Academic literature on the topic 'Social Security Laws'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social Security Laws"
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Briscoe, Rhonda, and DeAnne Wellman Owre. "Social Security Laws Threaten Retirement Income." ASHA Leader 12, no. 7 (May 2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.pa3.12072007.21.
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Anifalaje, Kehinde. "Imperatives of Social Security Laws to Social Development in Nigeria." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, no. 2 (May 2020): 244–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0312.
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The article analyses the relative importance of social security and examines the general social condition in Nigeria from the prism of social security regulations. It focuses special attention on issues of poverty, unemployment, education and the general health status of the citizenry. It argues that the absence of a virile and functional social security law is not unconnected with some of the social problems confronting the nation. The article concludes that the enactment of more broad-based and all-inclusive social security legislation would not only help resolve some of the social turmoil militating against meaningful development in the country, but also provide avenue for the enhancement of social stability and social development of the nation.
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Ivasiuc, Ana. "Threatening the Social Order." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 4, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.8081.
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One of the most productive loci for the analysis of the security – morality nexus is the making of security laws and norms which reveals the ways in which the social order is perceived to be under threat. This article argues for a critical examination of the moralities underlying the security paradigm, or else ‘the securitarian moral assemblage’, through the example of how the Roma are targeted by security laws, decrees, and measures in Rome. Moral values underpinning the social order become particularly visible in security laws, as these laws betray that which requires enhanced protection, and what is seen to produce the existential danger that jeopardizes the status quo. Taking a closer look at the practices that are framed as morally dubious and increasingly repressed and controlled helps us make sense of the moral underpinnings that serve the reproduction of a social order presaged upon exacerbated consumption and the production of inequalities. Such an approach goes beyond merely illuminating the dynamics of exclusion grounded in the racialization and discrimination to which the Roma are undoubtedly subjected. It establishes a link between the explosion of security narratives, practices, and measures, and the larger contemporary context of capitalism and the current protracted crisis that it has engendered.
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ALABADY, HASSAN SAMI, and SHEREEN N. ABU GHAZALEH. "Social Security Insurance: Included and Excluded Categories in Terms of Individuals According to Effective Jordanian Labor Laws and Social Security Laws." International Review of Management and Business Research 8, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/8-1(2019)-2.
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Issah, Jackson Masoud. "Striking The Withdrawal Benefit Off The Social Security Statutes And Its Remedies In Social Security Industry Of Tanzania." Commonwealth Law Review Journal 08 (2022): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/clrj.2022.804.
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The withdrawal benefit is one of the social security benefits that were payable in the Tanzanian social security scheme before the 2018 amendment. The recent amendment in social security law of the country. It is the benefit peculiar to other common benefits in the world of social security which stood the legal statutes of the country for a quite long period of time in the state history. Despite its black knowledge in international law perspectives, in practical aspect, this benefit served a lot to the employees especially those employed on non-pensionable employment schemes, before its recent removal from the social security laws of Tanzania. This is because, payments of small salaries; un-secured employment tenure and limited chance of securing a new job after a loss of one’s employment; are some of the serious challenges relating to private sector employment to which most of the employees belong in Tanzania. The withdrawal benefit in that special purpose, therefore, remedied the employment uncertainty and contingency in Tanzania before its burn. Despite the reflective value of the withdrawal benefit in the social security legal context of Tanzania, the same benefit has been removed from the laws of the state via the recently enacted law, which is the Public Service Social Security Fund Act, 2018. The academic call that is behind this paper, therefore, is an examination of the social security purpose and functions saved by the withdrawal benefit; its justification in the social security industry and its replacement that has been brought by its complementary legislative initiatives in the Tanzanian social security industry.
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Sedo, Kathryn J. "Workers' Compensation, Social Security Disability, SSI, and Genetic Testing." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, S2 (2007): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00156.x.
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In addition to disability insurance purchased privately by individuals or employers, three other major types of disability insurance are available: Workers’ Compensation, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), and Supplemental Security Insurance (SSI). The first two, Workers’ Compensation and SSDI, are available to individuals with work connections. The third, SSI, does not require a work connection.Workers’ Compensation laws were initially passed to provide economic protection for workers and their families when a worker suffered an accident on the job resulting in an injury. The first laws passed were subject to court challenges based on their constitutionality. Ultimately courts approved the constitutionality of the Workers’ Compensation laws rationalizing that the laws created a compromise whereby an employee gave up her right to sue for a tort recovery in exchange for the employer's agreement to pay benefits without regard to the cause of the accident.
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Kuleshov, Georgyi Nickolaevich, Al Ali Naser Abdel Raheem, Alla Andreevna Neznamova, and Mikhail Mikhailovich Turkin. "Social guarantees in Russia in the context of the concept of Social State." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3A (September 6, 2021): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1399p.268-274.
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The paper explores the aspects of social policies in the Russian Federation and approaches the problems of social security in the context of Russia's ratification of the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention. The importance of social standards in the context of labour and social security is demonstrated with further analysis of applicable Russian laws and principal international statutes establishing the minimum guarantees of social security rights. Conclusions are drawn that the legal framework of social security should be enhanced, taking into account the best practices of foreign countries. Another focus of the analysis concerns the issues of raising social security levels for certain categories of individuals by increasing the value of minimum social standards by means of statutory indexation.
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Kim, InJae. "The Task of Korean Social Security Laws for the Ratification of the ILO Conventions Concerning Social Security." Institute for Legal Studies 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 443–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18018/hylr.2022.39.2.443.
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Agrawal, Utkarsh, and Shailja Agrawal. "Social Security for Domestic Workers in India." Socio-Legal Review 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/pgeq1552.
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Among all categories of the informal sector, the protection of domestic workers forms one of the biggest challenges to labour laws. The inherent subjugation involved in the work, along with the atypical nature of the work of domestic workers, makes them more vulnerable than other workers in the economy. The difficulties are associated with the work being performed within the household, primarily for non-commercial purposes. The work space, being a private space, makes regulation and implementation difficult. The lack of effective regulation and the extremely informal nature of the service render domestic workers without any basic protection. In the event of any economic uncertainty, they are left at the mercy of their employers. It is, therefore, essential to develop a system of social security that can afford adequate protection to domestic workers, with minimal state involvement in the affairs of the family. This paper seeks to provide suggestions for such a scheme, which is suited to the peculiar characteristics of domestic workers in India. It recognises that scattered and isolated schemes are insufficient to afford adequate protection to workers. The social security model suggested is a decentralised model where social security is integrated with other important concerns such as minimum wages, skill development, and increasing awareness and bargaining power of domestic workers. These suggestions have been made after undertaking an analysis of existing legal provisions for domestic workers in India and the best practices from various jurisdictions that have seen relative success in providing social security to domestic workers.
