Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social security – Developing countries'
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Tarimo, Charles N. "ICT Security Readiness Checklist for Developing Countries : A Social-Technical Approach." Doctoral thesis, Kista : Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1354.
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Cras, Patrik, and Christer Rosén. "Can income security enhance growth in developing countries? : A study of the effects on economic growth of income support programs for the unemployed and elderly in developing countries." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7013.
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This paper addresses the question if income security can enhance economic growth in developing countries? It takes its starting point in the income security problems of a developing country and summarizes evidence from published empirical research on formal income security mechanisms. We conclude that the findings on incomes security efficiency effects are ambiguous. A limited econometric study based on data from Chile is carried out with a regression showing that social securities total effect on economic growth is negative but more econometric research on total effect on growth are needed to give a definite answer.
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Hwang, Tienyu. "The critical determinants of demand for life insurance in developing countries : a prospect for China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364774.
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Justino, Ana Patricia Viegas. "Social security and political conflict in developing countries, with special reference to the south Indian state of Kerala." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248223.
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DARKO, PHIDELIA. "EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VS. THE NEW SECURITY AGENDA : A CASE STUDY ON GHANA." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23826.
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Development issues have been the centre of most international governmental organisations for quite a long time. Most developing countries tend to depend on Western foreign donors to assist them in their developmental ambitions. Ghana as a developing nation also depends on it foreign donors to finance most of it developmental projects. Even though the European Union is an international governmental organisation that is much known for assisting developing countries with their developmental projects it is anticipated that recent occurrence such as the global economic meltdown, climate change coupled with terrorist attacks on most developed nations will limit or perhaps even halt the flow of development aid to developing countries as they might be more concerned with securing their territory rather than thinking of other people somewhere else.This is because such occurrences have resulted in raising a new concern, thus the New Security Agenda or Human Security. The Human Security in respect to its economic sector is what this paper deals with. This paper takes a critical look on Ghana’s Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (GPRS), as pertaining to the aspect of these papers that received developmental aid from the European Development Fund (EDF). It is proved here that almost all aspect of Ghana’s developmental projects in one way or other received funding from the EDF. The New Security Agenda in terms of its economic sector was rather found out to be a positive influence for developing nations like Ghana as a result of the country’s stability. This is because it was found out that rather than limiting the flow of development aid to Ghana, it is during this time that the 10th EDF budget for Ghana received the highest funding. It was later found out that all these developmental projects conforms to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is also an area of concern in the New Security Agenda. All this occurrences are much more explained along a theoretical framework (thus the notions of liberalism, critical theory and constructivism). However other academic works on the subject matter was also comprehensively acknowledged.
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Bhusal, Lok Nath. "Poverty underestimation and relative strength of social security and economic globalisation in poverty reduction : perceptions survey evidence from Nepal and cross-section analysis from 119 developing countries." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579520.
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Persistence underdevelopment as reflected in different kinds of absolute poverty in the global south has instigated scholarly and policy debate on poverty measurement and poverty reduction. In terms of measuring poverty, different empirical investigations, relying on different theoretical traditions, have produced different ratios of poverty. However, not a single study has investigated the public perceptions of these official definitions and estimates of poverty. What do the members of public think about the official poverty measures and their associated poverty estimates? Regarding poverty reduction, one section of the existing literature has narrowly examined the effect of economic globalisation, on a single measure of poverty, without providing due attention to the effect of social security, on all kinds of poverty. Another section of the literature, which examines the relationship between social security and a single measure of poverty, has implicitly overlooked the influence of globalisation on all types of poverty. However, so far, no empirical study has examined the relative strength and interaction of economic globalisation and social security in reducing all kinds of poverty. This dissertation investigated three pressing questions in the area of poverty measurement and reduction. First, it explored the authenticity of existing official poverty estimates and their ability to characterise the true essence of poverty. Second, it examined the relationships between social security and poverty, and economic globalisation and poverty simultaneously in order to identify their relative strength in reducing poverty. Third, it examined the association of the interaction of social security and globalisation with the four poverty estimates: national, $1.25 per capita a day, multidimensional and $2 per capita a day. This research relies on the emerging pragmatic philosophical paradigm, and inductive- deductive mixed-methods research strategy. By extending the current literature on poverty measurement and poverty reduction, this study makes several methodological, theoretical and empirical - contributions. First, it argues that by not counting the vulnerable as poor, the existing poverty measures seriously undermine the essence of poverty and thereby understate the extent of poverty.
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Kativu, Tatenda Kevin. "A framework for the secure consumerisation of mobile, handheld devices in the healthcare institutional context." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18630.
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The advances in communication technologies have resulted in a significant shift in the workplace culture. Mobile computing devices are increasingly becoming an integral part of workplace culture. Mobility has several advantages to the organisation, one such example is the “always online” workforce resulting in increased productivity hours. As a result, organisations are increasingly providing mobile computing devices to the workforce to enable remote productivity at the organisations cost. A challenge associated with mobility is that these devices are likely to connect to a variety of networks, some which may insecure, and because of their smaller form factor and perceived value, are vulnerable to loss and theft amongst other information security challenges. Increased mobility has far reaching benefits for remote and rural communities, particularly in the healthcare domain where health workers are able to provide services to previously inaccessible populations. The adverse economic and infrastructure environment means institution provided devices make up the bulk of the mobile computing devices, and taking away the ownership, the usage patterns and the susceptibility of information to adversity are similar. It is for this reason that this study focuses on information security on institution provided devices in a rural healthcare setting. This study falls into the design science paradigm and is guided by the principles of design science proposed by Hevner et al. The research process incorporates literature reviews focusing on health information systems security and identifying theoretical constructs that support the low-resource based secure deployment of health information technologies. Thereafter, the artifact is developed and evaluated through an implementation case study and expert reviews. The outcomes from the feedback are integrated into the framework.
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Luzzatto, Giorgia <1996>. "Developing countries amid environmental risks and food (in)security." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19190.
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The problematic relationship between human beings and the natural environment is perhaps the hardest challenge of our time, which requires a unified commitment of scientists, academics, and policy makers. An increasingly stressed planet – characterized by ecosystems degradation, water scarcity, and climate change pressures – undermines several human activities and, above all, the human ability to feed the world, not only by constraining the production of food, but also by hindering its distribution for instance. The achievement of food security has been, and continues to be, a central issue in the public discourse, and although its conceptualization has changed throughout the years, the goal of eliminating hunger – especially critical in time of Covid-19 – together with improving nutrition, remains a huge global priority. However, current food systems are blamed for exacerbating the environmental crisis – mainly through high emission levels of greenhouse gases, land conversion, abuse of pesticides and fertilizers – and new approaches based on the need of a sustainability transition are emerging. The purpose of the dissertation is to explore, based on the most accredited statistical sources and literature on the subject, which countries are considered most at environmental risk, which ones are classified as most food insecure or at risk of food insecurity. A multitude of indicators were taken into consideration to analyze the relationships between the state of food insecurity and susceptibility to environmental risks and to identify, in the near future, the situations of greater exposure to the risk of food non self-sufficiency.
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Sprunk, Darren D. "Transformation in the developing world : an analysis of Colombia's security transformation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FSprunk.pdf.
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Chekol, Abebe Abebayehu. "Granting intellectual property rights on life forms and processes: does it ensure food security? A developing country perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study critically investigated the argument whether intellectual property rights over life forms and processes would ensure food security. It only considered the issue from the perspective of developing countries, as they are the ones who are hardest hit by recurrent drought and food insecurity. Protections within TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) and debates underpinning it formed the essence of the research.
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Zhang, Ying. "Developed countries or developing countries?: MNEs' geographic diversification and corporate social performance." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/560.
