be avoided.
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Sjögren, Olivia. "Water Resource Management : Social Behaviour, Cultural Norms and Societal Structures." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46472.
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Water shortage is one of the greatest challenges that the world faces today. International and national water initiatives are increasing simultaneously with the number of implemented drinking-water projects. The provision of sustainable safe drinking-water supply is here conceptualized through the Sustainable Livelihood Approach with the view of helping poor people secure their essential basic needs, improve their quality of health and increase their livelihood opportunities. However, a lot of drinking-water projects do not end up with satisfactory outcomes. Widespread results have demonstrated low quality water resource management, worsened access to water supply, constructions shutting down and not the least, that consumers have not been able to take advantage of their new basic drinking-water systems. Projects have often failed in remote rural areas in developing countries where strong social norms, cultural values and power structures prevail. The research is based on identifying and analyzing to what extent past drinking-water projects have addressed public participation and been aware of social, cultural and structural surrounding factors. By using Gunilla Åkesson’s sociological framework the research also addresses the role and value of sociological aspects in drinking-water projects. It is found that past projects have often failed to include public participation and lacked situational awareness to a sufficient extent. The research show the importance for projects staff, managers and technicians to take into account social behaviors, cultural norms and societal structures in the local environment and to provide local people with health awareness and education. By taking this into consideration it would enable people to change their behavior and take advantage of the improved drinking-water systems provided for them. In conclusion, there is a need to address more sociological aspects in water resource management in order to promote sustainable safe drinking-water supplies in remote rural areas in developing countries. It can be argued that this is not only applicable in drinking-water projects but also in other areas of fields within grass root development work.
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Schultz, Jennifer Lee. "What Structures Network Structure? How Class, Culture, and Context Matter in Creating Social Capital." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297028.
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A considerable body of research shows that network structure can either assist or hinder one's access to social capital. Though the effects of particular structural arrangements of relationships are well known, there is comparatively little research on how a person might come to have one structural arrangement of ties over another. This study asks: What structures network structure? What cultural templates guide persons in their practice of friendship and in managing, maintaining, and adapting their personal communities over time? What contextual factors influence the duration and intensity of social relationships? Respondents were asked to make a list of "people who are important to you" and to describe the relationships individually while labeling each person on a social map. Interviews were coded using content analysis software in order to assess emergent cultural themes and the settings from which social relationships were drawn. Interview data confirmed respondents' use of cultural templates in the practice of friendship, which may affect one's ability to acquire and/or lose social capital. Interview data demonstrated how material resources may impact the vigor with which persons engage with social settings. Finally, some respondents reported important voluntary relationships that are at once high-commitment and low-contact. Frequently this type of tie arose when a relationship had outlived its original social context. This finding challenges the idea that contact and commitment usually go together in voluntary relationships.
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Hernandez, Javier. "Financial services and social structures : a comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10565.
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Although there is an increasing interest in social sciences amongst policy makers in financial services and investment organisations, not enough is known about the way financial organisations and activities interact with their social environments. In particular, there is a need for more research into the way financial activities are integrated into broader social structures. This thesis will report on a comparative study analysing the practices of financial organisations and their employees in two very different social environments: the UK and Chile. From 38 in-depth interviews with financial practitioners in London, Edinburgh and Santiago de Chile about their job trajectories and experiences, it was possible to analyse the practices of financial organisations in the UK and Chile, with an emphasis on the way they interact with global financial trends and local distributions of power and resources. A sociological account of organisational processes such as recruitment, socialisation, staff allocation, promotion and organisation of work within firms in these countries allowed for description and analysis of the way firms’ practices are related to their social (structural, symbolic and institutional) contexts. The research shows that Chile’s position in the global financial market and local distribution of resources encourage more traditional organisational practices, especially in terms of recruitment, socialisation, staff allocation and promotion, as well as activities performed and the way services are provided. In the UK, on the other hand, all of the above-mentioned processes are more technical, formally designed and competitive.
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Lind, Tommy. "Schools in sparse spatial structures." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi och ekonomisk historia, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-143192.
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This thesis describes and analyses how the school sector in sparsely populated municipalities in northern Sweden has developed with emphasis on spatial dimensions and in relation to demographic change and political reforms during the last 20 years. In paper I primary schools were studied in a number of small municipalities in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The aim of the study was to investigate how the spatial structure of schools has changed, what strategies the municipalities have developed to adapt their schools to changing conditions and what constraints there are to apply the strategies. To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews with municipal representatives were conducted. In paper II, the upper secondary school system was studied. The aim of the paper was to analyse the combined consequences of the school reforms, demographic development and competition on the ability of small municipalities to provide upper secondary schools during the period 1997 to 2015 in the four northernmost counties of Sweden. The study was based on data from the database SIRIS at the Swedish National Agency for Education and has a descriptive approach. The spatial structure of school organizations under study has undergone substantial changes during the recent decades, with closures and mergers among primary schools and an expansion of upper secondary schools. In recent years, the size of the young cohorts have decreased, which overall has led to increasing pressures to close primary schools and has created a detrimental competition between upper secondary schools. The large distances and the already small and declining number of pupils have had major effects on the ability to offer a good range and quality in the supply and availability of education. According to representatives from all the studied municipalities, the ambition is to prioritize the primary schools in the municipal centre and have as few small village schools as possible, taking into consideration quality of education, per capita costs, distances, and how scattered the pupils are within the municipalities. Independent schools and their increasingly larger role have attracted a great deal of attention in media, but this is a change that has mainly occurred in municipalities with large populations and their presence in the studied municipalities is very small both at the primary and upper secondary level.
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Garcia, Rivera Francisco, and Rodriguez David Hoyos. "Implementation of Metallic Profiles in Social Houses." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16084.
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This paper presents a metallic structural solution for communities with minor resources, which is able to adapt to the climatic conditions of La Guajira (Colombia). The mains objectives of this structure are to reach good quality and reduce execution time as well as cost. The structure was designed by using Light Weight Steel Framing method, due to its simplicity as well as its ease in the assembly due to the lack of resources in those communities. The design was calculated by using an iterative method in which a compromise solution between prices and strength was reached. This paper concludes that the same structure which was being built, can be improved (decreasing of the price, and industrialisation of the method) by using the structural solution proposed by this work.
