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Journal articles on the topic 'Social stimili'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Parra, Cristina, Francisco Esteves, Anders Flykt, and Arne Öhman. "Pavlovian Conditioning to Social Stimuli." European Psychologist 2, no. 2 (January 1997): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.2.2.106.

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Using a Pavlovian procedure, human subjects were conditioned to pictures of angry faces with a mild electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus. They were then tested with backward masking conditions preventing conscious recognition of the facial stimuli. In the first experiment a shock followed a particular nonmasked angry face which was exposed among many other faces. Although the subjects did not rate this face as familiar in a subsequent test when is was presented masked among other masked and nonmasked faces, it elicited larger skin conductance responses than did nonshocked control faces. This dissociation between explicit recognition and implicit skin conductance differentiation was replicated in the second experiment, in which the subjects rated their shock expectancy. Although conditioning resulted in much better differentiation between conditioned and control faces during nonmasked than masked test-trials, skin conductance differentiation did not differ between the two masking conditions.

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2

Dimberg, Ulf. "Social fear and expressive reactions to social stimuli." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 38, no. 3 (September 1997): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00024.

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Hermann, Christiane, Julia Ofer, and Herta Flor. "Covariation Bias for Ambiguous Social Stimuli in Generalized Social Phobia." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113, no. 4 (2004): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.113.4.646.

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4

Anderson, James R. "Social stimuli and social rewards in primate learning and cognition." Behavioural Processes 42, no. 2-3 (February 1998): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00074-0.

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Mongillo, P., E. Pitteri, S. Adamelli, and L. Marinelli. "Attention to social and non-social stimuli in family dogs." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 8, no. 4 (July 2013): e41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.048.

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Hornstein, Erica A., and Naomi I. Eisenberger. "A Social Safety Net: Developing a Model of Social-Support Figures as Prepared Safety Stimuli." Current Directions in Psychological Science 27, no. 1 (February 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417729036.

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Although the presence of social-support figures (e.g., close friends and family members) is known to increase feelings of safety, reduce threat responses, and improve health, the route by which these effects occur is not well understood. One explanation is that social-support figures are members of a powerful category of safety signals—prepared safety stimuli. Here, we review research demonstrating that social-support figures act as prepared safety stimuli and explore the impact that these unique safety stimuli have on fear-learning processes. According to recent work, the presence of social-support figures both reduces fear acquisition and enhances fear extinction, ultimately decreasing perceptions of threat. These findings shed light on the route by which social support buffers against threat and illustrate the unique properties of prepared safety stimuli and how they might be used to improve mental and physical health outcomes.

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Eckstein, Monika, Vera Bamert, Shannon Stephens, Kim Wallen, Larry J. Young, Ulrike Ehlert, and Beate Ditzen. "Oxytocin increases eye-gaze towards novel social and non-social stimuli." Social Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (November 4, 2018): 594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2018.1542341.

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Du, Xiaoli, Mengsi Xu, Cody Ding, Shuge Yuan, Lijie Zhang, and Dong Yang. "Social exclusion increases the visual working memory capacity of social stimuli." Current Psychology 39, no. 4 (April 29, 2019): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00274-1.

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Bieniek, Helena, and Przemysław Bąbel. "The Effect of the Model’s Social Status on Placebo Analgesia Induced by Social Observational Learning." Pain Medicine 23, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab299.

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Abstract Background Placebo analgesia can be induced by social observational learning. The aim of this study was to determine whether this effect can be influenced by the social status of a model. Methods Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups: a group that observed a video featuring a high-status model (introduced as a professor), a group that observed a video featuring a low-status model (introduced as a janitor), and a control group. Participants observed videos showing a model (of high or low status) undergoing the experimental procedure, during which he received pain stimuli. In each group, half of participants watched a video in which the model rated blue stimuli as more painful (6–8 on the numeric rating scale) and orange stimuli as less painful (1–3 on the numeric rating scale), whereas the other half of participants watched a video in which the model rated orange stimuli as more painful and blue stimuli as less painful. Participants in the control group did not watch any video. Then, all participants received 16 electrocutaneous pain stimuli of the same intensity, preceded by either blue or orange colors. The perceived social status of the model and the trait empathy of participants were measured. Results Placebo analgesia was induced in both experimental groups, yet no difference in the magnitude of the effect was found. However, we found that the participants’ individual ratings of the model’s social status predicted the magnitude of placebo analgesia. Conclusion This is the first study to show that the perception of a model’s social status is related to the magnitude of placebo analgesia induced by observational learning.