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Research (e.g., Strike, Gao, & Bansal, 2006) has pointed out that international firms diversifying geographically can be both socially responsible and socially irresponsible. However, the research has failed to provide a strong theoretical explanation based on a major theory. I propose to address this gap by testing two competing perspectives based on institutional theory, i.e., the institutional-transfer approach and the institutional-void approach. Based on relevant literature, I propose a contingency model predicting the different effects of geographic diversification (GD) on corporate social performance (CSP) by focusing on the institutional differences between developed and developing countries. Moreover, arguing that the institutional approaches should also consider the effects of internal firm resources, I also predict the moderating effects of firm slack resources (the slack) on the relationship between the diversification and CSP. Adopting the approach that considers the slack in a continuum of managerial discretion, i.e., low- and high-discretion slack resources (George, 2005), I argue that high-discretion slack can strengthen the relationship between GD and CSP while low-discretion slack can weaken this relationship. To test the above hypotheses, I analyze the data of multinational enterprises (MNEs) listed on the New York Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2015. The whole sample contains 477 MNEs or 1,560 firm/year observations. Through analyzing empirical data, I have obtained evidence that there is a positive relationship between GD and corporate social responsibility (CSR) when MNEs diversify into developed countries. On the other hand, the results show a negative relationship between GD and CSR and a positive relationship between GD and corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) when MNEs diversify into developing countries. Moreover, low-discretion slack can weaken the relationship between GD and CSR in developing countries. Theoretically, this thesis makes four contributions to the literature. First, it contributes to the GD literature by focusing on CSP. Second, it enriches institutional theory by testing the predictive validity of its two approaches (i.e., institutional-transfer approach and institutional-void approach) on the GD-CSP relationship. Third, it enriches the understanding of CSP research. Finally, it reveals that different types of slack resources could affect the GD-CSP relationship. In addition to the theoretical contributions, this thesis provides findings with practical implications for managers, governments, and stakeholders. First, managers should be aware of the institutional environments where their firms diversify. Second, managers should maintain an appropriate utility to different kinds of slack resources in their firms. Third, the government should reinforce its supervision on MNEs' diversification strategies, especially in developing countries. Fourth, stakeholders should stay alert that MNEs from developed countries can also perform CSIR behaviors.
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Hidalgo, Varela Luis Fernando. "Social entrepreneurship in developing countries: An institutional context." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672031.
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L’emprenedoria social es reconeix cada vegada més com un element crucial per al progrés de les economies i la societat. Per tant, els acadèmics i els responsables polítics s’han interessat pels factors que podrien determinar aquest fenomen. Si bé diverses disciplines han analitzat els antecedents de l’emprenedoria, els enfocaments institucionals han cobrat rellevància per la seva capacitat per oferir un marc en el qual els emprenedors prenen decisions en funció de l’context en què es troben inserits. Aquesta visió teòrica permet explicar les diferències institucionals entre països. Per tant, resulta que les institucions formals i informals són útils per comprendre per què els individus decideixen convertir-se en emprenedors socials i / o emprenedors comercials i, a el mateix temps, com aquestes institucions contribueixen a la satisfacció de l’emprenedor social als països en desenvolupament.
Per tant, aquesta investigació explora els factors institucionals que influeixen en l’emprenedoria social en els països en desenvolupament, utilitzant la perspectiva de l’economia institucional com a marc teòric. Específicament, la investigació estudia les tendències en la literatura sobre emprenedoria social amb èmfasi en el context institucional; determinar la influència de l’context institucional (formal i informal) en l’esperit empresarial social i comercial en els països en desenvolupament; determinar la influència de factors socioculturals (institucions informals) sobre l’esperit empresarial social i comercial en països desenvolupats i en desenvolupament, durant i després de la crisi financera; i analitzar el paper de l’context institucional en la satisfacció dels emprenedors socials en els països en desenvolupament.
La metodologia utilitzada és quantitativa i es refereix principalment a les estimacions de diverses equacions (regressions logístiques, efectes marginals i regressió de mínims quadrats parcials). Per tant, per a l’equació que tracta sobre institucions i emprenedoria, aquesta investigació va emprar dades de l’Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) i una base primària d’emprenedors socials a Mèxic, per mesurar diferents variables de l’activitat emprenedora.
Els principals troballes d’aquesta tesi revelen que efectivament hi ha una relació que va des del context institucional, incidint en l’emprenedoria social. D’aquesta manera, es troba que les institucions informals (carrera emprenedora, model a seguir, impacte mediàtic, oportunitats percebudes, por a el fracàs i habilitats emprenedores) són més importants per a l’emprenedoria que les formals (regulacions, lleis i polítiques governamentals). Així mateix, aquests resultats donen suport a la importància dels factors institucionals per a l’activitat emprenedora social.
Finalment, aquesta investigació té implicacions teòriques i de política pública. Pel que fa a l’debat teòric, l’estudi aporta a la literatura l’aplicació de l’economia institucional com a marc conceptual adequat per a l’anàlisi dels determinants ambientals que fomenten o inhibeixen l’activitat emprenedora social en diferents contextos. Aquest estudi pot aportar evidència empírica a la idea que l’economia institucional determina i expliquen factors fonamentals que condicionen la satisfacció de l’emprenedor social. En aquest sentit, s’ha demostrat que l’emprenedoria social es veu afectat per factors institucionals i, a el mateix temps, influeix en resultats com el desenvolupament social i el creixement econòmic. D’altra banda, des d’una perspectiva gerencial i política, aquesta investigació ha de ser presa en compte per al disseny de polítiques de suport a l’emprenedoria social en diferents entorns considerant la influència de les institucions en la creació d’una empresa social.El emprendimiento social se reconoce cada vez más como un elemento crucial para el progreso de las economías y la sociedad. Por lo tanto, los académicos y los responsables políticos se han interesado por los factores que podrían determinar este fenómeno. Si bien varias disciplinas han analizado los antecedentes del emprendimiento, los enfoques institucionales han cobrado relevancia por su capacidad para brindar un marco en el que los emprendedores toman decisiones en función del contexto en el que se encuentran insertos. Esta visión teórica permite explicar las diferencias institucionales entre países. Por lo tanto, resulta que las instituciones formales e informales son útiles para comprender por qué los individuos deciden convertirse en emprendedores sociales y / o emprendedores comerciales y, al mismo tiempo, cómo estas instituciones contribuyen a la satisfacción del emprendedor social en los países en desarrollo. Por lo tanto, esta investigación explora los factores institucionales que influyen en la actividad emprendedora social en los países en desarrollo, utilizando la perspectiva de la economía institucional como marco teórico. Específicamente, la investigación estudia las tendencias en la literatura sobre emprendimiento social con énfasis en el contexto institucional; determinar la influencia del contexto institucional (formal e informal) en la actividad empresarial social y comercial en los países en desarrollo; determinar la influencia de factores socioculturales (instituciones informales) en la actividad empresarial social y comercial en países desarrollados y en desarrollo, durante y después de la crisis financiera; y analizar el papel del contexto institucional en la satisfacción de los emprendedores sociales en los países en desarrollo. La metodología utilizada es cuantitativa y se refiere principalmente a las estimaciones de diversas ecuaciones (regresiones logísticas, efectos marginales y regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales). Por lo tanto, para la ecuación que trata sobre instituciones y emprendimiento, esta investigación empleó datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) y una base primaria de emprendedores sociales en México, para medir diferentes variables de la actividad emprendedora. Los principales hallazgos de esta tesis revelan que efectivamente existe una relación que va desde el contexto institucional, incidiendo en el emprendimiento social. De esta manera, se encuentra que las instituciones informales (carrera emprendedora, modelo a seguir, impacto mediático, oportunidades percibidas, miedo al fracaso y habilidades emprendedoras) son más importantes para el emprendimiento que las formales (regulaciones, leyes y políticas gubernamentales). Asimismo, estos resultados apoyan la importancia de los factores institucionales para la actividad emprendedora social. Finalmente, esta investigación tiene implicaciones teóricas y de política pública. En cuanto al debate teórico, el estudio aporta a la literatura la aplicación de la economía institucional como marco conceptual adecuado para el análisis de los determinantes ambientales que fomentan o inhiben la actividad emprendedora social en diferentes contextos. Este estudio puede aportar evidencia empírica a la idea de que la economía institucional determina y explican factores fundamentales que condicionan la satisfacción del emprendedor social. En este sentido, se ha demostrado que el emprendimiento social se ve afectado por factores institucionales y, al mismo tiempo, influye en resultados como el desarrollo social y el crecimiento económico. Por otro lado, desde una perspectiva gerencial y política, esta investigación debe ser tomada en cuenta para el diseño de políticas de apoyo al emprendimiento social en diferentes entornos considerando la influencia de las instituciones en la creación de una empresa social.