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Daniel, João Rodrigo. "Affiliative structures and social development in preschool children groups." Doctoral thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/1111.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Aplicada (Etologia) apresentada ao Instituto Superior Psicologia AplicadaO grupo de pares é um dos principais contextos de desenvolvimento da criança durante a idade pré-escolar. Contudo, a maioria dos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento social da criança focam-se na procura de características individuais negligenciando os constrangimentos relacionais inerentes à ecologia do grupo de pares. A abordagem da etologia social, por contraponto, enfatiza a existência de diferentes nichos sociais que influenciam/constrangem o comportamento dos indivíduos, sugerindo que as diferenças individuais devem ser compreendidas à luz das relações diádicas e dos papéis sociais ocupados no interior do grupo de pares. Os trabalhos empíricos aqui apresentados são uma tentativa para estabelecer uma ligação entre estas duas tradições de estudo das relações afiliativas em crianças de idade préescolar. Partindo de uma amostra de 247 crianças Portuguesas, provenientes de 19 salas de aula diferentes, algumas das quais observadas em dois ou três anos consecutivos, foram analisados num primeiro estudo os padrões colectivos de proximidade social. Através da análise hierárquica de clusters da semelhança dos perfis de associação diádicos, em cada uma das salas, foram identificados três tipos de subgrupos afiliativos: (a) subgrupos em que as crianças para além de apresentarem perfis de associação semelhantes partilham, ainda, uma elevada proximidade mútua; (b) subgrupos de crianças com perfis de associação semelhantes, mas que tendem a não passar muito tempo juntas (baixa proximidade mútua); e (c) crianças não agrupadas. Diferenças significativas no viés intra-grupo para medidas comportamentais e sociométricas indicam que os subgrupos identificados não são meros artefactos estatísticos e que os diferentes tipos de subgrupos (elevada proximidade mútua vs. baixa proximidade mútua) são funcionalmente distintos. No segundo estudo, e recorrendo a desenvolvimentos recentes no campo da análise de redes sociais, analisaram-se os processos estruturais que estarão, potencialmente, na origem e desenvolvimento das estruturas afiliativas dos grupos de pares em crianças de idade préescolar. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que as relações afiliativas, nas 19 salas de aula, são altamente recíprocas, estabelecidas preferencialmente entre crianças do mesmo sexo e com a tendência para a criação de tríades transitivas. Estes resultados ajudam a compreender a existência dos subgrupos afiliativos identificados no primeiro estudo. No último estudo investigou-se a relação entre os níveis individuais de competência social e o tipo de subgrupo a que as crianças pertencem. A competência social foi avaliada tendo por base sete indicadores diferentes agrupados em três famílias distintas – motivação social e envolvimento, perfis de atributos comportamentais e psicológicos e aceitação de pares. As crianças pertencentes aos subgrupos mais coesos (elevada proximidade mútua) foram as que apresentaram níveis mais altos de competência social, enquanto as crianças não agrupadas eram geralmente menos competentes que os seus pares. Estes resultados sugerem que a pertença a um subgrupo mais coeso, entre outros factores, pode contribuir para um desenvolvimento social mais ajustado. Em suma, os trabalhos empíricos apresentados adoptam uma abordagem multi-método na tentativa de melhor compreender as estruturas afiliativas dos grupos de pares de crianças em idade pré-escolar, e o modo como estas estruturas se relacionam com o desenvolvimento da competência social. ---------- ABSTRACT ---------- The peer group is one of the main contexts for the development of preschool children. Nevertheless, most studies on child social development focus on individual characteristics neglecting the relational constraints inherent to peer group ecology. On the other hand, the social ethology approach emphasizes the existence of different social niches that influence/constrain individual behavior, stating that individual differences should be understood in the light of dyadic relationships and the social roles occupied within the peer group. The empirical works here presented are an attempt to establish a bridge between both traditions in the study of preschool children affiliative relationships. With a sample of 247 Portuguese children from 19 different classrooms, some of which were observed in two or three consecutive years, the collective patterns of social proximity were analyzed in the first study. Through the hierarchical cluster analysis of dyadic association similarity profiles, in each classroom, three types of affiliative subgroups were identified: (a) subgroups in which children besides having similar association profiles also share high mutual proximity; (b) children’ subgroups with similar association profiles but that do not tend to spend a lot of time together (low mutual proximity); and (c) ungrouped children. Significant differences found for in-group bias of behavioral and sociometric measures indicate that the identified subgroups are not mere statistical artifacts and that the different types of subgroups (high mutual proximity vs. low mutual proximity) are functional distinct. In the second study, recent developments in the field of social network analysis were used to investigate potential structural processes in the origin and development of affiliative structures in preschool peer groups. The results of this study show that the affiliative relations in the 19 classrooms were highly reciprocal, sex segregated and with a tendency to create transitive triads. These results help to explain the existence of the affiliative subgroups identified in the first study. In the last study the relation between individual levels of social competence and the type of affiliative subgroup to which children belong was assessed. Social competence was evaluated using seven different indicators, grouped into three distinct families – social motivation and engagement, profiles of behavioral and psychological attributes and peer acceptance. Children belonging to more cohesive subgroups (high mutual proximity) were the ones who presented higher levels of social competence, while ungrouped children were generally least competent than their peers. These results suggest that belonging to a more cohesive subgroup, among other factors, can contribute to a better social development. In sum, the empirical works here presented adopt a multi-method approach in an attempt to better understand the affiliative structures of preschool peer groups, and the way these structures relate to social competence development.
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Edwards, Guy J. "Structures of stance in interaction." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6671.
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Stance and stance-taking are fundamental to the achievement of social interaction. Through stance and stance-taking, speakers position themselves relative to objects, and to other speakers. Stance is conceptualized as a social action whereby both positioning of the self and evaluation of an object are achieved through language in social interaction. The central contention is that stances are complex and interrelated social relationships established by speakers in conversation; stance(s) are established not only relative to stance, subject and object, but also to other stances, other objects, other subjects, and context. This relativity of stance acts to the multiplex vectors of other stance(s) is the basis for the proposal of the stance matrix as a framework for conceptualizing stance in conversation. Through micro-qualitative analysis of conversational data, speakers are shown to orient to the stance matrix in the everyday achievement of complex structures and sequences of stance acts. In addition, the communicative means by which stance is achieved in conversation is examined, and the heterodox nature of stance-taking expressions is shown to be critically dependent on an expanded and flexible model of indexicality, relating linguistically enabled stancetaking acts to the stance acts that are thereby achieved. The role of subjects in the stance matrix is considered in terms of achieving stance acts towards people. Subjects are shown to be deployed as objects through the intervention of membership categorization to foreground the social roles and/or categories in which people can be categorized. In conclusion, the stance matrix is proposed as a critical framework for conceptualizing and examining how speakers can be seen to orient to, in conversation, the multiple vectors of stance connecting subjects, objects and other stances.