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Bouten, Sheila, and J. Bruno Debruille. "Qualia as social effects of minds." F1000Research 3 (December 29, 2014): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5977.1.

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Qualia, the individual instances of subjective conscious experience, are private events. However, in everyday life, we assume qualia of others and their perceptual worlds, to be similar to ours. One way this similarity is possible is if qualia of others somehow contribute to the production of qualia by our own brain and vice versa. To test this hypothesis, we focused on the mean voltages of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in the time-window of the P600 component, whose amplitude correlates positively with conscious awareness. These ERPs were elicited by stimuli of the international affective picture system in 16 pairs of friends, siblings or couples going side by side through hyperscanning without having to interact. Each member of each pair faced one half of the screen and could not see what the other member was presented with on the other half. One stimulus occurred on each half simultaneously. The sameness of these two stimuli was manipulated as well as the participants’ belief in that sameness. ERPs were more negative over left frontal sites and P600 amplitudes were minimal at midline sites when the two stimuli were, and were believed to be, different, suggesting that this belief could filter others’ qualia. ERPs were less negative over left frontal sites and midline P600s were a bit larger when the two stimuli were, and were believed to be, the same, suggesting some mutual enrichment of the content of awareness in conditions of real and assumed similarity. When stimuli were believed to be the same but actually differed, P600s were greater over a large number of sites, suggesting greater enrichment in conditions of qualia difference and assumed similarity. P600s were also larger over many sites, when stimuli were believed to differ but were identical, suggesting that qualia similar to ours could pass the “believed-different filter”.

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FUJITA, Kazuo. "Metamemory of social stimuli in tufted capuchin monkeys:." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 2PM077. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_2pm077.

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Fishman, Inna, Rowena Ng, and Ursula Bellugi. "Do extraverts process social stimuli differently from introverts?" Cognitive Neuroscience 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2010.527434.

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13

Constans, Joseph I., David L. Penn, Gail H. Ihen, and Debra A. Hope. "Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety." Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, no. 7 (July 1999): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00180-6.

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Dichter, Gabriel S., and Aysenil Belger. "Social stimuli interfere with cognitive control in autism." NeuroImage 35, no. 3 (April 2007): 1219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.038.

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Anushi and Sanjay Kumar Bhardwaj. "Role of social stimuli in the photoperiodic induction." Environment Conservation Journal 11, no. 3 (December 24, 2010): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2010.110329.

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Two experiments were performed to study of the effects of social interaction on photoperiodic induction in house sparrows. In the first experiment, short-day pretreated birds were exposed to stimulatory long day lengths (16L: 8D) for 4 weeks. The first set had a group of male and female birds kept individually in cages so that they could not see to each other. The second was similar to the first but the cages were separated by a transparent partition so that birds could see each other. In third four male and four female were kept together in the same cage. The second experiment differed from the experiment 1 in the sense that it housed individual birds and also included another variable, the noise. Birds were disturbed by the sound of a ringing bell for 15 minutes at three times of the day, ZT4, ZT8 and ZT12. Observations on body mass and gonad size were made at the beginning and end of the experiment. The pairing in the environment appears to affect the gonadal growth in females but not in males.

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Sasson, Noah, Naotsugu Tsuchiya, Robert Hurley, Shannon M. Couture, David L. Penn, Ralph Adolphs, and Joseph Piven. "Orienting to social stimuli differentiates social cognitive impairment in autism and schizophrenia." Neuropsychologia 45, no. 11 (January 2007): 2580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.009.

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Rutherford, Helena J. V., Angela N. Maupin, and Linda C. Mayes. "Parity and neural responses to social and non-social stimuli in pregnancy." Social Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (September 21, 2018): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2018.1518833.

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Wühr, Peter, and Herbert Heuer. "How Social and Refractory Is the Social Psychological Refractory Period?" Experimental Psychology 64, no. 4 (July 2017): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000369.

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Abstract. The social psychological refractory period (PRP) effect refers to an increase in RT to the second of two successive stimuli when another person responds to the first stimulus (shared dual-task condition) rather than when a single person responds to both stimuli (individual dual-task condition). We investigated (a) whether a social PRP effect would occur without explicit instruction concerning task priority and (b) whether there are crosstalk effects in the shared dual-task situation. We observed a strong PRP effect together with a small crosstalk effect in the individual dual-task condition, but in the shared dual-task condition both effects were absent. These findings suggest that the explicit instruction to perform responses in a fixed order is necessary to obtain the social PRP effect. In the individual dual-task condition, sequential processing can be seen as a means to reduce or prevent crosstalk effects, which is not necessary in the shared dual-task condition.

