Academic literature on the topic 'Social representations theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social representations theory"
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Höijer, Birgitta. "Social Representations Theory." Nordicom Review 32, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0109.
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Abstract This article argues that the theory of social representations can give valuable contributions to media research. It offers a new theory-based approach for studying how the media and citizens socially represent societal and political issues colouring our age, or some specific time period. Two fundamental communicative mechanisms – anchoring and objectification – are posited by the theory. These mechanisms, with a set of subcategories, are presented and it is shown how they can be used as conceptual analytical tools in empirical analysis. Concrete examples are given from a study on climate change and the media.
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Wolter, Rafael. "The Structural Approach to Social Representations: Bridges between Theory and Methods." Psico-USF 23, no. 4 (December 2018): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230403.
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Abstract Since the publication of the works of Jean-Claude Abric and Celso Sá, the structural approach to social representation has become widely diffused. There is often a lack of congruency between theoretical aspects of the structural approach and technical characteristics of the different methods used. This paper aims at making explicit the structural characteristics that are studied by the different structural approach techniques. These characteristics are: associative power of the elements, consensual aspects of thought and object essence. With these characteristics it is possible to elaborate a classification of the different techniques of the structural approach to social representations. The conclusion focuses on the absence of the social representation dynamics on a technical level despite being a central theoretical point for a better understanding of the socio representational phenomenon.
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Daanen, Paul. "Conscious and Non-Conscious Representation in Social Representations Theory: Social Representations from the Phenomenological Point of View." Culture & Psychology 15, no. 3 (August 17, 2009): 372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x09343704.
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Wagner, Wolfgang, and Maaris Raudsepp. "Representations in Intergroup Relations: Reflexivity, Meta-Representations, and Interobjectivity." RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-2-332-345.
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Social and cultural groups are characterised by shared systems of social objects and issues that constitute their objective reality and their members' identity. It is argued that interpersonal interactions within such groups require a system of comprehensive representations to enable concerted interaction between individuals. Comprehensive representations include bits and pieces of the interactant's representational constitution and potential values and behaviours to reduce possible friction in interactions. On a larger scale, the same is true in encounters, communication, and interaction between members of different cultural groups where interactants need to dispose of a rough knowledge of the other culture's relevant characteristics. This mutual knowledge is called meta-representations that complement the actors' own values and ways of thinking. This concept complements Social Representation Theory when applied to cross-cultural and inter-ethnic interactions.
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Bonetto, Eric, Nicolas Pichot, Grégory Lo Monaco, Fabien Girandola, and Nathalie Bonnardel. "Social Representations Theory in Creativity Research." European Psychologist 27, no. 3 (July 2022): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000469.
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Abstract. Due to the difficulties of understanding all the aspects of creativity, the study of this complex phenomenon has been placed at the crossroads of various disciplines. Among these, social psychology has been interested in this exploration. Incidentally, various approaches in creativity research highlighted the importance of social factors in the production, judgment, and acceptance of creative ideas. Contributions adopting such a social perspective naturally convoked different social psychological theories, among which is the Social Representations Theory. This theory focuses on the collective construction of shared knowledge and beliefs (social representations) within social groups. Interesting perspectives about the contribution of social representations to the study of creativity have been described in previous works. Nevertheless, these works remain rare despite the many possibilities offered by the theoretical and methodological framework of social representations. Consequently, the present contribution recalls briefly the main objectives that these previous works have pursued in order to highlight several unexplored lines of research that could promote theoretical, methodological, and applied advancement. These lines could enrich research related to the evaluation of creativity, the study of creativity as deviance, the stimulation of group creativity, and promote interdisciplinary work. This contribution aims to draw the attention of researchers to these under-exploited perspectives and stimulate the creation of many others to understand better the complex phenomenon of creativity.
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Wagner, Wolfgang, Gerard Duveen, Robert Farr, Sandra Jovchelovitch, Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi, Ivana Marková, and Diana Rose. "Theory and Method of Social Representations." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2, no. 1 (April 1999): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-839x.00028.
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Wachelke, Joao. "Social Representations: A Review of Theory and Research from the Structural Approach." Universitas Psychologica 11, no. 3 (December 12, 2011): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-3.srrt.
