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Journal articles on the topic 'Social sciences -> history -> general'

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Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Stas, Igor. "Urban History: between History and Social Sciences." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 21, no. 3 (2022): 250–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2022-3-250-285.

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The article analyzes the formation and development of Urban History as a branch of historical science before and immediately after the era of the Urban Crisis of the 1950s and 1960s. The concept of the article suggests that urban history was formed in a constant dialogue with the social sciences. At the beginning, academic urban historians appeared in the 1930s as opponents of American “agrarian” and frontier histories. Drawing their ideas from the Chicago School of sociology, they reproduced the national history of civic local communities that expressed the achievements of Western civilization. However, in the context of the impending Urban Crisis, social sciences, together with urban historians, have declared the importance of generalizing social phenomena. A group of rebels soon formed among historians. They called their movement ‘New Urban History’ and advocated the return of historical context to urban studies, and were against social theory. However, in an effort to reconstruct history “from the bottom up” through a quantitative study of social mobility, new urban historians have lost the city as an important variable of their analysis. They had to abandon the popular name and recognize themselves as representatives of social history and interested in the problems of class, culture, consciousness, and conflicts. In this situation, some social scientists have tried to try on the elusive brand ‘New Urban History’, but their attempt also failed. As a result, only those who remained faithful to the national narrative or interdisciplinary approach remained urban historians, but continued to remain in the bosom of historical science, rushing around conventional urban sociology and its denial.

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2

Abbott, Andrew. "Life Cycles in Social Science History." Social Science History 23, no. 4 (1999): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021830.

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When one is asked to speak on the past, present, and future of social science history, one is less overwhelmed by the size of the task than confused by its indexicality. Whose definition of social science history? Which past? Or, put another way, whose past? Indeed, which and whose present? Moreover, should the task be taken as one of description, prescription, or analysis? Many of us might agree on, say, a descriptive analysis of the past of the Social Science History Association. But about the past of social science history as a general rather than purely associational phenomenon, we might differ considerably. The problem of description versus prescription only increases this obscurity.

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3

Berridge, Virginia, and John Stewart. "History: a social science neglected by other social sciences (and why it should not be)." Contemporary Social Science 7, no. 1 (February 2012): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2011.652362.

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4

Tilly, Louise A. "Gender, Women’s History, and Social History." Social Science History 13, no. 4 (1989): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320002054x.

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Recently, I attended a seminar at which a historian of women presented a dazzling interpretation of the polemical writing of Olympe de Gouges and its (not to mention her) reception during the French Revolution. A crusty old historian of the Revolution rose during the question period and inquired, in his own eastern twang, “Now that I know that women were participants in the Revolution, what difference does it make!” This encounter suggested to me what I will argue are two increasingly urgent tasks for women’s history: producing analytical problem-solving studies as well as descriptive and interpretive ones, and connecting their findings to general questions already on the historical agenda. This is not a call for integrating women’s history into other history, since that process may mean simply adding material on women and gender without analyzing its implications, but for writing analytical women’s history and connecting its problems to those of other histories. Only through such an endeavor is women’s history likely to change the agenda of history as a whole.

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5

Berger, Stefan. "Social History vs Cultural History." Theory, Culture & Society 18, no. 1 (February 2001): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02632760122051689.

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6

Travaglino, Giovanni A. "Social sciences and social movements: the theoretical context." Contemporary Social Science 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2013.851406.

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7

de Sierra, Gerónimo. "Social sciences in Uruguay." Social Science Information 44, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 473–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018405053295.

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In Uruguay, the development and institutionalization of the social sciences have been relatively delayed compared to other countries of the region. This fact contrasts with the socio-economic and sociopolitical development of the country, as well as with that of the professional branches of university education. The so-called formal foundational process of the social sciences effectively began in the 1970s, especially in history, economics and sociology. Political science and anthropology began to take shape only after the return to democracy in 1985. The military coup (1973-85) caused an interruption in the institutional status of the social sciences but did not entirely dismantle them. These sciences continued to develop in independent research centers, often receiving external funds. The exchange with foreign academic centers, especially the CLACSO and FLACSO nets, was germane to the process. With the return of democracy, the institutionalization process of the social sciences resumed and the link between the pre-dictatorship and post-dictatorship generations in these fields became more apparent. Simultaneously, the labor market for social scientists broadened and diversified.

