Academic literature on the topic 'Social reproduction theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social reproduction theory"
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Munro, Kirstin. "“Social Reproduction Theory,” Social Reproduction, and Household Production." Science & Society 83, no. 4 (October 2019): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/siso.2019.83.4.451.
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Čakardić, Ankica. "From Theory of Accumulation to Social-Reproduction Theory." Historical Materialism 25, no. 4 (February 14, 2017): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341542.
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AbstractThe paper functions as a contribution to feminist analyses that are methodologically based on Rosa Luxemburg’s critique of political economy and her understanding of capital accumulation, but also as a contribution to contemporary social-reproduction theory which aims to integrate Luxemburg’s legacy alongside that of Marx. The essay offers a sketch for a ‘Luxemburgian feminism’ consisting of (1) an overview of Luxemburg’s critique of bourgeois feminism and (2) a preliminary application of Luxemburg’s ‘dialectics of spatiality’ to contemporary social-reproduction theory. With Luxemburg’sThe Accumulation of Capitalin mind and her several essays on the so-called ‘women’s question’, we shall attempt to relate Luxemburg’s explanation of the dynamic link between capitalist and non-capitalist spatialities with the commodification of women’s reproductive labour.
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Gore, Ellie, and Genevieve LeBaron. "Using social reproduction theory to understand unfree labour." Capital & Class 43, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816819880787.
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Most scholarship within social reproduction theory focuses on women’s paid and unpaid care and domestic work, typically within the global North. Rarely has social reproduction theory grappled with unfree labour in commodity supply chains, particularly in the global South. However, these labour relations also involve gendered power relations that cut across the productive and reproductive realms of the economy, which can be illuminated by social reproduction theory analysis. In this article, we reflect on how social reproduction theory can be used to make sense of unfree labour’s role in global supply chains, expanding its geographical scope and the forms of labour exploitation encompassed within it. Conceptually, we harness the insights of social reproduction theory, and Jeffrey Harrod and Robert W Cox’s work on ‘unprotected work’ in the global economy to examine how gendered power relations shape patterns of unfree labour. Empirically, we analyse interview and survey data collected among cocoa workers in Ghana through LeBaron’s Global Business of Forced Labour project. We argue that social reproduction theory can move global supply chain scholarship beyond its presently economistic emphasis on the productive sphere and can shed light into the overlaps between social oppression, economic exploitation, and social reproduction.
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Farid, Shahzad, Saif Ur Rehman Saif Abbasi, and Qaisar Khalid Mahmood. "Modelling Bourdieusian Social Reproduction Theory." Social Indicators Research 157, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 297–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02649-z.
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Adams, Richard N. "Social Evolution and Social Reproduction." New Literary History 22, no. 4 (1991): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/469069.
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Beekman, Madeleine, and Francis L. W. Ratnieks. "Power over reproduction in social Hymenoptera." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1438 (August 31, 2003): 1741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1262.
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Inclusive fitness theory has been very successful in predicting and explaining much of the observed variation in the reproductive characteristics of insect societies. For example, the theory correctly predicts sex–ratio biasing by workers in relation to the queen's mating frequency. However, within an insect society there are typically multiple reproductive optima, each corresponding to the interest of different individual(s) or parties of interest. When multiple optima occur, which party's interests prevail? Presumably, the interests of the party with the greatest ‘power’; the ability to do or act. This article focuses on factors that influence power over colony reproduction. In particular, we seek to identify the principles that may cause different parties of interest to have greater or lesser power. In doing this, we discuss power from two different angles. On the one hand, we discuss general factors based upon non–idiosyncratic biological features (e.g. information, access to and ability to process food) that are likely to be important to all social Hymenoptera. On the other hand, we discuss idiosyncratic factors that depend upon the biology of a taxon at any hierarchical level. We propose that a better understanding of the diversity of reproductive characteristics of insect societies will come from combining inclusive fitness theory with a wide range of other factors that affect relative power in a conflict situation.
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Federici, Silvia, and Campbell Jones. "Counterplanning in the Crisis of Social Reproduction." South Atlantic Quarterly 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8007713.
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In this interview Silvia Federici discusses the prospects for counterplanning from below in the current crisis of social reproduction. The organization of care and social reproduction by capital, in alliance with governmental and non-governmental organizations, has created massive structural suffering and devalued vital social activities from which capital extracts value for which it pays nothing. As this crisis of social reproduction has developed internationally and taken on increasingly racialized forms, new and different forms of struggle over social reproduction have arisen. Starting from the Wages for Housework campaign and her 1975 call for “Counter-planning from the Kitchen,” Federici refines her thinking about the struggle over social reproduction and the reproductive commons today. She sketches the shifting grounds of the present crisis, and stresses what can be learned from current struggles over social reproduction in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere, to organize and value social reproduction differently.
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Zhurzhenko, Tat'iana Iu. "Social Reproduction as a Problem in Feminist Theory." Russian Studies in History 40, no. 3 (December 2001): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsh1061-1983400370.
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Antyushin, Sergey S. "ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SOCIAL REPRODUCTION." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Philosophy), no. 1 (2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-7227-2019-1-15-22.
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Wetherell, Charles. "Theory, Method, and Social Reproduction in Social Science History: A Short Jeremiad." Social Science History 23, no. 4 (1999): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021842.
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Let me begin with a simple theme, repentance, and a simple message: repent from complacency in the practice and defense of social science history (SSH). I say this because I do not see social science historians meeting three major challenges that must be overcome if the larger, collective enterprise is to survive with the same vitality it had a decade ago. Those challenges are, first, to bring social theory forcefully back into historical research; second, to take formal methods to a new, higher level; and, third, to seek to train the next generation of social science historians in the theory and methods they will need in the next century.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social reproduction theory"
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Perry, Jeffrey W. "Institutional Cunning: Writing Assessment as Social Reproduction." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1227738168.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Dec. 14, 2009) Advisor: Brian Huot. Keywords: writing, assessment, literacy, standardized, testing, social reproduction, critical theory. Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-182)
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Sepinwall, Amy J. "Determining parental obligations to unborn children using a social contract theory." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30114.