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Mori, Erica. "The Narrative of Lampedusa - Mediated mobilities reflected in social structures." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23384.
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In the mediated narrative about Lampedusa as a destination, thetourist’s mobility is indicating consumption. The recommendation of a boatride off Lampedusa’s coast to best experience/consume Lampedusa’s beauty,stands in great contrast to the boat rides in the narrative of the mobility ofthe migrant/refugee. This research is investigating the mediation andmobility processes working in the narrative of Lampedusa’s social structuresas a destination for the two human mobility categories the Tourist and theMigrant/Refugee. Mediated material concerning the two categories of humanmobility, the tourist and the migrant/refugee has been collected on theInternet. Material from two tourist destination communication platforms isillustrating the mobility of the tourist and the narrative of Lampedusa as atourist destination. While material from two humanitarian-aidcommunication platforms serve to illustrate the narrative of the mobility ofthe migrant/refugee and of the humanitarian crisis at the destination and itssurrounding waters. In order to a get fuller understanding of the mediatednarrative of Lampedusa I have added articles from English and Italianspeaking online news channels. The included material is selected following anon-probability, purposive sampling method. The result of the studydemonstrates that by maintaining the meditated narrative of the tourist as aconsumer, the mobility of the tourist is weakening the mobility of themigrant/refugee. And the narrative of Lampedusa is reinforcing the socialpower structures of the tourist from the Global North and themigrant/refugee from the Global South, as a representation of the politicaland moral consensus of postcolonialism.
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MINSER, JASON. "AMERICAN SOCIAL STRUCTURAL POSITIONS AND GOD IMAGES: HOW DO RACE, GENDER AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AFFECT OUR IMAGES OF GOD?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1061296437.
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Van, Leuven Heidi Marie. "Exploring contexts of ubiquitous structures." Click here to access thesis, 2009. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2009/leuven_h_van/vanleuven_heidi_m_200901_MFA.pdf.
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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Georgia Southern University, 2009."A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Fine Arts." Directed by Patricia J. Walker. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46
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Cho, Myoung-Woo. "Regional peasant social and religious structures and differential rates of social change in rural colonial Korea /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8916.
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Smith, Nicholas David. "Pastoral, discursive structures, and social change in eighteenth-century angling literature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342993.
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Bertilsson, Ulf. "The Rock carvings of Northern Bohuslän : spatial structures and social symbols /." Stockholm : Institute of archaeology, University of Stockholm, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb350962060.
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Zane, Wallace W. (Wallace Wayne). "Surfers of southern California : structures of identity." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22499.
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This thesis analyzes the structure of identity among surfers in Southern California, who constitute a subculture of American society. Surfer identity is shown to be derived from the act and the setting of surfing itself, from the individual's personal background and motivation for surfing, and from the social interaction among surfers on and off the water.Influences on the identity of surfers as a group include the surfers' own feeling of separateness from American society, surfer communication via the surf economy, the strong association of surfing with adolescence, and the portrayal of surfer symbols in the national media. The outward form of the "surf culture" changes in response to these influences, but the basic identity of surfers remains the same over time.
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Kallestad, Tommy. "Social Work Values : Empowerment, organizational values & professional doxa inside the social work field." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55153.
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This study explores the field of social work values in the social work profession. The aim of the study is to explore how social work values are related to empowerment practices and organizational structures inside the social work field. By using the perspective of empowerment and professional doxa these structures inside the social work field are explored in interviews with nine social workers. These nine interviews show how social workers relate to values insides their profession, how empowerment practices are done, and what kind of organizational conflicts social workers may experience. By using the perspectives of empowerment and professional doxa the interviews been analysed and connected to both local and global concerns for the social work field. Many professional conflicts were found by taking these perspectives that are discussed in this study, as for example role conflicts social workers could experience. Other conflicts were those of structural failures that caused harm to client contacts and economic factors that were deemed more important for organizations than good client outcomes.
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Partain, Roy Andrew. "Altruism, rationality, and alternative mathematical structures in economics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28764.
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Novis, Roberta. "Hard times : exploring the complex structures and activities of Brazilian prison gangs." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/958/.
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This research examines the presence of organised criminal groups in prison and its influence on inmate’s interaction and on the prison system of Rio de Janeiro. Information collected from a series of in-depth interviews with prisoners and ex-prisoners, members and non-members of the criminal groups and authorities of the criminal justice system, suggests that the current social organisation of prisons is working favourably towards the further development of organised crime and deviant behaviour. Prisoners are subordinated not only to the prison administration but also to the gang leaders. If a convict had no links with drug trafficking prior to incarceration, they definitely create one behind bars. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of interviewees from the sensitive sample engaged in drug trafficking while in prison. Off-brand inmates, those who are the less conspicuous convicts, end up engaging in illegal activities to avoid retaliation, perpetuating then a cycle of violence in a fragmented geopolitical gang space behind bars. Political pressure towards the validity of the classification system stratified by gang affiliation has impacted on the prison administration to create multiple categories of prisoners, which are mutually exclusive. This has had pervasive impacts on penal affairs such as allocation of sentences, lack of vacancies and disruption of prisoner’s routine. The research shows that the State goes beyond classification of inmates by gang affiliation; it has incorporated elements of gang’s violent tradition to assess and influence justice and prisoner’s progression. This study offers an interesting scope for a comparative analysis through the study of anti-prison gang strategies. Experiences around the globe have been driven to target gangs with racial and ethnical rivalries. Prison gangs in this study are devoted to a more capitalist goal: the monopoly of illegal drug markets in the streets. Such understandings and contextualizing make a significant contribution to re-examining the role of inmate culture as well as the value of contemporary penal reforms designed to making the penal institutions more responsive and interventionist in addressing inmate needs.
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Abdulla, Sara Jassim A. "Education, social structure and social change in the State of Qatar : with special reference to education, recruitment and career structures of women secondary school head teachers." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329704.
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Nguyen, Quan H. "The social structures of contracts : a case study of the Vietnamese market /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/0002265.
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Hakim, Hagir. "Effective contract structures and value for money in PFI social housing projects." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550352.