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The present paper is a review of the theoretical advances and empirical findings related to social representations according to the structural approach, a research stream that aims at studying the influence of social factors in thinking processes through the identification and characterization of relationship structures. The presentation of the approach begins with the baseline definitions of social representations according to a structural approach, moving on to an overview on the nature of representation elements, the relationships between representations and practices, cognitive scheme dimensions, central core theory, representation transformations and interaction context effects. In addition to positioning ourselves concerning polemic topics during the review, in the final section we evaluate briefly the current state and future perspectives of structural research on social representations, mostly addressing the problem of defining consensus, the difficulty of characterizing a collective construct from individual data, and the secondary importance of content in structural laws.
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Lahlou, Saadi. "Social Representations and Individual Representations: What is the Difference? And Why are Individual Representations Similar?" RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-2-315-331.
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This paper clarifies a long-standing ambiguity in the notion of social representations; it provides a clear operational definition of the relation between social representation and individual representation. This definition, grounded in the theory of sets, supports most current empirical investigation methods of social representations. In short, a social representation of an object in a population is the mathematical set of individual representations the individuals of that population have for this object. The components of the representation are the components used to describe this set, in intension in the mathematical sense of the term (in contrast with a definition in extension). Statistical techniques, as well as content analysis techniques, can construct such components by comparison of individual representations to extract commonalities, and that is what classic investigations on social representations indeed do. We then answer the question: how come that, in a given culture, individuals hold individual representations that are so similar to one another?
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Murray, Michael. "Connecting Narrative and Social Representation Theory in Health Research." Social Science Information 41, no. 4 (December 2002): 653–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041004008.
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According to narrative theory, human beings are natural story-tellers, and investigating the character of the stories people tell can help us better understand not only the particular events described but also the character of the story-teller and of the social context within which the stories are constructed. Much of the research on the character of narratives has focussed on their internal structure and has not sufficiently considered their social nature. There has been limited attempt to connect narrative with social representation theory. This article explores further the theoretical connections between narratives and social representations in health research. It is argued that, through the telling of narratives, a community is engaged in the process of creating a social representation while at the same time drawing upon a broader collective representation. The article begins by reviewing some of the common origins of the two approaches and then moves to consider a number of empirical studies of popular views of health and illness that illustrate the interconnections between the two approaches. It concludes that narratives are intimately involved in the organization of social representations.
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Brandão, Brígida Maria Gonçalves de Melo, Rebeca Coelho de Moura Angelim, Sergio Corrêa Marques, Denize Cristina de Oliveira, Regina Célia de Oliveira, and Fátima Maria da Silva Abrão. "Social representations of the elderly about HIV/AIDS." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, no. 5 (October 2019): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0296.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the representational content about HIV/AIDS among seropositive elderly people. Method: a qualitative study carried out from April to May 2017, in the city of Recife/PE, with 48 seropositive elderly people, through a semi-structured interview. The Social Representations Theory was used as theoretical framework and the method of lexical analysis through IRAMUTEQ software. Results: it was observed that the social representation of HIV is structured around the proximity of death and that it is a disease of restricted groups, leading to feelings of sadness. On the other hand, it is evident a transformation of the representation linked to the reified knowledge, leading to the process of naturalization of the disease. Final considerations: it is concluded that the elderly living with HIV, when they undergo a process of reframing about the disease, become more flexible to deal with their condition of seropositivity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social representations theory"
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Mavridi, Konstantina. "Social enhancement strategies in women's career development : identity dynamics and social representations." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2162/.
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Sotirakopoulou, Panagiota Korina. "Processes of social representation : a multi-methodological and longitudinal approach." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/661/.
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Redfern, Sheila. "Social cognition in childhood : the relationships between attachmnet-related representations, theory of mind and peer popularity." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/social-cognition-in-childhood(e6e4fd76-ca4e-404a-8ae5-83289277054d).html.