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I use a brand of social contract theory derived from David Gauthier to delimit precisely what might be permissible in the methods of conception and gestation of a child. More specifically, Gauthier posits a rule that is supposed to govern behavior among individuals prior to but in anticipation of the rise of social interaction. I argue that this rule can be appropriately applied to the interactions between a parent and her unborn child. I review other social contract models in an effort to show that Gauthier's is preferable to these. I also address other accounts concerned with parental obligations to the unborn, to see how these fare against Gauthier's. I conclude that, because of its breadth of applicability, as well as its plausibility, Gauthier's model is a powerful force for guiding us through these issues.
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Serio, Alessandro. "Theory and practice of «special support» between system and individual." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-30009.
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The main purpose of this work is to analyse how teachers perceive and deal withdiversity, where they put the limit between «normality» and «otherness», how theyrelate to the documentation proceeding from public institutions.Using an ethnographic methodology based on participant observation and semistructuredinterviews, I shall apply Pierre Bourdieu's theories about social reproductionand distinction to a high school in Skåne, with the purpose of better understanding thedifference between change and reconversion in dealing with «otherness» in the form of«learning disabilities».This study aims at better understanding how «otherness», «diversity», and «plurality»are categorized, hierarchically organized, considered as «distortions», «defects»,«syndromes» to be cured, when instead they could actually constitute means toovercome the ancestral «fear of the other», the rejection of «complexity» and to fill theperceived gap between theory and practice, between the «school of diversity andplurality» and the school of «kunskapsmål», «performance», «driven-ness», bothpresent in the current Läroplan (LPF-94) and likely to be found in the new one.Finally, this analysis tries to point at the necessity to question the unquestionable. Thatis, to question the values that are considered to be established for good and foreverybody, understanding them as historical products, not as philosophical a priori. Farfrom being historical invariables, those values and principles are the result of actualpolitical fights, even of revolutions, and of debates occurred for centuries or evenmillennia. School has been focusing on having them internalised and naturalised,instead of developing adequate instruments to let them be critically understood,reflected upon, talked about, and of course experienced in their many contexts.The study's main result lies in individuating the structural and individual factors thatallow the teachers to deal with «otherness» and «diversity» as a problem instead as aresource, underlining the symbolic violence implicit in the process of naturalisation ofvalues and principles.
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Winsor, Jennifer. "Creating social reciprocity : the role of trust network reproduction and social learning : evidence from a medium-sized family firm in Germany." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2017. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/977842.
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This research introduces a framework for explaining why managing family members create a shared understanding of caring and being cared for with their nonfamily employees, called ‘Social Reciprocity'. Applying an embedded case study design, using grounded theory method, this research adds to the understanding of the social mechanisms of internal stakeholder management in family firms, which have been largely ignored. The emergent framework proposes that the ability of family members to build trusting relationships with employees, based on cognitive and affective trusts contributes to the creation of social reciprocity. Affective trust, in particular, has a direct and moderating role in the creation of social reciprocity on emotional and instrumental level. The moderating role of affective trust is considered a valuable finding; since it emphasizes the role of trust as a meta theoretical concept. The developed framework suggests that affective trust initiates a social learning process that leads to a positive attribution bias, i.e. an automatic positive attribution of managing family members' actions as being based in benevolence and genuine care. Furthermore, social learning in the form of trust network reproduction emerges as contributory to the diffusion of social reciprocity to lower hierarchical levels. Analysis of data demonstrates that employees with little direct interactions with managing family members develop trusted weak ties to managing family members, with similar levels of cognitive and affective trust. This finding is particularly valuable as it challenges traditional network theory, which argues for frequent personal interaction to be necessary in creating trust ties. This thesis contributes to theoretical and methodological knowledge in several ways. First, it advances understanding of the social dynamics and mechanisms of internal stakeholder engagement in and SME family firm context. Second, the developed framework demonstrates the importance that concepts form multiple disciplines such as psychology, social psychology and sociology have on the development of theories in management research. Third, trust network reproduction and upper network stability emerged as causal mechanisms of potentially meta theoretical value that may have applicability on a wider range of topics in management research. Lastly, this thesis demonstrates the value of grounded theory in developing theory in management research.
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McInnis, Shelley, and n/a. "An experiment with radical pedagogy." University of Canberra. Education, 1989. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060928.122201.
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This thesis is an analysis of some research undertaken with
students in a unit on human sexuality. It is a critical account
of an experiment with 'radical' pedagogy which deliberately
forsakes the pessimistic determinism of social reproduction
theory in education and assumes the fundamental optimism of
resistance theory, wherein human actors are capable of
penetrating oppressive ideology and practice and working towards
emancipation and social change.
The experiment is an attempt to implement radical pedagogy
in a particular classroom, and the body of the thesis consists of
a critique of data collected from participants' notes and
transcriptions of video and audio-tapes of thirteen, two�hour
class sessions. The first chapter of the thesis outlines the
nature of a pedagogical style which could be described as
counter�hegemonic, non-reproductive, or liberatory, and it
specifies the elements of a 'radical' approach to classroom
process and content, which is distinguished from a 'traditional'
one. Subsequent chapters present a critical analysis of actual
classroom 'content' and 'process', which is based on a study of
reconstructed sessional data, and the final chapter discusses the
factors which limited the 'success' of the experiment, and
attempts to draw some conclusions about the liberatory
possibilities of radical pedagogy.