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Kichemasova, N. A. "HUMAN RIGHT FOR SOCIAL SECURITY IN INTERNATIONAL ACTS, LAWS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND RUSSIA." Juridical Analytical Journal 15, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1810-4088-2020-15-1-63-64.
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The article presents comparative analysis of state of Social Security in some foreign countries and in the Russian Federation, main problems of Russian Social Security Law reforming, also the article contains propositions for enhancement of Russian Social Security to international standards.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social Security Laws"
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Gurung, Pramita. "Study of social security laws and policy relating to labour in organized sector in India." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2818.
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Mangammbi, Mafanywa Jeffrey. "The laws regulating beneficiary funds in South Africa : a critical analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1165.
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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013This mini-dissertation evaluates the laws regulating beneficiary funds in South Africa. A beneficiary fund is a fund established for the purposes of accepting lump sum death benefits awarded in terms of Section37C of the Pension Funds Act (the Act) to a beneficiary (dependant or nominee) on the death of a member, which are not paid directly to that beneficiary or to a trust nominated by the member, or to the member’s estate or to the guardian’s fund. This replaces the previous payments to trusts and a fund can now only pay to a trust if the trust was nominated by the member, a major dependant or nominee; a person recognised in law or appointed by a court as the person responsible for managing the affairs or meeting the daily care needs of a minor or incapacitated major dependant or nominee. Any association of persons or business carried on under a fund or arrangement established with the object of receiving, administering, investing and paying benefits, referred to in section 37C on behalf of beneficiaries, payable on the death of more than one member of one or more pension funds is a beneficiary fund and must be registered by the Financial Services Board and approved. Beneficiary funds were introduced as a result of the amendments to the Pension Funds Act into the Financial Services Laws General Amendment Act, 22 of 2008. The beneficiary funds were introduced with stronger regulatory framework. They have sufficient governance, reporting requirements and conduct annual audits.
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Bjornberg, Karin. "Rethinking human security : taking into consideration gender based violence." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71706.
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Includes bibliographyENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human security concept challenges the traditional view of state security. The very essence of human security means to respect human rights. The Commission on Human Security did not focus on women as a special area of concern in the 1994 Human Development Report. The report does not recognise that being subject to gender hierarchies increases women’s insecurity and that women experience human security differently from men and shows that the human security concept does not include gender based violence (GBV) because there is no specific attention paid to issues that predominantly pertain to women. This study is conducted from a feminist perspective. It is reflexive research and based on standpoint theory. The data is gathered through analysis of secondary data and primary data, collected through interviews. GBV in South Africa tends to be continuous and the perpetrator is most likely to be a spouse or partner. Studies show that women are seen as being dependent on and weaker than men. Many men view women’s rights legislation as a challenge to the legitimacy of men’s authority over women. Women who try to be more independent in their relationships are regarded as threats and violence against them becomes a way for men to show control. The criminal justice system in South Africa has made progress in protecting women from GBV but myths, stereotypes and social conventions still prevent women from receiving justice. Traditionally, the state regards what happens in the private sphere as outside its responsibility. The public/private dichotomy challenges state regulations and norms which is evident in the case of domestic violence. It is often argued that GBV has remained imperceptible because it takes place in the private sphere. However, this research indicates that due to the socio-economic situation in South Africa, the abuse is often publicly known by those in the immediate environment as people live in informal housing. This research shows that a human security framework that targets GBV has to be developed for those who bear its consequences. When women are not viewed as subjects, issues that mainly affect them remain invisible. It is necessary that analysis of human insecurity starts from the conditions of women’s lives. Many women in South Africa live highly traumatic lives. Fighting GBV requires that we know the victims of GBV and let them decide what they need to feel secure. Creating human security requires that other threats which contribute to GBV, such as poverty, gender stereotypes and prejudice are also addressed. GBV has become an epidemic in South Africa and is a permanent constraint in women’s lives and impacts society as a whole. The security of the state rest on the security of women and as long as the state fails to treat GBV as a serious crime and protect women the state is more likely to use violence on a larger scale against its citizens.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Menslike Veiligheidskonsept daag die tradisionele siening van staatsveiligheid uit: die kerbetekenis van Menslike Veiligheid is om menseregte te respekteer. Die Kommissie op Menslike Veiligheid het nie op vroue as ‘n spesiale area van kommer gefokus in die Menslike Ontwikkelingsverslag van 1994 nie. Die verslag het daarin gefaal om te erken dat die realiteit van geslags-hiërargieë vroue se insekuriteit verhoog, en dat die ervaring van menslike sekuriteit van mans en vroue verskil. Hierdie navorsing sal toon dat die menslike veiligheidsbegrip nie in staat is om geslags-gebaseerde geweld (GGG) in ag te neem nie, aangesien daar geen spesifieke aandag verleen is aan vraagstukke wat hoofsaaklik op vroue betrekking het nie. Hierdie studie is vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief gedoen. Die navorsing is reflektief en op standpunt-teorie gebaseer. Die data is deur die analise van sekondêre data, asook die gebruik van primêre data i deur middel van onderhoude ingesamel . GGG in Suid-Afrika is geneig om oor ‘n uitgerekte tydperk plaas te vind en die mees waarskynlike oortreders is ‘n eggenoot of lewensmaat. Navorsing toon dat gemeenskappe geneig is om vroue as swakker en afhanlik van mans te sien. Wetgewing op die regte van vroue word deur vele mans as ‘n uidaging van hul legitieme superioriteit, ten op sigte van vroue, gesien. Vroue wat dus onafhanklikheid in hul verhoudings probeer uitoefen, word as bedreigings gesien en geweld word gebruik om hulle “in hul plek te hou”. Die Suid-Afrikaanse kriminele regstelsel het al vordering gemaak in terme van die beskerming van vroue teen GGG, maar mites, stereotipes en sosiale konvensies belemmer steeds die volle gang van die gereg. Die staat het in die verlede die private sfeer as buite sy jurisdiksie gesien. Die openbare/private sfeer digotomie bied uitdagings vir staatsregulering en vir die implementering van regulasies , en dit word veral duidelik in die geval van huishoudelike geweld. Daar word aangevoer