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In the last 20 years the UK has witnessed a continuous evolution in the use of private finance for the procurement of public infrastructure and services. social housing is the new frontier in utilising PFI in the provision of public service. Private involvement in social housing is complicated by the highly social nature of the sector. Given the often conflicting objectives between the public and the private sectors, the challenge is to structure PFI projects in such a way that they are viable to both parties. Due to the private sector need for confidentiality research to date has been severely constrained by having access to only one of the stakeholders resulting in only a partial understanding of the risk allocation and risk sharing procedures in PFI. This PhD research had the unique and unprecedented opportunity to access confidential .' , data including contracts, financial models on one of the first social housing PFI projects. The Grove Village PFI pathfinder has transformed the run-down housing estate from a crime-ridden place to a vibrant community. Empirical data accessed was utilised to build a detailed and exhaustive case study of the internal processes of the project to extract the key differences between the risk perceptions of different project parties and explain how competing objectives of the project parties were reconciled. The research revealed several facts in the development of social housing PFI projects that reduce value for money and developed mechanisms by which parties can reconcile the differences that exist between them. The research provides evidence on how PFI projects can maximise value for money for the various stakeholders involved.
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Netto, Vinicius. "Practice, communication and space : a reflection on the materiality of social structures." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/5060/.
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The general issue of relations between sociality and spatiality, until recently profoundly ignored outside spatial studies, has become a focus of great theoretical attention in a number of disciplines – what has been called, remarkably, the “spatial turn” in social and cultural theory. The thesis wishes to address a central problem in that debate: the connection of practice and space. It does so emphasising a dimension that has not been previously explored to a significant degree: the conditions of sociation of practice, or a material account of how action becomes social action and practice social practice. In other words, it investigates the place of space in semantically mediated interactions that constitute the knots in (spatialised) networks of sociation – or communication. The thesis explores the spatiality of practice and communication as a problem worth of theoretical attention, suggesting that precisely the absence of this dimension has led theory to fail to spot the spatial traces of relations between our daily acts – traces active in the very moment of sociation of practice, indeed constitutive of the very possibility of any sociation; traces produced and performed through the interpenetration of communication and space. The question the thesis addresses is the possibility of space not just as contingent location but also in itself encapsulating an essential constituent of the communicative condition of the social. The aim of this thesis is to focus on this theoretical deficit in a number of ways. First, existing theories of society and space relations as found in social theory, architecture and human geography are reviewed in order to assess how far they provide compelling answers to the problem of the communicative constitution of practice, and from this analysis, to set areas where further progress is needed. Second, an attempt is made to build an alternative frame to the sociality-spatiality relation as a relation between practice, communication and space, drawing on a number of diverse sources, mainly the theory of self-referentiality of Niklas Luhmann, the theory of communicative action of Jürgen Habermas, the post-modern questioning of notions like “meaning” and “structure,” and new approaches in human geography and architecture. Thirdly, the implications of this unconventional approach to the spatiality of the social world are discussed, and a concept, the duality of meaning is proposed as a means to address the multiple relations between space and social practice. Fourth, the thesis suggests the possibility that the spatial emergence of practice as a communicative process requires, in order to come into being, some structuring of the space in which it occurs – a mutual, referential structuration beyond the contingency of practice and space. Developing the idea of space as referential to communication, the thesis shows how space becomes the unconscious but referential substrate which provides a certain form of available organisation to the semantic field where communication networks are performed, and social structures constantly emerge and fade away in connections of linguistic acts and spaces. It suggests that a new and active role for space may be identified in the sociality-spatiality relation: a “semanticised space” as a key dimension of (1) the “communicability of practice,” i.e. the informational connections that mediate the passage from the individual act into the socialised act that takes part in unfolding social events; and (2) the very possibility of ontological relatedness, seeing space as a dimension of the “strings of reference” that produce the sense of “world-relationality” or structure, inform socialities of possibilities of acts, and constitute the very possibility of actualisation of acts through the referentiality of practice, communication and space. Disclosing a “material referentiality” at the heart of practice, as the crisscrossing of communication, language, and space, it finally suggests the possibility of space as a counterpart to the elusiveness of forms of communication and relationality in the social world, such as those semiotic fluxes based on spoken and written language, and electronic and visual media. In building such a conceptual scheme, the thesis lays down the aims of a “referential approach” to the materiality of the social world: clarifying space itself in the communicability of practice; clarifying its role for socialities by showing a referential space as a means to the sociation of acts; and clarifying socialities themselves by showing how profoundly and pervasively they rely on the referentiality of space.
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Krus, A., and O. Tarasova. "Environmental projects implementation effectiveness in business structures within the corporate social responsibility." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26609.
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LaLonde, Michelle. "Behind the Screens: Understanding the Social Structures of the Video Game Industry." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3727.
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This study focuses on video game developers and their working environments in a growth industry. While some research documents the culture of video games and the people who play them, much less is understood about the labor environment for those who make games. I conducted 20 personal interviews with game developers in order to learn more about what inspired them to select this field, how they gained entry to it, and what their work is like today. Using insights from the interviews, I analyze how workers contend with its male-dominated culture and how creative skilled laborers deal with the challenges of corporate control and precarious work in the new economy.
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Sweitzer, Brandon T. "Theoretical Integration: An Active Within Structures Approach to Predicting Social Media Use." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1396542289.
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Fernandez, Puentes Isabel C. "Stability of Degree Distributions and Analysis of Community Structures in Social Networks." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1545317072963346.
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Barhoumi, Mohamed. "Structures agraires et changement social dans la région de Béni Mellal, Maroc." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA054032.
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Dans son évolution, le système agraire dans la région de Beni Mellal a subi une transformation de nature. Dans un premier temps, les rapports de production étaient caractérises par leur nature communautaire déterminée par la prédominance de la forme collective d'appropriation du sol, comme moyen stratégique de production. La prédominance de la forme d'appropriation privée du sol, et l'introduction de cultures agro-industrielles marquent la naissance d'un nouvel ordre agraire. L’état en contrôlant le processus du travail de ces cultures, de l'amont a l'aval, a transformé les petits propriétaires en salariat agricole. Sur un plan pratique aussi bien que théorique, ce changement dans les rapports de production traduit un bouleversement dans la hiérarchie des moyens de production. Désormais, la nature des rapports de production se détermine non en fonction de l'appropriation privée du sol, mais selon la maitrise des autres moyens de production intervenant dans le processus du travail. Par sa fonction de légitimation et son caractère historique, l'idéologie irrationnelle joue un rôle très important dans la reproduction des rapports sociaux de productionThe agricultural modernization of the plain of b. Amir-b. Moussa has led to a sweeping change of the rural society. During the pre-colonial phase, the land system was characterized by its communal relations corresponding to a collective appropriation of the soil, as a strategic mean of output. But on the one hand, with the prevalence of the private form of the landed property and, on the other hand, with the introduction of agro-industrial cultures, the land system has experienced a change in its nature. Henceforth the process of labor requires the intervention of several factors of production. The Moroccan state by supervising almost all these factors has changed the small land-owners into agricultural workers. The reproduction of this modern system is ensured by the relevant role of a fatalistic peasant ideology
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Barhoumi, Mohamed. "Structures agraires et changement social dans la région de Béni Mellal, Maroc." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376115188.