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Parshagen, Andreas. "Könskontraktsteorin förklarar värderingsskillnader : en granskning av värderingsskillnader mellan kvinnliga studenter med olika social bakgrund." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-56436.
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Students with parents with different levels of education motivate their choice of Växjö University differently. They who have parents with at least three years academic studies motivate more frequently their choice with the program they are studying while those who have parents with lower studies are more inclined to motivate their studies with contacts and nearness to their hometown. I found this in a survey study with 201 respondents involved. The result was followed by interviews on respondents from the survey study. The interviewees were four women whose parents had different levels of education, two with parents with higher education and two with parents with lower education. The interviews were in this way limited to female students only. The conclusion is that the difference in how the students motivate their choice of Växjö University can partly be explained by the theory called “könskontraktet” which says, women from higher social classes want to brake out from the old gender roles, and that makes them value education and carrier, while those who are from lower social classes accept the old traditions between genders which makes them value family and safety. This don´t need to lead to reproduction of social classes and that it goes from parents to children if there is good accessibility to the universities and you can get higher education without moving a long distance.
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Flanigan, Jacquelyn. "IN THE CRITICAL TRADITION: AN EXAMINATION OF NATIONAL BOARD CERTIFIED TEACHERS IN A CENTRAL FLORIDA SCHOOL DISTRICT." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3256.
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In 1986, the Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy published A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century in which it recommended that a National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) be established to ascertain and institute criteria for teacher excellence (Steiner, 1995). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) mandated that every classroom employ a "highly qualified teacher" (No Child Left Behind, 2001a); moreover, NCLB articulated the relationship between improving student achievement and higher standards for qualifying classroom teachers (Rotberg, Futrell & Lieberman, 1998). Research conducted in Miami-Dade County supports Florida's use of National Board Certification (NBC) as an "effective signal of teacher quality"(CNA Corporation, 2004, p.1). Critical theorist, Michael Apple, emphasized the role of education as an agent for the maintenance of hegemony (Apple, 2004). However, Apple further posited that the actual bureaucracy of school – the institution of education itself – is reflective of the same consumerist ideology of society, thus making the hegemony even more complete. Using the aforementioned theoretical construct, the researcher examined the development of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), the distribution of Nationally Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) in a central Florida school district, and their professional responsibilities as a means of examining whether this mechanism for identifying "highly qualified teachers" achieves its stated aim of providing every student with access to a "highly qualified" teacher, as is legislated and funded per NCLB.Ed.D.
Department of Educational Studies
Education
Curriculum and Instruction EdD
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Frost, Laila, and Marie Löfqvist. "De vuxna maskrosbarnen : en kvalitativ intervjustudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12083.
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Syftet med denna kvalitativa intervjustudie var att med hjälp av sociologiska teorier undersöka orsakerna till att maskrosbarn trots en destruktiv uppväxtmiljö kan utvecklas till socialt fungerande människor. Maskrosbarnen i denna studie har vuxit upp med missbruk och/eller psykisk sjukdom hos föräldrar i barndomen. Data samlades in via semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra olika teman: det sociala arvet, skola och arbete, socialt nätverk samt hälsa och välmående. Vilket vi sedan analyserade med hjälp av de teoretiska tolkningsramarna, Antonovskys teori KASAM och Bourdieus teori om Klassreproduktion. Resultaten visade att förekomsten av trygghetspersoner i barndomen samt möjligheten att uppleva en annan familjedynamik och miljö än deras egen hemmiljö har påverkat dem positivt. Även deras avhållsamma inställning till alkohol och droger samt deras starka ansvarskänsla har påverkat deras totala sociala kapital positivt.The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to research with the help of sociological theories the reasons why resilient children despite a destructive childhood can evolve to social functioning humans. Resilient children in this study have grown up with addiction and/or mental illness among parents in childhood. Data was collected by semi structured interviews with four different themes: the social heritage, education and work, social network and health and well-being. Which we analyzed with the help of the theoreticalframeworks, Antonovskys theory Salutogenesis and Bourdieus Reproduction theory. The results showed that the presence of safety figures in childhood as well as the opportunity to experience a different family dynamic and another environment than their own home environment has affected them positively. Even their abstinence approach to alcohol and drugs, and that they have a strong sense of responsibility has affected their overall social capital positively.
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Nichols, Carly Ellen. "Hidden Hunger: A Political Ecology of Food and Nutrition in the Kumaon Hills." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321600.
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Recently, India has come under increasing scrutiny for its failure to improve food and nutrition security (FNS). Prominent governmental and nongovernmental development strategies addressing FNS include promoting horticultural crops to increase incomes, distributing food, and providing nutritional education. These programs, however, have seen mixed results. Analyzing qualitative data collected in the summer of 2013, this paper examines programs in Uttarakhand, India where hunger has been eradicated, yet malnutrition persists. I suggest that the intersection of horticultural development with existing gendered labor practices helps explain why malnutrition remains a problem despite high program functionality. Specifically, I find that inequitable gendered labor burdens are largely responsible for poor eating practices and lowered nutritional levels. I argue that interventions to improve FNS reinscribe and legitimize these burdens by promulgating a discourse situating the problem with women, whose lack of education or poor time management is seen as the source of the problem. Additionally, I find that horticultural development leads to increased reliance on market-based foods, which villagers find less nutritious. Following Mansfield (2011) I employ the concept of food as a “vector of intercorporeality” (Stassart and Whatmore 2003:449) to unpack why health perceptions are entwined in shifting landscapes of agricultural production and food consumption. I bring this conceptualization into conversation with the notion of social reproduction, investigating the human and nonhuman bodies that produce economic, ecological, and health outcomes. I argue that who, or what, these bodies are and the relations in which they are entangled matter to both material and social concerns.
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Petrušauskaitė, Vita. "Early withdrawal of Roma children from school in Vilnius city: analysis of an educational field." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140117_113043-80021.