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Children’s ability to understand the thoughts, feelings and intentions of other people, is an essential skill for their social interactions with peers and family members. Research has shown that although most young children will have developed a ’theory of mind’ or ability to ’mentalize’ by the time they are around four or five, there are individual differences in children’s understanding of their social relationships. This thesis explores two alternative models of children’s social cognitive processes that are thought to underlie their social interactions and uses a measure of peer popularity as an indicator of how they are functioning in their social world at school. Research findings from the perspective of children’s theory of mind and attachment theory have been significant in shaping our understanding of social cognitive processes and individual differences in social competence. However, because research on these constructs derives from largely separate research perspectives, it is not clear what connections there are between these two models of social cognition, or if their influence on children’s social competence is distinct or overlapping. Participants were primary school children, ranging from 3- to nearly 8-years-old and were assessed in two main studies at different time points to investigate these alternative models of children’s social cognitive processes. The results from study 1 indicated that the coherence of the attachment representations measure (MacArthur Story Stem Battery) namely ’story organisation’ was strongly and directly associated with peer acceptance but that the link between theory of mind and peer acceptance was indirect. In study 2, measures of attachment-related representations were found to be associated with theory of mind skills at baseline and follow up, but this was no longer significant once verbal ability was controlled for. Children’s disciplinary attachment-related representations were found to be associated with teacher-rated problems amongst peers. Also, positive attachment-related representations were found to be associated with teacher-rated pro-social behaviour. Theory of mind, as expected, was found to improve with age and performance at baseline was associated with later performance on these tasks. Verbal ability was found to be significant in children’s performance on theory of mind tasks in all studies. findings in this thesis raise interesting questions about what narrative coherence means in children’s descriptions of their attachment relationships. How this relates to children’s verbal skills, conversations within the family and the way children conceptualise relationships in general is worthy of more detailed study. Clinical implications are drawn from the findings, particularly in relation to the recent developments in Mentalization Based Treatment interventions and the findings lend some support for the use of this intervention with children with poor attachments.
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Raynor, Katrina E. "Defining the density debate: Social representations of urban consolidation in Brisbane." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107711/1/Katrina_Raynor_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is concerned with understanding the social representations that impact on how stakeholders understand, value and act in relation to urban consolidation, a planning policy designed to increase the density of housing in existing urban areas. The study revealed that urban consolidation is a complex topic that involves associated issues of land use conflict, regional population management, investment and property, home and housing affordability, neighbourhood change and urban renewal. Urban consolidation is a political topic subject to vested interests and often doesn't achieve the positive outcomes for which it is promoted in policy documents.
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Carr, Adrienne L. "Examining the Effects of Media on Learners’ Mental Representations and Cognitive Processes in Science." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1196106424.
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Tipton, Joshua C. "Teacher Perceptions of Indigenous Representations in History: A Phenomenological Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3180.
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This qualitative study addresses teacher perceptions of indigenous peoples representation in United States history. This phenomenological study was conducted within a school district in East Tennessee. For the purpose of this study, teacher perceptions of indigenous representations in history were defined as teacher beliefs towards the inclusion and representation of indigenous peoples in United States history. To gather data, both one-on-one and focus group interviews were conducted from a purposeful sample of United States history teachers from the high schools in the school district. Through an analysis of data derived from interviews and qualitative documents the researcher was able to identify themes such as systemic challenges to multiculturalism within state course standards and textbooks, teachers’ perceived self-efficacy in teaching their students using indigenous perspectives, and the perpetuation of indigenous stereotypes. Furthermore, the qualitative data derived from the study reveals that U.S. history courses in the district perpetuate both the notion of indigenous peoples as historical bystanders and the racial stereotypes of Native Americans. Findings from this study will be useful in evaluating both teacher training and instructional practice in regard to indigenous representations in history.
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Yoon, Jeeyun. "Leadership representations in South Korea and the United States." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42690.
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Numerous studies have shown that culture is a critical factor affecting leadership perceptions. Although these studies provide useful information about cultural differences, they overlook the fundamental difference between East Asians and Westerners, a holistic view versus an analytic view. In addition, these studies are based on methodologies in which verbal or pictorial stimuli are presented by researchers under conditions of high capacity, which does not allow other representational differences to be observed. This study investigates leadership representations in South Korea and the United States based on hypotheses about fundamental differences in social cognitive processing among South Koreans and Americans, as revealed in spontaneously generated visual productions. The results suggest that South Koreans have a holistic view, whereas Americans have an analytic view of leadership representations. Implications and future directions for research on cultural differences in leadership representations are discussed.
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Ponciano, Sandoval Renato Giovanni. "Media representations of socioenvironmental conflicts in Guatemala: The case of the hydroelectric expansion." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422673.
