Journal articles on the topic 'Social residence'

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1

Sitaresmi, Devi Triwidya, Ismu Rini Dwi Ari, and I. Nyoman Suluh Wijaya. "Society’s Perception on Residences in Development Area Attachment: A Case Study of PLPBK in Tulusrejo Village, Lowokwaru Sub-District, Malang City." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 5, no. 1 (January 20, 2018): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v5i1.18502.

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This study involved residents of RT 02 and RT 03, Tulusrejo sub-district. The setting of this study was one of the government’s target residence related to the project of Community-Based City and Residence Planning or Penataan Lingkungan Pemukiman Berbasis Komunitas (PLPBK), which success depended on society’s participation. Social bonds that result from long-term social interaction and life journey create emotional feeling upon their residences (Hummon, 1990). The place where people live and do their daily activities has certain deep meaning for them (Kyle et al, 2004), which at the same time affects the social psychological domain called place attachment (Lewicka, 2011). Thus, it was necessary to create strong social bonds and strengthen residents’ place attachment feeling for the success of the PLPBK program. In this study, social network mapping was analyzed using the Social Network Analysis (SNA). Meanwhile, to explain residents’ perception on their residence, Multidimensional Scaling was used. The result of this study exhibits that some social groups were formed upon certain similarities and membership of a certain organization. Besides, social groups were also formed by similar community attachment.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-1: 46-50
2

Kůsová, Tereza, Dana Fialová, and Marta Hučínová. "Social networks and creation of social capital in second-home localities." Geografie 122, no. 2 (2017): 236–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2017122020236.

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Second home tourism has major economic, environmental and social impacts on the localities in question. The aim of the presented study is to find out how second home tourism influences the social environment of a municipality, and whether and how it contributes to the creation of social capital and the knowledge transfer. It ensues from the use of relational data that links appear in the localities primarily on the neighbourly basis. In some cases, the contacts are also used in the place of permanent residence. As a result, the social networks and the knowledge that appear among the participants also have an impact outside a locality in question. The connection to permanent residents of a municipality is rather weak. One can see here an obvious link primarily to major actors or permanent residents living near second-home owners. When establishing contacts, this points out the importance of geographical proximity rather than the often accentuated role of the relationship “second-home owner versus permanent resident”.
3

Nho, Young Ho, and Seung Hee Kim. "Study of Social Recognition regarding house supporting for military personnel through In-depth Interview." Residential Environment Institute Of Korea 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22313/reik.2023.21.3.119.

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This study aims to obtain the direction of military housing policy by studying various social perceptions of military residences through IDI(In-depth Interview). The purpose of this study was to identify the difference in perception of the military housing policy from a new perspective between the supplier and consumer of the military housing policy, to identify the problems of the military residence policy, and also to explore tasks to improve the military housing policy. As a result of in-depth interviews, it was found that there is a specific difference in social perception of military residences among various social classes. First of all, it was confirmed that the overall perception of the military residence in Korean society was higher in negative than positive. Second, in the case of policy providers (for example politician, public officials, also ordinary people) who plan and implement the military residence policy, they perceive military residences negatively. In addition, double feelings (they feel bad on the inside but pretending to be good on the outside regarding the policy) are also found for the military official. Third, in the case of policy consumers (for example soldiers and family) who benefit from the military residence policy, they perceive military residences relatively positively, but there are also many negative recognitions. Soldiers and families recognized military residences as one of their basic housing rights.
4

Santos, Claúdia. "University housing access: how does Social Work participate?" Revista Temas Sociais, no. 4 (August 2023): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53809/ts_iss_2023_n.4_125-140.

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The study analyses the conditions of access and allocation of student residence support made pos-sible by the interviews conducted by social workers at public universities, namely at four Portu-guese public universities. It also sought to identify the residents' representation of the conditions of access to and allocation of social action support in Portuguese higher education and to analyze the role of social workers in ensuring this access and the allocation of a place in the student residence. The study is qualitative and qualitative by nature. Evidence gathered from institutional reports and the current national legislation is presented, as well as from an inquiry applied to the residents. The results assemble the aims defined to students’ housing with the student’s representation of the ac-cess conditions and support attribution, demonstrating that the Students’ Services produce effects on said representations. Besides, the results point out the effects of the interview, especially on the Services that do more frequently this procedure. So Social Work justifies its action using an instru-ment that historically underlies the social diagnosis, promoting access to housing and social and pedagogical orientation
5

Turk, Tarik, Murat Fatih Tuna, and Olgun Kitapci. "Estimating the residence price by linear regression model and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (March 22, 2017): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i4.1567.

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Owning a residence is also considered as an investment tool, determining the price of a residence with the desired properties has become one of the most important questions to be answered in social life. In this study, price estimations of residences located in nine of the central districts of Ankara city (Turkey) were carried out via multi linear regression model and geographical distributions of these residences were revealed on GIS environment to perform various query, spatial analysis and documentation operations. In addition, thematic maps regarding residence prices in the study region were produced. Keywords: estimating the residence price; Geographical Information Systems; online marketing; regression analysis
6

Costa Silva, Lays. "PSYCHIATRIC DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION IN BRAZIL." Health and Society 4, no. 03 (June 4, 2024): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/hs.v4i03.2071.

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The Brazilian Psychiatric Reform is a movement that seeks to transform the mental health care model, promoting the deinstitutionalization and social inclusion of people with mental disorders. In this context, Therapeutic Residences represent an alternative to psychiatric institutionalization, offering residential support for individuals who face these disorders and need family or community support, aiming for their social reintegration. This experience report seeks, therefore, to share the experience of a team from the Family Health Strategy in the city of Rio de Janeiro-RJ after one year of monitoring residents of a Therapeutic Residence.
7

Beck, Jeffrey, and Harvey J. Lieberman. "Behavioral-Clinical Administration in the Real World: Crisis Intervention in a Large Community Residence." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 3 (July 1986): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300014774.

