Dissertations / Theses: 'Social structure'

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Verrill, Stephen W. "Social Structure and Social Learning in Delinquency: A Test of Akers’ Social Structure-Social Learning Model." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001305.

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Mabry, J. Beth. "Social Structure and Anger: Social Psychological Mediators." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29665.

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This study uses 1996 General Social Survey data to examine potential social psychological mediators, suggested by equity theory and research on distress, of the relationship between social structure and anger. A broader social structure and personality approach to anger is compared with the equity and stress models proposed. Among social structural locations, anger varies only by age when other social characteristics are controlled in OLS regressions. Frequency of anger declines with age. No direct relationship between anger and gender, ethnicity, education, income, or marital or parental statuses is evident. However, the tendency to express anger is associated with more frequent anger. Equity beliefs about gender and individualism do not significantly affect anger. However, the belief that others cannot be trusted is positively related to anger and mediates the relationship between age and anger. Similar to findings related to distress, both self-efficacy and social integration suppress anger. As suggested by the social structure and personality approach, combining cultural factors, such as beliefs, and proximal influences, such as social and personal resources, explains more of the relationship between social structure and anger than either an equity or stress model alone. Mistrust and self-efficacy together explain more variation in the frequency of anger than either alone. In this study, social disadvantage does not directly predict anger. Because anger is prevalent in work and family relationships, the relationship between age and anger may be explained by age-graded changes in work and family roles (Schieman 1999). However, this would not explain the lack of variation in anger by other structural locations in which social disadvantage likely affects work and family relationships. The social psychological factors that have the most significant effect anger in this study (mistrust and self-efficacy) vary by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Were it not for greater mistrust and lower self-efficacy, blacks and the socioeconomically disadvantaged would be angry significantly less often than whites and those of higher socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that expectations and perceptions of control, shaped by in-group comparisons and experience and which vary by social structural location, may affect anger.
Ph. D.

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Li, Yuh-Yuh. "Social Structure, Social Control, and Crimein in Rural Communities: A Test of Social Disorganization Theory." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1237993548.

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Bruce, Laura Coleman. "Social Anxiety in Context: The Effects of Social Structure." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/351868.

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Psychology
Ph.D.
Person-environment interactions are the rule, not only for development but also for moment-to-moment experience. Knowledge about environmental influences on the manifestation of psychological symptoms is an important area of research, particularly with regard to social anxiety where symptoms vary dramatically depending on the social context. Like other forms of anxiety, social anxiety is thought to have evolved to help us pay attention to, assess, and respond to potential (in this case, intra-species) threats. The current study was based on (1) the theoretical proposition that social anxiety represents an adaptation to hierarchical, or agonic, modes of social organization; (2) the observation that in the non-hierarchical hedonic systems seen in some of our closest primate relatives, submissiveness is not required for group functioning, and (3) more recent empirical data showing that social anxiety symptoms are dependent on contextual factors. The current study integrated these three ideas and examined whether participating in a hedonic system, as compared to an agonic system, diminishes social anxiety, and whether social context moderates the relationship between trait social anxiety and activation of state anxiety. Participants of all different levels of trait social anxiety were randomly assigned to play a group game, the context and rules of which were consistent with either agonic or hedonic social structures. Self-reported anxiety and behaviors associated with social anxiety were then measured. Results from the experiment were mixed, sometimes seemingly conflicting, and therefore difficult to interpret. The more hierarchical, agonic social system was associated with higher anxious affect. However, the type of social system did not appear to affect self-reported submissive behavior, social comparison, or social behavior. Additionally, experimental condition did not moderate the effect of trait social anxiety on these variables. Although our findings were mixed, they hint at the role of social structure in the activation of anxious affect.
Temple University--Theses

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MuΣnoz, Jorge Alberto. "Unit cohesion and social structure." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7513.

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Unit cohesion at the primary-group level has been an enduring concern of the Department of Defense since the Viet Nam conflict. This effort studies the antecedent causal factors impinging on the primary-group cohesion within the context of a political mov

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Robinson, Cheryl Ann. "Keokuk&keokuk: social structure." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2617.

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I am a utilitarian. Art is part of my necessity. My sink's plumbing is disconnected to remind Simone and I of water, of use. I empty the bucket to flush. The task of grey water collection system is on the "to do" list for the next house. `Real time' laundry awaits a hanging. I'll not let the paper pulp ferment for I practice elsewhere everyday. I follow the suns. Always a painter doing the dishes rooted in this moment deep with homemaking, child rearing. Parenting, Puppetry, Poetry and Papermaking, all quiet revolt. Documentation of the subjected female experience is imbedded in my work's pace, material and nature. The drawing, the movement of my hand, binding, wrapping, arranging represents the containment of the resilient gliding spirit. I operate in opposition to the capitalist, militaristic age. I respond through the expanded painter's tradition. The landscape genre is among the origins of my formal training and now expands to include a land ethic. I interpret the history, economics and contemporary patterns of human migration as I move between my public and private spaces.

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Byrne, David S. "Deindustrialization, planning and class structure : a study of the effects of social policy on social structure." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5786/.

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This thesis examines the relationship between planning programmes in three industrial areas in the North East of England since 1945, and the socio-spatial structure of these places as it has changed over time with a focus on the period since 1975 during which all three areas have undergone a process of major de-industrialization. The study employs secondary data analyses of successive censuses of employment and population to chart the nature of industrial and socio- spatial change, with particular reference to the possible emergence of a spatially segregated and socially residualized 'underclass'. This spatial data is complemented by household level material drawn from the Cleveland Social Survey. The study concludes that there is a spatial segregation between the 'prosperous', defined in terms of housing tenure and location in the labour market, and the 'dispossessed poor' defined in terms of tenure and absence of work relation, but that the benefit dependent 'dispossessed poor' live in close relation to the low waged 'working poor' and more closely resemble a traditional 'industrial reserve army' than a surplus population. The planning history of the areas is reviewed in both its modern and post-modern phases. The study concludes that the socio-spatial structure of the early 1990s is a product of the interaction between global processes of industrial transformation and the local processes of land-use and housing planning in the places studied. Thus, planning programmes are identified as constitutive of social structure as opposed to merely responsive to economic changes.