dat aangesien GGG in die private sfeer plaasvind, dit onsigbaar bly. Hierdie navorsing het egter bevind dat GGG in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks dikwels in die openbare gemeenskapsfeer (deur diegene in die onmiddelike omgewing) opgemerk word, omdat baie mense in Suid-Afrika informele nedersettings woon.Hierdie navorsing het verder bevind dat ‘n GGG raamwerk vir menslike veiligheid ontwikkel moet word wat diegene wat die gevolge van GGG dra insluit. Indien vroue nie spesifiek as navorsingssubjekte geag word nie, bly faktore wat hulle spesifiek beïnvloed onsigbaar. Dit is belangrik dat analise van menslike insekuriteit begin om die omstandighede van vrouens se lewens in ag te neem. Vroue in Suid-Afrika leef in hoogs traumatiese omstandighede. In die bestryding van GGG is dit belangrik dat die slagoffers van GGG in ag geneem word en dat dit hulle toelaat om dit duidelik te maak wat hulle onveilig laat voel. Die skep van menslike veiligheid vereis dat bedreigings wat bydra tot GGG, naamlik armoede, geslagstereotipes en vooroordeel , ook aangespreek word. GGG in Suid-Afrika het ‘n epidemie geword, en plaas ‘n permanente beperking op vroue se lewens. Dit het ook ‘n blywende impak op die samelewing as ‘n geheel. Die veiligheid van die staat rus op die veiligheid van vroue. Solank as wat die staat versuim om GGG te bekamp en as ‘n ernstigge misdaad te erken, en vroue nie die beskerming van die staat geniet nie, is daar ‘n hoër moontlikheid vir die gebruik van geweld deur die staat teen sy eie burgers op ‘n groter skaal.
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Cossío, Rodríguez María Patricia de. "La Gran Invalidez en el Régimen General de la Seguridad Social: "el cuarto grado" de la incapacidad permanente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670839.
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Tras la Ley de Integración Social de los Minusválidos de 1982, la Gran invalidez se convirtió en el cuarto grado de la contingencia de Incapacidad permanente del nivel contributivo. En adelante se podría acceder a él no solo después de una revisión por agravación de una Incapacidad permanente absoluta previa, como hasta entonces, sino también de la de cualquier otro grado de Incapacidad permanente, e incluso directamente, en una calificación inicial. En este último caso, como consecuencia del cambio normativo, la calificación de la Gran invalidez dejaba de asentarse solo en factores extraprofesionales para tener también en cuenta los profesionales, porque debería ser objeto de valoración, además de la necesidad de ayuda para realizar los actos más esenciales de la vida, la afectación de la capacidad para el trabajo.
En todo caso, ya que esto nunca ha cambiado, para reconocer el grado de Gran invalidez, tanto en una calificación inicial como en una por revisión debida a agravación o a error de diagnóstico, la valoración de la necesidad de ayuda de tercera persona se limita a determinar si como consecuencia de las lesiones, enfermedades o dolencias padecidas el potencial beneficiario de las prestaciones requiere o no asistencia de otra persona para realizar alguno de los actos básicos para la vida. Puesto que no se tiene en cuenta hasta qué punto la autonomía personal del trabajador queda limitada, al no existir graduación de la dependencia personal mediante baremo, se será gran inválido si se requiere de la ayuda de otra persona, porque resulte imposible la realización de alguno de los actos esenciales para la vida, y no se será en caso contrario, por más que la ejecución de estos se lleve a cabo con cierta e incluso con mucha dificultad.
La inclusión de la Gran invalidez como grado autónomo de una contingencia protegida por el nivel contributivo, pese a su implícito carácter asistencial, supone que el régimen jurídico previsto para la Incapacidad permanente, principalmente en cuanto a los requisitos exigidos para su reconocimiento y el de las oportunas prestaciones económicas, resulte también aplicable al último de sus grados, lo que supone que la protección de las situaciones de dependencia personal que conlleva la Gran invalidez solo sea posible, con carácter general, antes del cumplimiento de la edad ordinaria de jubilación que corresponda cada año en función de la cotización acreditada por el interesado.
En definitiva, el cambio normativo llevado a cabo por la Ley de Integración Social de los Minusválidos de 1982, que propició un intenso debate doctrinal sobre la conveniencia o inconveniencia de la nueva configuración de la Gran invalidez como un grado autónomo
de la Incapacidad permanente, apenas supuso cambios en la consideración legal ni jurisprudencial de esta situación, porque con carácter general se siguió considerando el más grave de los grados de la Incapacidad permanente, como lo había sido hasta ese momento, dando con ello lugar a numerosas incongruencias en el régimen jurídico aplicable, que son objeto de atención en el presente trabajo doctoral.Després de la Llei d'Integració Social dels Minusvàlids de 1982, la Gran invalidesa es va convertir en el quart grau de la contingència d'Incapacitat permanent del nivell contributiu. D'ara endavant es podria accedir a ell no sols després d'una revisió per agreujament d'una Incapacitat permanent absoluta prèvia, com fins llavors, sinó també de la de qualsevol altre grau d'Incapacitat permanent, i fins i tot seria possible declarar-la en una qualificació inicial. En aquest últim cas, a conseqüència del canvi normatiu, la qualificació de la Gran invalidesa deixava d'assentar-se només en factors extra professionals per a tenir també en compte els professionals, perquè hauria de ser objecte de valoració, a més de la necessitat d'ajuda per a realitzar els actes més essencials de la vida, l'afectació de la capacitat per al treball. En tot cas, ja que això mai ha canviat, per a reconèixer el grau de Gran invalidesa, tant en una qualificació inicial com en una per revisió deguda a agreujament o a error de diagnòstic, la valoració de la necessitat d'ajuda de tercera persona es limita a determinar si a conseqüència de les lesions o malalties patides, el potencial beneficiari de les prestacions requereix o no de la assistència d'una altra persona per realitzar algun dels actes bàsics per a la vida. Com que no es té en compte fins a quin punt l'autonomia personal del treballador queda limitada, al no existir graduació de la dependència personal mitjançant barem, es serà gran invàlid si es requereix l'ajuda d'una altra persona per a la realització d'algun dels actes essencials per a la vida, i no es serà en cas contrari, per més que l'execució d'aquests es dugui a terme amb certa i fins i tot amb molta dificultat. La inclusió de la Gran invalidesa com a grau autònom d'una contingència protegida pel nivell contributiu, malgrat el seu implícit caràcter assistencial, suposa que el règim jurídic previst per a la Incapacitat permanent, principalment quant als requisits exigits per al seu reconeixement i el de les oportunes prestacions econòmiques, resulti també aplicable a l'últim dels seus graus, la qual cosa suposa que la protecció de les situacions de dependència personal que comporta la Gran invalidesa només sigui possible, amb caràcter general, abans del compliment de l'edat ordinària de jubilació que correspongui cada any en funció de la cotització acreditada per l'interessat. En definitiva, el canvi normatiu dut a terme per la Llei d'Integració Social dels Minusvàlids de 1982, que va propiciar un intens debat doctrinal sobre la conveniència o inconveniència de la nova configuració de la Gran invalidesa com un grau autònom de la Incapacitat permanent, gairebé no va suposar canvis en la consideració legal ni jurisprudencial d'aquesta situació, perquè amb caràcter general es va continuar tractant com el més greu dels graus de la Incapacitat permanent, com ho havia estat fins aquell moment, donant amb això lloc a nombroses incongruències en el règim jurídic aplicable, que són objecte d'atenció en el present treball doctoral.