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8

Samsó, Julio. "Is a Social History of Andalusi Exact Sciences Possible?" Early Science and Medicine 7, no. 3 (2002): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338202x00199.

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9

Curtis, Daniel R., Bas van Bavel, and Tim Soens. "History and the Social Sciences: Shock Therapy with Medieval Economic History as the Patient." Social Science History 40, no. 4 (2016): 751–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.30.

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Since the turn of the Millennium, major changes in economic history practice such as the dominance of econometrics and the championing of “big data,” as well as changes in how research is funded, have created new pressures for medieval economic historians to confront. In this article, it is suggested that one way of strengthening the field further is to more explicitly link up with hypotheses posed in other social sciences. The historical record is one “laboratory” in which hypotheses developed by sociologists, economists, and even natural scientists can be explicitly tested, especially using dual forms of geographical and chronological comparison. As one example to demonstrate this, a case is made for the stimulating effect of “disaster studies.” Historians have failed to interact with ideas from disaster studies, not only because of the general drift away from the social sciences by the historical discipline, but also because of a twin conception that medieval disaster study bears no relation to the modern, and that medieval coping strategies were hindered by providence, superstition, fear, and panic. We use the medieval disasters context to demonstrate that medieval economic history can contribute to big narratives of our time, including climate change and inequality. This contribution can be in (1) investigating the root causes of vulnerability and resilience, and recovery of societies over the long term (moving disaster studies away from instant impact focus) and (2) providing the social context needed to interpret the massive amount of “big data” produced by historical climatologists, bioarchaeologists, economists, and so on.

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10

Clubb, Jerome M. "Murray Murphey and the Possibility of Social Science History." Social Science History 9, no. 1 (1985): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020320.

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Application of social scientific methods and approaches to the study of history has always been the subject of considerable and often acrimonious debate. In recent years, however, the terms of the debate have taken a somewhat different and, to some of us, surprising turn. Notes of pessimism and defensiveness have entered the arguments of practitioners; some feel the need to repeat the once useful polemics of twenty odd years ago; and there is talk of the intrinsic limitations of the general enterprise. At the same time, the traditionalist camp announces with a measure of glee that the tides of social scientific history are on the wane.

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11

Urry, John, Robert Dingwall, Ian Gough, Paul Ormerod, Doreen Massey, John Scott, and Nigel Thrift. "What is ‘social’ about social science?" Twenty-First Century Society 2, no. 1 (February 2007): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450140601108924.

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12

Riaz, Rafia, and Amanullah Khan. "Developing a Research Design based on the distinction of History from the Social Sciences." Journal of Research in Social Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/jrss.12i1.236.

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The issues of methodology are mainly associated with the concept of authenticity and verification of knowledge which is a key element of epistemology. Since antiquity, various solutions have been proposed and methods were evolved in order to ensure accuracy and truthfulness of the knowledge gained. As far as history was concerned, its methods were evolved in its own epistemological framework in ancient and medieval times. However after the development of philosophy of science in the west, the discipline of history had to face severe methodological crisis. Some major philosophers of history after an evolutionary process rejected the methods of sciences; however the discipline is still somehow related with the social sciences. The present research argues that history is even different, ancient and unique from the social sciences. Thus the methods of research in history are entirely different and building a research design in history is a completely different task. The present research has evaluated the evolution of development of methods in the social sciences as well as in history in order to draw a distinction of social sciences from history. The study further proposed a historical research design which is based on the traditional methods of research in history; and which also ensures maximum authenticity by using tools of reliability. The study will help the historians to highlight the actual methodological nature of their discipline and to justify the claims of their researches as authentic and different from the rest of the social sciences at the same time.