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The Guatemalan State demonopolized and privatized the electricity market between 1996 and 2000, with two main justifications: first, that rural electricity coverage, which at the time was less than 50%, was a significant obstacle to human development; and second, that there were large amounts of energy resources, especially hydroelectric, unexploited. The subsequent policies and strategies implemented led to quadruple the installed capacity of the network in twenty years, while private hydroelectric generation grew 6000%. However, the neighbouring rural communities received the hydroelectric expansion with protests because of their impact on water use, associating it with extractive industries such as mining or oil. Although these events have been studied before, the last fact points that a Science and Technology Studies (STS) could provide new insights to understanding them, since this representation of hydroelectricity challenges the conventional view of renewable energy as clean and sustainable in this sense: Why is "clean" technology such as hydroelectricity associated with "dirty" industries like mining?
The research objective broadens the scope of the previous question since it proposes to identify the fundamental social actors and processes for understanding the media representations of hydroelectric generation in Guatemala and the effects they have on hydroelectric conflicts.
Two parallel investigations were developed to confront results. The first was the cartography of the hydroelectric expansion (Venturini, 2010), based on Actor-Network Theory, “ANT”, (Latour, 2005), and postcolonial theory (Anderson, 2002; Marques, 2006; Escobar, 2004) to account for the influence of the Guatemalan colonial past on conflicts, which occurred in mostly indigenous areas. The second was the analysis of a corpus of opinion articles chosen using the methodology of digital media monitoring (Neresini & Lorenzet, 2014) in Guatemala and Colombia. The analysis of the media representations was based on Social Representations theory, “SRT” (Moscovici, 2000), especially the work done regarding environmental studies (Lovins, 1976; Devine-Wright, 2007; Brondi, Armenti, Cottone, Mazzara, & Sarrica, 2014) and the methodology, the quantitative content analysis based on the "bag of words" model (Roberts, 2000; Tuzzi, 2003). Finally, the results from the previous stages were compared to establish an enriched cartography of the controversy.
The analysis of the corpus points to significant differences in the representations of hydroelectricity. In Guatemalan media, the analysis of the corpus resulted on the prevalence of "soft-path" representation of energy transitions, which gives a more active role to the public; while in Colombian media, the texts were more associated with a "hard-path" representation, in which energy is a matter of national interest.
As for the cartography, the findings point to the role of actants as Chixoy, the largest hydroelectric power plant in the country, or “El Niño” Phenomenon, in the creation of the legal framework for the de-monopolization of the electric market. At the time, the interaction between these actants and others put at risk the stability of the national electricity network, contributing to emphasize in the new laws the dispositions that guaranteed the electrical supply, even when their public justification pointed to more developmental objectives. By prioritizing efficiency, the socio-environmental costs of the projects were transferred from the corporations to the communities, which fomented the conflict. This finding, which had been overlooked in previous research on the conflicts, shows how methodologies and theories conceived from the Science and Technology Studies field can bring better understanding to this kind of conflicts. Theoretically, this dissertation shows how research that works with combined theoretical approaches can produce results grounded in more evidence from different contexts. In particular, it points to an affinity between SRT and ANT as joint research frameworks that is worth exploring in future projects.Lo Stato guatemalteco ha demonopolizzato e privatizzato il mercato dell'elettricità tra il 1996 e il 2000, con due principali giustificazioni: prima, che la copertura dell'elettricità rurale, che all'epoca era inferiore al 50%, costituiva