Following the Social Integration of Disabled Persons Act of 1982, the Great Disability became the fourth degree of the Permanent Disability contingency at the contributory level. Hereafter, it could be accessed not only after a review for aggravation of a previous absolute permanent disability, as it was until then, but also after a review of any other degree of permanent disability and even directly after an initial qualification. In the latter case, as a consequence of the regulatory change, the qualification of Great Disability ceased to be based only on extra-professional factors to also take into account professional ones, since, in addition to the need for help to carry out the most essential acts in life, impairment of the ability to work should also be subject to assessment. In any case, since this has never changed, in order to recognize the degree of Great Disability, both in an initial qualification and in a revision due to aggravation or diagnostic error, the assessment of the need for help from a third-party is limited to the determination of whether or not the potential recipient of benefits as a consequence of injuries or illnesses requires the assistance of another person to perform any of the basic acts for life. Since the extent to which the personal autonomy of the worker is limited is not taken into account, since there is no graduation of personal dependency through a scale, it will be considered a great invalidity only if the help of another person is required to carry out any of the essential acts for life, and otherwise it will not, even if the execution of these is carried out with certain and even great difficulty. The inclusion of the Great Disability as an autonomous degree of a contingency protected by the contributory level, despite its implicit assistance character, supposes that the legal regime foreseen for permanent Disability, mainly regarding the requirements demanded for its recognition and the right to the corresponding financial benefits, is also applicable to the greatest of its degrees, which means that the protection of situations of personal dependency entailed by Great Disability is only possible, in general, before reaching the ordinary retirement age of the corresponding year, depending on the contribution accredited by the interested party. In short, the regulatory change carried out by the Social Integration of Disabled Persons Act of 1982, led to an intense doctrinal debate on the convenience or inconvenience of the new configuration of the Great Disability as an autonomous degree of permanent disability, hardly involved changes in the legal or jurisprudential consideration of this situation, because in general it was still considered the most serious of the degrees of permanent disability, as it had been up to that time, giving place to numerous inconsistencies in the applicable legal regime, which are the subject of attention in this doctoral work.
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Larkin, Philip M. "The rule of forfeiture and social security law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268387.
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Obore, Caroline Agonzibwa. "Legal and policy implications of Uganda's social security law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14965.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-78).Social security is an expression of social solidarity and an attempt to curb the ills of exclusion and poverty. The welfare state was premised on this very ideal of social solidarity. As a result of the changed and changing times, the welfare state which has now come to be known as social security is under siege by several forces unique to individual states. For this reason, social security is an area of rich diversity and the challenges facing social security are not homogenous. Whereas for rich and industrialized countries social security is very meaningful, for most of Sub Saharan Africa it is an abstract and relatively novel concept. The Universal Declaration for the Rights of man, to which every country should aspire and to which most, if not all, constitutions are modeled provides for the right to social security. Whereas the declaration implies that social security is an inalienable right, the definition of social security or 'western notion of social security' adopted by most countries with a semblance of social security eliminates the vast majority of people namely; those in the informal sector, the poor and those in the rural areas. Studies of social security advance the theory-that the conventional definition of social security is not adequate for the African continent because formal social security schemes were introduced in Africa during the colonial era as a response to the social security needs of expatriate white workers. In Uganda, formal social security caters for less than 20 per cent of the population leaving the rest to harness any other means possible to maintain subsistence and a level of sanity. The needs envisaged by traditional formal social security are not the needs an ordinary Ugandan today faces. As a result of this disparity, there has been and there continues to be out cries to reform a system that government has been reluctant to change much because of the multi-faceted and overwhelming social demands. The cliché that 'a drowning man clutches at a straw' could not be put better: Africans do not give up; we simply make the most of what we have.
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Khembo, Loness. "Decent work in Malawi: social security; extension of social insurance to all workers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15174.
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The only way Malawi can ensure adequate social security coverage to her citizens is to extend the scope and coverage of social security benefits provided by the labour legislations to all workers as they are more reliable and less burdensome on the poor state. This is premised on the fact that most Malawians work, but only a few are employees as shall be seen later in this chapter. This will reduce the burden on the state of providing social security to all her citizens as most will be covered by social insurance. It is against this background that this study analyses the Malawian pieces of legislation on social security with the aim of identifying the gaps that are affecting social security coverage to Malawian workers. In doing so, these legislations will be examined against the relevant international conventions specifically the ILO C 102 and the SADC Code. The study will also focus on how best to improve social security benefits coverage in Malawi and making it more relevant to Malawians.
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El-Harudi, El-Muner. "New developments in the law of aviation security." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61887.
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Simon, Sascha. "Conceptualizing lethal autonomous weapon systems and their impact on the conduct of war - A study on the incentives, implementation and implications of weapons independent of human control." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23904.