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Hedger, Nicholas, and Bhismadev Chakrabarti. "Autistic differences in the temporal dynamics of social attention." Autism 25, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361321998573.

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Individuals with autism spectrum disorders typically exhibit reduced visual attention towards social stimuli relative to neurotypical individuals. Importantly, however, attention is not a static process, and it remains unclear how such effects may manifest over time. Exploring these momentary changes in gaze behaviour can more clearly illustrate how individuals respond to social stimuli and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying reduced social attention in autism spectrum disorder. Using a simple passive eye-tracking task with competing presentations of social and nonsocial stimuli, we examine the different ways in which attention to social stimuli evolves over time in neurotypical adults and adults with and autism spectrum disorders. Our temporal modelling of gaze behaviour revealed divergent temporal profiles of social attention in neurotypical and observers with autism. Neurotypical data showed an initial increase in social attention, a ‘decay’ and subsequent ‘recovery’ after prolonged viewing. By contrast, in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, social attention decayed over time in a linear fashion without recovery after prolonged viewing. We speculate that the ‘gaze cascade’ effect that maintains selection of social stimuli in neurotypical observers is disrupted in individuals with high autistic traits. Considering these temporal components of gaze behaviour may enhance behavioural phenotypes and theories of social attention in autism spectrum disorder. Lay abstract One behaviour often observed in individuals with autism is that they tend to look less towards social stimuli relative to neurotypical individuals. For instance, many eye-tracking studies have shown that individuals with autism will look less towards people and more towards objects in scenes. However, we currently know very little about how these behaviours change over time. Tracking these moment-to-moment changes in looking behaviour in individuals with autism can more clearly illustrate how they respond to social stimuli. In this study, adults with and without autism were presented with displays of social and non-social stimuli, while looking behaviours were measured by eye-tracking. We found large differences in how the two groups looked towards social stimuli over time. Neurotypical individuals initially showed a high probability of looking towards social stimuli, then a decline in probability, and a subsequent increase in probability after prolonged viewing. By contrast, individuals with autism showed an initial increase in probability, followed by a continuous decline in probability that did not recover. This pattern of results may indicate that individuals with autism exhibit reduced responsivity to the reward value of social stimuli. Moreover, our data suggest that exploring the temporal nature of gaze behaviours can lead to more precise explanatory theories of attention in autism.

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Pattyn, Sven, Yves Rosseel, Frank Van Overwalle, and Alain Van Hiel. "Social Classification Occurs at the Subgroup Level." Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000217.

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Although the categorization of novel social stimuli according to general qualities of gender, age, and race is known to be automatic and primordial, categorizing stimuli into more specific social subgroups (e.g., hippies or businesswomen) is much more informative and cognitively efficient. In this paper, we show that social stimuli are more likely to be grouped into subgroups with an intermediate degree of specificity than into broad, general categories or narrow, highly specific categories. Furthermore, we show that category membership at the intermediate subgroup level predicts social judgments more efficiently than category membership at a more general or more specific level. We discuss the consequences of our results for social cognition and cognitive categorization.

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Waytz, Adam, John T. Cacioppo, Rene Hurlemann, Fulvia Castelli, Ralph Adolphs, and Lynn K. Paul. "Anthropomorphizing without Social Cues Requires the Basolateral Amygdala." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 482–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01365.

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Anthropomorphism, the attribution of distinctively human mental characteristics to nonhuman animals and objects, illustrates the human propensity for extending social cognition beyond typical social targets. Yet, its processing components remain challenging to study because they are typically all engaged simultaneously. Across one pilot study and one focal study, we tested three rare people with basolateral amygdala lesions to dissociate two specific processing components: those triggered by attention to social cues (e.g., seeing a face) and those triggered by endogenous semantic knowledge (e.g., imbuing a machine with animacy). A pilot study demonstrated that, like neurologically intact control group participants, the three amygdala-damaged participants produced anthropomorphic descriptions for highly socially salient stimuli but not for stimuli lacking clear social cues. A focal study found that the three amygdala participants could anthropomorphize animate and living entities normally, but anthropomorphized inanimate stimuli less than control participants. Our findings suggest that the amygdala contributes to how we anthropomorphize stimuli that are not explicitly social.