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Saeed, Maadi. "Hyperpath and social welfare optimization considering non-additive public transport fare structures." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235081.
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Maalel, Imen. "La performance des structures d'accompagnement (cas de la Tunisie)." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0013/document.
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Confronté à la faiblesse de l’activité entrepreneuriale, le gouvernement tunisien tente de promouvoir l’impulsion d’entreprises en multipliant les mécanismes d’encouragement et d’aide des entrepreneurs. Parmi ces instruments figurent les structures d’accompagnement. Ces structures existent en Tunisie depuis 2001. Un questionnement sur leur performance et la réussite de leur intervention donc s’impose. Pour la réalisation de cette évaluation nous avons d’abord, dans une première partie, présenté l’intervention de ces structures (chapitre I), en mobilisant la théorie du capital social (chapitre II) et en faisant appel au modèle des 3 E développé par Paturel (1997) pour exposer le processus d’accompagnement (chapitre III) et le modèle des 3 F de Paturel (2007) facilitant l’introduction des critères de performance que nous avons employé (chapitre IV). Dans une deuxième, nous avons mis en oeuvre cette évaluation en adoptant une démarche éclectique combinant analyse qualitative et quantitative (chapitre I). Nos résultats nous ont poussé à conclure que les entrepreneurs tunisiens ne sont pas satisfaits de l’intervention des structures d’accompagnement tunisiennes et que seulement deux des treize structures que nous avons enquêtées sont performantes (chapitre II). En proposant une grille d’évaluation nous avons tenté de proposer quelques recommandations en fonction du profil des structures d’accompagnement afin de remédier à cette situation (chapitre III et IV)Entrepreneurial activity is very limited in Tunisia in spite of the effort that the government is making in order to help people create their business. These efforts are implied in the development of support structures. As these structures have existed in Tunisia since 2001, we need to assess the success of their intervention. Indeed, in order to evaluate this intervention, we have, in the first part of our research, presented these structures (chapter I). We mobilized the social capital (chapter II), the 3 E mod-el’s (Paturel 1997) so as to expose the incubation process (chapter III), and also the 3 F mod-el’s (Paturel 2007) which helped us introduce the performance criteria that we used to realize this evaluation (chapter IV). In our second part, we implemented the evaluation of Tunisian support structures by adopting an eclectic approach combining a qualitative and quantitative analysis (chapter I). Our results show that Tunisian entrepreneurs aren’t satisfied with the services provided by these structures and that only two support organizations out of thirteen are prosperous (chapter II). By proposing an evaluation grid (chapter III), we tried to suggest some recommendation as a remedy for this situation (chapter IV)
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Lowe, Stephen Oliver Costello. "The spatiality of strategy : using minimal structures in practice." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5177/.
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This theory-building case study conceptualizes organization sensemaking using minimal structures. Inductive grounded theory methodology is employed to develop an explanation of the minimal structures as improvised spatial frames, rather than static rules, and understand their contribution to strategic management activities. My study also considers new aspects of the structure and agency relationship in relation to spatial values constructs, and explores an enhanced understanding of how people derive personal meaning from strategies. Despite the acknowledged importance of organization structure and agency in conducting strategic management, there are very few field studies focusing on agent-based improvisation and the meaning of strategy in practice. I place a particular emphasis on the interpretative practices of actors revealed in their spatial orientation to strategy from the perspectives of cognitive frames, values, and a personal sense of place. These attributes and others suggest strategy adoption may be accelerated with consideration of the spatiality of strategy. In the completion of the dissertation I attempt to partially fill this research gap by examining new attributes of minimal structures. Through an iterative discourse with the case study data and cross-disciplinary extant literature, I produce theoretical propositions and substantive middle-range theory supporting a cognitive spatial turn in the Strategy as Practice research perspective.
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Payi, Mthobeli. "Effecacy of sport management processes and structures in Khayelitsha." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3859_1298030348.
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The research seeks to investigate processes and structures presently in Khayelitsha so as to ascertain whether they are operating, in such a manner that sporting people and government can rely on them to strike the balance needed, to reach a scenario where all the citizens of the country are afforded equal opportunities in sport. The White Paper (Revised: 2007) mentions the establishment of the Strategic, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate to ensure focus remains on track with the latest development in sporting fraternity and that this is aligned with government priorities. However better resources are still handed out to advantaged communities. South African society has achieved somewhat miraculously, a stable democracy since the elections of 1994, but this new democracy has to realize that liberation comes with an added burden of responsibility. Hence communities and especially previously disadvantaged communities, need to even work harder to ensure social and an acceptable degree of economic transformation. The culture of entitlement needs to be discouraged in black townships. The Constitution, Provincial and Local policies allow for efficient sport management as sport is critical for development to take place. Sport is the most important vehicle to deepen democracy and bring about genuine transformation in society, forging unity of purpose at grassroots level so as to achieve same purpose and direction. Khayelitsha (as most of the black townships) has been hit by a wave of crime, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and gangsterism caused by the inactivity of youth. Sport can act as a catalyst to minimise tensions and maximise peace and harmony. This research focused on the efficacy of sport management processes and structures in Khayelitsha. It examined issues of provisioning, accessibility and maintenance of sport facilities in order to guarantee mass participation and infinite activism in sport.
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Van, Staden Lucrechia Ziana. "The church and single parenting: perceptions and social support." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7228.
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Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW)The goal of this study was to investigate how single parenting is perceived within the context of the churches in Kuils River and to establish if any support structures are in place to assist single parents. This research was confined to the Kuils River community and was conducted in three churches of different denominations. A qualitative approach in the form of an exploratory study was used to conduct this research. Participants were recruited from the three churches in Kuils River. Purposive sampling allowed the researcher to recruit suitable participants, comprising single mothers and fathers (20 years old and above) who attended church as well as the respective church leaders. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with these single parents and church leaders. Data was manually transcribed and analysed by means of thematic analysis. Ethical approval was sought from the University’s Ethics Committee and permission was granted by the respective church leaders. Participants were informed and assured of confidentiality, anonymity and that their participation in the study was completely voluntary. Informed consent was obtained and participants were informed of their rights to withdraw from the study. The findings indicated that single parents with immediate family obtained support through their informal support networks, while those without immediate family relied on the church for support. The findings also indicated that while the church provided support to a certain extent, the type of support offered did not fulfil the needs of single-parent families, and that the church should be doing more to support and accommodate single parents. While the church and the church leaders prided themselves on embracing and displaying non-discriminatory attitudes towards single parents, stigma, shame, feelings of inadequacy and failure to acknowledge single parents in the congregation has caused single parents to feel excluded, morally inferior and alienated within the church.