un ostacolo significativo allo sviluppo umano; e in secondo luogo, che c'erano grandi quantità di risorse energetiche, specialmente idroelettriche, non sfruttate. Le successive politiche e strategie implementate hanno portato a quadruplicare la capacità installata della rete in vent'anni, mentre la generazione idroelettrica privata è cresciuta del 6000%. Tuttavia, le comunità rurali vicine hanno ricevuto l'espansione idroelettrica con proteste a causa del loro impatto sull'utilizzo dell'acqua, associandola a industrie estrattive come l'estrazione mineraria o il petrolio. Sebbene questi eventi siano stati studiati in precedenza, l'ultimo fatto indica che un’approccio dagli Studi di Scienza, Tecnologia e Società (STS) potrebbe fornire nuove elementi per comprenderli, dal momento che questa rappresentazione di energia idroelettrica sfida la visione convenzionale dell'energia rinnovabile come pulita e sostenibile in questo senso: Perché la tecnologia "pulita" come l'idroelettricità associata alle industrie "sporche" come l'industria mineraria? L'obiettivo della ricerca amplia la portata della domanda precedente poiché propone di identificare gli attori sociali fondamentali ei processi per comprendere le rappresentazioni mediatiche della generazione idroelettrica in Guatemala e gli effetti che hanno sui conflitti idroelettrici. Sono state sviluppate due indagini parallele per confrontare i risultati. La prima è stata la cartografia dell'espansione idroelettrica (Venturini, 2010), basata su Actor-Network Theory, "ANT", (Latour, 2005), e teoria postcoloniale (Anderson, 2002; Marques, 2006; Escobar, 2004) per conto per l'influenza del passato coloniale guatemalteco sui conflitti, che sono emersi in aree prevalentemente indigene. La seconda è stata l'analisi di un corpus di articoli di opinione scelti utilizzando la metodologia del monitoraggio dei media digitali (Neresini e Lorenzet, 2014) in Guatemala e Colombia. L'analisi delle rappresentazioni dei media era basata sulla teoria delle rappresentazioni sociali, "SRT" (Moscovici, 2000), in particolare il lavoro svolto sugli studi ambientali (Lovins, 1976; Devine-Wright, 2007; Brondi, Armenti, Cottone, Mazzara, & Sarrica , 2014) e la metodologia, l'analisi del contenuto quantitativo basata sul modello "bag of words" (Roberts, 2000; Tuzzi, 2003). Infine, i risultati delle fasi precedenti sono stati confrontati per stabilire una cartografia arricchita della controversia. L'analisi del corpus indica differenze significative nelle rappresentazioni dell’energia idroelettrica. Nei media guatemaltechi, l'analisi del corpus ha portato alla prevalenza della rappresentazione "soft-path" delle transizioni energetiche, che conferisce un ruolo più attivo al pubblico; mentre nei media colombiani, i testi erano più associati a una rappresentazione "hard-path", in cui l'energia è una questione di interesse nazionale. Per quanto riguarda la cartografia, i risultati indicano il ruolo degli attanti come Chixoy, la più grande centrale idroelettrica del Paese, o fenomeno "El Niño", nella creazione della cornice legale per la de-monopolizzazione del mercato elettrico. All'epoca, l'interazione tra questi e altri attori metteva a rischio la stabilità della rete elettrica nazionale, contribuendo a enfatizzare nelle nuove leggi le disposizioni che garantivano l'approvvigionamento elettrico, anche quando la loro giustificazione pubblica indicava obiettivi più orientati sullo sviluppo umano. Dando la priorità all'efficienza, i costi socio-ambientali dei progetti sono stati trasferiti dalle corporazioni alle comunità, situazione che ha fomentato il conflitto. Questa constatazione, che era stata trascurata in precedenti ricerche sui conflitti, mostra come le metodologie e le teorie concepite dal campo degli STS possano migliorare la comprensione di questo tipo di conflitti. Teoricamente, questa dissertazione mostra come la ricerca che lavora con approcci teorici combinati può produrre risultati radicati in più evidenze da diversi contesti. In particolare, indica un'affinità tra SRT e ANT come cornici di ricerca congiunti che vale la pena esplorare nei progetti futuri.
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Hewer, Rebecca Mary Frances. "'Our (in)ability to speak' : interpretations and representations of prostitution in an English policy context." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23379.