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Stanley, Christina. "Influences of kinship, social bonds and genetics on animal social structure." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/influences-of-kinship-social-bonds-and-genetics-on-animal-social-structure(5f2b5f78-0b18-4bb3-b8b5-136efa6ade21).html.

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Sociality is widespread across the animal kingdom and explanations for its incidence and persistence are numerous. Whilst various drivers of sociality have been identified and tested, controversies remain and we are still far from a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying social structure. Here I use a combination of field observations on a free-living population of feral horses Equus caballus and laboratory behavioural experiments on the Pacific beetle roach Diploptera punctata to investigate the drivers of sociality in these species. I explore four key aspects of sociality: the influences of kinship on sociality and social development, the strength and persistence of social bonds, the relationship between inbreeding avoidance and dispersal and the potential influence of individuals on social structure. Whilst kinship is a major driver of social structure in most mammalian species, I present evidence in Chapter Three that horse society is not structured by levels of kinship; however, in Chapter Five, I show that kinship levels to potential mates are significant in female dispersal choices in this species. In Chapter Eight, I provide evidence for significant effects of kinship to companions upon social and physical development in D. punctata, indicating a clear potential benefit of kin-based associations. The stability of social bonds can have substantial effects upon social structure. In Chapter Three, I show that the bonds between female horses show significant stability and are formed independently to kinship levels, a rare result in a non-primate species. I also provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that these bonds are driven by male harassment. Similarly, in D. punctata, I find in Chapter Eight that female clustering occurs within resting aggregations and that the most likely explanation is the avoidance of male harassment. I therefore propose that this driver of female sociality may be a highly prevalent force structuring animal societies. Inbreeding depression has been demonstrated in a variety of species and contexts. Here I show in Chapter Five that in horses, female dispersal is likely to be influenced by kinship levels with potential mates. In Chapter Four, I then show that more heterozygous males have a higher reproductive success, most likely due to their ability to utilise a larger home range. Finally, local population structure can be highly influenced by individual association choices and behaviour. In Chapter Two, I show that in horses, mothers may allow their sons to postpone dispersal by the maintenance of stronger mother-son bonds, permitting an extended period of social learning. In Chapter Seven, I demonstrate that consistent inter-individual variation in personality traits exists in D. punctata which is stable across life stages, despite age effects on the strength of boldness. This is a source of variation which may be extremely important for decision-making social groups. My main conclusion from this work is that male harassment is often a key driver of sociality which may frequently be overlooked. I also demonstrate that the effects of kinship are far-ranging but not omnipresent. This thesis therefore makes a major contribution to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying animal sociality and presents clear potential avenues for future research.

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Dorling, Daniel. "The visualisation of spatial social structure." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314753.

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Lavalette, Michael. "Child labour in the social structure." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316674.

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The objectives of this thesis have been to evaluate the existing conceptions of child labour, obtain empirical data on its extent in Clydeside, Scotland and explain why working children are located within a particular structured arena of the labour market. In Part 1 the commonsense and theoretical conceptions of child labour are outlined and shown to be both inadequate and incomplete. Part 2 presents original evidence gathered from the Clydeside region and contrasts it with existing material gathered from London and the South-East of England. This demonstrates that child labour is an exploitative practice which occurs throughout Britain. Children's jobs tend to be poorly paid, gender segregated and potentially harmful to their health and safety. Further, the types of jobs they perform and the number working in contrasting economic regions of Britain are shown to be similar, suggesting there is a relatively constant amount and type of work available to children across the labour market in Britain. Part 3 proceeds to offer an alternative explanation for the present form of children's work practice. By locating both change and continuity in children's work experience throughout the capitalist epoch, it is suggested that the period circa 1880-1920 was crucial in reshaping children's labour market experiences. During this period changes in the economy, state activity, the family and the acceptance, by the working class, of the ideology of childhood, came together to restructure children's dominant social experiences. As a result of these changes in the social structure, children's work became marginalised to a particular type of job and work experience categorised as 'out of school' employment. This was viewed as legitimate for children because it could be combined with schooling, reinforced their subordinate position within the age hierarchy and, at the same time, allowed them to gain the beneficial and disciplinary effects of paid work.

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Mawdsley, David. "Community structure in animal social networks." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436868.

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In this thesis the ideas of network analysis are applied to systems of group living animals. A method of constructing a network of associations by combining group memberships is presented. Methods of filtering the network according to association strength are discussed. . The detection and understanding of community structure within animal social networks forms an important part of this thesis. By allowing the researcher to study (and verify the statistical significance of) intermediate scale structure in the network an insight into the biological processes which may motivate the structure can be obtained. The various methods which have been proposed to detect community structure in networks are reviewed. The use of simulated annealing to detect the structure is discussed. This technique offers the greatest sensitivity in detecting communities, making it very suitable for the detection of the subtle structures that may exist in the constructed network. Two case studies of group living animals are considered: a population of wild guppies and a population of Galapagos Sea lions. In both systems statistically significant community structure is found. The biological processes underlying the observed structure are discussed. In the latter part of this thesis some methods of constructing model networks with realistic community structure are discussed. Inspired by the biological aspects of the earlier part of the thesis; these offer methods of building networks in which the size, strength, and number of communities can be controlled by the researcher.

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Stylianou, Stylianos. "The moral structure of social control /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8846.

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Berger, Guy. "Social structure and rural economic development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643.

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New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.

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Can, Ali. "The Effects of Social Structure on Social Movements in Turkey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699954/.