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Discharged psychiatric patients at a large community residence were noted to be experiencing increased agitation, anger and anxiety in connection with repeated vandalism and unauthorized visits by members of the surrounding community. An intervention based on behavioral concepts and technology was formulated utilizing many parts of the social matrix of the residence, including clinical staff, direct care staff and the residents. Resident behavior was successfully changed as a result of the intervention. It appears that behaviorally based, clinical-administrative solutions to “real world” problems can be effective in teaching passive, chronic mental patients safety conscious behavior and helping them to assume responsibility for their community-based living space.
8

Clapton, Gary, and Maura Daly. "A Social Work ‘Academic-in-Residence’?" Social Work Education 34, no. 4 (February 16, 2015): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2015.1009885.

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Savira Maulana, Nungky Puspita, and Yosi Erfinda. "PENGARUH DIRECT MARKETING TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN DALAM MENGGUNAKAN SOCIAL EVENT PACKAGE DI ART DECO LUXURY HOTEL & R.docx." Journal of Tourism Destination and Attraction 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/tourism.v10i1.3415.

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The problem studied in this study is the decrease in the number of guests who use the social event package at Art Deco Luxury Hotel & Residence Bandung, this problem must be addressed immediately so that it does not become an obstacle for the hotel. This study aims to find out an overview of the implementation of direct marketing, an overview of purchasing decisions in using the social event package at Art Deco Luxury Hotel & Residence Bandung, and how direct marketing influences in an effort to improve purchasing decisions in using the social event package at Art Deco Luxury Hotel & Residences. Residence Bandung. This research uses descriptive quantitative method. The number of samples in this study were 83 respondents who had used the social event package at Art Deco Luxury Hotel & Residence Bandung. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. Hypothesis testing in this study uses the coefficient of determination test, f test and t test. The results of this study indicate the implementation of direct marketing, purchasing decisions in using the social event package, and the influence of direct marketing on purchasing decisions in using the social event package at Art Deco Luxury Hotel & Residence Bandung. The results show that part of direct marketing and the decision to use the social event package is in the high category, and gets the best response, namely telemarketing and online channels. Direct marketing has an effect on purchasing decisions in using the social event package at Art Deco Luxury Hotel & Residence Bandung.
10

Cousins, Mel. "The European Convention on Human Rights and Residence Requirement for the Purposes of Social Assistance Benefits." European Journal of Migration and Law 21, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340064.

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Abstract This article examines the case law on whether a requirement that a person have a legal right of residence in order to be entitled to social assistance benefits is compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. It looks, in particular, at a recent series of Dutch cases before the European Court of Human Rights in which the Court rejected as inadmissible arguments that the Dutch residence requirement was in breach of the Convention. The recent cases are of particular relevance as the ECtHR had previously taken a negative view of residence requirements in cases such as Niedzwiecki v Germany.1 In contrast to that case, the recent Dutch cases involved the residence status of a co-resident rather than the claimant herself.
11

McCarthy, Janice, and Geoffrey Nelson. "An Evaluation of Supportive Housing: Qualitative and Quantitative Perspectives." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 12, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1993-0009.

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This paper reports the findings of an evaluation of supportive housing for people who have been hospitalized in psychiatric facilities. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to inquire into two key processes, social support and control in the residence, and two key outcomes, quality of life and personal growth. Interviews were conducted with 34 residents of small supportive housing programs, and staff of these settings also provided information. While residents were generally pleased with the amount of support and control they had in their residences, there were some areas in which staff exerted unilateral control (i.e., they made decisions without involving residents in the process). With respect to quality of life, residents were satisfied with their housing, but voiced some concerns over a lack of privacy, stigma, and limited opportunities for participation in the community. Residents reported showing personal growth since entering supportive housing in terms of greater independence, more instrumental role involvement, and improved self-esteem and social skills. Staff confirmed these changes. Residents indicated their increased feelings of competence were due to the social support of staff and friends, acceptance by members of their networks and the community at large, and participation in the residence and community activities. The findings expand our understanding of supportive housing in showing that such programs have beneficial effects besides reduced recidivism rates and increased work productivity for residents and in identifying program processes which contribute to residents' increased competence. Moreover, the findings illustrate the value of using qualitative data in program evaluation.
12

Laursen, Line Hille, and Majen Espvall. "Social capital in Gellerup." Journal of Social Inclusion 5, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36251/josi67.

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This paper examines the characteristics of two types of social capital; bridging and bonding social capital among the residents inside and outside a marginalized local community in relation to five demographic features of age, gender, geographical origin and years of residence in the community and in Denmark. The data were collected through a questionnaire, conducted in the largest marginalized high-rise community in Denmark, Gellerup, which is about to undergo an extensive community renewal plan. The study showed that residents in Gellerup had access to bonding and bridging social capital inside and outside Gellerup. Nevertheless, the character of the social capital varied considerably depending on age, geographical origin and years lived in Gellerup. Young residents and people who had lived for many years in Gellerup had more social capital than their counterparts. Furthermore, residents from Arab countries had more bonding relations inside Gellerup, while residents from Northern Europe had more bonding relations outside Gellerup.
13

Duclos-Bastías, Daniel, David Parra-Camacho, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Maira Ulloa-Hernández, and Juan Antonio Sánchez Sáez. "Intenciones futuras de los residentes sobre la celebración la Fórmula E en Santiago de Chile." SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 12 (February 1, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sportk.497831.