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Osborne, Thomas. "History of the human sciences." Economy and Society 22, no. 3 (August 1993): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085149300000023.

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14

Savelsberg, Joachim J. "Writing Human Rights History—And Social Science Encounters." Law & Social Inquiry 38, no. 02 (2013): 512–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12017.

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This review essay on Aryeh Neier'sThe International Human Rights Movement:A History(Princeton University Press, 2012) discusses Neier's central themes: the origins and maturation of the movement and its effects, including the expansion of human rights and humanitarian law, enhanced criminal accountability for human rights crimes, and the appearance of criminal tribunals, culminating in the International Criminal Court. An overview is interspersed by imaginary conversations between Neier and scholars who speak to his themes, especially legal scholar Jenny Martinez, political scientists Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, historians Devin Pendas and Tomaz Jardim, and sociologists John Hagan, Daniel Levy, Natan Sznaider, Joachim Savelsberg, and Ryan D. King. Linking a practitioner's account with scholarly analyses yields some benefits of “Pasteur's Quadrant.”

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15

Feuerhahn, Wolf, and Olivier Orain. "For an inclusive history of the humanities and social sciences." Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines, no. 34 (June 13, 2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rhsh.2943.

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16

Canter, David. "A Map of the Social Sciences." Contemporary Social Science 9, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2014.965917.

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17

Miftakhuddin, Miftakhuddin, Ali Mustadi, and Heri Maria Zulfiati. "Misconceptions between Social Studies and Social Sciences among Pre-Service Elementary Teachers." International Journal of Education 12, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ije.v12i1.17514.

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This quantitative study was conducted to identify the misconception between social studies and social sciences among pre-service elementary teachers. Data were collected from the subjects (n=122) drawn by cluster sampling in Yogyakarta. Aiken's validity and Cronbach Alpha were then employed to examine the instrument's quality. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive techniques to examine the level of misconception. The popular misconceptions between social studies and social sciences were identified by the criteria developed by Abraham, Grzybowski, Renner, Marek (1992). The results of the study show that there was a greater understanding of social studies and social sciences for the specific fields of geography, anthropology, and politics. Therefore, the main emphasis should be placed on these fields. The fields that were misconceived included economics, geography, and history. The implications of this research will eventually become the basis and guideline for social studies lecturers to give emphases on the fields of study belonging to social studies, distinguishing them from those of social sciences. In addition, each social science discipline adopted into social studies must receive special attention, given the greater level of misconception among the pre-service teachers in these fields.

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18

Simahate, Tessa, Donni Yudha Prawira, Siti Nurbaidah, Elsya Fitri Utami, and Cut Lidya Mutia. "Bibliometric Analysis of Social Sciences." JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL 14, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v14i2.39526.

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This study aims to determine the outcomes of research conducted by students in the Faculty of Social Sciences between the academic years of 2018 and 2020, as well as the suitability of those results, which includes: the scientific field studied, what topics are saturated and no longer in demand, and the trend of topic distribution growing. At this study, the Deway Decimal Classification (DDC) standard was used to map out the distribution of research fields among students in the Faculty of Social Sciences. In order to develop the roadmap for each study program at the Faculty of Social Sciences, State University of Medan for the upcoming student research, this research combines quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the distribution of thesis research topics. The thesis sample data obtained from the Medan State University Repository was processed using the VosViewer program by means of the data first tabulated with the help of M.S. Excel and the Open Refine Application then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. According to the study's findings, Medan State University's Faculty of Social Sciences will have graduated 1,341 theses between 2018 and 2020 consisting of the History Education Study Program, Geography Education, Anthropology Education and Civics Education. According to data from a mapping of scientific fields based on DDC that depicts the research areas of each study program in the Faculty of Social Sciences, education, research, related historical topics, geography education, national and ethnic groups, and citizenship and related topics are the ones that students are most interested in researching.

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19

Kaldis, Byron. "The philosophical significance of social sciences." Metascience 29, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-020-00507-1.

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20

Macintyre, Stuart. "History Ain't History." AQ: Australian Quarterly 71, no. 6 (1999): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20637860.