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The main objective of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis the association between a set of social structural factors and the certain types of social movement events in Turkey. The changing nature and significance of social movements over time and space makes this study necessary to understand and explain new trends related to the parameters that constitute a backdrop for social movements. Social movements are a very common mechanism used by groups of people who decide to take action against an unfair socio-political system, usually an authoritarian government or dictatorship. This kind of reactions, seen in history before, gives birth to a more multidimensional understanding of the relationship between society and state policies. Understanding social movements depends on understanding our own societies, and the social environment in which they are developed. An effective way of understanding this type of social movements is to recognize the perceived concerns of discontented groups in relation to cultural, ideological, economic, and political institutions and values. Social movement events included in the study refers to collective activities organized by two or more people with the purpose of protesting public policies or of increasing public awareness about certain social issues related to human rights and freedoms, environment, feminism, etc. All these types of events are chased by police forces, and their concerns, statements, and activities are recorded.

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Hornborg, Alf. "Dualism and hierarchy in lowland South America trajectories of indigenous social organization /." Uppsala : Stockholm, Sweden : Academiae Upsaliensis ; Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18210588.html.

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Park-Curry, Pamela Susan. "Honors student role-identity : social structure, self structure, and role performance /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487594970653463.

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Nall, Gregory Allen. "An alternative model of chimpanzee social structure, with implications for phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845924.

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The following research paper was concerned with five basic objectives:(1) outlining the major theoretical and methodological approaches used in the reconstruction of early hominid social behavior/social structure as a context in which to view Richard Wrangham's and Michael Ghiglieri's phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure.(2) examining Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models of stem-hominid and chimpanzee social structure.(3) indicating how theoretical and methodological aspects of structure essentially represent an extension of the theoretical and methodological approaches the same researchers applied to their models of chimpanzee social structure.(4) addressing the theoretical and methodological deficiences of Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models of chimpanzee social structure.(5) providing suggestions for improved phylogenetic models of early hominid social structure.The first objective was achieved by: (a) reviewing Tooby and Devore's (1986) and Wrangham's (1986) evaluations of the major theoretical approaches and methodologies used in the reconstruction of hominid social behavior/structure (b) defining, classifying and evaluating Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's phylogenetic approaches within this context.The second objective was accomplished by outlining, analyzing, and comparing/contrasting Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure (i.e.Wrangham 1986; Ghiglieri 1987, 1989) and Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models of chimpanzee social structure (i.e. Wrangham 1975, 1979; Ghiglieri 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989).The third objective was achieved by recognizing how Wrangham and Ghiglieri used/stressed principles and concepts derived from evolutionary biology and/or behavioral ecology to develop their models of stem-hominid and chimpanzee social structure. This analysis showed that Wrangham's models of social structure were more favorably inclined toward the method of behavioral ecology than Ghiglieri's models, which favored a sociobiological paradigm. Furthermore, although neither researcher relied exclusively on the above theoretical approaches, the main thrust of their argument often centered around it. For instance, Wrangham's analysis of chimpanzee social structure (Wrangham 1975, 1979) indicated that the ultimate cause of that structure was ecological i.e., patchy food distribution leads to wide female dispersal for optimal foraging efficiency, which in turn favors a male kin breeding group that can maintain a territority that includes several individual female ranges. In contrast, Wrangham's phylogenetic model of the social structure of the stem-hominid (Wrangham, 1986) suggested that phylogenetic inertia may be partially responsible for the shared social features found among African Hominoidea. However, in the same work, Wrangham also suggested that further socioecological analysis of African apes may indicate whether food distribution and its effects on female dispersion/association may partially explain conservative African ape social features.Ghiglieri's phylogenetic model of the stem-hominid (1987, 1989), on the other hand, explained the conservative social features of bonobos, common chimpanzees, and hominids to be primarily a product of phylogenetic inertia and sexual selection. Furthermore, for Ghiglieri the most important sexual selection variable was a male communal reproductive strategy. This, according to Ghiglieri, is the ultimate cause of social structure. Notably, Ghiglieri (1984, 1985) had earlier stressed the overiding importance of a male communal reproductive strategy but was less dogmatic in his insistence that chimpanzees had essentially solved their ecological problems (e.g. that they had solved the food distribution problem by fusion-fission sociality; predators were never a real problem). Nevertheless, Ghiglieri's earlier position similarily expressed the idea that a communal reproductive strategy constituted the ultimate cause of social structure.The fourth objective was accomplished by presentation of an alternative model of chimpanzee social behavior which suggested that structure; the effect of phylogenetic inertia on social structure; chimpanzee social structure is the combined product of ecological and sexual selection forces: female optimal foraging, male mating strategies, and predator pressure. The model was considered by the author to be unique in that it integrated essential aspects of both Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models and, in addition, provided support for Alexander's (1974) contention that predation pressure is an ultimate cause of ape social structure. The model also outlined scenarios for the evolution of chimpanzee group._ extensibility (fusion-fission sociality) and the capacity for warfare among chimpanzees.The last objective was achieved by a discussion of the implications that the author's model had for phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure. In this discussion the author reviewed the following issues as they related to the phylogenetic reconstruction of hominid social structure: the role of phylogeny and/or ecology in the causation of social encountered when using a phylogenetic referential model for the personal biases that enter into phylogenetic econstructions; pitfalls reconstruction of early hominid social evolution; the significance of chimpanzee models of social structure.The importance of the preceding study lay in its ability to stimulate improved conceptual models of African hominoid social structure.
Department of Anthropology

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18

Fram, Maryah Stella. "Discussions of social capital : social work, social structure, and the contextualization of inequality /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11177.

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Li, Yuh-Yuh. "Social structure, social control, and crime in rural communities a test of social disorganization theory /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1237993548.

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20

Nihill, Michael. "Roads of presence : social relatedness and exchange in Anganen social structure /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn691.pdf.

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Fletcher, Samantha S. "Working toward Social Change| Lessons Learned from Liberal Lifelong Social Activists." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10789015.