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Allen, Barbara. "Leading Change Together: Reducing Organizational Structural Conflict through a Dialogic OD Approach using Liberating Structures." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/91.
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As leaders must increasingly find ways to include and engage others in a power-with approach to competently meet today’s complex challenges, the problem occurs when they find themselves stuck within pre-existing systems structured for exclusion and power-over others. These conventional structures are a source of systemic conflict. This participatory action research/cooperative inquiry case study focuses on the topic of leading organizational change collaboratively in the space between formal hierarchical structures and informal human dynamics using a qualitative methodology. The purpose of this study is to understand how a newly developed Liberating Structures Problem Solving (LSPS) model of facilitation helps participants of a contract manufacturing firm navigate this space through a collaborative dialogic organization development (OD) approach to change within a hierarchical organization structure. The theoretical underpinning of this research is a dialogic OD approach to change using Lipmanowicz and McCandless’s liberating structures group processes grounded in complexity science and social constructionism. The methodological approach is cooperative inquiry, a form of radically participative action research. Triangulation of data was employed using video-recordings, observations, reflections and interviews. The study involved 21 participants from different functions and levels within the organization. Findings demonstrate the importance of including diverse participants in dialogic events; improved communication and relationships; reduced tooling costs; and a modified organizational macrostructure to be more inclusive. Implications of this study suggest the LSPS model was instrumental in helping this organization shift from conventional leadership structures towards a shared leadership approach that helped ignite transformational change.
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Yun, Seongyi. "Politics of democratization in South Korea social movements and their political opportunity structures /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40596004.html.
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Cihan, Gizem. "National Social Dialogue Structures And The European Employment Strategy: Comparing Greece And Ireland." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612782/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the impact of European Employment Strategy (EES) on social partnership at national level. Increasing the participation of trade unions, employer organisations and other social partners in policy formulation and implementation is one of the EES objectives. A comparative study has been conducted on Ireland and Greece in order to analyse to what extent this objective has been achieved through EES, which is an Open Method of Coordination. Historical institutionalism provides the theoretical framework for this thesis. The impact of EES is demonstrated at two levels. First level change indicates change in discourse. Second level shows change in social partners
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Tong, Pingsheng. "A structurational view of interfirm relationships : agents, social structures, and technology in practice." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2007/p_tong_032707.pdf.
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Hoang, Lan Anh. "Social structures and the ability to choose: migration decision-making in rural Vietnam." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490602.
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This thesis aims to enhance understanding about gender and migration through its empirical investigation into decision-making processes about labour migration within rural households in Vietnam. It emphasises that migration is a gendered process shaped by social norms and structures. It will demonstrate that choices migrants and their households make during the migratory process reflect not only their gender identities and social positionings but also the household and community contexts they come from. The study adopts a multi-level approach that focuses on both agency and social structures as enabling and constraining forces of human actions in the decision-making process. At the individual level, it investigates how different forms of social identity shape one's ability to choose and the kind of choices s/he makes. Social identities structure men and women's perceptions of rights, obligations and legitimate behaviour and hence the way they choose to act in decision-making about migration. Going beyond the individual level, the research examines how intra-household dynamics, particularly the gendered division of labour and decision-making mechanism, as well as social norms and relations influence the way individuals and households strategise their migration. A village community in the Red River Delta of Northern Vietnam, where out-migration from rural areas is an important livelihood strategy for rural households and has been predicted to be more important in the coming years, has been chosen as a case study. Although both quantitative and qualitative data was collected and used for analyses, the research draws primarily on narratives of a randomly selected sample of migrants, nonmigrants and their household members. Research findings will enhance the evidence base for policy making and provide important theoretical and methodological insights for future research in the field.
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Bouges, Alexis. "Support Structures in Social Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: Comparing the Swedish and the French Environments." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259402.
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This thesis compares the Swedish and the French social entrepreneurship ecosystems. After an examination of the definitions and current legal frameworks around social enterprises in each country, their levels of social entrepreneurship activity are compared. The existing support structures providing non-financial help to social entrepreneurs (i.e. incubators, accelerators, co-working spaces and networks) are identified in Paris and in Stockholm, while perceptions from social entrepreneurs benefiting from such support were gathered through interviews. Findings show that the concept of social enterprise is more recognized and legally defined in France than in Sweden. Social entrepreneurship activity seems to be hard to quantify and compare, due to a lack of data available. Support structures appear to be well developed both in Paris and in Stockholm, while the support provided is overall quite appreciated by social entrepreneurs. Furthermore, many of them perceive their support needs as rather different from those of traditional entrepreneurs. Results tend to show that although developing in practice, social entrepreneurship remains a young academic field. Stakeholders from the field have much to gain from extended research on the topic.
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Altenhöfer, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Combinatorial Structures in Steel Production Optimization and Social Network Modeling / Matthias W. Altenhöfer." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029399735/34.
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Merin, A. "Elementary social relations, duality principles and modal paradigmata : Sociomorph structures of English grammar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372724.
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Palios, Zacharias. "The development of education within the political, economic and social structures of Greece." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324904.
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Rwenge, Mburano. "Changement social, structures familiales et fécondité en Afrique subsaharienne : le cas du Cameroun." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010533.