Social entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a crucial element for the progress of economies and society. Therefore, scholars and policy-makers have been interested in what factors might determine this phenomenon. Although several disciplines have analyzed entrepreneurship antecedents, the institutional approaches have obtained relevance due to their capacity to provide a framework in which entrepreneurs make decisions based on the context where they are embedded. This theoretical view allows to explain the institutional differences across countries. Hence, it turns out that formal and informal institutions is useful for comprehending why individuals decide to become social entrepreneurs and/or commercial entrepreneurs, and at the same time, how these institutions contribute to social entrepreneur satisfaction in developing countries. Therefore, this investigation explores the institutional factors that influence social entrepreneurial activity across developing countries, using the institutional economics perspective as the theoretical framework. Specifically, the research study the trends in the social entrepreneurship literature with emphasis on institutional context; determining the influence of institutional context (formal and informal) on social and commercial entrepreneurial activity in developing countries; determining the influence of socio-cultural factors (informal institutions) on social and commercial entrepreneurial activity in developing and developed countries, during and after the financial crisis; and analyzing the role of institutional context on social entrepreneur satisfaction in developing countries. The methodology used is quantitative and mostly regards the estimations of various equations (logistic regressions, marginal effects and Partial least squares regression). Thus, for the equation dealing with institutions and entrepreneurship, this research employed data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and a primary base of social entrepreneurs in Mexico, to measure different variables of entrepreneurial activity. The main findings of this thesis reveal that effectively there is a relationship that runs from the institutional context, influencing social entrepreneurship. In this way, it is found that the informal institutions (entrepreneurial career, role model, media impact, perceived opportunities, fear of failure, and entrepreneurial skills) are more important for entrepreneurship than the formal ones (regulations, laws, and government policies). Likewise, these results support the importance of institutional factors to social entrepreneurial activity. Finally, this research has theoretical and public policy implications. In terms of the theoretical debate, the study contributes to the literature by applying institutional economics as an appropriate conceptual framework for the analysis of the environmental determinants that foster or inhibit social entrepreneurial activity in different contexts. This study may provide empirical evidence for the idea that institutional economics not only those determinants that explain the desire to be a social entrepreneur, but also those fundamental factors that condition the social entrepreneur satisfaction. In this sense, social entrepreneurship is proven to be affected by institutional factors, and at the same time, to influence outcomes such as social development and economic growth. On the other hand, from a managerial and policy maker’ s perspective, this research should be taken into account for the design of policies to support social entrepreneurship in different environments by considering the influence of institutions on the creation of a social business.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Creació i Gestió d'Empreses
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Berger, Guy. "Social structure and rural economic development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643.
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New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.
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Shaaban, Hussein Khamis. "Enhancing the governance of information security in developing countries : the case of Zanzibar." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/315359.
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Organisations in the developing countries need to protect their information assets (IA) in an optimal way. This thesis is based upon the argument that in order to achieve fully effective information security management (ISM) strategy, it is essential to look at information security in a socio-technical context, i.e. the cultural, ethical, moral, legal dimensions, tools, devices and techniques. The motivation for this study originated from the concern of social chaos, which results from ineffective information security practices in organisations in the developing nations. The present strategies were developed for organisations in countries where culture is different to culture of the developing world. Culture has been pointed out as an important factor of human behaviour. This research is trying to enhance information security culture in the context of Zanzibar by integrating both social and technical issues. The theoretical foundation for this research is based on cultural theories and the theory of semiotics. In particular, the study utilised the GLOBE Project (House et al, 2004), Competing Values Framework (Quinn and Cameron; 1983) and Semiotic Framework (Liu, 2000). These studies guide the cultural study and the semiotics study. The research seeks to better understand how culture impact the governance of information security and develop a framework that enhances the governance of information security in non-profit organisations. ISO/IEC 27002 best practices in information security management provided technical guidance in this work. The major findings include lack of benchmarking in the governance of information security. Cultural issues impact the governance of information security. Drawing the evidence from the case study a framework for information security culture was proposed. In addition, a novel process model for information security analysis based on semiotics was developed. The process model and the framework integrated both social and technical issues and could be implemented in any non-profit organisation operating within a societal context with similar cultural feature as Zanzibar. The framework was evaluated using this process model developed in this research. The evaluated framework provides opportunities for future research in this area.
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Jawara, Hamidou [Verfasser]. "Essays on Financial Inclusion, Food Security and Nutrition in Developing Countries / Hamidou Jawara." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1178423786/34.
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Alnatheer, Mohammed A. "Understanding and measuring information security culture in developing countries : case of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64070/1/Mohammed_Al_Natheer_Thesis.pdf.
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The purpose of the current study was to develop a measurement of information security culture in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia. In order to achieve this goal, the study commenced with a comprehensive review of the literature, the outcome being the development of a conceptual model as a reference base. The literature review revealed a lack of academic and professional research into information security culture in developing countries and more specifically in Saudi Arabia. Given the increasing importance and significant investment developing countries are making in information technology, there is a clear need to investigate information security culture from developing countries perspective such as Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, our analysis indicated a lack of clear conceptualization and distinction between factors that constitute information security culture and factors that influence information security culture. Our research aims to fill this gap by developing and validating a measurement model of information security culture, as well as developing initial understanding of factors that influence security culture.
A sequential mixed method consisting of a qualitative phase to explore the conceptualisation of information security culture, and a quantitative phase to validate the model is adopted for this research. In the qualitative phase, eight interviews with information security experts in eight different Saudi organisations were conducted, revealing that security culture can be constituted as reflection of security awareness, security compliance and security ownership. Additionally, the qualitative interviews have revealed that factors that influence security culture are top management involvement, policy enforcement, policy maintenance, training and ethical conduct policies. These factors were confirmed by the literature review as being critical and important for the creation of security culture and formed the basis for our initial information security culture model, which was operationalised and tested in different Saudi Arabian organisations.
Using data from two hundred and fifty-four valid responses, we demonstrated the validity and reliability of the information security culture model through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA.) In addition, using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) we were further able to demonstrate the validity of the model in a nomological net, as well as provide some preliminary findings on the factors that influence information security culture.
The current study contributes to the existing body of knowledge in two major ways: firstly, it develops an information security culture measurement model; secondly, it presents empirical evidence for the nomological validity for the security culture measurement model and discovery of factors that influence information security culture. The current study also indicates possible future related research needs.
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Sulaiman, Munshi. "Social protection and human capital accumulation in developing countries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/227/.
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My thesis comprises of three stand‐alone papers, which are connected by the theme of social protection and human capital accumulation. In the first paper, using experimental data from South Sudan, I focus on evaluating the effects of food transfer on household labour supply decisions and crowding‐out of informal private transfers. I do not observe significant impact on either of these two domains, except reduction in child labour. This effect corresponds with increased school enrolment of children. I find that positive income shocks from short‐term food transfers induced the households to invest in durable goods, and child ‘non‐work’ is a luxury good for the ultra‐poor. The second paper evaluates the effects of a policy related to exam standard on labour market performance of secondary school graduates in Bangladesh. Using a natural experiment, the paper shows that lowering standard reduced labour market returns for the graduates. General equilibrium effects of increased supply of graduates and lower human capital accumulation due to lower standard have been identified as possible mechanisms underlying this labour market effect. In my third paper, I evaluate the effects of an asset transfer programme for the ultra‐poor in Bangladesh on children’s enrolment. I find that despite exceptionally large positive impact on household income, asset transfer did not increase enrolment rates. Moreover, there was increased demand for child labour in these households. The evidence suggests that asset transfer may not be sufficient to increase school enrolment among households in extreme poverty and may have unintended effects on child labor.