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21

Roth, Randolph. "Is History a Process? Nonlinearity, Revitalization Theory, and the Central Metaphor of Social Science History." Social Science History 16, no. 2 (1992): 197–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016461.

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Process is a ubiquitous word in social science history. It appears dozens of times in such fundamental texts as Wallace 1969, Hershberg 1969, and Wolf 1982. Social science historians generally use it, as Berkhofer (1969: 169-87, 243-44) observes, to characterize the causes of change and persistence in human communities as organic or mechanical phenomena that are intelligible, general, systematic, repetitive, orderly, and similar in sequence. The concept of process is pivotal to our understanding of the daily flux of human interaction, the workings of institutions, the character of collective action, and the course of social evolution (Turner 1977; Wallace 1970: 165-206).

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22

Parisi, Domenico. "Science as history." Social Science Information 33, no. 4 (December 1994): 621–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901894033004004.

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23

Feldbacher-Escamilla, Christian J., Alexander Gebharter, and Gerhard Schurz. "Philosophy of Science Between the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities: Introduction." Journal for General Philosophy of Science 48, no. 3 (September 2017): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10838-017-9378-8.

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24

Krawczyk, Zbigniew. "Theoretical Conceptions in Sport Social Sciences." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 47, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0026-9.

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Theoretical Conceptions in Sport Social SciencesIn the presented study we assume, after Piotr Sztompka that a sociological theory is every set of ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions, abstract notions and general propositions concerning social reality which is to provide with explanation of existing descriptive knowledge about it and orient future research (Sztompka 1985, p. 12). In the discussed theory there have developed hitherto the following orientations: the systemic-functional one, the ethnomethodological one, symbolic interactionism, theory of conflict, socio-historical theory and positivist theory. They have together shaped theoretical conceptions in sociology of sport and — indirectly — in other social physical culture sciences.Interpreting the issue in a prospective way, it can be assumed that in the future there will appear other theories, such as the theory of behaviour, the theory of rational choice, the sociobiological theory, the theory of power, the theory of neo-institutionalism and others.Sociology, however, need not to be the only source of inspiration for sociohumane sports sciences. An equally important role can be played there by philosophy and psychology. Moreover, that thesis can be referred to other humanities, especially to history and pedagogy, as well as to philosophical, sociological and pedagogical versions of theory of physical culture — or to multidisciplinary theories, as e.g. postmodernist and globalist ones.

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25

Fontaine, Philippe. "Histories of Recent Social Science." Histories 2, no. 3 (July 6, 2022): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories2030016.

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In the past thirty years or so, the history of the social sciences since 1945 has become a more diverse research area. In addition to social scientists who write the histories of individual disciplines, a number of historians are now interested in the recent past of the social sciences, whose efforts emphasize extradisciplinary concerns. The time is gone, however, when this distinction could be summarized by the different approaches of disciplinary histories on the one hand and intellectual history on the other. Disciplinary historians have gone beyond disciplinary concerns and intellectual historians have paid more attention to the latter. More generally, a variety of historians have pointed out the role of social scientific ideas in the transformations of Western societies after World War II and noted the impact of these transformations on social science disciplines themselves. Finally, in the past twenty years, histories of recent social science have experienced a transnational turn.

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26

Gagyi, József. "The millennial-messianistic movements in social sciences." Erdélyi Társadalom 5, no. 1 (2007): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.81.

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The study aims at presenting a brief overview of a particular field of research within religious social movements, namely the millennial-messianistic movements. The starting point is the overview of the Hungarian research regarding religion and religious movements. Researchers do not recognize the weight and the importance of the millennial phenomenon. There was no mental-conceptual apparatus in Hungarian for capturing the phenomenon. The Hungarian social research dealt with these religious movements in the context of other important fields (saints) of research, which goes along the millennial movement of 1949 in Satu Mare (Máréfalva), described in my PhD thesis.</p> <p>After presenting the brief history of the researched movements, I turn to the historical, sociological and anthropological literature of millennial movements, and I also present a few general aspects of social movements. Finally, I write about the importance of Victor Turner’s communitas-structure in the understanding of the researched phenomenon

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27

Petitjean, Patrick. "Introduction: Science, Politics, Philosophy and History." Minerva 46, no. 2 (June 2008): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-008-9095-x.