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Cette étude a pour objet de répondre à la question de savoir quelle est l'incidence des facteurs de changement social (urbanisation, scolarisation, amélioration des conditions de vie, etc. . . ) Sur la famille en Afrique subsaharienne et quelles en sont les répercussions sur la fécondité. Elle repose sur l'hypothèse que dans le contexte africain ces facteurs agissent comme une perturbation des prescriptions enseignées par la famille mais que cette perturbation concernerait uniquement certaines d'entre elles parce qu'il y a d'autres auxquelles tiennent les individus notamment aux pratiques de solidarité familiale que conforte le culte des ancêtres. En d'autres termes ils y ont, quelle que soit leur catégorie sociale, pour obligations de vénérer leurs ancêtres et de s'entraider mutuellement mais ceux appartenant aux couches sociales aisées tendent de plus en plus à s'opposer aux modèles traditionnels de fécondité à cause de leur ouverture aux nouvelles idées et des contraintes de leur environnement économique. Les données utilisées pour soumettre cette hypothèse à l'épreuve des faits sont celles des enquêtes sur la fécondité et démographique et de santé réalisées au Cameroun respectivement en 1978 et en 1991. Des analyses de ces données il ressort entre autres que l'urbanisation et les facteurs socio-économiques qui lui sont associes n'entrainent pas la disparition des ménages étendus, les changements socio-économiques intervenus entre 1978 et 1991 ont eu plutôt une influence positive sur le processus de solidarité familiale, la polygamie persiste dans les couches sociales aisées, les facteurs de changement social ont déclenché le processus de baisse de la fécondité et sont actuellement associés à une faible fécondité bien qu'ils favorisent jusqu'alors les ménages élargis, le risque d'utiliser la contraception moderne n'est pas significativement plus faible dans les ménages étendus que dans les ménages nucléaires et par conséquent la fécondité n'est pas significativement plus élevée dans les premiers types des ménages que dans les seconds et, contrairement aux années 70, le facteur culturel d'ordre éducatif a actuellement plus de poids que d'autres facteurs socio-économiques dans l'explication de la variation de la fécondité et explique actuellement une bonne partie des variations de la fécondité observées au niveau d'autres facteurs socio-économiquesThis study purports to answer the question regarding the influence of the factors of social change (urbanisation, education, improvement of living conditions, etc. . . ) On the family in subsaharian africa and also concerning their repercussions on fertility. The basic hypothesis is that in the african context, these factors perturb the regulations laid down by the family but that perturbation would concern only some of those regulations because there are others which individuals adhere to, specially those concerning practices of family solidarity which is sustained by the cult of ancestors. In other words, whatever be their social category, individuals have the obligation of respecting their ancestors and helping each other mutually but those belonging to well-to-do social strata tend to go more and more against the traditional models of fertility due to their exposure to new ideas and because of constraints related to their economic environment. The data used to test this hypothesis are those of surveys of fertility, demography and health, conducted in Cameroon in 1978 and in 1991 respectively. The following main results may be drawn from the analysis of these data: the urbanization and related socio-economic factors are not responsible for the disappearance of extended families; the socio-economic changes that have come about between 1978 and 1991 have had a rather positive influence on family solidarity; polygamy is continued in the well-to-do social groups; the factors of social change have triggered of a diminution in fertility and are actually associated with low fertility although they are still promotting extended families ; the utilization of modern contraception is not significantly lower in extented families than in nuclear families and consequently, fertility is not significantly higher in the first type of family than in the second; contrary to the seventies, cultural factors of educative type presently carry more weight than all other socio-economic facors. These results counter the evolutionistic theses on the universal and almost unavoidable convergence of family structures towards the western nuclear model under socio-economic influences, and reveal that the theses, according to which this convergence is favourable to the diminution of fertility, are not pertinent in africa and particularly in Cameroon
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O'Neil-Ortiz, Daniel J. "Emerging network structures: applications of network theory to social movements and their opponents." Thesis, Boston University, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32874.
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Thesis (B.A.)--Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
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Hockey, Neil Edward. "Learning for liberation : values, actions and structures for social transformation through Aboriginal communities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16520/1/Neil_Edward_Hockey_Thesis.pdf.
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Negative perceptions of being Aboriginal persist and policies such as self-determination are generally perceived to have failed despite many texts to the contrary. This thesis examines assumptions and presuppositions within contemporary writings and practices, determining in the process, conditions seeming necessary for decolonising ways of living and research. Much closer attention is required not only to developing better understandings, but especially to articulating explanations via the reality of deep structures, their powers and causal mechanisms underpinning social life generally and in particular, the lived experience of oppressed communities. Neo-Nietzscheanism and post-structuralism tend to see reality as merely constructed.
Maximising movements of solidarity with the oppressed must express the freedom of everyone in any particular place. The thesis begins by exploring the nature and significance of philosophical underlabouring (clearing the ground) for decolonisation as self-emancipation. It then engages with issues of value, truth and power by means of establishing a critical realist dialogue between two sets of writings. Key works by Australian (Japanangka West, Yolnju) Maori (Tuhiwai Smith) and American (Moonhawk Alford, Taiaiake Alfred) First Nations thinkers in modernity's colonial context are retroductively analysed in order to suggest what must be the case (in terms of being and becoming) for decolonisation to be possible. Works by philosophers currently establishing and applying Bhaskarian transcendental dialectical critical realist and/or meta-Realist principles of self-emancipation are critiqued in relation to their compatibility with decolonisation. Terms of reference within this dialogue are then supplemented from within writings by a range of others (Fanon, Said, Otto and Levinas), selected for their perceived significance in developing a dialectical praxis of personal and social transformation through spirit within the domain of strengthening community and protecting children.
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Hockey, Neil Edward. "Learning for liberation : values, actions and structures for social transformation through Aboriginal communities." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16520/.
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Negative perceptions of being Aboriginal persist and policies such as self-determination are generally perceived to have failed despite many texts to the contrary. This thesis examines assumptions and presuppositions within contemporary writings and practices, determining in the process, conditions seeming necessary for decolonising ways of living and research. Much closer attention is required not only to developing better understandings, but especially to articulating explanations via the reality of deep structures, their powers and causal mechanisms underpinning social life generally and in particular, the lived experience of oppressed communities. Neo-Nietzscheanism and post-structuralism tend to see reality as merely constructed. Maximising movements of solidarity with the oppressed must express the freedom of everyone in any particular place. The thesis begins by exploring the nature and significance of philosophical underlabouring (clearing the ground) for decolonisation as self-emancipation. It then engages with issues of value, truth and power by means of establishing a critical realist dialogue between two sets of writings. Key works by Australian (Japanangka West, Yolnju) Maori (Tuhiwai Smith) and American (Moonhawk Alford, Taiaiake Alfred) First Nations thinkers in modernity's colonial context are retroductively analysed in order to suggest what must be the case (in terms of being and becoming) for decolonisation to be possible. Works by philosophers currently establishing and applying Bhaskarian transcendental dialectical critical realist and/or meta-Realist principles of self-emancipation are critiqued in relation to their compatibility with decolonisation. Terms of reference within this dialogue are then supplemented from within writings by a range of others (Fanon, Said, Otto and Levinas), selected for their perceived significance in developing a dialectical praxis of personal and social transformation through spirit within the domain of strengthening community and protecting children.
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Tonkin, Emma. "Searching the long tail: Hidden structure in social tagging." dLIST, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105565.