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Willi, Alberto. "Corporate social responsibility in developing countries : an institutional analysis." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648947.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly significant element in contemporary business. Globalisation, a growing concern for environmental degradation, and evident social inequality have installed CSR on the global agenda. Companies around the world are introducing CSR programs, and many of the Schools of Management or Business Schools have CSR courses in their core programmes, including their MBAs. Organisations such as EFMD (www.efmd.org), ABIS (www.abis.org) and PRME (www.prme.org) are prompting universities and business schools to implement CSR as well as sustainability courses and seminars. Conceptual research concerned with the influences on firms’ socially responsible actions has recently emphasized the importance of institutional factors. However, current institutional accounts of corporate social responsibility implicitly assume the presence of well-developed and relatively stable institutional characteristics found in developed countries. In order to address this gap, this thesis presents a conceptual model, which explores how institutional pressures configure a local company’s CSR practices in developing countries. This thesis presents empirical findings drawn from in depth open-ended interviewees to managers of local companies in Argentina, taking into account type of industry, size, and the presence of multinational companies (MNCs). In so doing, this study contributes to extending the application of institutional theory to developing countries context and to theoretical analysis of local companies CSR practices in such contexts. Within this analysis, this study places particular emphasis on the role of MNC and the State in the processes of adoption of CSR practices by local companies in a developing country. Finally, this thesis contributes with practical implications for mangers of local companies and managers of MNCs’ subsidiaries in developing countries.
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Gazeaud, Jules. "Three Essays on Social Safety Nets in Developing Countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD021.
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Cette thèse fournit trois essais sur le design et l'évaluation des filets sociaux de sécurité. Le Chapitre 1 contribue à la littérature sur les performances des méthodes de ciblage en général et sur le Proxy Means Testing en particulier. En utilisant une enquête expérimentale en Tanzanie, ce chapitre cherche à mesurer si les performances de ciblage du Proxy Means Testing sont biaisées lorsque les données de consommation sont sujettes à des erreurs de mesure non-aléatoires. Les résultats indiquent que les performances du Proxy Means Testing sont assez vulnérables aux erreurs de mesure non-aléatoires quand l'objectif est de cibler les ménages pauvres dans l'absolu, mais qu'elles restent en grande partie non affectées quand l'objectif est de cibler une part fixe de la population. Le Chapitre 2 étudie l'impact sur la migration d'un programme argent-contre-travail aux Comores. Ce programme a alloué de manière aléatoire à des ménages pauvres des transferts monétaires en échange de leur participation dans des travaux publics. En utilisant des données de première main, ce chapitre montre que le programme a augmenté la migration vers Mayotte -- l'île Française voisine et plus riche. Entre 2016 et 2018, les ménages traités ont reçu jusqu'à 320USD et, par conséquent, étaient trois points de pourcentage plus susceptibles d'avoir un membre du ménage qui migre à Mayotte (une hausse statistiquement significative de 38 pourcent comparé au groupe de contrôle). Ce résultat semble être expliqué par la réduction des contraintes de liquidité et de risque à la migration. Le Chapitre 3 explore les effets productifs des programmes argent-contre-travail dans le contexte du Productive Safety Net Project en Ethiopie. Avec plus de 8 millions de bénéficiaires, le Productive Safety Net Project est parmi les plus grands programmes de filets sociaux d'Afrique. Il est aussi souvent considéré comme le programme d'adaptation au changement climatique le plus large d'Afrique avec ses activités concentrées sur l'amélioration des terres et des mesures de conservation des sols et des eaux. Des estimations en différence-en-différence couvrant toute l'Ethiopie sur la période 2000-2013 ne montrent aucune évidence pour supporter que les travaux publics aient eu des impacts mesurables sur la productivité agricole et sur la résilience aux chocs climatiquesThis thesis provides three empirical essays on the design and evaluation of social safety nets. Chapter 1 adds to the literature on the performances of targeting methods in general and Proxy Means Testing in particular. Using a unique survey experiment conducted in Tanzania, it investigates whether and to what degree Proxy Means Testing targeting performances are biased when household consumption data are subject to non-random errors. The results indicate that Proxy Means Testing performances are quite vulnerable to non-random errors when the objective is to target absolutely poor households, but remain largely unaffected when the objective is to target a fixed share of the population. Chapter 2 studies the impact on migration of a cash-for-work program in Comoros that randomly offered poor households cash transfers in exchange for their participation in public works projects. Using first-hand data, this chapter shows that the program increased migration to Mayotte – the neighboring and richer French Island. Between 2016 and 2018, treated households received up to USD320 in cash and, as a result, were three percentage points more likely to have a household member migrating to Mayotte (a statistically significant 38 percent increase relative to the control group). This result appears to be driven by the alleviation of liquidity and risk constraints to migration. Chapter 3 explores the productive effects of cash-for-work programs in the context of the Productive Safety Net Project in Ethiopia. With more than 8 million beneficiaries, the Productive Safety Net Project is among the largest safety net programs in Africa. It is also often considered as Africa’s largest climate change adaptation program due to its focus on activities such as land improvements and soil and water conservation measures. This chapter relies on satellite and geo-referenced data to evaluate the effects of these activities and overcome the lack of household data. Difference-in-differences estimates covering whole Ethiopia over the 2000-2013 period show no evidence to support that public works had measurable impacts on agricultural productivity and resilience to climate shocks
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Weber, Regine [Verfasser]. "Food Security Monitoring for Developing Countries in the Age of Big Data / Regine Weber." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417536/34.
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Coghlan, Christopher. "Towards food security with nutritional health : multi-scale approaches." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:faec7323-edbd-440b-9a60-01cc84532b68.
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This thesis addresses multi-scale approaches for improving food security with nutritional health. It argues that four key themes: scale, nutrition, trade, and governance are not given adequate attention in food security and nutrition studies. A multi-scale framework links the overriding thematic structure, bridges gaps, and enriches analysis. It facilitates a blended approach of analysis for food security and nutrition studies, public policy, and critical geography. Nutrition is at the centre of the inquiry and addresses the triple burden of malnutrition: hunger, micronutrient malnutrition, and obesity. Nutrition is hampered by an incomplete understanding of dietary diversity. Trade and governance are complimentary and cover dynamic commodity exchanges which might develop along with improved programme delivery. At the structural core of the work are four research papers which interact with established and emergent food security indicators and data for: the international system, nations, Indian states, and districts within Karnataka. Each paper uses specific methodological tools which are most compatible with the unique characteristics of the relevant scale. The first paper applies benchmarking and compares international FAO food security indictors with the EIU and other best practice sources to argue for improved data. In order to inform malnutrition beyond hunger, the second paper inputs FAOSTAT national food balance sheet data into a dietary food supply model of key nutritional food groups for medium activity individuals. The third paper employs Indiastat data to construct a food potential model representative of major components of the Indian food system, and compares it with production information for pulse varieties for inclusion in the NFSA. The fourth paper creates a nutritional HDI, compares it against the production of cereals and pulses, and considers weather conditions. Results illustrate that the FAO does not give proper attention to including governance indicators or capturing dietary diversity beyond hunger. Food balance sheet data shows that the majority of the world lacks the proper supply of key food groups to sustain a medium activity lifestyle, with fruit & vegetable deficits equally present in developed and developing nations. In India, states with the lowest food potential are located in the north and east of the country while some neighbouring states contain pulse production advantages. Further opportunities exist to use digital technologies to improve the administration of the programme. Similarly, northern districts of Karnataka require more direct NFSA intervention while the southern and coastal districts have the potential for increased production and trade of pulses. Implications for this study are centred on the development of future food security and nutritional health studies, policy, and administration. When possible, food security and nutrition studies can broaden their conclusions by expanding their base of indicators and data to take into account multi-disciplinary information. Possibilities for richer studies are evident through the development of more robust governance and dietary diversity indicators. These could focus on measurable programme results and take into account the impact of food groups and nutritional supply on various types of malnutrition. Multi-scale analysis might inspire cross-boundary policy formulation and assist in the development and trade of food system resources. The administration of food security programmes might improve with further study and the use of technology as a tool for delivery. This thesis clarifies how multi-scale approaches to food security and nutrition can be advanced through conceptual, methodological, and empirical work combining critical engagement, data analysis, and public policy.
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Morimoto, Risako. "Environmental, economic and social impacts of dams in developing countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251884.
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Khatri, Chhetri Surya Bahadur. "The Relationship between Human Capital and Economic Growth in Developing Countries : A Study and Analysis on Developing Countries." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34385.