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The dissertation provides an analysis of social reproduction in the system of education of Lithuania exploring causes and processes of early withdrawal of Roma children from education in Vilnius. The work presents an original model of the empirical research where early withdrawal is approached as a process taking place in an educational field that is defined by power relations. The research undertaken approached the research phenomenon from several levels of analysis. On the macro/societal level, the analysis focused on the education indicators of different generations of the Roma ethnic group and their changes in 2001–2011. On the micro/individual level, the procedural character of early withdrawal from education was observed analysing experiences of the first two years of participation by Roma children from Kirtimai in education. On the meso/field level, the early withdrawal of children from education was analysed as a process in social space, i.e. as a strategic agency of children that is constructed through interpersonal relations with other actors involved in the educational process (parents, teachers, employees of the child's rights supervision authorities, etc.). The dissertation underlines the important role social inequality plays in the early withdrawal of Roma children from education – the opportunities of Roma children to take part in education were not equal to the opportunities of other children, however, these substantial inequalities were disregarded in the... [to full text]Disertacija skirta socialinės reprodukcijos raiškos Lietuvos švietimo sistemoje analizei, kuri atlikta tiriant ankstyvo romų vaikų pasitraukimo iš ugdymo priežastis ir procesą Vilniaus mieste. Darbe pristatytas originalus ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš švietimo sistemos empirinio tyrimo modelis, kuriame į ankstyvą pasitraukimą žiūrima kaip į procesą, vykstantį galios santykiais apibrėžiamame švietimo lauke. Atliktame tyrime tiriamas reiškinys buvo analizuojamas keliais lygmenimis. Makro/ visuomenės lygiu, buvo analizuojami skirtingų romų etninės grupės kartų išsilavinimo rodikliai ir jų kaita 2001–2011 m. Mikro/ individualiame lygyje buvo stebimas ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo procesinis pobūdis, analizuojant Kirtimuose gyvenančių romų vaikų pirmųjų dvejų metų dalyvavimo ugdyme patirtis. Mezo/ švietimo lauko lygiu vaikų ankstyvas pasitraukimas iš ugdymo analizuotas kaip procesas socialinėje erdvėje, t.y. kaip vaikų veiksenos strategija, formuojama per tarpasmeninį santykį su kitais ugdymo procese dalyvaujančiais veikėjais (tėvais, mokytojais, vaiko teisių priežiūros institucijų darbuotojais ir kt.). Disertacijoje pabrėžiama visuomenės socialinės nelygybės svarba romų vaikų ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo procese – romų vaikų galimybės dalyvauti ugdyme nebuvo lygios kitų vaikų galimybėms, tačiau į šias esmines nelygybes tiriamame švietimo lauke nebuvo atsižvelgiama, aktualizuojant etninę skirtį tarp daugumos ir mažumos grupių.
Books on the topic "Social reproduction theory"
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Althusser, Louis. Sur la reproduction. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995.
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Alberto, Torres Carlos, ed. Social theory and education: A critique of theories of social and cultural reproduction. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
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Stenning, Alison. Domesticating neo-liberalism: Spaces of economic practice and social reproduction in post-socialist cities. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
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Regimes of ignorance: Anthropological perspectives on the production and reproduction of non-knowledge. New York: Berghahn Books, 2015.
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Lublin, Nancy. Pandora's box: Feminism confronts reproductive technology. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
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Privalov, Nikolay. Economics of the nonprofit sector. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996306.
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The tutorial consists of five sections: "Subject matter and methodology of Economics of the nonprofit sector", "the Mechanism of reproduction of the product of the nonprofit sector", "Management in the nonprofit sector", "the Theory of the new society as a manifestation of the crisis of modern civilization", "the non-profit sector as a factor in maintaining the equilibrium of the social system". Each Chapter, in addition to theoretical material, lists of key concepts, test questions, assignments and test.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Designed for students, postgraduates, professors, researchers and practitioners with specialties of Economics and management, including in the sphere of social communications and public relations.
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Feminist perspective on the body. New York: Longman, 1999.
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Kristeva in focus: From theory to film analysis. New York: Berghahn Books, 2009.
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editor, Cipolla Costantino, ed. Sociologia e salute di genere. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2014.
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Keeble, Sally. Infertility, feminism, and the new technologies. London: Fabian Society, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social reproduction theory"
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Yagi, Kiichiro. "Approval Theory and Social Contract." In From Reproduction to Evolutionary Governance, 25–50. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54998-7_2.
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Roscoe, Paul. "Power Theory and the Rise and Reproduction of Patriarchy in Contact-Era New Guinea." In The Evolution of Social Institutions, 577–601. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51437-2_25.
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Dunbar, Robin I. M. "Theory of Reproductive Strategies." In Primate Social Systems, 15–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6694-2_2.
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Fachelli, Sandra, Ildefonso Marqués-Perales, Marcelo Boado, and Patricio Solís. "Social Mobility from a Comparative Perspective Between Europe and Latin America." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 203–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_7.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a review of the analysis of social mobility in the international sphere (Europe and Latin America), with a particular focus on the partner countries of the INCASI network. To date, few studies have linked nations whose economic and social aspects are so dissimilar.As is usual in the specialized literature, the relationship between social origin and class destination is addressed. This is done by noting the comparisons made across the geographical areas. We review the analyses that have been made of the evolution of social fluidity as well as the distance between social classes within each country and the comparisons made between them.We compare the main theories that have inspired the study of social mobility to date: modernization theory, which predicts an increase in relative mobility rates, and invariance theory, which postulates the constancy of social fluidity. Special attention is devoted to the role played by the family, the state and the market in late industrialized countries.We study the difficulties for social change, i.e. upward mobility from one class to another, as well as the likelihood of reproduction in comparative terms. To do so, we link these mechanisms with the AMOSIT model. The advances in methodology, techniques, theory and data processing are highlighted.