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Over the last ten to fifteen years, prostitution policies in England have grown increasingly welfarist in tone, stressing the relative victimhood and vulnerability of women who sell sex. This thesis explores important facets of these emergent narratives. Using a qualitative multi-method approach, it investigates the manner in which 21 policy-actors and seven policy documents - principally originating from the English prostitution ‘policy subsystem’ - interpret and represent prostitution. From a methodological perspective, generated findings are explored through the dual interpretative frameworks of critical discourse analysis and sociological frame theory. These frameworks require that localised narratives be contextualised within, and explained by reference to, broader discursive and cultural conditions. In deference to this, findings are situated within rich bodies of academic literature which commentate on, promote and critique various political philosophies, ideological discourses, and critical social theories, such as (neo)-liberalism, a number of feminisms, and Bourdieusian sociology. More specifically, this thesis explores the way 21 policy actors, and four of the selected policy documents, represent the subjecthood of women who sell sex. It approaches this endeavour via discussions of vulnerability, subjectivity/choice, and gender. Here, it concludes that actors and documents draw on, and contribute to, a plurality of complimentary and contradictory ideological discourses, to interpret and represent certain facets of a woman in prostitution’s ‘self’. Substantively, it suggests that - whilst there is a broad consensus regarding the importance of the internal individualism of women who sell sex, and the instrumentality of externalities with regard to shaping her social spaces and ability to choose - questions of gender remain highly contested. Thereafter, this thesis explores the way the same policy-actors, and three distinct policy documents, discursively include/exclude prostitution from violence against women and girls (VAWG) narratives. It begins by exploring how documents and actors define violence in generic terms, and to what degree they adhere to a feminist sociological model when explaining the aetiology and causality of VAWG. It then discusses how prostitution’s relationship to VAWG is framed, and inclusion/exclusion is justified. Here, it concludes that whilst there is a general commitment to the feminist sociological model of VAWG, the question of whether or not prostitution should be included beneath its auspices is highly contentious – pitting classically oppositional coalitions of actors against one another and creating intramural disputes within coalitions themselves. Drawing these strands together, concluding chapters explore framing dynamics. In total, this thesis offers a number of contributions to the fields of prostitution and VAWG policy studies. It demonstrates that while debates in the English prostitution policy subsystem frequently appear to be comprised of two bitterly oppositional ‘advocacy coalitions’, the two groups share multiple areas of ideological consensus, at least with regard to how they understand prostitution. Indeed, more often than not, coalitions differ principally with regard to their prognostic frames and their judgments of material prevalence. In turn, this disrupts extant literature on advocacy coalitions, which suggests that policy-actors organise themselves into groups by reference to their core belief systems, whilst showing a willingness to compromise on secondary considerations. These areas of consensus by no means suggests that matters are straightforward, however. Indeed, this thesis provides evidence that many facets of the prostitution debate are nuanced, complex and ambivalent – that actors entertain and promote contradictory narratives, that coalitions suffer intra-mural fractures over discursive fault-lines, and that framing preferences are strategically engaged. With regard to the last point, this thesis makes a significant methodological contribution to the field of discourse analysis, insofar as it explores the manner in which respondents can be represented as both formed through, and active users of, discourse. It does so by bringing two distinct discourse theories/methods into dialogue with one another. Over and above this, this thesis seizes upon the theoretical opportunities presented when original findings and extant academic scholarship are used to elucidate and develop one another. Most notably it deploys the work of critical social theorists, Martha Fineman and Pierre Bourdieu, to explore new ways in which the harms of prostitution can be conceived.
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Miller, Jason Edward. "The Construction of Latino Im/migrant Families in U.S. News Media: Parents’ Responses and Self-representations." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6119.
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Latino im/migrants are often portrayed in negative and stereotypical ways in mainstream U.S. media. This dissertation utilizes Ethnographic Content Analysis to analyze news segments about Latino im/migrants from Fox News, MSNBC and Univisión between 2010 and 2012 and digital storytelling with a group of Latino im/migrant parents in central Florida.
First, I questioned if a Spanish-language news media source constructed Latino im/migrant family-focused stories differently than mainstream English-language sources. Utilizing Critical Race Theory as a theoretical lens, I conclude that English and Spanish-language news stations portray Latino im/migrants in different ways. Fox News portrays Latino im/migrants in a generally neutral or negative tone, MSNBC offers a generally neutral or positive tone, and Univisión offers a generally positive tone. Moreover, Fox News generally frames Latino im/migrants as a “problem to be solved” with the implied solution almost always being deportation or exclusion. Univisión generally framed the global, neoliberal, capitalist system that creates the need for mass migration as the “problem” and identified activism and social change as the “solution.” These analyses are supported with evidence from stock video footage from segments that often dehumanizes im/migrants as well as use of rhetoric during segments (namely phrases like “illegal” and “anchor baby”).
Second, I questioned if, when offered the opportunity to represent themselves, would Latino im/migrant parents construct images of parenthood that both acknowledge and transcend the mainstream news media discourse? I conclude that the digital stories Latino im/migrant parents created in 2009 represent a broader, fuller picture of Latino im/migrant parenthood and that these stories rely more heavily on lived, narrative experience even after considering the change in format from news segment to digital story. Digital stories provide an effective vehicle for conducting participant observation and ethnography. Moreover, I argue that digital storytelling has the potential to be effective in increasing voice and building capacity for positive social change.
Books on the topic "Social representations theory"
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Strategic social choice: Stable representations of constitutions. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.
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The self-organizing social mind. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010.