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Similar to the goals of lifelong social activists, social workers are charged with pursuing social change for persons who live in poverty, face discrimination, and other forms of social injustice (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2008). In order to accomplish this mandate it is important to identify and emulate strategies that have historically been used by social activists to combat oppression and create social change. This dissertation research seeks to fill gaps regarding the lived experiences of lifelong social activists and to answer the following research questions: (1) How do individuals navigate a lifelong activism journey? (2) How have older lifelong social activists worked toward social change?

A multiple case study methodology was used to allow for a thorough examination and description of each participant’s experiences as well as a cross case comparison to produce common themes (Creswell, 2013; Stake, 2006; Yin, 2014). The sample consisted of four women and five men between the ages of 71 and 96 (M= 83). One of the participants identified as African American and eight of the participants identified as Caucasian. Data analysis followed multiple case study principles including with-in and cross-case analyses. Atlas ti, qualitative data analysis software, was used to organize the database and assist with analysis.

In response to the first research question, participants described three key components for navigating a lifelong activism journey: (1) conceptualizing social justice, (2) identifying and staying connected to motivating factors, and (3) cultivating and sustaining a lifelong activism journey. Each activist described their process for conceptualizing social justice which began with a sense of social justice that influenced their beliefs about how the world should be ordered; in turn, this drove how participants identified social problems and how they critiqued oppressive systems and social structures. Next, participants identified multiple motivating factors that moved them from conceptualizing social justice to working toward social change. Finally, the activists described several key elements that helped them cultivate and sustain their activism journeys including exposure to different membership groups and ideologies, establishing personal goals, relationships, identifying barriers, and self-reflection.

The second research question addressed strategies for working toward social change. For the activists in this study, a variety of resources, and movement through a series of stages was required in order to engage in social change work. A preparatory stage, organization stage, action stage, and a follow-up stage appeared to be interconnected and cyclical. Participants also identified the primary resources used throughout the activism stages, which included people, organizations, fundraising, and activism materials.

Each stage of the activism process revealed important information about how to work toward social change. The preparatory stage included a series of steps that prepared activists to organize for an action including recognizing the need for change, personal and group contemplation, investigating the social problem, and dividing the tasks necessary to move forward. The second stage, an organizational stage, moved activists from intellectualizing an issue to engaging in a social action. This stage of the activism process involved joining or forming social change groups, recruiting allies, training allies and peers, and detailed planning of the event. The third stage of the activism process included six social activism strategies: (1) advocating, (2) creative methods, (3) demonstrating, (4) educating the public, (5) providing resources, and (6) writing letters. The participants also identified a purpose and an intended outcome for each action. The fourth and final stage of the activism process was the follow-up stage. During this stage the participants assessed the action to improve future actions.

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Da, Silva Jack. "Ecological aspects of Eurasian badger social structure." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252789.

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Goss, D. "The social structure of the small firm." Thesis, University of Kent, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370372.

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Ruddock, Lanral. "Social structure of the lizard, Cordylus giganteus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51909.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cordylus giganteus is the largest lizard species of the family Cordylidae and is restricted in distribution to the highveld grasslands of the Free State, South Africa. Previous work on life history and physiological ecology suggested the need for further investigation into the social structure of C. giganteus, with the aim of improving knowledge on South African herpetofauna and contributing towards better conservation plans. Observations, recaptures, behavioural experiments and chemical analyses were made to investigate chemical communication, movements around and between burrows, spatial distribution and response to intruders. Sexual variation was found in both femoral gland proteins and lipids, while seasonal variation was found in lipids. Femoral gland proteins do not vary intra-individually. These results suggest alternate roles in communication for femoral gland proteins and lipids. Female C. giganteus showed a possible discriminatory ability between their own femoral gland secretion and that of other individuals. Burrow movements were characterised by very little time spent between burrows, high burrow fidelity and limited dispersal during seasons, other than movements associated with mating activity. Lizards remained in very close proximity to burrows. Male and female burrows were distributed in a clumped fashion, while male burrows were distributed randomly and female burrows were distributed randomly with respect to one another. There was a high degree of spatial association of male and female burrows. Male and female resident lizards responded aggressively to experimentally introduced conspecifics of the same sex, but exhibited no differential response towards neighbours or non-neighbours. Males and females exhibited similar levels of aggression towards intruders. The social system of C. giganteus can be defined as site defence, with very low frequencies of agonistic interactions. The social system of C. giganteus seems to be well suited to other aspects of its life history.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Cordylus giganteus is die grootste akkedis spesie van die familie Cordylidae en is beperk in verspreiding tot die hoeveld graslande van die Vrystaat, Suid Afrika. Vorige werk oor die lewensgeskiedenis en fisiologiese ekologie het aangedui dat verdere inligting oor die sosiale struktuur van C. giganteus nodig is, met die doelom kennis oor Suid-Afrikaanse herpetofauna te verbeter, en om beter bewaringsstrategieë daar te stel. Observasies, hervangs, gedragseksperimente en chemise analyses was uitgevoer om aspekte oor kommunikasie, bewegings tussen en om gate, gat verspreiding en reaksie teenoor indringer akkedisse, te bestudeer. Femorale klier afskeidings het seksuele variasie in beide die proteiene en die lipiede getoon, terwyl net die lipide seisoenale variasie getoon het. Femoral klier proteiene het nie seisoenale variasie binne individue getoon nie. Hierdie resultate dui op alternatiewe funksies vir die femoral klier proteiene en lipiede. Wyfie C. giganteus het moontlik tussen hule eie femoral klier sekreet en die van ander wyfies onderskei. Baie min tyd tussen gate, hoë lojaliteit teenoor gate en beperkte bewegings weg van gate het gat bewegings gekarakteriseer. Net gedurende die paarseisoen was daar meer bewegings tussen gate. Andersins, het akkedisse baie naby hul eie gate gebly. Mannetjie en wyfie gate was naby mekaar versprei, terwyl mannetjies ewekansig teenoor mekaar versprei was, en wyfies ewekansig teenoor mekaar versprei was. Die verspreiding van mannetjies en wyfies het baie van die verspreiding van die ander geslag afgehang, sodat daar 'n groot assosiasie tussen hulle was. Akkedisse wat gate bewoon het, was baie aggressief teenoor indringer akkedisse, maar het geen verskil in reaksie teenoor naburige akkedisse of nie-naburige akkedisse getoon nie. Mannetjies en wyfies het dieselfde aggressiwiteit teenoor indringers getoon. Die sosiale struktuur van C. giganteus kan geklassifiseer word as skuilings-beskerming, maar met baie lae frekwensies van sosiale interaksies. Dit blyk dat die sosiale struktuur van C. giganteus baie goed pas by ander aspekte van sy lewensstyl.