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28

Argamakova, Alexandra A. "History of Social Engineering Theories." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-7-85-108.

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The first mentions of “social engineering” and “social technologies” concepts started from the 19th century. Until the present moment, different lines of this story have been left neglected and insufficiently researched. In the article, initial meanings and authentic contexts of their usage are explained in more details. The investigation reaches the 1920s−1930s and is finished at the intersection of the Soviet and the American contexts concerned with scientific organization of labor, business optimization and economic planning. In conclusion, recent modifications of social engineering are briefly characterized. They are connected with development of information technologies and automation of smart cities. The research appeals toward histories of scientific management in North America and Western Europe, its industrial roots and unexplained foundations. Meanwhile, it is philosophically substantial due to conceptual analysis and explication of presuppositions of our thinking in respect of society and ways of changing social reality. After Sir Karl Popper, social engineering has been associated with the Soviet methods of planning and centralized governance. However, one can be assured that until now this concept has evolved by different, alternative trajectories within the context of industrial modernization of Europe and America. Within post-industrial world, the vision of social engineering has been enriched by IT-analogies, and social practice is interpreted in light of organizational, cultural, mental, or historical algorithms, which are the subject of purposeful manipulation and modification.

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Tonkin, Elizabeth, Peter Burke, and Roy Porter. "The Social History of Language." Man 24, no. 4 (December 1989): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804311.

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30

Hatfield, Gary. "Review essay: The importance of the history of science for philosophy in general." Synthese 106, no. 1 (January 1996): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00413617.

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31

Strielkowski, Wadim. "Energy research and social sciences: thinking outside the box." E3S Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125007001.

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This paper aims at explaining the universality and broadness of the research in energy studies. Specifically, it wants to show that the energy research is not a solely engineering or natural sciences field and how it can be done in social sciences. The paper draws some relevant examples including energy research in literature and poetry, history, religion, art, as well in other social sciences and humanities. In general, it becomes apparent that energy research can boast vast depths and angles that are worth exploring for any social scientist. Given the key importance of energy research in the third decade of the 21st century and the worldwide focus on the renewable energy sources, electrification of transport and heating in the face of the threatening global warming and climate change, it seems relevant to focus on researching the perspectives and paradigms for the traditional and renewable energy sources in the 21st century using the toolbox of the social sciences.

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32

Johansson, Lars-Göran. "Induction, Experimentation and Causation in the Social Sciences." Philosophies 6, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6040105.

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Inductive thinking is a universal human habit; we generalise from our experiences the best we can. The induction problem is to identify which observed regularities provide reasonable justification for inductive conclusions. In the natural sciences, we can often use strict laws in making successful inferences about unobserved states of affairs. In the social sciences, by contrast, we have no strict laws, only regularities which most often are conditioned on ceteris paribus clauses. This makes it much more difficult to make reliable inferences in the social sciences. In particular, we want knowledge about general causal relations in order to be able to determine what to do in order to achieve a certain state of affairs. Knowledge about causal relations that are also valid in the future requires experiments or so called ‘natural experiments’. Only knowledge derived from such experiences enable us to draw reasonably reliable inferences about how to act in order to achieve our goals.

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Dhobi, Saleem. "PhD Research in Humanities & Social Sciences: Methods & Approaches." Patan Pragya 10, no. 01 (December 31, 2022): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v10i01.50755.