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The thesis has aimed to study the emergence of a new weapons technology, also known as ‘killer robots’ or lethal autonomous weapon system. It seeks to answer what factors drive the development and deployment of this weapon system without ‘meaningful human control’, a component that allows the decision to kill to be delegated to machines. The research question focuses on seeking the motivations to develop and deploy LAWS, as well as the consequences this would have on military conduct and conflict characteristics.The incentives they bring up and the way of adopting them has been studied by synthesizing antinomic democratic peace theory and adoption capacity theory respectively. The findings of this qualitative content analysis lead to two major conclusions. (1) That LAWS present severe risk avoidance and costs reduction potential for the user. These factors have a more prevalent pull on democracies than autocracies, since they stand to benefit from LAWS’ specific capabilities more in comparison. (2) That their adoption is aided by low financial intensity needed to adopt it, due to the high commercial profitability and applicability of AI technology, and the ease of a spillover to military sphere. Their adoption is hindered by high organizational capital needed to implement the drastic changes LAWS bring. All of this leads to the prediction that LAWS are likely to proliferate further, at a medium speed, and potentially upset the balance of power.
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Gugwana, Monde Barrington. "The position of asylum seekers in South African social security law." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6159.
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The legal position of asylum seekers in South African social security system is more nuanced as a result of their transitional stay or status in the country. Asylum seekers may often be present in South Africa for a quite a long time but their social security entitlement is more restricted, and similar to that of temporary residents. For example, asylum seekers’ social security position is completely different from that of refugees. Refugees enjoy the same social security treatment similarly to South African citizens and permanent residents. Refugees qualify for the constitutionally entrenched right to have access to social security, including appropriate social assistance. Refugees also qualify for other socio-economic rights contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The exclusion of asylum seekers occurs despite the fact they are one of the vulnerable groups of noncitizens. Such exclusion forces asylum seekers to live under precarious conditions. It is fundamentally accepted that the drafters of the Constitution included the right to have access to social security, in order to ensure that everyone, irrespective of nationality and citizenship enjoys an acceptable standard of living. It is also fundamentally accepted that the right to have access to social security contained in section 27(1)(c) is limited by section 27(2) of the Constitution. Section 27(2) requires the State to take reasonable legislative measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right to have access to social security. The South African courts had on several occasions confirmed that the content of section 27(1)(c) is limited by section 27(2) of the Constitution and that the state cannot implement the right to have access to social security on demand. It had also been confirmed that the right to have access to social security is enforceable. This means the beneficiaries of this right may seek recourse from the courts of law when they are not satisfied about the progress relating to the implementation of the programmes relevant to the right to have access to social security. The right to have access to social security is also limited by section 36(1) of the Constitution. In the international arena, the right to have access to social security is recognised as the entitlement of everyone, but in some instances differential treatment can be made by the states. Such differential treatment should serve the legitimate state objective and all noncitizens should be treated equally.
Books on the topic "Social Security Laws"
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Dan (Daniel W.) Schmidt. Laws relating to disclosure of social security numbers. Madison, Wis: Wisconsin Legislative Council Staff, 1999.
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Federal social security laws: Selected statutes and regulations. 2nd ed. [Eagn, MN]: West, 2013.
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Republic, Czech. Employment legislation, social security. Prague: Trade Links, 1999.
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Social security and migrant workers: Selected studies of cross-border social security mechanisms. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2014.
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Humblet, M. Social security: Standards for the XXIst century. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2002.
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Kapuy, Klaus. The social security position of irregular migrant workers: New insights from national social security law and international law. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2011.
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Niger. Code social. 2nd ed. Niamey, Niger: Juris Consult Editions, 2011.
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Labor law and social security law of China. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she, 2014.
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Tahar, Ahmedouamar Mohamed, and Law Library of Congress (U.S.), eds. Labor and social security laws in various EC countries and Switzerland. [Washington, D.C.]: Law Library of Congress, 1991.
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Student's guide to landmark congressional laws on social security and welfare. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social Security Laws"
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Ramaswamy, K. V. "Non-standard Employment, Labour Laws and Social Security: Learning from the US Gig Economy Debate." In Globalization, Labour Market Institutions, Processes and Policies in India, 277–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7111-0_11.
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Ge, Deng. "Nuclear Laws for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy." In Nuclear Law, 29–43. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_2.
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AbstractThe development and utilization of nuclear energy is one of the greatest achievements of the 20th century. It has greatly enhanced the ability of humanity to understand and shape the world and had a significant impact on the development of technology and civilization. In the 21st century, the United Nations (UN) has developed the “Millennium Development Goals” and the “2030 Sustainable Development Goals” to promote a comprehensive solution to the world’s social, economic and environmental issues. To this end, nuclear energy offers unique advantages, but the associated risks and challenges of its further development and utilization must be addressed. Nuclear law is a powerful tool for regulating its development and responding to those risks and challenges. The Chinese Government has always developed nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in a safe and innovative way. At the Nuclear Security Summit in 2014, President Xi Jinping proposed adhering to a rational, coordinated and balanced approach to nuclear security and promoting a fair, cooperative and win–win international nuclear security regime. This not only summarizes China’s experience in establishing a nuclear legal framework and developing nuclear industry, but would also strengthen international nuclear governance and promote nuclear energy to better benefit humanity. The international community should fulfil international obligations strictly, implement national responsibilities effectively, and jointly maintain the UN focused international system and international legal order, contributing to the realization of the common goal of “Atoms for Peace and Development”.
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Nga, Hoang Thi, and Nguyen Xuan Hoa. "The Role of Grassroots Trade Unions in Enforcing the Social Responsibility for Employees’ Social Security Rights in Enterprises During the Integration Period." In Laws on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Developmental Trend in Vietnam, 125–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9255-1_10.
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Dioh, Adrien. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Senegal." In IMISCOE Research Series, 277–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_16.