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Dubey, Indu, Simon Brett, Liliana Ruta, Rahul Bishain, Sharat Chandran, Supriya Bhavnani, Matthew K. Belmonte, et al. "Quantifying preference for social stimuli in young children using two tasks on a mobile platform." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): e0265587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265587.

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Children typically prefer to attend to social stimuli (e.g. faces, smiles) over non-social stimuli (e.g. natural scene, household objects). This preference for social stimuli is believed to be an essential building block for later social skills and healthy social development. Preference for social stimuli are typically measured using either passive viewing or instrumental choice paradigms, but not both. Since these paradigms likely tap into different mechanisms, the current study addresses this gap by administering both of these paradigms on an overlapping sample. In this study, we use a preferential looking task and an instrumental choice task to measure preference for social stimuli in 3–9 year old typically developing children. Children spent longer looking at social stimuli in the preferential looking task but did not show a similar preference for social rewards on the instrumental choice task. Task performance in these two paradigms were not correlated. Social skills were found to be positively related to the preference for social rewards on the choice task. This study points to putatively different mechanisms underlying the preference for social stimuli, and highlights the importance of choice of paradigms in measuring this construct.

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Thomson, K., S. C. Hunter, S. H. Butler, and D. J. Robertson. "Social media ‘addiction’: The absence of an attentional bias to social media stimuli." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00011.

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AbstractBackground and aimsSocial media use has become a ubiquitous part of society, with 3.8 billion users worldwide. While research has shown that there are positive aspects to social media engagement (e.g. feelings of social connectedness and wellbeing), much of the focus has been on the negative mental health outcomes which are associated with excessive use (e.g. higher levels of depression/anxiety). While the evidence to support such negative associations is mixed, there is a growing debate within the literature as to whether excessive levels of social media use should become a clinically defined addictive behaviour.MethodsHere we assess whether one hallmark of addiction, the priority processing of addiction related stimuli known as an ‘attentional bias’, is evident in a group of social media users (N = 100). Using mock iPhone displays, we test whether social media stimuli preferentially capture users' attention and whether the level of bias can be predicted by platform use (self-report, objective smartphone usage data), and whether it is associated with scores on established measures of social media engagement (SMES) and social media ‘addiction’ severity scales (BSNAS, SMAQ).ResultsOur findings do not provide support for a social media specific attentional bias. While there was a large range of individual differences in our measures of use, engagement, and ‘addictive’ severity, these were not predictive of, or associated with, individual differences in the magnitude of attentional capture by social media stimuli.ConclusionsMore research is required before social media use can be definitively placed within an addiction framework.

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Mo, Shuliang, Liang Liang, Nicole Bardikoff, and Mark A. Sabbagh. "Shifting visual attention to social and non-social stimuli in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 65 (September 2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.05.006.

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Olson, James M., and Neal J. Roese. "The Perceived Funniness of Humorous Stimuli." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 9 (September 1995): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167295219005.

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Wei, Qianhui, Jun Hu, and Min Li. "Active and Passive Mediated Social Touch with Vibrotactile Stimuli in Mobile Communication." Information 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020063.

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Tactile technology in mobile devices makes mediated social touch (MST) a possibility. MST with vibrotactile stimuli can be applied in future online social communication applications. There may be different gestures to trigger vibrotactile stimuli for senders and receivers. In this study, we compared senders with gestures and receivers without gestures to identify the differences in perceiving MST with vibrotactile stimuli. We conducted a user study to explore differences in the likelihood to be understood as a social touch with vibrotactile stimuli between senders and receivers. The results showed that for most MST, when participants acted as senders and receivers, there were no differences in understanding MST with vibrotactile stimuli when actively perceiving with gestures or passively perceiving without gestures. Researchers or designers could apply the same vibrotactile stimuli for senders’ and the receivers’ phones in future designs.

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Lind, Johan, Stefano Ghirlanda, and Magnus Enquist. "Social learning through associative processes: a computational theory." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181777.