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This paper discusses philosophical approaches usually employed in undertaking research in general and PhD research in particular in Humanities and Social Sciences. The role of qualitative research that focuses on feelings and opinions collected through different research methods and tools is paramount in disciplines like History, Economics, Sociology, Linguistics, Literature etc. The article underscores the approaches rather than methods. In addition, the paper demonstrates how approaches including positivism, constructivism, interpretivism, critical theory, and so on rest on the ontological, epistemological, and axiological postulates. The objective of the paper is to inform the researchers and scholars about the philosophical approaches used in conducting research in different disciplines in general and in Humanities and Social Sciences in particular. Besides, the paper brings quantitative research method into discussion to comprehensively present differences and purposes of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The knowledge of both approaches and paradigms can help to employ the most appropriate approach in undertaking qualitative research. The finding shows that the philosophical approaches including positivism, post-positivism, interpretivism, constructivism, and critical theory are widely employed in social sciences. These pervade in almost all disciplines for analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data. However, interpretivism, constructivism, and critical theory are paramount in undertaking qualitative research.

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Świniarski, Janusz. "Philosophy and Social Sciences in a Securitological Perspective." Polish Political Science Yearbook 52 (2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202302.

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The inspiration of this text is the belief of the Pythagoreans that the roots and source of complete knowledge is the quadruple expressed in the “arch-four”, also called as tetractys. Hence the hypothesis considered in this paper is: the basis of the philosophy of social sciences is entangled in these four valours, manifested in what is “general and necessary” (scientific) in social life, the first and universal as to the “principles and causes” of this life (theoretically philosophical) and “which can be different in it” (practically philosophical) and “intuitive”. The quadruple appears with different clarity in the history of human thought, which seeks clarification and understanding of the things being cognised, including such a thing as society. It is exposed in the oath of the Pythagoreans, the writings of Plato and Aristotle, who applied these four valours, among other things, in distinguishing the four types of knowledge and learning about the first four causes and principles. This fourfold division seems to be experiencing a renaissance in contemporary theological-cognitive holism and can be treated as an expressive, a “hard core”, and the basis of research not only of social but mainly of global society as a social system. This entanglement of the foundations of the philosophy of the social sciences leads to the suggestion of defining this philosophy as the knowledge of social being composed of “what is general and necessary” (scientific), genetically first, universal (theoretically philosophical) and “being able to be different” (philosophically practical) and intuitive.

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35

Gough, Ian, Garry Runciman, Ruth Mace, Geoffrey Hodgson, and Michael Rustin. "Darwinian evolutionary theory and the social sciences." Twenty-First Century Society 3, no. 1 (February 2008): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450140701780218.

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36

Kaurin, Dragoljub. "Cyclical theories of social change: Spengler and Toynbee." Sociologija 49, no. 4 (2007): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0704289k.

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This paper is centrally concerned with discussing critically and rethinking the theoretical concepts put forward by Oswald Spengler in Decline of the West and Arnold Toynbee in A Study of History. It focuses on the theoretical, heuristic and epistemological value of these theories in the era of renaissance of philosophic history in some quarters (see for example Graham, 2002) and cooperation between social sciences. Spengler is credited with the idea of historical cycles, rethinking of the progressivist view and discovering a radically different approach to the study of the human past, which is embodied in his idea of culture as the proper unit for historical and sociological study. However, some of his views proved to be intrinsically intellectually dubious, but on the whole, his was a major contribution to the study of social change. Arnold Toynbee on the other hand was more empirically and sociologically oriented, while Spengler?s views are more heavily philosophical. Toynbee partly developed his ideas rather consistently, but at the same time included many unclear and inaccurate points in his theory. Both authors can be rightfully considered to be classical authors in this field and both provided incentive for studies that cross-cut social sciences (philosophy, history, sociology). Moreover, Decline of the West and A Study of History are truly post-disciplinary works.

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37

Johnson, Michael. "Social Science Research." Social Studies of Science 19, no. 4 (November 1989): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631289019004016.

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38

Davis. "Women, Jewish History, European History." Jewish Social Studies 24, no. 2 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jewisocistud.24.2.04.

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Reuben, Julie A., and John J. MacAloon. "General Education in the Social Sciences: Centennial Reflections on the College of the University of Chicago." History of Education Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1994): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369254.