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Abstract The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate the relation between human capital and economic growth in developing countries around the world. The main research question is how the human capital impact on the economic growth in developing countries during the period of 2010 -2015.The world is mainly divided into two major groups, which are Developed & Developing countries, as well as poor & rich countries. In this thesis mainly concern only developing and poor countries and their role of the economic growth. The key factors of economic growth are GDP/capita, per capita income, birth rate, death rate, population growth rate, life expectancy at birth, working age population, education, literacy rate and investment in technology. The world is populated day by day such has never been before. In the past history it look back to 123 years to increased from one billion to two billion from 1804 to 1927.Then, next billion took 33 years. The following two billions took 14 years and 13 years, respectively (Ray, Development Economics). The data has been taken from the Developing countries around the world which is taken a cross sectional data set and data has been analysed with multiple liner regressions model with ordinary least squares (OLS). For this purpose which applied the difference tools & theory which are human capital and technology development, economic growth, norms, externalities and human social capital. The previous studies is examined the most important factors of economic development that is economic growth and human capital investment. Similarly, the theoretical discussion is described the Solow model, human capital theory, technological progress, demographic transition and social capital. For examine the data is divided into two groups which are dependent and independent variables. Economic growth GDP/capita, GDP/capita growth rate are dependent variable and Ln. GDP initial, life expectancy at birth, population growth rate, education, working age population and investment in technology are independent variables. This analysis shows the majority of the variables in the study have positive significant relation to the GDP/capita growth. This result furthermore support the developing countries provides insight on the world economic development status towards the independents variables.
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Zhang, Peng. "Essays on labour market in developing countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278392.
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This PhD thesis focuses on determinants of labour market outcomes in development economics with a special interest in South Africa and China. After an introduction in chapter 1, the key chapter 2, Ethnic Diversity and Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Post-Apartheid South Africa joint with Sara Tonini, investigates how ethnic diversity amongst black South Africans affects their employment opportunities in the post-Apartheid era. We find that ethnic diversity has a positive impact on the employment rate of the black South Africans, and it only affects ethnic groups with relatively large population size. To address the endogeneity of ethnic composition, we explore the location of historical “black homelands” and argue that districts more equally distant to multiple homelands are more ethnically diverse. In our instrumental variable regressions, a one standard deviation increase in ethnic diversity index increases employment rate by 3 (5) percentage point in 1996 (2001), which is around 8% (13%) of the average employment rate. We then propose a model of a coordination game to explain these findings. A more ethnically diverse place requires a higher rate of inter-ethnic communication to maintain social connection. As inter-ethnic communication requires more skills than intra-ethnic connection, people in ethnically diverse districts are motivated to invest more in social skills to be able to communicate with those outside their own group. The acquisition of these social skills makes them better equipped for the labour market. The remaining two chapters look into the intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status in South Africa and China. Chapter 3, Returns to Education, Marital Sorting and Family Background in South Africa joint with Patrizio Piraino, applies the model of Lam (1993, JPE) which combines intergenerational transmission of ability and assortative mating to investigate the relative explanatory power of father-in-law’s and father’s background for male wages. In the empirical analysis, after correcting for potential measurement errors in earnings and education, we find that father-in-law’s schooling is more correlated with male workers’ labour market earnings, employment rate and labour force participation than own father’s schooling in contemporary South Africa. This difference is more obvious when parental educational levels are higher. Chapter 4, Higher Education Expansion and Intergenerational Mobility in Contemporary China, studies how higher education affects the upward mobility of people from relatively disadvantaged families. Intergenerational occupational mobility is stimulated when children from different social classes end up in similar occupations. Whether or not they have similar occupational status depends not only on their level of education but also the occupational returns to education. Given there is already a convergence in educational achievements between children from different social classes in contemporary China, in this paper, I focus on their occupational returns to education. Occupational status is measured by the widely-accepted ISEI scaling system ranging from 16 to 90 points with large number indicating higher occupational status. I take advantage of an exogenous college expansion policy in 1999 as a natural experiment and find that one additional year of education increases the occupational status of their first job by 2.243 (2.774) points on average along the ISEI scale in OLS (IV) regressions. And children from upper-class families do not necessarily have higher returns to education than children from other social classes. The average occupational returns to education are higher for the most recent job than the first job, but the difference among social classes is still not significant.
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Adelola, Tiwalade. "Developing a framework for e-commerce privacy and data protection in developing nations : a case study of Nigeria." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27440.
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The emergence of e-commerce has brought about many benefits to a country s economy and individuals, but the openness of the Internet has given rise to misuse of personal data and Internet security issues. Therefore, various countries have developed and implemented cyber-security awareness measures to counter this. However, there is currently a definite lack in this regard in Nigeria, as there are currently, little government-led and sponsored Internet security awareness initiatives. In addition, a security illiterate person will not know of the need to search for these awareness programmes online, particularly in Nigeria s case, where personal information security may not be regarded as an overly important issue for citizens. Therefore, this research attempts to find a means to reduce the privacy and data protection issues. It highlights the privacy and data protection problem in developing countries, using Nigeria as a case study, and seeks to provide a solution focusing on improving Internet security culture rather than focusing on solely technological solutions. The research proves the existence of the privacy and data protection problem in Nigeria by analysing the current privacy practices, Internet users perceptions and awareness knowledge, and by identifying factors specific to Nigeria that influence their current privacy and data protection situation. The research develops a framework for developing countries that consists of recommendations for relevant stakeholders and awareness training. In the case of Nigeria, the stakeholders are the government and organisations responsible for personal information security, and an awareness training method has been created to take into account Nigeria s unique factors. This training method encompasses promoting Internet security awareness through contextual training and promoting awareness programmes. Industry experts and Nigerian Internet users validated the framework. The findings obtained from the validation procedure indicated that the framework is applicable to the current situation in Nigeria and would assist in solving the privacy and Internet problem in Nigeria. This research offers recommendations that will assist the Nigerian government, stakeholders such as banks and e commerce websites, as well as Nigerian Internet users, in resolving the stated problems.
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Almatarneh, Ala. "Corporate social responsibility disclosure in developing countries : the case of Jordan." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2011. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/2999/.
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Ebireri, John Efe. "Bank market structure and industrialization : evidence from developing countries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5297/.
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This thesis examines how bank market structure affects industry performance in developing countries. A high degree of bank concentration would be associated with tight constraints and high borrowing costs, while it has also been argued that, it would be easier for firms to access credit if the banking system is concentrated. Foreign banks are seen to promote financial development and spur economic growth; while critics suggest that a larger foreign bank presence in developing countries is associated with less credit to the private sector. Also, government ownership of banks is responsible lower economic and slow financial development, while others argue that government banks promote long-run growth. The implications of bank market structure on the real economy are examined using cross-country, cross-industry panel data from developing countries, along with a variety of econometric techniques, and standard measures of industry performance. The research aims to ascertain whether bank market structure in developing countries influences financing for firms differently as a result of industry-specific characteristics. It also examines if institutional characteristics helps in explaining industrial performance in the short-run. As a follow-up to one of the findings, the research examines if banks would prefer to fund innovative firms in a liberalized environment by exploring the impact of financial development on the export structure. The main empirical findings are as follows: first, it may not be possible to identify robust or consistent findings concerning the effects of good institutions; secondly, it might not necessarily be the case that financial development specifically benefits firms based on specific industry characteristics; and finally, the research finds that banking sector development reduces export sophistication and increases export concentration. This may suggest that banking sector development enforces specialization according to existing comparative advantage.
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Neal, Sarah Elizabeth. "Neonatal mortality in developing countries : an analysis of trends and determinants." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72371/.