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In this paper we explore a method of decomposition of compound tags found in social tagging systems and outline several results, including improvement of search indexes, extraction of semantic information, and benefits to usability. Analysis of tagging habits demonstrates that social tagging systems such as del.icio.us and flickr include both formal metadata, such as geotags, and informally created metadata, such as annotations and descriptions. The majority of tags represent informal metadata; that is, they are not structured according to a formal model, nor do they correspond to a formal ontology.
Statistical exploration of the main tag corpus demonstrates that such searches use only a subset of the available tags; for example, many tags are composed as ad hoc compounds of terms. In order to improve accuracy of searching across the data contained within these tags, a method must be employed to decompose compounds in such a way that there is a high degree of confidence in the result. An approach to decomposition of English-language compounds, designed for use within a small initial sample tagset, is described. Possible decompositions are identified from a generous wordlist, subject to selective lexicon snipping. In order to identify the most likely, a Bayesian classifier is used across term elements. To compensate for the limited sample set, a word classifier is employed and the results classified using a similar method, resulting in a successful classification rate of 88%, and a false negative rate of only 1%.
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Lucena, Délio. "Beyond the Dyadic Approach in Social Network Analysis : Applications to Innovation Studies and Financial Economics." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10035.
Full textAbstract:
Au cours des dernières décennies, l'Analyse des Réseaux Sociaux est devenue de plus en plus populaire en économie. Cette thèse se concentre sur les structures méso-économiques "horizontales" et "verticales", que nous associons respectivement aux réseaux d'affiliation et d'interaction. Dans le chapitre 1, nous discutons de la pertinence de la méthodologie des places pour l'étude des méso-structures "horizontales" dans les réseaux d'affiliation, tandis que les hyperstructures sont un outil approprié pour l'étude des méso-structures "verticales" dans les réseaux d'interaction. Ces idées sont en suite mises en œuvre dans deux applications empiriques concernant l'innovation et la finance. Les chapitres 2 et 3 s’inscrivent dans le domaine des études de l'innovation, et traitent de l'effet des politiques de R&D sur les réseaux d'innovation collaboratifs (qui représentent des relations d'affiliation) en utilisant la méthodologie des places, qui repose sur l'équivalence structurelle. L'approche de l'équivalence structurelle permet d'identifier les agents partageant la même position structurelle (c'est-à-dire les agents soumis aux mêmes ressources et contraintes relationnelles) et d'obtenir ainsi le "squelette" des réseaux d'affiliation. Cela nous permet de surmonter certains biais et certaines limites de l'analyse classique et de fournir de nouvelles perspectives sur l'innovation en tant qu'action collective. Les chapitres 4 et 5 s’inscrivent dans le domaine de l'économie financière, et étudient la structure du réseau financier mondial pendant la Première Mondialisation. Nous nous concentrons sur les chaînes d'origine et de distribution des instruments du marché monétaire (qui représentent les relations d'interaction), et nous montrons que l'interdépendance des rôles joués par les agents dans les chaînes a permis de surmonter les asymétries d'information et de générer un système financier très résilient. Afin d'étudier les chaînes en tant que structures supra-dyadiques, nous utilisons des hypergraphes : cette approche originale nous permet de surmonter les erreurs d'interprétation potentiellement induites par les méthodologies classiques (comme les réseaux simples ou multi-niveaux) et de souligner ainsi les propriétés structurelles du réseau financier mondialIn the recent decades, Social Network Analysis has become increasingly popular in economics. This thesis focuses on “horizontal” and “vertical” meso economic structures, which we associate to affiliation and interaction networks respectively. In Chapter 1, we argue that the place-based methodology is a convenient tool for the study of "horizontal" meso-structures in affiliation networks, while hyper structures are a convenient tool for the study of "vertical" meso-structures in interaction networks. These insights are henceforth put to work in two empirical applications, relating to innovation and finance respectively. Chapters2 and 3 situate themselves within the field of innovation studies, and address the effect of R&D policies on collaborative innovation networks (which represent affiliation relationships) using the place-based methodology, which builds on structural equivalence. The structural equivalence approach allows to identify agents sharing the same structural position (viz., agents under the same relational resources and constraints) and thus to obtain the “skeleton” of affiliation networks. This enables us to overcome some biases and limitations of classical analysis and to provide new insights on innovation as collective action. Chapters 4 and5 situate themselves in the field of financial economics, and study the structure of the global financial network during the First Globalisation. We focus on the origination and distribution chains of money market instruments (which represent interaction relationships), and show that the interdependence of the roles played by agents in chains helped overcome information asymmetries and generate a highly resilient financial system. In order to study chains as supra-dyadic structures, we use hypergraphs: this original approach allows us to overcome the misinterpretations potentially induced by classical methodologies (as e.g. simple or multilayer networks) and thus to underscore the structural properties of the global financial network
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Ben, Ayed Choukri. "Approche comparative de la réussite scolaire en milieu populaire dans l'enseignement public et privé : type de mobilisation familiale et structures d'encadrement." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H044.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux de Gabriel Langouet et Alain Leger consacrés a l'enseignement public et prive. Elle analyse, sous un angle d'approche particulier, le déroulement des scolarités des élèves de milieux populaires dans les deux réseaux de scolarisation. Cette thèse entreprend de comprendre pourquoi l'enseignement privé se présente comme un contexte de scolarisation favorable pour ces élèves. La première phase de cette investigation est consacrée a l'actualisation des données statistiques inhérentes à ce fait à partir du panel 89. Cette analyse a confirmé l'actualité de ce phénomène de même qu'elle montre que les élèves de milieux populaires font l'objet de conditions de recrutement et de maintien spécifique dans l'enseignement prive. Ce constat nous a conduits à étudier de manière plus précise cette population d'élèves de milieux populaires qui parviennent à intégrer et à se maintenir dans l'enseignement privé, en adoptant une complémentarité des approches méthodologiques. Les caractères spécifiques de cette population ont pu être appréhendés à partir d'une analyse secondaire de l'enquête "éducation" de l'I. N. S. E. E. , ainsi que d'une enquête par entretien auprès de familles de l'enseignement public et privé. Cette sous-population de familles de milieux populaires se caractérise notamment par des ressources financières plus élevées, une proximité culturelle avec l'école, un investissement important dans la scolarité, une disposition critique à l'égard de l'école. Cette étude est complétée par une investigation spécifique des contextes de scolarisation par le biais d'une monographie comparative et d'une enquête auprès de trente établissements publics et prives. Cette étude a montré que ces établissements se distinguent par des conditions de recrutement et de scolarisation différentes. L'ensemble de ces investigations a permis de mieux appréhender les conditions de la réussite scolaire des élèves de milieux populaires dans l'enseignement prive.