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25

Baej, Khalifa Ali. "Social structure, health orientation and health behavior." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3426.

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An attempt has been made to examine the relationship between social structure and medical factors in a framework which links cosmopolitanism to health orientation and behavior. Specifically, this study has attempted to investigate the variations in health knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behavior among individuals whose social structure varies in terms of cosmopolitanism.

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Schultz, Jennifer Lee. "What Structures Network Structure? How Class, Culture, and Context Matter in Creating Social Capital." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297028.

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A considerable body of research shows that network structure can either assist or hinder one's access to social capital. Though the effects of particular structural arrangements of relationships are well known, there is comparatively little research on how a person might come to have one structural arrangement of ties over another. This study asks: What structures network structure? What cultural templates guide persons in their practice of friendship and in managing, maintaining, and adapting their personal communities over time? What contextual factors influence the duration and intensity of social relationships? Respondents were asked to make a list of "people who are important to you" and to describe the relationships individually while labeling each person on a social map. Interviews were coded using content analysis software in order to assess emergent cultural themes and the settings from which social relationships were drawn. Interview data confirmed respondents' use of cultural templates in the practice of friendship, which may affect one's ability to acquire and/or lose social capital. Interview data demonstrated how material resources may impact the vigor with which persons engage with social settings. Finally, some respondents reported important voluntary relationships that are at once high-commitment and low-contact. Frequently this type of tie arose when a relationship had outlived its original social context. This finding challenges the idea that contact and commitment usually go together in voluntary relationships.

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Rose, Timothy Richard. "PLACE, SPACE, AND THE RELIGIOUS IDENTITY: THE PHYSICAL WORLD AS SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1574194915213381.

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Almazan, Elbert P. "Sexual orientation, social structure, and adolescent mental health." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3238512.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 16, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-10, Section: A, page: 3995. Adviser: Jane D. McLeod.

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Gao, Fei. "Structure based online social network link prediction study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structure-based-online-social-network-link-prediction-study(41697041-bfe4-4e64-a516-1a0703cfb4bb).html.

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This thesis shed light on the Internet-based social network link prediction problem. After reviewing recent research achievements in this area, two hypotheses are introduced: (i) The performance of topology-based network prediction methods and the characteristics of the networks are correlated. (ii) As networks are dynamic, the performance of prediction can be improved by providing different treatment to different nodes and links. To verify the Hypothesis (i), we conduct experiments with six selected online social networks. The correlation coefficients are calculated between six common network metrics and ten widely used topology-based network link prediction methods. The results show a strong correlation between Gini Coefficient and Preferential Attachment method. This study also reveals two types of networks: prediction-friendly network, for which most of the selected prediction methods perform well with an AUC result above 0.8, and prediction unfriendly network that on the contrary. For Hypothesis (ii), we proposed two network prediction models, the Hybrid Prediction Model and Community Bridge Boosting Prediction Model (CBBPM). The hybrid prediction model assumes network links are formed following different rules. The model linearly combines eight link prediction methods and the evolvement rules have been probed by finding the best weight for each of the methods by solving the linear optimization problem. This experiment result shows an improvement of prediction accuracy. This model takes link prediction as a time series problem. Different from Hybrid Prediction Model, CBBPM provides a different treatment on nodes. We define and classify network nodes as community bridge nodes in a novel approach based on their degree and links position in network communities. The similarity score that is calculated from the selected prediction methods is then boosted for predicting new links. The results from this model also show an enhancement of prediction accuracy. The two hypotheses are validated using the research experiments.

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Malatras, Christos. "Social structure and relations in fourteenth century Byzantium." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4063/.

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Byzantine society was highly stratified in the fourteenth century. The main division was understood as one between rich and poor or the archontes and the demos, a division which represented both inequalities in the social status of an individual and in the distribution of material wealth and political power. Elements outside this division, namely the middle class, can be identified, yet they could not be introduced into the schema. Social inequality would be expressed through a number of gestures and the exhibition of deference towards a social superior, who in turn showed his snobbery. Moreover, there existed social networks of different types. Most importantly, the patronage system of social relations, which dominated Byzantine society, seriously hindered the development of other horizontal social groups, including class divisions. This system is identified as having contributed to the lack of direction of late Byzantine society. This picture of Byzantine society is collaborated by three case studies: a) a thorough analysis of the social structure and relations in a provincial society, Serres, b) the analysis of two social networks, the two factions of the second civil war, having as a main question the degree of class consciousness in Byzantine society, c) the analysis of the social structure and relations in the besieged Constantinople at the very end of the fourteenth century.

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Fani, Marvasti Amin. "Social structure in tagging practices : reality or myth?" Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1604.

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Tarachand, K. C. "Dēvadāsi custom : rural social structure and flesh markets /." New Delhi : Reliance publ. house, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36990661g.

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Rysavy, Wayne Erik. "Virtually there : social structure over time and space /." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/62/.

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Shaw, Judith Anne. "Conceptual clarification of the structure of social support." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187438.