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There is limited understanding of how both trends and determinants of neonatal mortality vary from post-neonatal mortality, and more specifically how health care variables are associated with deaths in the first month of life. In particular the association between care at delivery and neonatal mortality is difficult to determine: in developing countries many women only seek skilled care once complications arise, making poor outcomes more probable. It is therefore inappropriate to directly compare outcomes from those who did and did not receive care at delivery due to this heterogeneity between the groups. This three-paper PHD thesis attempts to address some of these issues. Chapter 1 provides an overview of what is known about the determinants of neonatal and child mortality, before developing a conceptual framework for the analysis of neonatal and post-neonatal deaths. Chapter 2 (paper 1) provides a comprehensive analysis of the quality of Demographic & Household Surveys (DHS) data, before describing how trends in neonatal mortality differ from post-neonatal mortality over the short- and medium- term. It then examines how the associations between gross domestic product and neonatal, post-neonatal and early childhood mortality at national level differ using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Chapter 3 (paper 2) uses DHS data from Bangladesh to carry out bivariate and multivariate analysis to determine how the determinants of neonatal mortality vary from those of postneonatal mortality. It also tries to identify groups of women who are at ‘high’ or ‘low’ risk from institutional deliveries and compares rates of neonatal mortality. The risk categories are based on socio-economic, maternal health and health care utilisation factors that influence whether or not they are likely to have planned their delivery care or sought hospital care only in the event of complications. Chapter 4 (paper 3) furthers this work using Indian DHS data by examining how the association between health care determinants and neonatal mortality differ by asset quintile, mother’s education and state-level access to professional attendant at delivery. In this chapter I also use instrumental variable methodology to overcome the problem of endogeneity between delivery care variables and neonatal mortality. This technique enables me to examine the association between professional assistance at delivery while adjusting for the heterogeneity between women who do and do not seek such care. Chapter 5 concludes with a summary of key findings, as well as outlining areas for further research in this area.
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Nosek, Paul C. "The dilemmas of developing an indigenous advanced arms industry for developing countries : the case of India and China /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FNosek.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Anshu Chatterjee. "December 2006." AD-A462 722. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Ehrhart, Hélène. "Essays on tax revenue composition in developing countries." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068978.
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This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso.
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Ogba, Ike. "Organisational commitment in developing countries : the case of Nigeria." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2007. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/416/.
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This study investigates the effective measurement of employee commitment within the Nigerian banking sector. The relevance of the research originates from various research findings that shows that in most organisations, evidence abounds of employees' emotional and physiological distancing of themselves from their organisation even when the pay is highly competitive. In addition, there are also evidences of inconsistencies in research outcomes when Western commitment scale is employed within non-Western organisation. This study is therefore aimed at filling literature gaps on identified inconsistencies from the use of Western scales in measuring commitment in non-Western organisations and also to comprehend employee commitment behaviour in organisations within non-Western culture. In exploring the above issues, this research developed a 28-item, 7-point Likert scaled questionnaire, distributed to 200 participants with a 42% response rate. The research also employed exploratory factor analysis in the form of PCA and Varimax for factor extraction and scale reduction and Cronbach's Coefficient alpha internal consistency measure for reliability assessment. To take the study a step further, the scale was additionally subjected to statistical test using One Way ANOVA, Pearson's Chi-Square test, and Spearman' s rank order correlation in measuring employee commitment behaviours, using two variables: income and age. The outcome from the study was two-fold. The 28 items were reduced to 18 usable items with 3-factor extractions representing three components of commitment. Scale reliability was also measured. The first outcome shows that the scale is indeed a culturally suitable and usable (valid and reliable) scale for the assessment of employee commitment to their organisation in Nigeria with an alpha score of .930, evidence of strong scale reliability. The second outcome was from the test aimed at assessing the behavioural aspect of employee commitment to their organisation in relation to the two variables income and age. The outcome shows that the higher income earning Nigerian employees (employees within the income band 1.1 million and above), and employees within the age group 31-35 are likely to be less committed to their organisations than their counterparts. The study concludes with the view that to effectively measure employee commitment to organisations in non-Western Nigerian cultures, requires the development and use of an appropriate and culturally motivated usable and suitable (consistent and dependable) scale. The conclusions are also discussed in terms of the links between income, age and commitment. It identified that high income and age are not necessarily indicators of commitment; rather some factors associated with culture might have stronger influence on employee expression of commitment to their organisation.
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Inyang, Ambrose. "A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on the Developmental Process of Developing Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501080/.
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Using the assumptions of various schools of thought on development as the theoretical framework, an attempt is made to examine the effects of foreign investment on the socioeconomic growth of 50 developing countries by means of multiple regression models that utilize some external and internal variables assumed to affect the growth rate of GNP. Results from these models indicate that new inflows of foreign investments and amounts of domestic investments are positively related to growth while accumulated stocks of foreign investments have no effect on growth. This suggests that development funds, designed specifically for increased domestic investments, would be the most effective way to increase GNP.
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Meller, Marian. "Essays on Education, Gender, and Child Health in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/38709.
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This thesis deals with different policy challenges in the human capital formation of children in developing countries. Using a quasi-experimental design, the first chapter analyzes a national initiative in rural India which aimed at reducing gender disparities in elementary schooling through the supply side. The bundle of girl-focused school resources provided within the intervention increased enrollment rates for girls and narrowed the gender gap in enrollment. The second part evaluates an infant nutrition program in Ecuador. The intervention reduced the mortality rate and induced more health check-ups among young children in treatment communities. The final chapter studies how households in the Philippines adjust to early childhood diseases. The short-run costs associated with foregone maternal work and health expenditure are statistically significant, but of limited magnitude.Aquesta tesi tracta de diferents reptes polítics amb relació a la formació del capital humà de nens i nenes a països en vies de desenvolupament. Basat en un disseny quasi-experimental, el primer capítol analitza una iniciativa nacional a l'Índia rural que tenia com a objectiu reduir les desigualtats de gènere en l'escolarització primària a través de l'oferta. El conjunt de recursos escolars dirigits a noies dins del marc de la intervenció va augmentar les taxes d'inscripició escolar i va reduir-ne la diferència de gènere. La segona part avalua un programa de nutrició infantil a l'Equador. La intervenció va fer disminuir la taxa de mortalitat i va suposar més consultes de salut entre els nens i nenes a les comunitats de tractament. L'últim capítol investiga com les llars a les Filipines s'ajusten a malalties d'infantesa primerenca. Els costos a curt termini associats amb la feina maternal perduda i les despeses de salut són estadísticament significatius, però de mida limitada.
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Teixeira, Rivanda Meira. "Small business and social responsibility in Brazil." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309639.
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Benitez, Mauricio Moron. "Assessment of corporate social responsibility within the stakeholder theory in commercial microfinance instittutions in Bolivia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9152_1256197189.
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Currently, some microfinance institutions in Bolivia are adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a concept whereby sompanies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and publish the results. CSR is applied mostly by big companies in the North and in sectors more in the eye of the public, such as oil production or textile and apparel. Bolivia has been the pioneer in the commercialization of microfinance through microfinance NGO transformations. The objectives of this investigation was to asses and compare the reasons why the selected Bolivian commercial MFI's were engaged, or not engaged, in CSR. Secondly, to determine which stakeholders are more relevant for each MFI analysed, assessing how they influenced the decision to adopt or not adopt CSR and thirdly, to compare the current social performance of the selected MFI's within the framework of corporate social responsibility.
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Olofsson, Johanna, and Isabelle Guselin. "SMEs and Social Upgrading in Developing Countries : Doing Good or Evading Responsibilities?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302156.
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Workers in labour-intensive industries in developing countries have been described as the ‘hidden hands’ in the making of valuable goods in global production networks (GPNs). The process of improving the rights and entitlements of workers in GPNs have been referred to as ’social upgrading’. However, literature on social upgrading has tended to overlook the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and there is still little scientific understanding of how small businesses in developing countries can engage in social upgrading. The aim of this thesis is to enhance the understanding of how SMEs in developing countries can improve working conditions and labour rights. Through a qualitative case study, this study goes beyond statements of leading Fair Trade brands to provide insights based on voices of both workers and owner-managers in a small garment factory in Nepal. This study brings forward observations where SMEs, shaped by their characteristics, are enabled to evade responsibilities concerning working conditions and labour rights.
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Barrientos, Armando, Valerie Moller, Joao Saboia, Peter Lloyd-Sherlock, and Julia Mase. "‘Growing’ social protection in developing countries: lessons from Brazil and South Africa." Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67195.