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Endelman, Todd M. "In Defense of Jewish Social History." Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, and Society 7, no. 3 (April 2001): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jss.2001.7.3.52.

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Endelman, Todd M. "In Defense of Jewish Social History." Jewish Social Studies 7, no. 3 (2001): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jss.2001.0010.

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Allen, Garland E. "Eugenics and American social history, 1880–1950." Genome 31, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-156.

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Eugenics, the attempt to improve the human species socially through better breeding was a widespread and popular movement in the United States and Europe between 1910 and 1940; Eugenics was an attempt to use science (the newly discovered Mendelian laws of heredity) to solve social problems (crime, alcoholism, prostitution, rebelliousness), using trained experts. Eugenics gained much support from progressive reform thinkers, who sought to plan social development using expert knowledge in both the social and natural sciences. In eugenics, progressive reformers saw the opportunity to attack social problems efficiently by treating the cause (bad heredity) rather than the effect. Much of the impetus for social and economic reform came from class conflict in the period 1880–1930, resulting from industrialization, unemployment, working conditions, periodic depressions, and unionization. In response, the industrialist class adopted firmer measures of economic control (abandonment of laissez-faire principles), the principles of government regulation (interstate commerce, labor), and the cult of industrial efficiency. Eugenics was only one aspect of progressive reform, but as a scientific claim to explain the cause of social problems, it was a particularly powerful weapon in the arsenal of class conflict at the time.Key words: eugenics, social genetics.

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Low, M. "The History of Japanese Science: Recent Developments." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 3, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/s12280-009-9111-8.

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Grossberg, Michael. "Legal History and Social Science: Friedman's History of American Law, the Second Time Around." Law Social Inquiry 13, no. 2 (April 1988): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1988.tb00054.x.

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Grossberg, Michael. "Legal History and Social Science: Friedman's History of American Law, the Second Time Around." Law & Social Inquiry 13, no. 02 (1988): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1988.tb01121.x.

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Grossberg, Michael. "Legal History and Social Science: Friedman's "History of American Law," the Second Time Around." Law & Social Inquiry 13, no. 2 (1988): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/492227.

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Lanzoni, Susan. "Introduction: Emotion and the Sciences: Varieties of Empathy in Science, Art, and History." Science in Context 25, no. 3 (July 24, 2012): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889712000105.

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Emotion and feeling have only in the last decade become analytic concepts in the humanities, reflected in what some have called an “affective turn” in the academy at large. The study of emotion has also found a place in science studies and the history and philosophy of science, accompanied by the recognition that even the history of objectivity depends in a dialectical fashion on a history of subjectivity (Daston and Galison 2010, esp. chap. 4). This topical issue is a contribution to this larger trend across the humanities and the history of science, and yet is circumscribed by attention to a particular kind of emotion or condition for feeling: one centered not in an individual body, but in the interstices between bodies and things, between selves and others – what we call empathy.

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Brush, Stephen G. "History of science and science education." Interchange 20, no. 2 (June 1989): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01807048.

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Garson, G. David. "Social Science Computer Simulation: Its History, Design, and Future." Social Science Computer Review 12, no. 1 (April 1994): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939401200104.

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Khairunnisah, Widya, Salminawati Salminawati, and Rana Farras Irmi. "HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN GLASSER 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32529/glasser.v7i1.2172.

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The type of research that the author uses is a type of qualitative research using a content analysis approach (Content Analysis), or what can be called a content study. This analysis is a research technique for making a conclusion or inference that can be replicated and the correctness of the data by taking into account the context. The object of this research is explored through various information in the form of books, interpretations, journals. The history of science, which is a long process of growth and development of science itself, cannot be separated from its existence. Something brand-new with characteristics specific to that era emerges at each stage of the development of science. The social dynamics of a cultural conflict have led to these characteristics. Obviously, this can't be isolated from different social, social and political impacts that create alongside the advancement of science itself. Thus, the ancient Greek, Islamic, Renaissance, Modern, and Contemporary periods the ancient Greek period, the Islamic period, and the Renaissance and Modern Period can be used to categorize the development of science.

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