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Gail, Moloney, and Walker Iain 1960-, eds. Social representations and identity: Content, process and power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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Jones, Rachel Bailey. Postcolonial representations of women: Critical issues for education. Dordrecht [The Netherlands]: Springer, 2011.
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Representations of pain in art and visual culture. New York: Routledge, 2012.
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Knowledge in context: Representations, community and culture. London: Routledge, 2007.
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Feminism in the news: Representations of the women's movement since the 1960s. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Tony, Chakar, and Fundació Antoni Tàpies, eds. Tamáss: Contemporary Arab representations : [Beirut Lebanon]. Barcelona: Fundació Antoni Tàpies, 2002.
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R, Vande Berg Leah, and Stein Sarah R, eds. Bad girls: Cultural politics and media representations of transgressive women. New York: Lang, 2007.
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Mike, Gane, ed. Ideological representation and power in social relations: Literary and social theory. London: Routledge, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social representations theory"
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Liu, James H., and János László. "A Narrative Theory of History and Identity." In Social Representations and Identity, 85–107. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230609181_6.
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Hintikka, Jaakko. "An Anatomy of Wittgenstein’s Picture Theory." In Artifacts, Representations and Social Practice, 223–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0902-4_14.
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Rochira, Alessia, Sergio Salvatore, Giuseppe A. Veltri, Rozlyn R. Redd, and Franco Lancia. "Theory and Method for the Analysis of Social Representations." In Media and Social Representations of Otherness, 17–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36099-3_2.
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Taylor, Holly A., Qi Wang, Stephanie A. Gagnon, Keith B. Maddox, and Tad T. Brunyé. "The Social Connection in Mental Representations of Space: Explicit and Implicit Evidence." In Spatial Information Theory, 231–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23196-4_13.
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Bordarie, Jimmy. "Rationalization Processes Between Social Representations and Semantic Block Theory." In Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis, 151–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61593-6_8.
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Testa Braz da Silva, Alcina Maria. "The Contribution of Social Representations Theory to Science Education." In The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, 295–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67778-7_14.
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Wagner, Alan. "Using Games to Learn Games: Game-Theory Representations as a Source for Guided Social Learning." In Social Robotics, 42–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47437-3_5.
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Ginzburg, Andrea. "Sraffa, Sen and Non-Causal Representations in Social Analysis." In Sraffa and the Reconstruction of Economic Theory: Volume Three, 106–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137314048_6.
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Zamora, Juan, and Jérémie Sublime. "A New Information Theory Based Clustering Fusion Method for Multi-view Representations of Text Documents." In Social Computing and Social Media. Design, Ethics, User Behavior, and Social Network Analysis, 156–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49570-1_11.
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Hernandez, Aline Reis Calvo. "Confluences between Social Representations Theory and the Psychology of Active Minorities." In The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, 87–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67778-7_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Social representations theory"
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Mata Diaz, Amilcar, and Ramon Pino Perez. "Impossibility in Belief Merging (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/799.
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With the aim of studying social properties of belief merging and having a better understanding of impossibility, we extend in three ways the framework of logic-based merging introduced by Konieczny and Pino Perez. First, at the level of representation of the information, we pass from belief bases to complex epistemic states. Second, the profiles are represented as functions of finite societies to the set of epistemic states (a sort of vectors) and not as multisets of epistemic states. Third, we extend the set of rational postulates in order to consider the epistemic versions of the classical postulates of social choice theory: standard domain, Pareto property, independence of irrelevant alternatives and absence of dictator. These epistemic versions of social postulates are given, essentially, in terms of the finite propositional logic. We state some representation theorems for these operators. These extensions and representation theorems allow us to establish an epistemic and very general version of Arrow's impossibility theorem. One of the interesting features of our result, is that it holds for different representations of epistemic states; for instance conditionals, ordinal conditional functions and, of course, total preorders.
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Fan, Wenqi, Tyler Derr, Yao Ma, Jianping Wang, Jiliang Tang, and Qing Li. "Deep Adversarial Social Recommendation." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/187.