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AbstractThe Senegalese social protection system has been designed and implemented for the exclusive benefit of workers and their families to protect them against economic and social risks which may cause a (partial or total, temporary or permanent) loss of their earning capacity or the capacity to satisfy their basic needs. The system, which is essentially financed by the contributions of workers and employers, does not include the larger part of the population which evolves in the informal sector. The relevant regulations introduced a principle of equal opportunity for all benefits offered to Senegalese and migrant workers as well as their family members. Nationality is therefore irrelevant since wage-earning remains a fundamental criterion. Nevertheless, because of the territoriality of social security laws, the various benefits provided by the system are not applicable. The system only benefits Senegalese and foreign workers residing in the national territory. Not only is it disadvantageous to nationals living abroad, but it can also hinder the return of foreign workers to their countries of origin at the end of their professional career. The situation can be improved by bilateral or multilateral social security agreements binding the different countries.
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East, Robert. "The Social Fund." In Social Security Law, 258–78. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14610-9_13.
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East, Robert. "Social Security and Poverty." In Social Security Law, 1–14. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14610-9_1.
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Pieters, Danny. "Social Security and Democracy." In Law and Revolution, 216–35. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003324850-20.
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East, Robert. "Child Benefit." In Social Security Law, 213–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14610-9_10.
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East, Robert. "Housing Benefit." In Social Security Law, 226–49. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14610-9_11.
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East, Robert. "Council Tax Benefit." In Social Security Law, 250–57. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14610-9_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Social Security Laws"
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Barın, Nurgül Emine. "Principle of Interpretation in Favor of the Insuree in Turkish Social Security Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01754.
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One of the major problems encountered in the implementation of the rule of law is in the absence of the meaning of law or what it wants to tell is not clearly defined, the true meaning is revealed through interpretation. In labor law and social security law; Although the review will benefit from the rules for the common law, workers-interpretation in favor of the insuree is effective. This policy is considered as one of the fundamental policies of the Labour and Social Security Law. Located between the basic policies of business law, the protection of the workers, which is a consequence of the interpretation in favor of the insuree policy, shows itself in the form of interpretation in favor of the insuree in the social security law. One factor for necessity of supporting interpretation in favor of the insuree is, social security right is among the basic human rights. In particular, the interpretation of legislation related to the social security right by constitutional guarantee, it is important to keep in mind this basic policy. The overall purpose of the social security law is to benefit from this right by more people, namely the expansion of the scope. In this study, the place of interpretation in favor of the insuree and limitations related to this interpretation will be examined in the light of samples of Supreme Court Decisions and regarding substance of the Constitution and laws.
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Hudson, T. G. L. "Refining Heinrich: Power Laws in Incident Severity Distributions." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/190669-ms.
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Banacu (Romaniuc), Ruxandra. "THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IN SOLVING LABOUR AND SOCIAL SECURITY DISPUTES." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/s02.10.
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Starting from the role of the feudal judges in the distribution of justice in Wallachia and Moldova, briefly reviewing the evolution of the legislative codification of their mission in the resolution of disputes brought before the courts, this paper analysis through the method of historical and comparative research, the orientation of the Romanian legislator towards the expansion of the freedom of the judge in finding out the truth and avoiding any judicial error. Without any doubt, it`s main task is to correctly identify the facts on which he has to rule, to apply and interpret the law and render a thorough and legal decision in accordance with the general principles contained in the Code of Civil Procedure and special laws, despite the section of law in which he is called to do justice. The main question which arises is, when solving labour and social security disputes, the judge also needs to embrace a conciliatory role? Using the qualitative methodology approach and the personal experience as a judge we will highlight that judges are ment to act like a balance between the power of the employer and employee when invested with labour disputes. Examining the jurisprudence in this matter of law, in the context of a significant increase in the number of labour disputes registered before the courts in Romania, specifically the ones that imply collective and individual dismissals, the role of the judge must be an active and positive one, oriented towards the protection of social rights and ensuring an equilibrium between the two sides of the employment contract.
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Dyshekov, Murat. "Private Military And Security Companies: Search For International Legal And National Laws." In International Scientific Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism» dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Turkayev Hassan Vakhitovich. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.05.36.
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Asadbek, Zairov. "INKLUZIV MEHNAT – INSON QADR-QIMMATINI YUKSAKLTIRISHNING MUHIM SHARTI." In GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. International Scientific and Current Research Conferences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/goal-16.
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This state analyzes measures and laws aimed at increasing the dignity of the head, creating inclusive conditional jobs. It also highlights the content of the social security policy and the inclusive development of New Uzbekistan.
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Mojanoski, Cane, Goce Arizankoski, and Zlatko Angjeleski. "ONTOLOGY OF SECURITY (APPENDIX TO THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF SECURITY)." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.11.01.20.p18.
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Security sciences and scientific disciplines (as well as all natural and social sciences), depart from those philosophically determined basic principles that are grouped into theories of the being (existence) of security occurrences (ontology of security), for understanding of safety occurrences (gnoseology of security) and the values and valuation of safety occurrences (axiology of security), whereby presuppose the recognition and appreciation of security occurrences, and vice versa - the recognition of security occurrences presupposes the existence and valuation of what is known, and also the valuation assumes the existence of security occurrences and the methodological and methodological possibility of their recognition. On the aforementioned philosophical basis and methodological direction - our philosophical, i.e., ontological analysis and synthesis of security (as an idea, condition, value, need, interest, function, organization and system) begins with the long-known ontological fact that security as a practice is as old as the human race, arising from the materialization of human emotions and the urge for selfpreservation (the instinct of fear and the biological mechanism of survival of the organism), and the assumptions that man's first thoughts were utterly practical, that is, life itself had to be safe first and foremost - food, heat, protecting against catastrophes and avoiding danger were the first goals of reason, but also a longestablished anthropological finding that the need for protection, security and safety 80 is based on the basic natural laws of the struggle for existence - a sufficiently firm basis for the fact that the need for safety and security is one of the basic needs of people. In this paper we are making an effort to try and open up a debate regarding ontology of security as a separate philosophical discipline aimed at the continuous acquisition and promotion of a reference framework of chronological, current and anticipatory knowledge of the importance, the being and the idea of security (as a condition, value, need, interest, function, organization and system), as well as on the basis of security on the necessity, determinacy, continuity, importance and development of the social-security existence (human being) and humanity as an emergent form of it existence by virtue of its enduring, existential and natural-social need for security. Keywords: ontology of security, importance of security, being of security, idea for security.
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Jelić, Teodora, Nataša Petrović, and Jasna Petković. "Environmental Chemical Disasters and an Example of Security Report." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.27.