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Domínguez-Amorós, Màrius, Leticia Muñiz, and Gabriela Rubilar. "Social Times, Reproduction and Social Inequality at Work: Contrasts and Comparative Perspectives Between Countries." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 331–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_11.
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AbstractIf the focus is placed specifically on the problem of work and family, the daily life of people and their use of time are a main problem. This time is expressed in both freely available time, which is related to activities, and time of the productive and reproductive sphere. This chapter considers work in a broad sense and takes into account the sexual division of labour.Specifically, this chapter will explore transformations in time use and social inequality in unpaid work. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of time-use surveys will be used, analysing the time spent, and the time dedicated to household chores in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Spain. From an analytical viewpoint, the analysis will place social reproduction at the centre of the socio-economic system, showing that the economic crisis has affected women and men differently, and that in both Europe and Latin America the family pattern is being replaced by a dominant family model of a male provider and a double presence of women. The large-scale incorporation of women into the labour market has emphasised the role that women assume in the domestic sphere perpetuating gender segregation in employment and in domestic and care work.
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Meyers, David M., and Patricia C. Wright. "Resource Tracking: Food Availability and Propithecus Seasonal Reproduction." In Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis, 179–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2412-4_13.
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Kotelchuck, Milton. "The Impact of Father’s Health on Reproductive and Infant Health and Development." In Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality, 31–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1_3.
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AbstractThe importance of father’s health and health behaviors during the perinatal period is an under-appreciated, but critical, topic for enhancing reproductive and infant health and development, and ultimately men’s own lifetime health. This chapter brings together the existing scattered reproductive fatherhood health literature and articulates a new conceptual framework that identifies eight direct and indirect pathways of potential paternal impact. Three pathways reflect pre-conception to conception influences; paternal planned and wanted pregnancies (family planning); paternal biologic and genetic contributions; and paternal epigenetic contributions. Three pathways reflect father-mother perinatal interactions: paternal reproductive health practices that may alter their partner’s health behaviors and self-care practices; paternal reproductive biologic and social health that may alter their partner’s reproductive health biology; and paternal support for maternal delivery and post-partum care. And two pathways reflect systemic influences: paternal mental health influences; and paternal contributions to the family’s social determinants of health. This chapter pushes back the time frame for the father’s developmental importance for his child into the antenatal period, if not earlier; it encourages more gender equitable parental roles and opportunities; and it provides a stronger scientific knowledge base to support new fatherhood programs, policies and research that encourages father’s more active, healthier and earlier reproductive health involvement.
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Čakardić, Ankica. "Marx and Social Reproduction Theory." In Marxist-Feminist Theories and Struggles Today. Zed Books Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350221291.ch-008.
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Marshall, James A. R. "Models of Social Behavior." In Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161563.003.0002.
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This chapter considers a simple and general model of natural selection: replicator dynamics. Many animal traits and behaviors are social, in that they affect the reproductive success not just of the animal performing the behavior, but also conspecifics. Mathematical theories based on classical natural selection, which acts on direct reproduction by individuals, are able to explain the evolution of traits that are for personal advantage. However, this leaves the problem of providing an evolutionary explanation of traits and social behaviors that appear to be personally costly to the bearer, in reproductive terms, while having effects on conspecifics such as increasing their direct reproduction. This chapter uses the replicator dynamics to illustrate the action of natural selection on social behavior, including nonadditive interactions. It considers the additive and nonadditive donation game, and other social interactions, along with public goods games, threshold public goods games, and interactions in structured populations.
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"An Extended Theory of Social Reproduction." In Subordination (RLE Feminist Theory), 124–53. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203084854-13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Social reproduction theory"
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Gu, Yu, Ting Chen, Luodanni Liu, Xin Li, and Yuan Cheng. "The Theory of "Social Reproduction" of Artistic Culture Productivity." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassee-19.2019.129.
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Petrova, Mariya. "POSTHUMOUS ASSISTED REPRODUCTION." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.179.
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The posthumous assisted reproduction is forbidden in Bulgaria due to the Bulgarian tradi-tions and the established legal theory and practice, as well as because of considerations of vari-ous nature: socio-economic, biological, ethical, psychological, etc. However, according to the practices in some foreign countries, the issue concerning this type of reproduction provokes theoretical and practical interest. The author presents her view on the impact of this issue for resolving the problems related to paternity, inheritance and the legal consequences resulting from them.
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Kolesnikov, Andrey Vitalievich. "Nonlinear sociodynamics of competitive sociotypes of molecular and cosmic human." In 4th International Conference “Futurity designing. Digital reality problems”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/future-2021-19.
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As one of the most important factors determining the nature of the dynamic behavior of a social system, the article considers the competitive relationship of two alternative sociotypes, conventionally designated as molecular human and cosmic human. The molecular sociotype is understood as the personality of the average consumer, whose behavioral determinants are largely determined by the selfish gene. The cosmic human is a person who has realized the dependence on the selfish gene. Representatives of the cosmic sociotype consider the products of their own mind, their contribution to culture, as a more significant function than gene replication. This explains the different values of the coefficients of reproduction of the total resource of the system by molecular human and cosmic human. Three possible scenarios for the evolution of a social system have been identified for different values of the coefficients of reproduction of the total resource of the system by both sociotypes with a constant share of the population. In this case, the aggregate resource is understood as the entire intellectual, cultural and economic product produced by the social system during a certain conditional cycle of reproduction. The dynamics of a social system with a variable value of the share of a productive comic sociotype is considered in the work on the basis of a nonlinear two-dimensional model. The mathematical model demonstrates complex nonlinear quasicyclic behavior.