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publisher versionThe rapid expansion of social protection in the South provides a rich diversity of experiences and lessons on how best to reduce poverty and ultimately eradicate it. Knowledge on how best to ‘grow’ social assistance, understood as long-term institutions responsible for reducing and preventing poverty, is at a premium. This article examines the expansion of social assistance in Brazil and South Africa, two of the middle income countries widely perceived to have advanced furthest in ‘growing’ social protection. It examines three aspects: the primacy of politics in explaining the expansion of social protection and assistance, the tensions between path-dependence and innovation in terms of institutions and practices, and the poverty and inequality outcomes of social assistance expansion. The article concludes by drawing the main lessons for other developing countries.
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MASI, ANTONIO GIUSEPPE. "Social entrepreneurship implementation in developing countries: pursuing an effective blended value creation." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/972.
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La tesi è finalizzata a indagare l’efficacia dell’imprenditoria sociale quale strumento di contrasto a situazioni di grave povertà e disagio sociale nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Particolare attenzione è rivolta alle principali sfide derivanti dal molteplice sforzo di promuovere lo sviluppo socio-economico locale, garantire la sostenibilità economica delle iniziative e - talvolta - tutelare l’ambiente naturale.
La prima parte della tesi fornisce un framework teorico sull’imprenditoria sociale, con specifico riferimento ad alcuni aspetti critici della sua stessa essenza, alle sue potenzialità nella lotta alla povertà e ai caratteri distintivi del suo processo di implementazione.
La seconda parte presenta due analisi empiriche sviluppate con il metodo dei casi e afferenti, rispettivamente, gli ambiti del non-profit e del for-profit. La prima esamina i processi di identificazione delle opportunità e di costruzione del business model, al fine di mettere in luce le divergenze esistenti tra le prospettive sociale, economica ed ambientale, e di comprendere come coniugarle; la seconda identifica alcune cruciali variabili - interne ed esterne - che incidono sul processo di implementazione ed implicano la necessità di conciliare finalità, approcci e strumenti tipici degli ambiti filantropico e imprenditoriale, ai fini di una efficace creazione di valore socio-economico.The thesis aims at investigating social entrepreneurship attitude to truly act as a crucial tool in the fight against deep poverty and social disadvantages in developing countries, with a particular focus on the main challenges faced by social entrepreneurial organizations in their attempt to promote local social-economic development, while ensuring their own economic viability, and (sometimes) preserving global environment. The first part of the thesis provides a theoretical framework about social entrepreneurship landscape, with specific attention to some crucial aspects of its essence, its potentiality against poverty, and some distinctive features of its implementation process. The second part presents two empirically-based analyses carried out by using case-study method, respectively from the for-profit and the not-for-profit domains. The former investigates the processes of opportunity recognition and business model design, with the aim to highlight the divergences among social, economic, and environmental perspectives, and to understand how to combine them; the latter identifies some crucial - internal and external -variables affecting the implementation process and implying the need for a mix between charitable and business aims, approaches, and tools, for a successful blended value creation.
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MASI, ANTONIO GIUSEPPE. "Social entrepreneurship implementation in developing countries: pursuing an effective blended value creation." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/972.
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La tesi è finalizzata a indagare l’efficacia dell’imprenditoria sociale quale strumento di contrasto a situazioni di grave povertà e disagio sociale nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Particolare attenzione è rivolta alle principali sfide derivanti dal molteplice sforzo di promuovere lo sviluppo socio-economico locale, garantire la sostenibilità economica delle iniziative e - talvolta - tutelare l’ambiente naturale.
La prima parte della tesi fornisce un framework teorico sull’imprenditoria sociale, con specifico riferimento ad alcuni aspetti critici della sua stessa essenza, alle sue potenzialità nella lotta alla povertà e ai caratteri distintivi del suo processo di implementazione.
La seconda parte presenta due analisi empiriche sviluppate con il metodo dei casi e afferenti, rispettivamente, gli ambiti del non-profit e del for-profit. La prima esamina i processi di identificazione delle opportunità e di costruzione del business model, al fine di mettere in luce le divergenze esistenti tra le prospettive sociale, economica ed ambientale, e di comprendere come coniugarle; la seconda identifica alcune cruciali variabili - interne ed esterne - che incidono sul processo di implementazione ed implicano la necessità di conciliare finalità, approcci e strumenti tipici degli ambiti filantropico e imprenditoriale, ai fini di una efficace creazione di valore socio-economico.The thesis aims at investigating social entrepreneurship attitude to truly act as a crucial tool in the fight against deep poverty and social disadvantages in developing countries, with a particular focus on the main challenges faced by social entrepreneurial organizations in their attempt to promote local social-economic development, while ensuring their own economic viability, and (sometimes) preserving global environment. The first part of the thesis provides a theoretical framework about social entrepreneurship landscape, with specific attention to some crucial aspects of its essence, its potentiality against poverty, and some distinctive features of its implementation process. The second part presents two empirically-based analyses carried out by using case-study method, respectively from the for-profit and the not-for-profit domains. The former investigates the processes of opportunity recognition and business model design, with the aim to highlight the divergences among social, economic, and environmental perspectives, and to understand how to combine them; the latter identifies some crucial - internal and external -variables affecting the implementation process and implying the need for a mix between charitable and business aims, approaches, and tools, for a successful blended value creation.
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Afranie-Amanoh, Mercy. "Privatisation of telecommunications and its implications for development in developing countries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0027/MQ50918.pdf.
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Singh, Abhijeet. "Essays on human capital formation in developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25d55dd1-464e-497b-952c-5b456036dc5d.
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This thesis consists of a short introduction and three self-contained analytical chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on the question of learning gaps and divergence in achievement across countries. I use unique child-level panel data from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam to ask at what ages do gaps between different populations emerge, how they increase or decline over time, and what the proximate determinants of this divergence are. I document that learning gaps between the four countries are already evident at the age of 5 years and grow throughout the age trajectory of children, preserving country ranks from 5 to 15 years of age. At primary school age, the divergence between Vietnam and the other countries is largely accounted for by substantially greater learning gains per year of schooling. Chapter 2 focuses on learning differences between private and government school students in India. I present the first value-added models of learning production in private and government schools in this context, using panel data from Andhra Pradesh. I examine the heterogeneity in private school value-added across different subjects, urban and rural areas, medium of instruction, and across age groups. Further, I also estimate private school effects on children's self-efficacy and agency. I find modest or insignificant causal effects of attending private schools in most test domains other than English and on children's academic self-concept and agency. Results on comparable test domains and age groups correspond closely with, and further extend, estimates from a parallel experimental evaluation. Chapter 3 uses panel data from the state of Andhra Pradesh in India to estimate the impact of the introduction of a national midday meal program on anthropometric z-scores of primary school students, and investigates whether the program ameliorated the deterioration of health in young children caused by a severe drought. Correcting for self-selection into the program using a non-linearity in how age affects the probability of enrollment, we find that the program acted as a safety net for children, providing large and significant health gains for children whose families suffered from drought.
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Chakrabarti, Debjani. "Economic freedom and social capital determinants on economic growth of developed and developing nations." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04232007-164855.
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Poulsen, Lauge N. Skovgaard. "Sacrificing sovereignty by chance : investment treaties, developing countries, and bounded rationality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/141/.
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One of the striking features of modern globalization is the rising prominence of international law as governing institution for state-market relations. Nowhere has this been as pronounced as in the international investment regime. Although hardly known to anyone but specialized international lawyers merely 15 years ago, bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have today become some of the most potent legal tools underwriting economic globalization. This thesis seeks to explain why developing countries adopted investment treaties as part of their governing apparatus. The study combines econometric analysis with archival work as well as insights from more than one hundred interviews with decision-makers in the international investment regime. On this basis, it finds ‘traditional’ explanatory models of international policy diffusion insufficient to account for the BIT-movement. Instead, both qualitative and econometric evidence strongly indicates that a bounded rationality framework is best suited to explain the popularity of BITs in the developing world. Although careful cost-benefit considerations drove some developing countries to adopt investment treaties, this was rare. By overestimating the benefits of BITs and ignoring the risks, developing country governments often saw the treaties as merely ‘tokens of goodwill’. Many thereby sacrificed their sovereignty more by chance than by design, and it was typically not until they were hit by their first claim, officials realised that the treaties were enforceable in both principle and fact. The thesis is relevant to a wide range of literature. Apart from being the first comprehensive international relations study on investment treaties, its multimethod approach provides a robust and nuanced view of the drivers of international policy diffusion. Moreover, the study is the first major work in international political economy literature applying insights on systematic – and thus predictable – cognitive heuristics found in the behavioural economics discipline.