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Social transmission of information is a key phenomenon in the evolution of behaviour and in the establishment of traditions and culture. The diversity of social learning phenomena has engendered a diverse terminology and numerous ideas about underlying learning mechanisms, at the same time that some researchers have called for a unitary analysis of social learning in terms of associative processes. Leveraging previous attempts and a recent computational formulation of associative learning, we analyse the following learning scenarios in some generality: learning responses to social stimuli, including learning to imitate; learning responses to non-social stimuli; learning sequences of actions; learning to avoid danger. We conceptualize social learning as situations in which stimuli that arise from other individuals have an important role in learning. This role is supported by genetic predispositions that either cause responses to social stimuli or enable social stimuli to reinforce specific responses. Simulations were performed using a new learning simulator program. The simulator is publicly available and can be used for further theoretical investigations and to guide empirical research of learning and behaviour. Our explorations show that, when guided by genetic predispositions, associative processes can give rise to a wide variety of social learning phenomena, such as stimulus and local enhancement, contextual imitation and simple production imitation, observational conditioning, and social and response facilitation. In addition, we clarify how associative mechanisms can result in transfer of information and behaviour from experienced to naive individuals.

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Breckinridge Church, Ruth, Philip Garber, and Kathryn Rogalski. "The role of gesture in memory and social communication." Gesture 7, no. 2 (June 19, 2007): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.7.2.02bre.

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This study asked whether: (1) adults process representational gesture and (2) gesture is remembered over time. Forty-five college students (ages 22–38) were each randomly assigned to watch a set of Speech Only and Speech + Gesture video stimuli (containing statements that were extracted from social conversation) either in an immediate or delayed condition. After watching the videotape, participants were asked to write recollections of the video stimuli either immediately after watching the videotape or thirty minutes later. We found that gesture was processed along with speech and that unlike speech, it was less likely to deteriorate over time. Moreover, speech stimuli that were accompanied by gesture were significantly more likely to be recalled than speech stimuli occurring without gesture. These results suggest that gesture is processed by adults along with speech during communication and that gesture might have a different status in memory than speech.

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Vigil, Jacob M., Daniel Torres, Alexander Wolff, and Katy Hughes. "Exposure to Virtual Social Stimuli Modulates Subjective Pain Reports." Pain Research and Management 19, no. 4 (2014): e103-e108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815056.

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BACKGROUND: Contextual factors, including the gender of researchers, influence experimental and patient pain reports. It is currently not known how social stimuli influence pain percepts, nor which types of sensory modalities of communication, such as auditory, visual or olfactory cues associated with person perception and gender processing, produce these effects.OBJECTIVES: To determine whether exposure to two forms of social stimuli (audio and visual) from a virtual male or female stranger modulates cold pressor task (CPT) pain reports.METHODS: Participants with similar demographic characteristics conducted a CPT in solitude, without the physical presence of an experimenter or another person. During the CPT, participants were exposed to the voice and image of a virtual male or female stranger. The voices had analogous vocal prosody, provided no semantic information (spoken in a foreign language) and differed only in pitch; the images depicted a middle-age male or female health care practitioner.RESULTS: Male participants, but not females, showed higher CPT pain intensity when they were exposed to the female stimuli compared with the male stimuli. Follow-up analyses showed that the association between the social stimuli and variability in pain sensitivity was not moderated by individual differences in subjective (eg, self-image) or objective measurements of one’s physical stature.DISCUSSION: The findings show that exposure to virtual, gender-based auditory and visual social stimuli influences exogenous pain sensitivity.CONCLUSION: Further research on how contextual factors, such as the vocal properties of health care examiners and exposure to background voices, may influence momentary pain perception is necessary for creating more standardized methods for measuring patient pain reports in clinical settings.

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White, David J., and Bennett G. Galef. "Social influence on avoidance of dangerous stimuli by rats." Animal Learning & Behavior 26, no. 4 (December 1998): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03199236.

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Kosonogov, Vladimir, Juan Pedro Sanchez-Navarro, Jose Maria Martinez-Selva, Ginesa Torrente, and Eduvigis Carrillo-Verdejo. "Social stimuli increase physiological reactivity but not defensive responses." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 57, no. 5 (July 22, 2016): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12311.

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Machado-de-Sousa, João Paulo, Kátia C. Arrais, Nelson T. Alves, Marcos H. N. Chagas, Carolina de Meneses-Gaya, José Alexandre de S. Crippa, and Jaime Eduardo C. Hallak. "Facial affect processing in social anxiety: Tasks and stimuli." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 193, no. 1 (October 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.013.

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Stacey, Norm, E. Jane Fraser, Peter Sorensen, and Glen Van Der Kraak. "Milt production in goldfish: regulation by multiple social stimuli." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 130, no. 4 (December 2001): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00273-3.