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Ysyrailova, Jannat, and Anara Sherbekova. "The Role and Significance of Diagnostics and Assessment of the State of Roads for Their Reproduction." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02024.
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To date, the road network provides up to 95 percent of passenger and freight traffic in the Kyrgyz Republic. The country's road network is currently in crisis, which is a serious obstacle to the path of social and economic development of our republic.
In the present article, the role and values of methods for diagnosing and evaluating the state of motor roads for their reproduction are examined. The values of geoinformation technologies were determined when assessing the reproduction of highways.
A feature of geoinformation technologies is that in geoinformation technologies all information is presented in the form of electronic maps, allowing the road specialist to create a database on roads. Geoinformation technology should provide a single information space for the use, disposal, ownership and maintenance of a dynamically developing road network.
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Hayashi, Shigeto, Hiromichi Nakadate, Yuelin Zhang, Kojiro Mekata, Haruo Yamashita, Shinichi Nakayama, Eiji Kohmura, Yasuhiro Matsui, Hong Ji, and Shigeru Aomura. "Reproduction Analysis of Injury Condition Using Finite Element Modeling of the Head in Cases With Traumatic Higher Brain Dysfunction Caused by Traffic Accidents." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86945.
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Following head trauma caused by traffic accidents, many patients are unable to completely recover their social functions due to higher brain dysfunction although they are able to return home. To predict the onset and severity of post-traumatic higher brain dysfunction, the visualization of responsible injury is considered urgent. In this study, we focused on five patients with higher brain dysfunction following head trauma caused by traffic accidents to establish a method for quantitatively evaluating higher brain dysfunction. The injury conditions were reproduced on the basis of multibody dynamic and collision analyses using finite element (FE) modeling of the human head to determine mechanical responses inside the cranium of these patients. The strain on the frontal lobe generated by an injury condition was suggested to contribute to the onset of attention disturbance during the chronic phase of medical treatment. Reproduction analysis of the injury conditions using FE modeling of the head could predict the onset and severity of traumatic higher brain dysfunction.
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Hosoda, Ryusuke, Shigemochi Murota, Masahiko Yao, and Yuki Tamura. "ECO-PLATFORM: A Solution for Solving Environmental Problems in Coastal Area." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67296.
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The authors proposed a concept of “ECO-PLATFORM” for solving environmental problems that people have been facing and will face in and around the coastal area, setting their sights on the contribution from the viewpoint of the sea [1]. The Eco-Platform is a complex on a floating platform and has functions for solving social and environmental problems. The functions to be installed are generation of heat energy and electric power from combustible waste without introducing fossil energy, cascade use of heat energy, application of marine biotechnology for processing the sewage and for purifying eutrophic seawater, reproduction/regeneration of material and energy resources from manmade waste and sewage. All the functions to be installed are integrated systematically and efficiently. To ensure the realization of the concept, it is necessary to study/investigate the feasibility of systematic combination of functions and facilities installed on the Eco-Platform. The authors have been studying the required functions and size of each facility, probable waste/sewage/energy/resource input and output relations. After the studies on the desirable combination and arrangement of installed facilities, they also studied the energy and material balance of the total system from the technical standpoints to implement the Eco-Platform system. They will show as the results of the study that the Eco-Platform is technically feasible introducing technologies mainly developed in the latter half of the 20th century and will show possible combination of functions/facilities supposing waste/sewage disposal in Sakai-city, Osaka, Japan.
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Kohl, Marie-Anne. "Die weinende Jury. »Geschlechtslose« Tränen bei globalen Musik-Castingshows?" In Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2019. Paderborn und Detmold. Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar der Universität Paderborn und der Hochschule für Musik Detmold, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25366/2020.59.
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Tears are flowing. Whether Yvonne Catterfeld, Kazim as-Sahir, Unati Msenga-na, Liu Huan, Simon Cowell or Lira – they are all part of a jury of global music casting show formats such as The Voice, Idol or Got Talent and show their tears in front of the camera, seemingly ashamed and yet completely uninhibited. Their tears flow in reaction to ‘particularly soulful’ music titles or to the candidates’ tragic personal stories, paired with the ‘right’ song selection. The display of great emotions is an essential element of reality TV formats. With Sara Ahmed, they can be understood in the sense of an ‘affective economy’ as an effect of their circulation, their staging as a specific ‘emotional style’ of dealing with emotions (Eva Illouz). The circulation of affects in casting shows is a global one, since the formats, developed in Europe, have produced local versions in over 60 countries worldwide. Emotions play an important role in the successful localization of the formats and define a complex area of conflict between a sensitization to socio-cultural characteristics and the ‘reproduction of culturalistic concepts’ (Laura Sūna) or clichés. In European cultural history, tears have developed a special significance as guarantors of the authenticity of empathy (Sigrid Weigel), and are generally associated with femininity, however at the same time have been film-historically recoded as ‘gender-neutral’ (Renate Möhrmann). Keeping in mind that all these casting show formats have been exported from Europe, these observations are of special interest, especially since one can see men and women crying equally in the Arabic, German or South African versions of e. g. The Voice. This article questions the concurrence of musical performance, display of tears, gender performance and the translocal dramaturgy of music casting shows.
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Radchuk, Halyna, Zoryana Adamska, Mariia Oliinyk, and Solomiia Chopyk. "Paradigms in Modern Higher Education Development." In ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/26.