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Virk, Kudrat. "Developing countries and humanitarian intervention in international society after the Cold War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:60fbdfeb-341c-430c-91c7-5071397a0e47.
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This thesis examines the policies, positions, and perspectives of developing countries on the emerging norm of humanitarian intervention after the Cold War, focusing on the period between 1991 and 2001. In doing so, it questions the role of opposition that conventional wisdom has allotted to them as parochial defenders of sovereignty. Instead, the thesis reveals variation and complexity, which militates against defining the South, or the issues that humanitarian intervention raises, in simplistic either-or terms. Part I draws on insights about ‘sovereignty as what states make of it’ to break the classic pluralism-solidarism impasse that has otherwise stymied the conversation on humanitarian intervention and confined the South as a whole to a ‘black box’ labelled rejectionism. It reconstructs the empirical record of developing countries at large on six cases of military intervention (northern Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, and East Timor), revealing variation that defies easy categorization. It also charts a cumulative and dynamic trend within the South towards a grey area between pluralism and solidarism that shows how these were not diametrically opposed positions. Following from that, Part II looks in-depth at India and Argentina. Whereas Argentina accepted the idea of humanitarian intervention, India remained reluctant to countenance it and persistently objected to the development of a new rule in its favour. Part II argues that the level of congruence between the emerging norm and the two countries’ prevailing values, aspirations, and historically constructed ways of thinking played a key role in determining the different levels of acceptance that the idea found with them. Part III delves deeper into the substance of their views. It shows how neither country constructed mutually exclusive choices between pluralism and solidarism, sovereignty and human rights, and intervention and non-intervention. Rather, both exhibited an acute awareness of the dilemmas of protecting human rights in a society of states, and a wariness of yes-no answers. Cumulatively, this thesis thus points away from thinking about the South itself as a given category with clear, shared or pre-determined ideas, and towards a more nuanced and inclusive conversation on humanitarian intervention.
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Magrus, Abdelhamid Ali Ali. "Corporate governance practices in developing countries : the case of Libya." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3286/.
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Corporate governance is currently on the agenda of many countries, and is receiving considerable attention in the business world as well as in the area of academic research, which is an indication of its importance for business development and for society as a whole. A large body of the currently available knowledge addresses this phenomenon from the perspective of the developed economies. Although the knowledge base about corporate governance in developing countries appears to be limited, it is growing. The main aim of this study is to investigate current corporate governance practices, perceptions and obstacles within Libya following the introduction of the Libyan Corporate Governance Code (LCGC). To achieve this aim, the study investigates: first, the nature and extent of applying current corporate governance; secondly, the perceptions of listed companies' staff (senior managers and employees in financial positions) and Libyan financial experts (academics and auditors) regarding the introduction of the LCGC; thirdly, the current obstacles facing the application of LCGC; and, finally, the views of the Libyan regulators and officials in relation to the obstacles identified and how they may be reduced. In order to accomplish the research objectives, a mixed research methodology was adopted: This involved using two types of research methods for collecting data: semistructured interviews and a questionnaire survey divided into three sequential stages: firstly, interviews were conducted with board members of the companies surveyed; secondly, a questionnaire was distributed to selected staff of the companies surveyed and Libyan financial experts; thirdly, further interviews were conducted with Libyan regulators and officials. The findings of the study revealed that corporate governance in Libya is in its early stages of development and is characterised by a weak legal environment, lack of knowledge about corporate governance, poor leadership, lack of training among directors and weak investment awareness among investors. Therefore, the influence of social, cultural and economic factors is evident. The results also suggest that urgent action is needed in order to facilitate the implementation of a good corporate governance system in Libya.
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Nowak, Rafal Artur. "Developing the modalities of cooperation between NATO and the European Union." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FNowak.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-85). Also available online.
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Femina, Devi. "Workplace social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance in developed and developing countries." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/workplace-social-capital-job-satisfaction-and-workplace-performance-in-developed-and-developing-countries(9323de21-3677-452c-9546-dbb6d350d8c8).html.
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Although social capital had been found to solve collective action problems, social capital at work or workplace social capital has only recently begun to be researched. This is noteworthy given that most of our waking hours are spent in the workplace. While workplace social capital is suggested to improve workplace performance, job satisfaction had been found to improve workplace performance. However, workplace social capital and job satisfaction have never been examined together with regard to workplace performance. Furthermore, most studies on workplace performance have focused on developed countries with evidence from developing countries is lacking. The aims of this thesis were to investigate 1) whether workplace social capital affects job satisfaction; 2) the relationship of social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance; 3) whether individual characteristics differ in determining job satisfaction in developed and developing countries; and 4) whether context of organisations in developed and developing countries differ in determining the relationship of social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance. To achieve those aims, this thesis selects two sets of secondary data representing developed countries: EWCS2010 in Europe combining workers with their regions and countries and WERS2011 in Britain linking workers to their workplaces; while primary data froma developing country have been gathered from public hospitals in Indonesia associating workers with workplaces. As such, this thesis exploits two approaches using structural equation modelling in multilevel models. First, the customary Macro-micro approach is used to examine the relationship between workplace social capital and job satisfaction treating both variables as latent constructs. Second, the less common micro-Macro approach is exercised to investigate the relationship between workplace social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance. Results from developed countries show that workplace social capital is positively associated with individual outcomes such as job satisfaction and well-being even in times of financial crisis. Comparing the results between developed and developing countries, workplace social capital is positively significantly associated with job satisfaction in Britain and in Indonesia. With regard to higher level outcomes, workplace social capital is associated with better financial performance, while job satisfaction is associated with higher quality in British general industry. Turning to results from Indonesia, workplace social capital is associated with lower expenditure per bed; job satisfaction, however, failed to be associated with any workplace performance measures. Several individual and workplace characteristics in both developed and developing countries have similar influences on job satisfaction and workplace performance. Nevertheless, there are some contrasting results regarding the influence of those characteristics in developed and developing countries.
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Rana, Muhammad Ashan. "From seed to plate : corporate control of food systems and its implications for food security in developing countries /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17157.pdf.
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Kuhlgatz, Christian Henning [Verfasser]. "An Econometric Analysis of Policy Measures for Improving Food Security and Welfare in Developing Countries / Christian Henning Kuhlgatz." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021342645/34.
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Schooling, Chris. "The role of community participation in achieving temporary land tenure security for the urban poor in developing countries." Thesis, Schooling, Chris (2015) The role of community participation in achieving temporary land tenure security for the urban poor in developing countries. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29396/.
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This thesis focuses on how communities within urban informal settlements in developing countries can achieve temporary land tenure security. I argue that an anthropological theoretical framework ensures that social relations, the power of communities in achieving goals, and non--‐tangible forms of property, are appropriately considered, with this approach being more reflective of the real context in informal urban settlements. There are a number of land tenure mechanisms that empower communities to various levels to achieve land tenure security, and this research specifically analyses the Community Mortgage Program of the Philippines, the Land Rental Slums Mechanism from Thailand and the concept of usufruct, common in the legislation of a number of developing countries. While all of these mechanisms utilise elements of the anthropological approach to achieve varying levels of land tenure security, I consider that usufruct provides the strongest opportunities to effectively achieve temporary land tenure security for the urban poor. In the context of Cambodia, I demonstrate that the evolution of land law has been chaotic, and it is subject to inconsistent implementation and bureaucratic manipulation. Despite this legislative background I explain that it is possible, in a broad sense, for urban poor communities to participate in the pursuit of temporary land tenure security. However to ensure success, an appropriate framework and process for community participation must be utilised. Using Choguill’s Ladder of Community Participation for Underdeveloped Countries (1996), I propose a logical six--‐step procedure that guides community participation in the wider land tenure security processes.