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Zilioli, Samuele, and Brian M. Bird. "Functional significance of men’s testosterone reactivity to social stimuli." Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 47 (October 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.002.

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Walter, E., A. Lightbody, S. Hall, F. Hoeft, and AL Reiss. "Neural processing of dynamic social stimuli in fragile × syndrome." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70409-4.

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Usnich, Tatiana, Stephanie Spengler, Bastian Sajonz, Dorrit Herold, Michael Bauer, and Felix Bermpohl. "Perception of social stimuli in mania: An fMRI study." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 231, no. 1 (January 2015): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.019.

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Hensel, Lukas, Danilo Bzdok, Veronika I. Müller, Karl Zilles, and Simon B. Eickhoff. "Neural Correlates of Explicit Social Judgments on Vocal Stimuli." Cerebral Cortex 25, no. 5 (November 14, 2013): 1152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht307.

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MORIYA, Jun, and Yoshihiko TANNO. "Attentional disengagement from socially threatening stimuli in social anxiety." Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology 4, no. 2 (2007): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5265/jcogpsy.4.123.

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FUJITA, Kazuo. "Metamemory of social stimuli in tufted capuchin monkeys Ⅲ." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 75 (September 15, 2011): 3PM102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_3pm102.

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Birmingham, Elina, Walter F. Bischof, and Alan Kingstone. "Get real! Resolving the debate about equivalent social stimuli." Visual Cognition 17, no. 6-7 (August 2009): 904–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280902758044.

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Goossens, Liesbet, Juraj Kukolja, Oezguer A. Onur, Gereon R. Fink, Wolfgang Maier, Eric Griez, Koen Schruers, and Rene Hurlemann. "Selective processing of social stimuli in the superficial amygdala." Human Brain Mapping 30, no. 10 (October 2009): 3332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20755.

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Britt, Thomas W., and Terry D. Blumenthal. "Social Anxiety and Latency of Response to Startle Stimuli." Journal of Research in Personality 27, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1993.1001.

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Qiao, Zhiling, Stephanie Van der Donck, Matthijs Moerkerke, Tereza Dlhosova, Sofie Vettori, Milena Dzhelyova, Ruud van Winkel, Kaat Alaerts, and Bart Boets. "Frequency-Tagging EEG of Superimposed Social and Non-Social Visual Stimulation Streams Provides No Support for Social Salience Enhancement after Intranasal Oxytocin Administration." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091224.

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The social salience hypothesis proposes that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) can impact human social behavior by modulating the salience of social cues. Here, frequency-tagging EEG was used to quantify the neural responses to social versus non-social stimuli while administering a single dose of OT (24 IU) versus placebo treatment. Specifically, two streams of faces and houses were superimposed on one another, with each stream of stimuli tagged with a particular presentation rate (i.e., 6 and 7.5 Hz or vice versa). These distinctive frequency tags allowed unambiguously disentangling and objectively quantifying the respective neural responses elicited by the different streams of stimuli. This study involved a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial with 31 healthy adult men. Based on four trials of 60 s, we detected robust frequency-tagged neural responses in each individual, with entrainment to faces being more pronounced in lateral occipito-temporal regions and entrainment to houses being focused in medial occipital regions. However, contrary to our expectation, a single dose of OT did not modulate these stimulus-driven neural responses, not in terms of enhanced social processing nor in terms of generally enhanced information salience. Bayesian analyses formally confirmed these null findings. Possibly, the baseline ceiling level performance of these neurotypical adult participants as well as the personal irrelevance of the applied stimulation streams might have hindered the observation of any OT effect.

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Xue, Shao-Wei, Hua-Bo Wu, Lanhua Zhang, and De-Xuan Zhang. "Intranasal Oxytocin Increases Perceptual Salience of Faces in the Absence of Awareness." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0130.

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Objective The neuropeptide oxytocin has been found to improve human social cognition and promote prosocial behavior. However, it is still unclear about the mechanisms underlying these effects of oxytocin on neural processes, such as visual perception and awareness. Especially, it is still unclear whether oxytocin influences perceptual salience of social stimuli in the absence of awareness.Methods In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial we applied an interocular suppression paradigm and eye tracking methods to investigate the influence of intranasally administered oxytocin on perceptual salience of social stimuli. Suppression times and pupillometric data were measured during subjects being presented with gradually introduced pictures of social stimuli (neutral expression faces) or nonsocial stimuli (grayscale watch pictures) that were suppressed and invisible in 10 men who were administered 24 IU oxytocin and 10 men who were administered a placebo.Results The results demonstrated that the oxytocin group perceived social stimuli more quickly accompanied by subsequent larger increasing pupil diameter than nonsocial stimuli, indicating an increased unconscious salience of social stimuli.Conclusion These findings provided new insights into oxytocin’s modulatory role to social information processing, suggesting that oxytocin might enhance attentional bias to social stimuli even after removal of awareness.