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The purpose of this study was to contribute to the clarification of the phenomenon, social support, using a precise definition and a major theoretical perspective as a descriptive guide for the concept, structure; one of the three less abstract representations of social support. Social comparison theory provided the guiding framework for interpretation of how structure relates to help-seeking behavior. Data from the Self-Help Intervention Project (SHIP), an experimental study of women undergoing adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, were analyzed. A volunteer non-probability sample was comprised of 307 subjects, Time 1 (baseline), and all 59 of the 307 subjects (Time 2) who were randomly assigned to the control group (no intervention). A descriptive correlational design with a causal modeling approach was used to assess a four-stage conceptual framework: Help-Seeking in Adversity Model. Model predictions were that the individual's innate drive leads to self-appraisal and social comparison which are negatively associated with discrepancy judgment, which is positively associated with help-seeking behavior. Measures similarity perceived/similarity actual were constructed to index the model variable, social comparison. Reliability estimates (two total scales) were α.75 and α.72, respectively. Validity was assessed by face validity and statistically significant pattern of correlations with other variables. Six instruments indexed the conceptual variables. Model parameters were estimated by bivariate and multiple regression statistical techniques. Residual analysis was conducted to estimate violations of causal model and statistical assumptions. Self-appraisal, measured by mastery (B=-.41), and self-belief (B=-.22) and social comparison, measured by similarity actual (B=.27) explained variance in discrepancy judgment (R²=.33), Time 1. Only self-appraisal, measured by mastery (B=-.34) was found to reduce discrepancy judgment, Time 2. Discrepancy judgment was associated with increases in three of the four measures of help-seeking behavior (B=.12, R²=.01; B=.19, R²=.03; B=.17, R²=.03), Time Ii no variance was explained, Time 2. Empirical testings differed from theoretical testings (Time I, Time 2). Differences included (Time 1) Stage II variable explaining help-seeking behavior and (Time 2) only Stage II variables explaining help-seeking behavior. This study represents a beginning effort to provide clarification of the concept, structure.

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Morault, Pauline. "Three essays on social structure and its implications." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0372/document.

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Cette thèse de doctorat met en avant l'importance de la structure sociale pour comprendre certains faits économiques, sociaux et politiques. Le premier chapitre est une analyse d'économie politique explorant l'impact de la structure sociale des élites sur l'allocation des ressources, l'utilisation stratégique de bouc-émissaires et la violence dans les pays en développement. Il étend le cadre d'analyse d’Acemoglu et Robinson (2006) en faisant une distinction entre une élite politique et une élite économique composée d'une minorité ethnique riche. Il explore ensuite comment le degré d’intégration sociale entre les deux élites influence les équilibres dans cette économie. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact de la prise de décision au niveau familial sur les schémas de mariages dans les sociétés où les mariages sont arrangés. Il introduit des familles dans le modèle de matching à la Becker-Shapley-Shubik (1971, 1973) et définit un concept de stabilité familiale. Il compare ensuite les appariements stables pour les individus aux appariements stables pour les familles. Il montre que les appariements stables pour les familles dépendent de la structure familiale. Le troisième chapitre analyse la structure du réseau des familles issu des mariages arrangés. Quand les parents arrangent le mariage de leurs enfants avec des époux de différentes familles, cela crée des connexions maritales entre les familles. Cette étude considère un modèle de matching dans lequel les parents allouent d'abord un investissement à leurs enfants, puis arrangent leurs mariages. Elle explore ensuite comme les normes sociales, le sexe-ratio et la dispersion des revenues affectent la connectivité du réseau
This Ph.D. thesis emphasizes the importance of social structure to understand some economic, social and political outcomes. The first chapter is a political economy piece exploring the impact of the social structure of the elite on resource allocation, scapegoating strategies and violence in developing countries. It extends the framework of Acemoglu and Robinson (2006) by distinguishing between a political elite and an economic elite composed of a rich ethnic minority. It then explores how the degree of social integration between the two elites impacts equilibria in this economy. The second chapter studies how familial decision-making impact marriage patterns in societies where arranged marriages are the dominant form of matchmaking. It introduces families into the Becker-Shapley-Shubik (1971,1973) matching model and defines a concept of familial stability. It then compares individual-stable to family-stable matchings. It shows that family-stable matchings depend on the familial structure. The third chapter analyzes the structure of the family network resulting from arranged marriages. When parents arrange the marriages of their children with spouses from different families, this creates marital connections between families. The study considers a matching model in which parents first allocate an investment to their children and then arrange their marriages. It then explores how social norms, sex ratio and revenue dispersion impact network connectivity

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Garcia, Rivera Francisco, and Rodriguez David Hoyos. "Implementation of Metallic Profiles in Social Houses." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16084.

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This paper presents a metallic structural solution for communities with minor resources, which is able to adapt to the climatic conditions of La Guajira (Colombia). The mains objectives of this structure are to reach good quality and reduce execution time as well as cost. The structure was designed by using Light Weight Steel Framing method, due to its simplicity as well as its ease in the assembly due to the lack of resources in those communities. The design was calculated by using an iterative method in which a compromise solution between prices and strength was reached. This paper concludes that the same structure which was being built, can be improved (decreasing of the price, and industrialisation of the method) by using the structural solution proposed by this work.

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Cuhadaroglu, Tugce. "Essays on Social Groups: Inequality, Influence and the Structure of Interactions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125865.