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The theoretical and methodological analysis of modern educational paradigms is made in the article and axiological vectors of higher education development are distinguished on this basis. Four basic educational paradigms have been identified: cognitive informational (traditional, cognitive), personal (humanistic), competence and cultural (humanitarian). It has been found that, unlike instrument-oriented learning, which provides the translation, reproduction and assimilation of knowledge, skills, technologies (cognitive informational and competence paradigms) and therefore is secondary to the processes of personality development, education should firstly be focused on becoming holistic personality, ensure his organic and unique (personal and cultural paradigms). It has been substantiated that at the theoretical level there is a sharp narrowing of the semantic field of scientific and pedagogical reflection: attention is paid to the production of the amount of knowledge, given social behavior, technologies of activity of the future specialist. Therefore, education in its humanitarian sense suffers first of all and the quality of education is often reduced to the level of acquisition of special knowledge and mastery of professional skills. It has been shown that higher education institutions are more and more inclined to a pragmatic education, training professionals, and functionaries. In this case, information overload blocks the affective-emotional sphere of the individual, prevents adequate, holistic perception of reality, actualization of creative potential. It is determined that the reform of modern education should be based on the idea of the integrity, which actualizes the problem of careful reflexive and methodological support of the modern higher education system and the development of specific humanitarian educational technologies.
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Bolay, Jean-Claude, and Eléonore Labattut. "Sustainable development, planning and poverty alleviation." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dogy3890.
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In 2018, the world population is around 7.6 billion, 4.2 billion in urban settlements and 3.4 billion in rural areas. Of this total, according to UN-Habitat, 3.2 billion of urban inhabitants live in southern countries. Of them, one billion, or nearly a third, live in slums. Urban poverty is therefore an endemic problem that has not been solved despite all initiatives taken to date by public and private sectors. This global transformation of our contemporary societies is particularly challenging in Asia and Africa, knowing that on these two continents, less than half of the population currently lives in urban areas. In addition, over the next decades, 90% of the urbanization process will take place in these major regions of the world. Urban planning is not an end in itself. It is a way, human and technological, to foresee the future and to act in a consistent and responsible way in order to guarantee the wellbeing of the populations residing in cities or in their peripheries. Many writers and urban actors in the South have criticized the inadequacy of urban planning to the problems faced by the cities confronting spatial and demographic growth. For many of them the reproduction of Western models of planning is ineffective when the urban context responds to very different logics. It is therefore a question of reinventing urban planning on different bases. And in order to address the real problems that urban inhabitants and authorities are facing, and offering infrastructures and access to services for all, this with the prospect of reducing poverty, to develop a more inclusive city, with a more efficient organization, in order to make it sustainable, both environmental than social and economic. The field work carried out during recent years in small and medium-sized cities in Burkina Faso, Brazil, Argentina and Vietnam allows us to focus the attention of specialists and decision makers on intermediate cities that have been little studied but which are home to half of the world's urban population. From local diagnoses, we come to a first conclusion. Many small and medium-sized cities in the South can be considered as poor cities, from four criteria. They have a relatively large percentage of the population is considered to be poor; the local government and its administration do not have enough money to invest in solving the problems they face; these same authorities lack the human resources to initiate and manage an efficient planning process; urban governance remains little open to democratic participation and poorly integrates social demand into its development plans. Based on this analysis, we consider it is imperative to renovate urban planning as part of a more participatory process that meets the expectations of citizens with more realistic criteria. This process incorporates different stages: an analysis grounded on the identification of urban investment needed to improve the city; the consideration of the social demands; a realistic assessment of the financial resources to be mobilized (municipal budget, taxes, public and international external grants, public private partnership); a continuous dialogue between urban actors to determine the urban priorities to be addressed in the coming years. This protocol serves as a basis for comparative studies between cities in the South and a training program initiated in Argentina for urban actors in small and medium sized cities, which we wish to extend later to other countries of the South
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Lari, Noora, Noof Al-Rakeb, Noor Al Emadi, and Sundos Ashi. "Fertility Transitions: Implications for Future Demographic Trends in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0253.
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Introduction: In Qatar, while most of the country’s demographic situations have been widely studied, much less attention has been paid to the determinants of Qatari women’s sociodemographic characteristics and the prevalence of family planning methods. This raises the following question: How, and to what extent, do population dynamics that stratify national populations by age; sex; marital status; and level of education, income, and employment contribute to the declining of fertility rate and cause mortality differentials in Qatar. Materials and methods: Data from a 2018 fertility survey project with a random sample of 607 Qatari households, collected via personal interviews using a questionnaire and a computer assisted personal interview, by the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute at Qatar University, was examined based on a multi-dimensional model. The data were analyzed using logistic and Poisson regression techniques. Results: The data show that Qatari women’s total fertility rate is 3.2, with women in the 20–29 age group having the highest fertility rates. Evaluating the effects of women’s educational attainment and employment status revealed no significant factors influencing the agespecific fertility rate of Qatari women. In addition, the results indicate that the most common contraceptive method currently used among Qatari women is pills (29%), and their use is more prevalent among older Qatari women who have had more children than among younger Qatari women with fewer children. Conclusion/ future direction: The paper provides comprehensive policy recommendations for increasing the reproductive rate in Qatar by providing supporting programs to increase the total fertility rate and childbearing rates among Qatari women. It also promotes the provision of high-quality family planning services.
Reports on the topic "Social reproduction theory"
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. Married adolescents: An overview. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1005.
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The nascent work reviewed in this compendium indicates that married girls experience significant social isolation and limited autonomy. Across the studies examined, on indicators of mobility, exposure to media, and social networks, married girls are consistently disadvantaged compared to their unmarried peers. Similarly, across studies, on most of the domains explored here (mobility, decision-making, control over economic resources, and possibly gender-based violence), married girls tend to be less empowered and more isolated than slightly older married females. There may also be health issues associated with marriage during adolescence. Married girls are frequently at a disadvantage in terms of reproductive health information—particularly regarding STIs and HIV. First-time mothers, many of whom are adolescents, by virtue of their parity may have distinct maternal health needs and risks. Finally, early marriage potentially plays a role in exposing girls and young women to severe reproductive health risks, including HIV. Many of these elevated health risks may be largely, though not exclusively, derivative of their social vulnerability.