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Galli, Ida, and Roberto Fasanelli. "From Prototypical Stimuli to Iconographic Stimuli: The Power of Images in the Study of Social Representations." RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-2-391-401.

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When we are interested in the image of a social object, we are interested in what individuals have perceived about that object, the ways in which they have interpreted those perceptions, and what they think about that object. Fully agreeing with the idea that the use of iconographic stimuli can enhance the traditional methods and techniques that are used to study any social representation, in this article, two techniques will be presented. The first, the prototypical stimuli technique, was proposed in the second half of the 1980s by Galli and Nigro. The second technique, iconographic stimuli, creatively integrate images and words in a single tool, was designed more recently to study the social representation of culture by Galli, Fasanelli, and Schember. Researches here reviewed clearly shows that the image has the great power to attract to itself the very objects depicted, a power that the word often does not possess. It is images that make people reflect, help them to think about issues concerning the fundamental aspects of everyday life. The work here presented, carried out in first person by the writer, as well as by all the other authors who are concentrating their efforts in this direction, only represents a starting point of reflection. New and more articulated studies will be able to support with heuristic evidence what so far seems to be configured as a suggestive hypothesis, which in any case will require a wider and shared interdisciplinary effort.

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Schwartzman, José Salomão, Renata de Lima Velloso, Maria Eloísa Famá D’Antino, and Silvana Santos. "The eye-tracking of social stimuli in patients with Rett syndrome and autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 5 (May 2015): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150033.

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Objective To compare visual fixation at social stimuli in Rett syndrome (RT) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) patients. Method Visual fixation at social stimuli was analyzed in 14 RS female patients (age range 4-30 years), 11 ASD male patients (age range 4-20 years), and 17 children with typical development (TD). Patients were exposed to three different pictures (two of human faces and one with social and non-social stimuli) presented for 8 seconds each on the screen of a computer attached to an eye-tracker equipment. Results Percentage of visual fixation at social stimuli was significantly higher in the RS group compared to ASD and even to TD groups. Conclusion Visual fixation at social stimuli seems to be one more endophenotype making RS to be very different from ASD.

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Wieser, Matthias J., Lisa M. McTeague, and Andreas Keil. "Sustained Preferential Processing of Social Threat Cues: Bias without Competition?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 1973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21566.

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Stimuli of high emotional significance such as social threat cues are preferentially processed in the human brain. However, there is an ongoing debate whether or not these stimuli capture attention automatically and weaken the processing of concurrent stimuli in the visual field. This study examined continuous fluctuations of electrocortical facilitation during competition of two spatially separated facial expressions in high and low socially anxious individuals. Two facial expressions were flickered for 3000 msec at different frequencies (14 and 17.5 Hz) to separate the electrocortical signals evoked by the competing stimuli (“frequency tagging”). Angry faces compared to happy and neutral expressions were associated with greater electrocortical facilitation over visual areas only in the high socially anxious individuals. This finding was independent of the respective competing stimulus. Heightened electrocortical engagement in socially anxious participants was present in the first second of stimulus viewing and was sustained for the entire presentation period. These results, based on a continuous measure of attentional resource allocation, support the view that stimuli of high personal significance are associated with early and sustained prioritized sensory processing. These cues, however, do not interfere with the electrocortical processing of a spatially separated concurrent face, suggesting that they are effective at capturing attention, but are weak competitors for resources.

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Nevin, John A. "Stimuli, reinforcers, and private events." Behavior Analyst 31, no. 2 (October 2008): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392165.

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Parsons, Andrew, and Denise Conroy. "Sensory stimuli and e-tailers." Journal of Consumer Behaviour 5, no. 1 (January 2006): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cb.32.

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Watanuki, Shigeki, and Yeon-Kyu Kim. "Physiological Responses Induced by Pleasant Stimuli." Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science 24, no. 1 (2005): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/jpa.24.135.

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