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Uno de los principales problemas en economía siempre ha sido entender y formalizar la relación dinámica entre lo individual y lo social. Esta tesis incluye dos perspectivas complementarias para explorar esta importante cuestión. En el primer enfoque, que se refiere al primer capítulo, se investiga la forma de evaluar el grado en que las diferencias en las características individuales dan lugar a diferencias en los resultados sociales, por así decirlo, perseguimos lo 'individual' en lo `social'. Nos centramos en las desigualdades no relacionadas con los ingresos entre grupos sociales, tales como las desigualdades de nivel de educación, situación laboral, la salud o el bienestar subjetivo. Proponemos una nueva metodología, el Índice de Dominación, para evaluar las desigualdades. Al proporcionar un enfoque axiomático, logramos mostrar cómo un conjunto de propiedades deseables para una medida de la desigualdad entre grupos, cuando la variable de interés no es cardinal sino ordinal, caracterizan nuestro Índice de Dominación. Por otra parte, en función de nuestro análisis, se explora la estrecha relación entre segregación y desigualdades entre grupos. Los dos capítulos restantes de la tesis se pueden considerar como una persecución de lo `social 'en lo `individual'. Consideramos a una persona como un agente social e investigamos el papel de las interacciones sociales en la toma de decisiones individuales. En el segundo capítulo, nos centramos en el problema de identificar la influencia social y la homofilia. Proponemos una metodología que hace uso de los resultados de las decisiones individuales con el fin de evaluar el nivel de homofilia y la influencia recibida mediante la interacción social. El objeto estudiado en el tercer capítulo, por otra parte, es la estructura de las interacciones sociales. Sugerimos, para descubrir la estructura subyacente de una red social, utilizar el análisis de patrones de conducta individual. En general, caracterizamos cuatro posibles estructuras de interacción diferentes mediante las cuales los individuos pueden estar interconectados en una red social.
One of the main questions of economics has always been to understand and formalize the dynamic relation between what is individual and what is social. This dissertation includes two complementary perspectives to explore this major question. In the first approach, which refers to the first chapter, we investigate how to evaluate the degree to which differences in individual characteristics result in differences in social outcomes; so to speak, we chase the `individual' in `social'. We focus on non-income inequalities between social group, such as the inequalities of educational attainment, occupational status, health or subjective-wellbeing. We propose a new methodology, the Domination Index, to evaluate those inequalities. Providing an axiomatic approach, we show that a set of desirable properties for a group inequality measure when the variable of interest is not cardinal but ordinal, characterize the Domination Index. Moreover, depending on our analysis, we explore the close relation between segregation and group inequalities. The remaining two chapters of the thesis can be seen as a chase for the `social’ in `individual’. We consider an individual as a social agent and investigate the role of social interactions in individual decision making. In the second chapter, we focus on the identification problem of social influence and homophily. We suggest a methodology that exploits individual decision outcomes in order to assess the level of homophily and influence related to social interaction. The subject matter of the third chapter, on the other hand, is the structure of social interactions. We suggest to uncover the underlying structure of a social network by analyzing individual behavior patterns. Overall we characterize four different possible interaction structures by which individuals may be connected in a social network.

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Stoltz, Dustin S. "Social capital and relational work| Uncertainty, distrust and social support in Azerbaijan." Thesis, Illinois State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1562504.

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Much of the social capital literature focuses on unambiguous social situations where actors share generalized trust or interpersonal trust. Drawing on in-depth fieldwork in northwest Azerbaijan, this thesis focuses instead on distrust and the negotiation of conflicting interpretations of shared norms within moments of informal social support. In such situations, participants engage in an on-going negotiation of the situation, drawing on available cultural conventions to make sense of situations and perform relational work. They ultimately create meaning out of on-going social interaction and accomplish locally viable forms of social support.

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Solakoglu, Ozgur. "Can Akers’ Social Structure and Social Learning Theory Explain Delinquent Behaviors Among Turkish Adolescents?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804850/.

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The aim of this study was to examine to what extent Social Structure and Social Learning Theory (SSSL) explains delinquent behaviors among Turkish adolescents. While Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) Theory have been examined quite frequently in the criminology and sociology literature, the present study is unique as it tests the theory in Turkey, a context with a mixed Islamic and Secular cultural structure. The data originates from a survey conducted in Istanbul in 2008 by the Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis (ICSRA) under the auspices of their Youth in Europe project. The sample includes 2,445 Turkish high school students. The dependent variable includes a 13-item delinquency scale, and the independent variables consist of differential association, costs and rewards of differential reinforcement, definitions, imitation, differential location in the social structure, and differential social location of groups. The statistical analyses were conducted using a negative binomial regression approach. Results demonstrated that differential association (peer delinquency) is positively associated with delinquent behaviors among Turkish adolescents. In addition, there is a significant and positive relationship between norms/beliefs that favor delinquency and delinquent behaviors. Moreover, parental reaction, a measure of differential reinforcement, has a negative impact on delinquency. Imitation variables, which include witnessing an argument and witnessing violence in the family, also appear as significant predictors for delinquency. Gender is the only social structure variable significantly related to delinquent behaviors. Furthermore, results indicated that social learning variables mediated the relationship between social structure and delinquent behaviors. Policy implications and suggestions for further studies are also provided at the end of the dissertation.

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Kanpol, Barry. "The role of teachers in the social order /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487327695622054.

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McCauley, Thomas G. "Computational Structure of Evolved Forgiveness Systems." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639578.

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Researchers have recently suggested that humans possess dedicated cognitive systems for forgiveness, which evolved to repair valuable cooperative relationships with transgressors and stave off harmful revenge behaviors. These putative systems are computational in nature, utilizing information pertaining to the relationship value, exploitation risk, and genetic relatedness of a transgressor in determining whether or not to employ forgiveness. While a few studies have provided empirical support for this conjecture, surprisingly little empirical research has been conducted to determine if forgiveness systems actually have such a computational structure. The aim of this thesis was to fill this gap in the literature by testing hypotheses related to evolved systems for forgiveness. Using a sample of undergraduate participants, we tested hypotheses related to the computational structure of forgiveness, focusing on the role of internal regulatory variables (IRVs) including relationship value, exploitation risk, and genetic relatedness. Seven separate predictions were all empirically supported, providing verisimilitude to evolved accounts of forgiveness, and offering new insights into the form and function of forgiveness systems.

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Force, Colleen Gerrish. "Small group social structure and student engagement, building community." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/MQ34888.pdf.

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Faltermaier, Toni, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Rosemary Ellmann, and Reinhold Lässle. "The social Interview Schedule (SIS) - context, structure and reliability." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-89327.