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The social impact of sporting events has been analysed mainly through residents' perceptions. The aim of this study was to find out residents' future intentions about the celebration of the 2018 Formula E Grand Prix of Santiago de Chile. For the selection of the sample (n=414 residents) the non-probability purposive sampling method was used with a confidence interval of 95%. The instrument used was an online questionnaire with a Likert scale (five-point scale). The results offered values close to four, which would indicate a positive trend in the residents' intentions. On the other hand, the significant influence of various socio-demographic variables related to the celebration of the event was verified: age, sex, studies, ideology, occupation, family residence, support for the celebration, attendance and employment ties with the sector. The results of the study made it possible to establish a favourable social perception of the reception of the event, although with different levels depending on the social group and its link to the event. El impacto social de los eventos deportivos se ha analizado principalmente a través de la percepción de los residentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las intenciones futuras de los residentes sobre la celebración del Gran Premio de Fórmula E de Santiago de Chile 2018. Para la selección de la muestra (n=414 residentes) se utilizó el método de muestreo intencional-no probabilístico con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. El instrumento empleado fue un cuestionario on-line con una escala de respuesta Likert de 5 niveles. Los resultados ofrecieron valores cercanos a cuatro, que indicaría una tendencia positiva en las intenciones de los residentes. Por otro lado, se comprobó la influencia significativa de diversas variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con la celebración del evento: edad, sexo, estudios, ideología, ocupación, residencia familiar, respaldo a la celebración, asistencia y vinculación laboral con el sector. Los resultados del trabajo permitieron establecer una percepción social favorable sobre la acogida del evento, aunque con niveles diferentes según el grupo social y su vinculación con el evento.
14

Betrisey Nadali, Débora. "“Between the Useful and the Beautiful”: Reading, Power and Pleasure in the Residencia de Señoritas (1930-1936)." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.006.

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In the early 20th century many spaces of female sociability in Spain were characterised by the creation of habits, dispositions and forms of knowledge in University women. One of those spaces was the so-called Residencia de Señoritas [the Young Women’ Hall of Residence], founded in 1915. This institution developed tutelary practices for the education of women that went to Madrid to undertake University studies. As part of the residents’ training in refined behaviour and politeness rules, the cultivation of certain reading practices were considered a legitimate and useful aim by the educators. Following historical, social and anthropological studies that depart from a consideration that universalizes these reading practices, this essay uses a gender perspective to analyse the shaping of female readership in the context of the Hall of Residence’s Library (1915–1936). The library is understood as a space that provides and sustains reading as a practice set in a network of processes of social and cultural differentiation.
15

Freeman, Hugh. "Schizophrenia and City Residence." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, S23 (April 1994): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000292726.

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It has long been thought that rates of mental illness are higher in cities than elsewhere, because of crowding and resultant stress. In the case of schizophrenia, there are some marked exceptions to generally higher prevalence rates in industrialised cities. Factors such as migration, culture, infectious disease, demographic rates, and other social processes may affect geographical differences in rates. The excess of schizophrenia in central city areas has been given two opposing explanations – the ‘breeder’ hypothesis and ‘social drift’. Data on incidence from three cities are compared, but do not reveal a clear common picture. Environmental factors connected with urban living are of two main types – social and non-social – which are not mutually exclusive; ‘urban’ may also have a variety of meanings. Rather than ‘urbanicity’ being an independent aetiological factor in schizophrenia, its effect may be largely explained in terms of migration and social class.
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Hsieh, Kelly, Tamar Heller, and Sally Freels. "Residential Characteristics, Social Factors, and Mortality Among Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Transitions Out of Nursing Homes." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 47, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-47.6.447.

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Abstract The present study examined the degree to which residential characteristics and social factors are associated with mortality, after controlling for personal characteristics, among adults with intellectual disabilities who have resided in nursing homes (facilities providing skilled care and related services) at baseline in the Chicago area. Initial assessments were conducted on 330 residents, and 2 follow ups were performed over 10 years. Seventy-one residents had died by the end of the study. The variables examined included personal characteristics of age, gender, intellectual level, health, and adaptive behavior; residential characteristics of type of residence, size of facility, attractiveness of physical environment (cleanliness, conditions, and aesthetic appeal), and diversity of physical environment (personalization of residents' rooms and distinctiveness of all living spaces); and social factors of family involvement and community integration. The results indicated, beyond age, adaptive behavior, and health, that size of residences, residential characteristics, and social factors are related to mortality.
17

Wang, Ming Yang, Yun Peng Chu, Yong Yao, and Yu Ping Zhu. "Light Steel Structure Residence Social Benefit Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.496.

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China is a developing country, and also a quake-prone country. On the one hand is the Special national conditions that per capita energy shortage and frequent earthquakes, on the other hand is the social economy development and people's living environment requirements continue to increase, both of them raised new requirement of China’s residence system development. Light steel structure residence is energy conservation , environmental protection, safety and seismic, these unique advantages just to meet the current development of residential industry in China, so it has a good development prospect. This article start from the realistic background, around the application and development of our country’s light steel structure residence presently, mainly introduced the characteristics of light steel structure residence, the impact of construction industry, and the social benefits, environmental benefits, housing industrialization effective and comprehensive benefits it can produce.
18

Moore, Elena. "Delaying Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 37, no. 16 (July 9, 2016): 2265–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14566620.