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t Many industrial incidents, which have taken place since the seventies of the last century onwards, have raised many questions and conclusions. These disasters have shown that it is a human, a key risk factor for the survival of all living on our planet. The very approach to the prevention and recovery system proved to be frivolous, careless, and full of holes, and as a result, we got the devastating consequences. After these incidents, the environmental awareness and acceptance of the domino effect, which they carried with them, arose. When an industrial accident occurs, it causes people's death and affects the economy, social stability, and endangering the environment and biodiversity. Therefore, in the prevention process and various laws and directives, with the development of technology, there is also the development of computer programs to anticipate possible hazards and speed up the repair of the problem when this happens.
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Fatima, SLIMANI. "Criminal Protection of Women from Violence in Algerian Legislation." In I.International Congress ofWoman's Studies. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/lady.con1-25.
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Criminal protection for women includes the protection of human life, health, bodily integrity and social and economic security through legislation that strives to reduce attacks on their life, health and security needs. In the interest of the Algerian legislator to protect women, he issued many laws to regulate this protection, in line with international and regional agreements aimed at protecting women from violence, which Algeria has ratified, especially the Convention "CEDAW", which prohibits all forms of discrimination against women, and this is evident through the Algerian legislator's amendment of the Algerian Penal Code under Order 19/15 of 30/12/2015, which includes new texts criminalizing various forms of violence against women, such as the crime of sexual harassment and crimes of domestic violence against women. It was physical or moral violence, with the tightening of its penalties up to custodial penalties and financial fines, and with the aim of the legislator to try to limit the spread of this phenomenon in Algerian society. Keywords: Custodial Penalties, Moral Violence, Tightening.
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Calabrese, Alessandro, Luisa Franchina, Tommaso Ruocco, and Giulia Inzerilli. "Addressing new cyber risks in immersive reality." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002745.
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The purpose of this paper is to assess the cyber risks associated with the development of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies also in relation to their use in the Metaverse. AR and VR represent one of the most recent and relevant technological advances that have been able to take advantage of the changes brought about by the ongoing digital transformation driven by Industry 4.0, and the pandemic crisis. Moreover, these technologies are also becoming relevant for their potential in war scenarios and military exploitation.A common goal for both technologies is to improve knowledge and operational processes, overcoming the amount of information that is received by normal observation mechanisms, reducing the interactive distance between different variables. Consequently, the fields of application are various and regard all sectors, stemming from the national defense to the health, industrial and educational sectors. The culmination of these technologies, and their applications, is reached by the recent project announced by the founder of Facebook called "Metaverse". Some of the cybersecurity challenges will be similar to and will certainly enhanced others, such as the security and privacy risks related to social media, conference and streaming platforms and even internet browsing. The future of VR and AR spaces will involve a huge increase in new devices connecting to each other, through the creation of new apps and connection bridges, requiring the elaboration and the storage of huge quantities of data. Moreover, laws rarely reflect the rapidly evolving ways in which people interact with each other online. In this context, virtual assets can become as critical as physical ones, creating a worth to be protected. As the opportunities are all encompassing, so are the risks and vulnerabilities, such as identity theft, spying and social engineering. Security of confidential and market data, privacy and security of virtual assets are the most critical issues, linked to the volatility and reliability of providers with respect to assets.Unfortunately, new technologies are often developed and brought to market long before cybersecurity issues are addressed. An early identification of the main cyber risks inherent in the application of AR and VR technologies and the provision of framework for possible solutions to the various issues identified could address the Metaverse new challenge.
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Aydınlı, İbrahim. "Refugee Question and The Right to Work and Social Security of Refugees in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01744.
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Turkey faces various problems because of her distinctive geo-strategic importance have made her a transit country. The most important of those are migrations towards Europe due to socio-economic disasters like starvation, poverty or unemployment as well as geopolitical disasters like war or internal turmoils. Although the political and economic dimensions of migration are prominent, these are not the focus of this study. The issue in here is to identify whether immigrants, whose number has almost reached almost five million as wars and political chaos within neighbouring countries have forced a huge number of people to flee to Turkey, have right to work and social security according to the Turkish law.
In this vein, the paper aims to clarify the content of the right to work and social security for immigrants in the long-term, instead of the short-term social assistances in accordance with human rights and social policy implementation in Turkey. For doing so, the paper firstly deals with Turkey’s commitment to the international law. Secondly, it analyzes the regulations related to the right to work and social security within the national law. Finally, the paper discusses the problems occur during the implementation of law and regulations and suggests solutions for overcoming such problems.
Reports on the topic "Social Security Laws"
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Neumark, David, and Joanne Song. Do Stronger Age Discrimination Laws Make Social Security Reforms More Effective? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17467.
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Hoynes, Hilary Williamson, and Robert Moffitt. Tax Rates and Work Incentives in the Social Security Disability Insurance Program: Current Law and Alternative Reforms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6058.
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Nguyen, Thi Dien, Thi Minh Hanh Nguyen, Thi Minh Khue Nguyen, and Ayako Ebata. Policies to Improve Migrant Workers’ Food Security in Vietnam. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.019.
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Migrant workers in Vietnam make up 7.3 per cent of the population. Despite rapid economic growth, they suffer from precarious working conditions and food insecurity, which Covid-19 control measures have exacerbated. Urgent action is needed to improve migrant workers’ access to nutritious food during crises and increase resilience to future economic shocks through: (1) short-term responses that provide nutritious food; (2) improving living conditions through effective enforcement of existing policies; (3) expanding coverage of the government social safety net; and (4) progressive reform of labour law to reduce their vulnerability to job loss and increase their bargaining power.
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LEONOV, T. M., V. M. BOLSHAKOVA, and P. YU NAUMOV. THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF PROVIDING MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TO EMPLOYEES OF THE MILITARY PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2576-9634-2021-5-4-12.
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The work is devoted to a comprehensive study of medical support, incl. sanatorium-resort treatment of employees of the military prosecutor’s office and members of their families (persons who are dependent on them). It is noted that health care is structurally included in services that, in addition to cash payments and benefits in kind, represent the entire social security system. The main attention in the article is focused on the analysis of the normative legal regulation of the health protection of employees of the military prosecutor’s office, as well as the provision of medical assistance to them (prophylactic medical examination, medical examination, military medical examination, medical and psychological rehabilitation, sanatorium treatment, reimbursement of expenses for drugs and treatment) of proper quality and in the required volume. The key scientific results of the study are the generalization of legal information and scientific knowledge about the procedure for providing medical assistance to employees of the military prosecutor’s office. The main scientific results of the article can be applied to organize training in the discipline «Military law and military legislation». The article will be of interest to persons conducting scientific research on the problems of social protection of servicemen and their families.