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The English original form of a standardized social interview was presented by Clare and Cairns (1978). The German version is described with regard to concept, structure, and methodology. The interview is designed to assess social maladjustment by measuring three conceptual categories (“Objective Material Conditions,” “Social Management,” and “Satisfaction”) in eight role areas. The instrument is especially suited for outcome assessment in various clinical and non-clinical populations and takes an average of about 30–45 min to complete. The 39 items are rated on 4-point scales either by the interviewer with the help of an extensive rating manual, or by the subject himself (all “Satisfaction” items). The results of a reliability study are presented using both the test-retest and the interrater method. In general, the results show that the instrument is satisfactorily reliable, but some possible weaknesses are discussed. Finally, the structure of the instrument is examined by an analysis of interrelationships between the items in a normal population sample. The results are discussed with regard to questions of score construction.

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Darroch, Lynne M. "All dressed up : adornment practices, identity and social structure." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69551.

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This thesis attempts to survey the function of clothing adornment practices as a form social communication. It is shown that clothing enables the formation and distinction of social groups. The ways in which clothing becomes symbolic for a group and the way in which this system is challenged and/or destroyed are also examined. A distinction between fashion and antifashion is made to enable a repositioning of the Western system of dress into a wider context of meaning. Assumptions on the nature of appearance as related to the concept of truth are examined. Chapter One looks at the various and contradictory myths of body ideals, challenging the opposition of nature and culture. Chapter Two examines the uniform and applies its characteristics to all forms of dress. Chapter Three provides a brief summary of the history of sumptuary laws and how they operate in the social world. Throughout this work, common sense assumptions and privileged reading of particular theoretical frameworks are challenged. Theory itself is subject to fashion, allowing for a comparison to be made between human adornment and the methodologies that attempt to define its practices.

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Hipkin, Stephen Andrew. "The economy and social structure of Rye, 1600-1660." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481834.

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Elder-Vass, David John. "The theory of emergence, social structure and human agency." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430776.

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Green, Edmund Martin. "Social structure and political allegiance in Westminster, 1774-1820." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312389.

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Millaire, Jean-Francois. "Moche burial patterns : an investigation into prehispanic social structure." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368168.

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Hodges, Holly R. "An investigation of social structure in housed dairy cows." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23324/.

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The changing landscape of the UK’s dairy farms poses increasing challenges to farm staff in terms of monitoring individuals behaviour within increasing herds, and more intensive conditions. Failure to detect behavioural changes may be costly, both from a welfare and financial perspective, as such alterations may indicate underlying disease or other challenges with corresponding impacts on yield and animal well-being. Social behaviour may provide a useful indicator of normal animal activity, and subsequent changes with health status, particularly if automatically monitored to reduce labour. This thesis applies a local positioning system (LPS) to collect social proximities of dairy cows, to investigate the social structure of a housed herd via social network analysis, and any relationship with traits or health. The LPS was validated by comparing sensor reported, with human observed proximities, and accurately detected proximities at lying, feeding and in direct interactions. Use of this data to construct social networks indicated a highly connected structure, with some substructure becoming evident after filters were applied. An approaching significant effect of parity on sociality was found, but stage of lactation had no effect. Temporally, the network showed some stability but a much greater amount of variation. When divided into ‘functional area’ (feeding, non-feeding and milking), the non-feeding area of the shed yielded the most loosely connected network with likely most interest for further analysis due to its potential basis in choice, as opposed to forced proximity. In these functional area networks, some evidence exists for homophily (association with similar cows – based on parity and days in milk). Finally, sociality was investigated alongside health status, with evidence for a tendency for greater betweenness in lame cows than non-lame. The results suggest that sociality is a highly variable trait, and that further investigation is required to assess its suitability as a disease indicator.

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Glass, Deborah. "The social structure of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius)." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2017. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/7bb07853-24f4-40c4-a653-74d38e5f2c58.

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The maintenance of genetic variation is a general conservation concern for endangered species, such as the British hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius). The structuring of genetic variation at multiple hierarchical levels, from individual through to the total population, can provide insights into within-population processes, such as inbreeding and social behaviour, and help understand the causes of population partitioning, both current and historical. Investigating the processes that shape and alter levels of genetic variation within hazel dormouse populations will highlight any factors that may influence their continued persistence and inform on appropriate management strategies. The current thesis aimed to address whether a) microbial-mediated odour could be a mechanism for kin discrimination, inbreeding avoidance and social cooperation; b) the hazel dormouse displays social structuring and, as a result, evidence for inbreeding avoidance; c) there is within and among population structuring, resulting from identified physical features that restrict gene flow and d) current patterns of genetic variation inform us about historic dispersal. Captive bred individuals of known pedigree were used to assess the relationship between bacterial community composition and relatedness. Microsatellite markers were used to generate relatedness estimates and analyse levels of genetic variation at the individual, social group and sub-population levels on samples obtained from Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Mitochondrial markers were used to infer patterns of genetic variation at the total population level, including samples obtained from all over the species range. F-statistics were then used to infer any deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that could imply for example inbreeding or gene flow. The main findings of the thesis are that 1) microbial composition correlates with genetic relatedness in the hazel dormouse, indicating that microbial-mediated odour could be a mechanism for kin discrimination; 2) inbreeding levels are not significantly high, even though both male and female close relatives are in close proximity, with neither sex exclusively practising natal philopatry or dispersal; 3) no identified habitat features appeared to influence gene flow and levels of genetic variation did not differ between sites, regardless of the habitat features; 4) on the basis of mtDNA, the British dormouse population is likely to have been founded by a relatively recent colonisation event, rather than be a remnant of a more ancient indigenous species. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of how social and dispersal mechanisms determine a population’s composition and hence provide some indicators of how the species has evolved. It is intended that knowledge of the species’ social structure and, in particular, details of their inbreeding avoidance behaviour and tolerance of close relatives, will help optimise population survival in future reintroduction programs.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social structure'

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