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Sultana, Munawar. Culture of silence: A brief on reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1006.
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Previous research on the reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan has not addressed the diversity of adolescent experiences based on social status, residence, and gender. To understand the transition from adolescence to adulthood more fully, it is important to assess social, economic, and cultural aspects of that transition. This brief presents the experience of married and unmarried young people (males and females) from different social strata and residence regarding their own attitudes and expectations about reproductive health. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented here comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed.
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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000.
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This brief is based on a background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The final paper is entitled “Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy.” The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Married adolescent girls are outside the conventionally defined research interests, policy diagnosis, and basic interventions that have underpinned adolescent reproductive health programming and many HIV/AIDS prevention activities. They are an isolated, often numerically large, and extremely vulnerable segment of the population, largely untouched by current intervention strategies. As stated in this brief, promoting later marriage, to at least age 18, and shoring up protection options within marriage may be essential means of stemming the epidemic.
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Barker, Gary, Jorge Lyra, and Benedito Medrado. The roles, responsibilities, and realities of married adolescent males and adolescent fathers: A brief literature review. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1004.
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From the perspective of developing countries, we know relatively little about married adolescent males and adolescent fathers, and much of what we know is inferred from research with young women or comes from a few specific regions in the world. However, there has been a growing interest in the issue on the part of researchers, policy-makers, and program staff. This interest has coincided with increasing attention in general to men, with gender studies, and with sexual and reproductive health initiatives. Early marriage and early childbearing are much more prevalent among young women than young men, and the negative consequences are more significant among young women. Nonetheless, it is the behavior and attitudes of men, within social contexts where gender hierarchies favor men over women, that often create young women’s vulnerability. Much of the research and literature on adolescent fathers comes from Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. This paper reviews some of the literature on young married men and young fathers, concluding with suggestions for engaging young men to promote better reproductive and sexual health and more favorable life outcomes for married adolescent women and young men.
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Graft, Auralice, Nicole Haberland, and Rachel E. Goldberg. Married adolescents: A review of programmes. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1006.
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Historically, major adolescent and reproductive health initiatives have failed to explicitly consider the needs of married adolescents. This paper provides insight into what is being done—or not being done—to support married adolescent girls and boys, how these populations’ needs are being conceptualized, and the extent to which social context is factored into program design. Some early work with adolescent mothers (married and unmarried) is considered. The degree to which selected adolescent programs have been able to reach married girls with their activities is briefly examined. A few basic parameters of potential interventions for married adolescents are presented, including an inventory of current projects, to examine how, when, and at whom efforts typically are directed. Finally, three in-depth examples of recent, ongoing programs for married adolescent girls are presented.
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Erulkar, Annabel, and Erica Chong. Evaluation of a savings and micro-credit program for vulnerable young women in Nairobi. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1010.
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Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents’ vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16–22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.
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Testing a community-based distribution approach to reproductive health service delivery in Senegal (a study of community agents in Kébémer). Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh17.1010.
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The Division of Reproductive Health (DSR) of the Senegal Ministry of Health and Social Action, in partnership with the Population Council’s FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health program and Management Sciences for Health (MSH), conducted a study to test and compare three ways of providing reproductive health services to rural communities in the Kébémer district of Senegal in terms of their effectiveness, cost, and cost-effectiveness. FRONTIERS and MSH collaborated with the DSR to design the interventions, MSH supported the DSR in implementing the interventions, and FRONTIERS undertook the evaluation. This study, funded by USAID, responded to the recommendations of a 1999 workshop, organized by FRONTIERS and the DSR, on the community-based distribution (CBD) approach, which defined alternative CBD models appropriate for Senegal. The DSR sees the development of community-based service delivery models as essential for the future of health care in Senegal. As noted in this report, the general objective of the study was to contribute to the development of an integrated cost-effective program to increase the accessibility and availability of reproductive health information and services in rural areas of Senegal.
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India: Enhancing girls' life skills requires long-term commitment. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh16.1003.
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While adolescents in India face a rapidly changing economic environment, the choices available to unmarried girls are very different from those available to boys. Girls are much less likely than boys to remain unmarried into their twenties, complete middle school, or generate income. Due to social norms, they have limited control over their life choices, and are less likely than boys to be allowed mobility within or beyond their immediate community. In 2001, the Population Council teamed with CARE India to test a pilot intervention to enhance skills and expand life choices for adolescent girls living in the slums of Allahabad. The 10-month intervention tested the effect of the skills intervention on the girls’ reproductive health knowledge, social contacts and mobility, self-esteem, and perception of gender roles. The impacts were assessed using survey responses from girls who were interviewed in both baseline and endline surveys. As noted in this brief, girls and their parents found the life skills training acceptable, but the intervention had little overall impact.
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Burkina Faso: Community education program scaled-up in Burkina Faso. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh16.1005.
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The government of Burkina Faso is committed to the improvement of women’s reproductive health. Within this context, the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program collaborated with two nongovernmental organizations, Tostan in Senegal and Mwangaza Action in Burkina Faso, to replicate the Tostan community-based education program. Originally developed in Senegal, this program provides modules in local languages on hygiene, problem solving, women’s health, and human rights as a means of promoting community empowerment to facilitate social change. The intervention, implemented from 2000 to 2003 in the provinces of Bazega and Zoundwéogo in Burkina Faso, compared the performance of 23 participating villages with 23 control villages. To measure the program’s impact on awareness, attitudes, and behavior regarding reproductive health and female genital cutting, researchers conducted pre- and post-intervention surveys of women and men in the intervention and control areas, and qualitative interviews with key community members. To measure the diffusion of knowledge, researchers surveyed men and women who lived in the intervention area but did not participate in the study. They also assessed pre-and post-intervention changes in the number of girls under 10 who had been cut.