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A period of separation is a ground for divorce in some countries. During this waiting period, some parents live apart in two separate residences, while other parents live apart in one residence. In this article, I examine the experiences of fathers who remain living in the same residence as their former partners and the experiences of a number of fathers who had to move out of the family home and live in a separate residence after the decision to separate. The findings show that restrictive divorce policies that delay divorce potentially create a situation of prolonged boundary ambiguity which complicate the process of renegotiating boundaries between parenting and former spousal relationships on divorce. The article argues that for a sample of divorced fathers, the policies that require a prolonged waiting period relate in some way to issues of unclear boundaries.
19

Thompson, Alisha, Scott Wilks, and Michelle Livermore. "SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT AND SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION AMONG OLDER ADULTS: RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2949.

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Abstract Increasing age significantly relates with a decline in subjective cognitive function, while age and cognitive function decline strongly links with a diagnosis under the umbrella of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Recent literature points to social engagement as a potential mitigator to cognitive function decline. Social engagement often differs by geography of residence, with typically higher engagement among those in urban areas compared to rural counterparts. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to explore the relationship between social engagement and subjective cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults; and (b) to examine any disparity in social engagement apropos to rural vs. urban residency within this population. The theoretical framework, combining activity theory and cognitive reserve theory, guided the understanding of the relationship between social engagement and subjective cognitive function. A functionalist lens was included to explain rural-urban differences. Secondary data of community-dwelling older adults from AARP’s 2016 Social Engagement and Brain Health Survey (Nf746) were utilized. Results from descriptive analyses, correlations, and several regression models were reported. Bivariate regression models examined primary predictor variables – social engagement and geography of residence. Multivariate models examined sample characteristics, engagement, and geography of residence. Neither social engagement nor rural vs. urban residence achieved statistical significance in the models. Physical health, emotional wellbeing, marital status (identifying as married), and ethnicity (identifying as Black or African American) were positively, significantly associated with subjective cognitive function. Implications for community-dwelling older adults are discussed.
20

Sun, Wei, Metta Sirisuk, and Yihan Ke. "From a traditional folk dwelling to a provincial-level cultural relic protection site - changes in the names and social memories of supervisory censor sun’s former residence." Multidisciplinary Science Journal 6, no. 9 (April 19, 2024): 2024185. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024185.

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This is a qualitative study that examines the changes in the name of the Supervisory Censor Sun’s Former Residence in the context of its history from the Ming Dynasty to the present day, and the transformation and significance of the social memory of the Residence as it has changed under different social systems. The researcher used Maurice Halbwachs’ social memory theory to explain the social memories about the Residence from the Ming Dynasty to the present. Data were collected from the review on local literatures in Lianjiang County, a field study of the Residence, and interviews with key informants who used to live in the Residence. It is shown that the Supervisory Censor Sun’s Former Residence signifies power. The changes in the Residence name are closely related to changes in the social system. The Residence shapes different social memories under different social systems, and the social memories about the Residence have been constantly transformed with the development and change of social systems.
21

Vakhshtain, Victor. "Residence as a Factor of Social Stratification." Journal of Economic Sociology 4, no. 3 (2003): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2003-3-120-135.

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Damari, Guy. "Economic and Social Factors Impacting Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Israel." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 66, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2021.1.09.

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"The development of local entrepreneurship has become an integral part of the urban culture, creating an interest in the impact of small and medium-sized enterprises on the local economy, the satisfaction of the residents and their desire to remain in the city and bring up the next generation in their place of residence. A qualitative research approach, using semi-structured interviews with stakeholders of small and medium-sized enterprises in several cities in Israel was adopted to examine the situation of small and medium-sized enterprises from an economic, and social perspective. The findings indicated that while the local businesses fulfill a role in the social fabric of the city by connecting residents to their urban place of residence, the small and medium-sized enterprises are struggling economically, since they are faced with heavy competition from chain stores, malls and trading centers established in the peripheral regions. Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), economy, central authority, local authority, entrepreneur "
23

Groeger, Lidia. "Social Valuation of City Public Residential Space." Real Estate Management and Valuation 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2013-0017.

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Abstract The paper presents the attributes of good public residential space within cities. Features of public residential space significant for city inhabitants at the place of residence were defined. Valuation of the desired qualities of public residential space at the place of residence and valuation of the existing qualities of public residential space at the current place of residence were determined according to surveys conducted among 1,500 inhabitants in 6 cities. The level of maladjustment of qualities of public residential space and the expectations of inhabitants were defined according to the obtained indicators.
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PECHERKINA, Irina F., Anastasia A. KOSHKINA, and Roman R. KHUZIAKHMETOV. "TERRITORIAL IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SPACE." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 7, no. 4 (2021): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2021-7-4-85-101.

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The article examines modern theoretical and empirical problems of territorial identity in rural and urban social space. The relevance of these problems is determined by the fact that application of the theory of social identity can be used as a “heuristic lens” for the study, operationalization and verification of identity formation processes in their interconnection with social changes in socio-cultural and geographical contexts. The article uses identity process theory and social representations research as theoretical basis adopting concepts of “status symbols” and “status value”, various components of which can be operationalized in questions about identity contents, its structure and internal processes, as well as motivational principles that individuals are guided by. The empirical basis is the study of territorial identity in 2006-2021, conducted by a research team of sociologists of University of Tyumen. Evidence of the importance of identity processes in the verbalization of social representations about territory image is obtained from the respondents’ evaluations of the symbols of their settlement, region, country and world as a whole. The analysis of the obtained data on the territorial identity of the Tyumen region, Russia in 2006-2021 shows residents’ attitude to the region. It is revealed that there is a positive dynamics of emotional connection to one’s place of residence, defined as a positive territorial identity («I am glad that I live here»), which appears in an increase in the corresponding share among respondents (from 31% in 2006 to 43% in 2021). The development of regional identity is associated with respondents’ higher professional status, higher social well-being, and relatively higher income. Meanwhile downward trend of territorial identity of the residents of rural areas and smaller cities is detected in their general unwillingness to connect the future of their children with the settlement of their birth and current residence.
25

Song, Hung Chi. "The Composition and Meaning of the Housing Additions in Taiwan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2969.