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Morkun, Volodymyr, Sergey Semerikov, Svitlana Hryshchenko, Snizhana Zelinska, and Serhii Zelinskyi. Environmental Competence of the Future Mining Engineer in the Process of the Training. Medwell Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1523.
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A holistic solution to the problem of formation of ecological competence of the future engineer requires the definition of its content, structure, place in the system of professional competences, levels of forming and criteria of measurement the rationale for the select on and development of a technique of use of information, communication and learning technologies that promote formation of ecological competence. The study is of interest to environmental competence of future mining engineer as personal education, characterized by acquired in the process of professional preparation professionally oriented environmental knowledge (cognitive criterion), learned the ways of securing environmentally safe mining works (praxiological criterion) in the interests of sustainable development (axiological criterion) and is formed by the qualities of socially responsible environmental behavior (social-behavioral criterion) and consists of the following components: understanding and perception of ethical norms of behaviour towards other people and towards nature (the principles of bioethics); ecological literacy; possession of basic information on the ecology necessary for usage in professional activity the ability to use scientific laws and methods in evaluating the environment to participate in environmental works to cany out ecological analysis of activities in the area industrial activities to develop action plans for the reduction of the anthropogenic impact on the environment; ability to ensure environmentally balanced activities, possession of methods of rational and integrated development georesource potential of the subsoil.
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Grimes, Arthur, Conal Smith, Kimberley O'Sullivan, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Lydia Le Gros, and Rachel Kowalchuk Dohig. Micro-geography and public tenant wellbeing. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2023.08.
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The micro-geography of people’s wellbeing depends on house and neighbourhood characteristics. We show that the form of tenancy is also important. Identical people in identical settings may have different wellbeing outcomes depending on their security of housing tenure. Our findings utilise a survey administered to residents in public rental housing, private rentals and owner-occupiers in New Zealand, focusing on the capital city, Wellington. Despite selection effects which are likely to bias findings against higher wellbeing for public housing tenants, we find that public tenants have higher subjective wellbeing (WHO-5 and Life satisfaction) than do private tenants, and similar wellbeing to owner-occupiers. Length of tenure helps to explain wellbeing differences between public and private tenants, likely reflecting New Zealand law under which private renters have insecure tenure (relative to many overseas jurisdictions). We find also that wellbeing is associated with residents’ perceptions of house suitability and neighbourhood suitability. House suitability reflects house quality, condition, cold and dampness. Neighbourhood suitability reflects the importance of social capital and of living in a safe area. Some characteristics are more important for certain population groups than for others; hence analysts should be wary of generalising about relationships between microgeographic factors and wellbeing.
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Kelly, Luke. Humanitarian Considerations in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.106.
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This rapid literature review finds that disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) raises a number of humanitarian considerations, centred on the treatment of participants and the unintended consequences of the programmes. In particular, DDR undertaken during conflicts is linked to several protection risks and is difficult to implement in a neutral, equitable and humanitarian manner. By humanitarian concerns, this report means: • Some of the functions undertaken in DDR, • Humanitarian risks to individuals in DDR programmes, • Indirect risks of conflict arising from DDR programmes; DDR is a broad and multi-faceted process involving security, humanitarian and development aspects and actors, with wide-ranging impacts. Humanitarian actors do not undertake DDR, but they may support some DDR processes, and maybe affected by DDR or its effects. According to UN guidance and the academic literature, successful DDR will consider socio-economic conditions in the community, as well as for the ex-combatants. It should be attuned to the range of needs of participants and should abide by relevant international law. The political dynamics of a conflict or post-conflict situation shape the success of DDR. It was first used in post-conflict situations, but the increasing use of DDR in ongoing conflicts creates new difficulties. The failure or partial implementation creates many humanitarian problems. This may arise from a lack of resources; competing authorities (and particularly the co-option of DDR for war aims); ongoing conflict and instability; mistakes in implementation; and socio-economic conditions unconducive to successful reintegration. Unsuccessful DDR may see partially demobilised actors remain dangerous, or may fuel new grievances around the perceived unfairness of granting support to former combatants. There is a large body of evidence on the successes and failures of DDR programmes, how they vary over time and across contexts, and guidance on how to implement DDR. Relatively little refers explicitly to humanitarian concerns, but many of the issues covered can be characterised as humanitarian. DDR has been employed in many situations since the 1980s, meaning that it is not possible to comprehensively survey the guidance or case study evidence. Instead, this review focuses on the main areas where DDR can be said to raise humanitarian concerns, with a particular focus on the problems raised by DDR in ongoing conflicts.
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Monthly Infographics Report: March 2024. Microgovernance Research Initiative (MGR), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57189/mgrinfmar24.
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MGR recorded 1503 violent incidents during March 2024, mostly triggered by politics, access to resources, and other socio-economic factors. More than 242 deaths and 2698 injuries have been recorded from these incidents. The highest number of violent incidents have been recorded in the form of clashes and attacks (426). Some 153 incidents are directly political violence, protests and arrests which resulted in 16 deaths. Geographically, Chittagong (351) scores the highest number of violence followed by Dhaka (306), Rajshahi (244) and Barishal (213). There were 86 protests and demonstrations and only 16 of protests were triggered by politics. While some 36.81% of political violence contributed by Bangladesh Awami League & affiliates, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) scored only 2.08% of political violence in the month of March. Law and security forces conducted 6.94% of political violence. Intra-party violence within the Awami League showed a small count of 16. Whereas 52% political incidents were rural, 38% of political violence incidents took place in urban areas. After the election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) experienced a noticeable decrease in its active involvement, mainly due to the government's strengthened control over state mechanisms. Nevertheless, they are attempting to mobilize their supporters by spearheading a movement advocating the boycott of Indian products. Furthermore, unrest is going on among general students at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in opposition to the Bangladesh Chattro League's endeavors to reintroduce politics into the BUET campus.