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The homeownership rate in Taiwan is 87.83% while the rate of the housing addition building is up to 65.9%[1]. It is common in Taiwan that residences constructed with additions are the ultimate form of home building, and those houses are mostly constructed with additions and the building are carried out after being purchased by the resident from the constructor. Neither permitted by the building rule nor designed by professional architects, those buildings are informal and do not conform to the contemporary aesthetic criteria. And in terms of the construction materials, the simple frame covered with a layer of sheet metal, such as iron sheet roofing, fails to provide thermal insulation materials particularly needed in subtropical Taiwan. This seems to be a construction myth on the surface, but the distinctive street landscape with squatter houses built everywhere has become a form of residence which reflects the life of common people [2]. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the form of residence additions and the meaning behind such building behavior, and to further scrutinize its social value. The “residence mode” formed by the residence addition building serves as the basis for the investigation in this research; then “the spatial composition” and “the socio-cultural value” it carries are further discussed so as to provide a clear representation of the contemporary residential housing and its significance in Taiwan.
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Carder, Paula, Kali Thomas, Lindsey Smith, David Reed, Philip Sloane, and Sheryl Zimmerman. "ASSISTED LIVING ADMINISTRATORS’ UNDERSTANDING OF REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN SEVEN STATES." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0214.

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Abstract Each state requires assisted living (AL) residences to employ an administrator whose job responsibilities include oversight of resident care, managing staff, and regulatory compliance. This study surveyed administrators of 151 AL residences in 7 states. These AL residences reflect 28 license types (e.g., based on level of care, dementia care services). Administrators were asked whether there were any regulations, policies or procedures that required their AL to do any of 11 health-related activities (e.g., staff able to check vital signs, advance directive on file, reporting change in condition to resident’s healthcare provider). Using health services regulatory analysis, we documented the applicable regulations for each of the 151 AL residences, then assessed whether administrator responses were congruent with the licensed requirements. Almost all (95%) administrators of AL residences governed by a licensure requirement regarding change in condition reported this policy in their residence. In contrast, less than half (48%) of administrators who work in an AL in our sample that state law requires to keep an advance directive on file for residents reported that they did not have a policy to do so. Over one-third (37%) of administrators who work in an AL required to have a policy of non-pharmaceutical treatment for residents with dementia said that they did not have this policy in place. Some administrators reported the presence of policies in the absence of state requirements, suggesting that these AL residences exceed minimum requirements. These results vary by AL license type both within and across states.
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McCartney, Shelagh, and Ximena Rosenvasser. "Not Your Parents’ Dorm Room: Changes in Universities’ Residential Housing Privacy Levels and Impacts on Student Success." SAGE Open 13, no. 2 (April 2023): 215824402311785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440231178540.

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New student residence halls are being built to meet students’ demands and needs, creating complex living units that prioritize private spaces over social group spaces despite potential negative impacts on student success and well-being. This study examines all university residences located in a large urban center in Northern America, quantifying students’ different levels of privacy in living units classified by the Housing Unit Classification (HUC). Using the Hierarchy of Isolation and Privacy in Architecture Tool (HIPAT), this study measures the level of privacy in residence units typologies and analyzes the possible effects on the experiences of students, crowding and isolation, academic performance detriment, or success in various residence units. Increased private space in units is typically in apartments or suites. Increases in privacy levels of residences’ living units reflect possible lowering of students’ socialization in the built space, with probable negative consequences on grade point average (GPA), program completion, feelings of isolation, and overall well-being.
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KOK, JAN, and KEES MANDEMAKERS. "A life-course approach to co-residence in the Netherlands, 1850–1940." Continuity and Change 25, no. 2 (August 2010): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416010000160.

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ABSTRACTIn this article, we study variations in co-residence with kin in the Netherlands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We use the reconstructed life courses of 17,527 individuals derived from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN) database. The life-course approach allows us to look at co-residence from the perspectives of both the receiving households and the co-resident kin. What made households take in relatives and do we find a preference for one type of relative over another? What was the background of people who decided to co-reside in another household? How important were family-related ‘altruistic’ motives compared with economic ones? The outcomes suggest the predominance of altruistic motives for co-residence, apart from persistent inheritance customs in the eastern part of the country.
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Tavares, Fernando Oliveira, Luís Dias Pacheco, and Elisabeth Pereira Rocha. "Hospitality in University Residences: An Exploratory Study to Portugal." Revista Rosa dos Ventos - Turismo e Hospitalidade 12, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 878–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/21789061.v12i4p878.

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This article has as main objective to identify and study the characteristics of university residences most valued by the students. The study is carried out in the university residences of an University, in Portugal, for a sample of 342 students being found statistically significant differences in preferences according to gender and the location of the residence outside or inside the university campus. Factor analysis reveals six determinants of student preference: the unique experience and living provided, interior and location amenities, academic performance, environmental awareness, safety, and social relationships. Fundamentally, it is observed that students prefer a residence near to the university and academic spaces and also close to the local markets.
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WARDHANA, HENDRA ADITYA, and KHAIRI PAHLEVI. "ANALISIS DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN PERUMAHAN TERHADAP KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DI KOTA KANDANGAN KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI SELATAN." JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 2, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v2i4.1239.

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The purpose of the research is to see how the impact of housing development on the socio-economic conditions of people in Kandangan town, Hulu Sungai Selatan regency.Data were collected by using questionnaire method on 91 respondents by using purposive sampling method. Result of research based on social condition of society indicate Social relation between residents around residential area remain harmonious, new class emergence that resident of residence does not cause jealousy from local citizen, local citizen feel that resident of housing also part of society exist because they willing to follow norm together. While the impact on the community economy indicates the influence of housing development on the livelihood of the citizens is significant, many residents who changed the profession to be workers in housing, such as a night watchman, a small trader, a housekeeper or a security guard. residents also feel that finding a work field becomes easier after housing. The cost of living tends to be the same without increasing.Keywords : impact of socio-economic condition of people, impact of housing developement
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Winarni, Endah Dwi. "Contextual Social Interaction and Persuasive Strategy: Vital Facets of Older Adults' Interpersonal Relationship in Institutional Residence." Asian Social Work Journal 3, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v3i3.48.

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This study discusses the dynamic of older adults’ interpersonal relationship in institutional residence. Several similar studies tended to analyze benefits of interpersonal relationship for older adults in institutional residence, types of social interaction between older adults in institutional residence, and common conversations between older adults in institutional residence. Those studies did not explore the ways to stimulate associative social interaction of older adults in institutional residence. Whereas, those ways are meaningful due to both older adults’ body and mental functions have degenerated, so it makes them vulnerable to interact. Therefore, this study aims to fill that lack. This study argues the older adults’ interpersonal relationship in institutional residence should be elaborated by contextual social interaction and persuasive strategy complementarily. This study uses a qualitative approach and conducted a case study at Jiwa Baru social protection residence, Garut, Indonesia. The finding is showed there are three context that form social interaction of older adults in institutional residence, namely personal instruments, structure, and culture; then, by understanding the process of social interaction was formed, can be formulized persuasive strategy to stimulate associative social interaction of older adults in institutional residence, e.g, persuaded by a closest friend, provide both a suitable assistance and care, create an interactive culture, and build a sense of community.
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Dow, Jon. "Ordinary Residence." Journal of Integrated Care 11, no. 4 (August 2003): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14769018200300038.

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Flood, Macey, and Sarah Jane Keaveny. "Residence in Pandemic." IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijfab-15.1.36.

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Strussová, M. "Social and territorial identifications of the rural population and its activating potential." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 12 (February 21, 2012): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5152-agricecon.

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This paper has a theoretical and analytical character and it searches for the possibilities to activate the rural population by means of its social and territorial identifications. The objective of the paper is to point at some connections relating to social and territorial identity of the rural population, outlined by classic quantitative marks based upon the population up to 5 000. We base the above on the results of the representative sociological survey allowing us to analyze some of the selected problems of the social and territorial identity of the rural population, in particular its relation to residence, residential stability and autochthony, development prospects of residences, quality of social and civil relation in the rural area.
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Sedykh, Olga. "The Role of Non-Profit Organizations in Solving the Problem of Homelessness." Baikal Research Journal 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2024.15(1).107-118.

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The relevance of the problem is due to the lack of official statistics on persons without a fixed place of residence, the need to consider the characteristics of social problems in order to find the most effective technologies and methods for effectively providing social assistance, as well as the need to consider factors limiting the effectiveness of social work in providing assistance to this category of citizens. As an object of social work, people without a fixed place of residence represent a complex social group. At the same time, social support and rehabilitation of persons without a fixed place of residence remains one of the most important social problems in our country. Technologies of social work with persons without a fixed place of residence have been systematized, and recommendations have been developed for solving identified problems. A comparative description of social assistance aimed at persons without a fixed place of residence is presented. There is state and non-state assistance to persons without a fixed place of residence. The main technologies of social work with persons without a fixed place of residence are technologies of social prevention and rehabilitation. The role of socially oriented non-profit organizations in solving the problem of homelessness is shown. The theoretical data are supported by the opinion of the leaders of non-profit organizations: with a long history of homelessness, a person’s desire to work becomes dull. It can be concluded that the return of persons without a fixed place of residence to independent life is difficult.
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Smith, Mark H., Lionel J. Beaulieu, and Ann Seraphine. "Social Capital, Place of Residence, and College Attendance1." Rural Sociology 60, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1995.tb00578.x.

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Mitchell, Rosamond. "The development of social relations during residence abroad." Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2014.995762.

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Coleman, Jim, Celeste Kinginger, and Ulrich Teichler. "Residence Abroad, Social Networks and Second Language Learning." International Journal of Applied Linguistics 22, no. 3 (November 2012): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12004_2.

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Liu, Heng, Xin Zhao, Yuze Wang, Ying Liu, Jiang Feng, and Tinglei Jiang. "Effects of body size and prior residence on dominance hierarchies in female Asian particolored bats." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa015.

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Abstract Social animals may cooperate to gain resources such as food and territory. However, unavoidable conflicts over limited resources frequently occur between group members. Social rank may effectively decrease conflicts within animal social groups, thereby reducing energy consumption and maintaining group stability. In this study, we tested the two factors most often proposed to influence winning a conflict: body size and prior residence. Our results showed that female Asian particolored bats (Vespertilio sinensis) formed near-linear dominance hierarchies. Forearm length was significantly positively correlated with dominance rank in three replicate experiments. In addition, prior residents had significantly higher dominance ranks than intruders of similar body size. These results suggested that both body size and prior residence might affect dominance ranks in female Asian particolored bats.
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Wojnarowska, Magdalena, Mariusz Sołtysik, Adam Sagan, Jadwiga Stobiecka, Jarosław Plichta, and Grażyna Plichta. "Impact of Odor Nuisance on Preferred Place of Residence." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083181.

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Context of the research: Research is increasingly carried out to take into account the social behavior of residents, the type of industry located in the area, and perceived preference for the place of residence. The quality of life in urban space is increasingly seen as a problem of cooperation between various stakeholders. These studies not only identify factors and sources of odor emissions, but also serve as the basis for creating systems to alert people living in areas adjacent to industrial areas or harmful and unpleasant industrial emissions. In recent years, environmental issues, particularly unpleasant sensory experiences, have been one of the most important acceptance criteria. Aim of the article: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of odor nuisance in the south-eastern part of Kraków (Płaszów) on the residents’ decision to leave their place of residence. In particular, the research goal was achieved to indicate which of the unpleasant odors may cause a change of residence, as well as to assess the degree of their impact on the decision to move, taking into account the social and demographic characteristics of residents. New in the article: The novelty of the work was the finding out of the residents’ opinions about the quality of life by accepting the place of residence, taking into account the aspect of odor nuisance. Previous studies on odor nuisance have focused on the emission of odors from individual plants. A novelty of this research is its implementation in an urban area, in which numerous industrial plants are located, with various odors emitted. Research methodology: To assess odor nuisance, a measuring tool developed in accordance with VDI 3883 guidelines was used, based on the latest research results on odor and noise nuisance. The questionnaire was developed based on German experience. Conclusions from the research: The data obtained as a result of the research allow us to state that specific smells are so burdensome that they may cause the necessity to leave the place of residence, because the respondents feel various unpleasant smells that have an adverse impact upon the quality of life that they perceive. A possible need for relocation of domiciles out of the current place of residence due to unpleasant smells would affect the perceptible, specific level of grief—the greater it is, the more attached the residents are to their current place of residence.
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Kilinkarova, Elena V. "Tax Residency of Individuals in Russia in the Conditions of High Transborder Mobility." Juridical World 4 (April 20, 2023): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1811-1475-2023-4-40-44.

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The article explores rules on tax residence of individuals as set in the Russian nation legislation and double tax treaties. The author comes to the conclusion that in the context of high cross-border mobility of individuals the current Russian legal regulation of tax residence does not adequately protect the fiscal interests of the state, since it uses a criterion that allows taxpayers to choose if they want to be Russian tax residents or not in the current tax period and lose their tax resident status while maintaining real personal, social and economic ties with the state. At the same time the introduction of new criteria should not be based on blind copying of the experience of foreign countries or the provisions of double tax treaties, and the new rules should use unambiguous wording. In particular, if the terms “availability of a permanent home” or “centre of vital interests” are introduced to national legislation, their meaning should be explicitly defined.
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Jung, Minsoo, and Hyun Sill Rhee. "Determinants of Community Capacity Influencing Residents’ Health Status in Seoul, South Korea." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 25, no. 2 (April 11, 2012): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539512441819.

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The effect of community capacity on health was evaluated by assessing the community via a questionnaire that included a capacity index in the social capital scale. The impact of the length of residence and the size and solidarity of networking on community capacity was also explored. The authors used logistic regression models controlling for sociodemographic factors and health behaviors among 1019 residents. The results indicate that lower community identity and social trust all led to statistically poor health levels. The manner in which members perceive their community was determined by cohesion, participation, length of residence, and the extent and strength of a member’s network. Partnerships among and the subsequent organization of public resources by community members helped solidify the sense of community. With enhanced levels of sense of community, the collective level of health among residents can be readily and effectively improved.
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Solís, Patricio, and Ismael Puga. "Efectos del nivel socioeconómico de la zona de residencia sobre el proceso de estratificación social en Monterrey / Effects of Socioeconomic Level of Zone of Residence on Process of Social Stratification in Monterrey." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v26i2.1383.

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En este trabajo exploramos los efectos de la composición socioeconómica de las áreas de residencia en el proceso de estratificación social en la ciudad de Monterrey. A partir de una versión modificada del modelo clásico de logro de estatus propuesto por Blau y Duncan, utilizamos modelos multinivel de regresión lineal y de tiempo al evento para probar algunas hipótesis sobre los efectos del nivel socioeconómico de la zona de residencia en ocho resultados educativos y ocupacionales: los años de escolaridad aprobados; la salida de la escuela; la entrada al primer trabajo; la ocupación a los 21 años (o la primera ocupación si la entrada al trabajo ocurrió más tarde); la salida de una ocupación; y los cambios de trabajos hacia ocupaciones no manuales de alta calificación, no manuales de baja calificación, y manuales. Los efectos son significativos en cinco de estos ocho resultados, lo cual sugiere que el nivel socioeconómico de la zona de residencia desempeña un papel importante como determinante de las trayectorias educativas y ocupacionales a lo largo del curso de vida.AbstractThis study explores the effects of the socio-economic composition of the areas of residence on the process of social stratification in the city of Monterrey. On the basis of a modified version of the classical model of achievement of status proposed by Blau and Duncan, we use multilevel, linear regression and time models to test some hypotheses on the effects of socio-economic level on zone of residence in eight educational and occupational results: completed years of schooling; leaving school; first job; occupation at age 21 (or first job if the person entered the labor force later); leaving a job and changing jobs to highly skilled non-manual occupations, unskilled non-manual work and manual work. The effects are significant in five of these eight results, suggesting that the socio-economic level of the zone of residence plays a key role as a determinant in a person’s educational and occupational career throughout their lives.
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Bruzelius, Cecilia. "Freedom of movement, social rights and residence-based conditionality in the European Union." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718756262.

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This article stresses the need to study how European Union (EU) member states define and implement the concept of habitual residence to assess boundaries of welfare in the EU. It focuses specifically on EU migrant citizens’ social rights and draws on comparative qualitative research on two EU member states – Germany and Sweden. The article first clarifies the differences between legal and habitual residence, and distinguishes between legal definitions of habitual residence and administrative formalities tied to such definitions. After examining legal definitions at the EU level, it goes on to consider additional definitions found in each member state case and administrative formalities attached to these definitions. Following this, implications for EU migrant citizens’ social rights in each country are assessed. The analysis reveals how administrative processes of residence registration shape conditionality. In this way, administrative aspects of habitual residence can have far-reaching exclusive effects on EU migrant citizens’ access to social benefits and services in the destination member state, as well as inhibit their ability to enjoy their right to freedom of movement. The article thus illustrates the inherent tension between free movement and residence-based social rights in a Union with devolved social provision.
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Kyyakbaeva, Ulbosyn, Aidana Iniyatova, Zhanna Assankhanova, Gulbahira Shirinbayeva, and Meiramgul Suranshieva. "The work of a social educator with adolescents in the community." Pedagogy and Psychology 42, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-1.2077-6861.14.

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The authors of the article emphasizes the work of a social pedagogue with adolescents at their place of residence and to protect adolescents or children who need social assistance, guided by their place of residence, marital status and educational environment in his / her social environment. social work and identification of the main problems of the child, creating a comfortable atmosphere for adolescents and children at their place of residence, marital status and educational environment in his / her social environment. social work and identification of the main problems of the child, creating a comfortable atmosphere for adolescents and children in their place of residence, the main issue of creating a favorable atmosphere for adolescents and children in the community, promoting social work in the context of renewed education, adaptation to society and a place where be found in the social environment, as well as adaptation to society and the place where they live in the social environment.
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Erofeeva, Elena V., Ekaterina S. Khudyakova, and Evgeniya V. Glazanova. "Estimation of regiolect speech and its speakers depending on social parameters." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 20, no. 2 (2023): 283–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.206.

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The paper considers estimation of regiolect speech in accordance with metalinguistic characteristics, as well as estimation of the speakers by their speech depending on the place of residence of the speakers and the estimating experts, and on other social parameters. The study includes fragments of interviews with residents of Solikamsk and Kungur (two towns within the same region); the sample of the speakers is balanced by the factors “city of residence”, “gender”, “age”, and “education”. The respondents — residents of Solikamsk, Kungur, Perm and St Petersburg — estimated the speech according to six metalinguistic scales, and the speakers according to six social parameters. The results of the experiment showed that the boundaries of in- and outgroups are drawn differently depending on the scales used (a town vs a city or the same region vs a different region). Identification of social characteristics of the speaker by their speech demonstrates the following patterns: gender is identified accurately and predetermines the use of strong and uniform stereotypes; age is identified by the speech characteristics; education level is not significant according to our material. The connection between stereotypical representations of speech and the speaker under normal conditions is revealed. In regions or towns with a stable regional norm, speech social stereotypes based on this norm are developed. If the speech of a region or a town is a mixture of different language systems and the local norm is unstable, the formation of speech social stereotypes is complicated.
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Grundy, Emily, and Anne Harrop. "Co-residence between Adult Children and their Elderly Parents in England and Wales." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 3 (July 1992): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019978.

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ABSTRACTCo-residence between adult children aged 35 or more and their elderly parent(s) or parent(s)-in-law has been investigated using data from the Office of the Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Longitudinal Survey and the 1985 General Household Survey supplement on informal carers. Overall 4 per cent of adults lived with a parent or parent-in-law but this proportion varied considerably with age, marital status and gender. Socio-economic differentials in co-residence were also found. These suggested that where the child is the provider of support to an elderly parent co-residence may be associated with socio-economic advantage. Differentials in co-residence rates and differences between co-residence data from the Longitudinal Study (LS) and data on co-resident carers from the General Household Survey (GHS) also point to the important role of elderly people as providers of support to adult children. In conclusion, the implications of these data for policies of community care are considered.
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Nur Mafuah, Isnawati, Vebry Eka Kusumawardhani, Shelyana Agustin, Reza Dwi Dharma, Evi Ludya Agustin, and Moch Izzat Mufty. "Analysis Of The Influence Of Workers' Decisions To Do Commuter Migration: Literature Study." ASIAN Economic and Business Development 6, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/aebd/vol6no1august2023005.

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Commuter migration is the occupation of residents from their place of residence to another place or another city and returns to their place of residence on the same day. The main factors that influence someone to do commuter migration are social and economic motives. This study aims to describe and find out social and economic phenomena that influence a person's decision to migrate commuters. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach, namely regarding descriptive analysis according to the research topic by looking at how the influence of workers' decisions to migrate commuters. The results showed that income level, education level, employment opportunities, age, and marital status had a significant influence on the workforce's decision to migrate commuters.
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Hiscock, Rosemary, Sally Macintyre, Ade Kearns, and Anne Ellaway. "Residents and Residence: Factors Predicting the Health Disadvantage of Social Renters Compared to Owner-Occupiers." Journal of Social Issues 59, no. 3 (July 2003): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00076.

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Song, Taesoo, and Up Lim. "The Effects of Mobility Expectation on Community Attachment: A Multilevel Model Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063441.

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According to the systemic model of community attachment, high residential stability serves as a precondition on which residents build formal and informal social ties within their communities, ultimately resulting in increased community attachment. However, previous studies have only measured residents’ length of residence in the community to measure residential stability, not considering whether expectations of staying in the community in the future affect residents’ community attachment. This study aims to test if mobility expectation influences residents’ community attachment by employing the logistic multilevel model to analyze 31,159 householders from 31 municipalities in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The results show that residents’ mobility expectation, in addition to the length of residence, is a significant determinant of community attachment after controlling for individual and regional-level covariates. The results provide implications for urban and regional policies aiming to promote community attachment and participation among residents in the age of increasing residential mobility.

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