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Recent years have witnessed rapid developments on social recommendation techniques for improving the performance of recommender systems due to the growing influence of social networks to our daily life. The majority of existing social recommendation methods unify user representation for the user-item interactions (item domain) and user-user connections (social domain). However, it may restrain user representation learning in each respective domain, since users behave and interact differently in the two domains, which makes their representations to be heterogeneous. In addition, most of traditional recommender systems can not efficiently optimize these objectives, since they utilize negative sampling technique which is unable to provide enough informative guidance towards the training during the optimization process. In this paper, to address the aforementioned challenges, we propose a novel deep adversarial social recommendation framework DASO. It adopts a bidirectional mapping method to transfer users' information between social domain and item domain using adversarial learning. Comprehensive experiments on two real-world datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
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Wang, Jiaming. "Review and Application of Research on Social Representation Theory." In 5th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200312.065.
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Miranda, María del Rosario Landín, Diana Ramírez Hernández, and Félix Eduardo Núñez Olvera. "Graduate programs in education, exploring its meaning and significance of training." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5566.
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In this research, we present an analysis carried out in the city of Poza Rica, state of Veracruz, Mexico on the meaning and significance of education that students attribute to the master programs related to education. We base this work from the Theory of Social Representations of Serge Moscovici (1961) and the Method of Symbolic Interactionism of Herbert Blumer (1969), this research is consistent with the educational policies in the training of professionals, due that from an inductive study with a cualitative perspective, we can do an analysis with more relevance on the impact that the offer of postgraduate has on the training of current professionals. Two study contexts were taken: masters in education offered in the public sector and masters in education offered in the private sector. As well, the agencies that shape the policies for the evaluation of postgraduate programs in Mexico, particularly with emphasis on the CONACYT framework.
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Arnold, Solvi, Reiji Suzuki, and Takaya Arita. "Using Second Order Learning to Evolve Social Representation (Theory of Mind)." In 8th International Conference on Bio-inspired Information and Communications Technologies (formerly BIONETICS). ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.bict.2014.257889.
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Yavuz, Aysel, Habibe Acar, and Nihan Canbakal Ataoğlu. "Urban Readings on Public Art Representations in Landscape Architecture." In 3rd International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 6-8 May 2020. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/n372020iccaua3163634.
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Being a social presence, people participate in social life in the public spaces of the city. In these areas, they are in perceptual and physical contact with each other and get the opportunity to socialize. Social life culture contributes to urban culture and urban identity while keeping communities together. Cities creates areas for people to express themselves outside of their basic needs. The art used in the expression of an emotion, design and beauty has been included in our socio-cultural life in public spaces over time. Public art, which provides social, physical, environmental and economic contributions to the society and the city, is a manifestation of a multi-layered and multi-dimensional expression that includes different representations. Public art representations are important urban images and are the sensory components of collective memory. Today, in the process where the cities start to look alike, public art representations identified with the place make sense of the space and contribute to the identity of the city. In our study, the approach of landscape architecture to this subject will be evaluated by making important public art representations and city readings.
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Talha Farooqi, Abu, and Sourav Banerjea. "Visual Culture, Disciplinary Engagement and Drawing: Pedagogical Possibilities for an Indian Way of Architectural Thinking." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.33.
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Architectural thinking and design process have always been dependent upon the representational medium and language of architecture – conventional drawings, diagramming, models, and iconography, to name a few. As a result of technological advancement (therefore possibilities) and socio-economic change, representation techniques have evolved, from conventional processes to ‘augment-ed reality’. Representation techniques and means in the production of architecture are critical to cover the conceptual range in which architecture can be created. This paper places this issue within the larger heterogeneous culture comprising technological, social, eco-nomic aspects and aims to unravel the conceptual underpinnings of the existing architectural thinking, representational culture in India. It examines ‘drawing’ as a convincing and disciplinary medium of language and representation and steers towards a ‘representation-al maxim’ between technology and value, discipline and consumption, tradition and modernity in the context of architectural thinking process in India.The forces of capitalism, globalization, consumer culture, celebrity and media culture, visual culture, technocracy have been instrumental in creating reality-based representational systems, which are reluctant to engage with the discipline of architecture and think beyond it. Steenson1 remarks about Augmented Reality “A novel form of spatial representation, which substitutes for the actual experience”. With access to augmented reality technology, the client no longer has to interpret the traditional plans, section and elevations, nor look into printed photomontage or virtual walkthroughs. He will be able to stand in his yet to come living room, go, on foot, from there to the kitchen, visit the bedrooms and, by doing so, get an ‘augmented’ experience of those spaces. Software is the agent of consumption, and it is only in the architectural process (thinking & delving), that this consumptive culture subsides, notwithstanding the fact that, for many architects and students, software and technology are steadily and consciously becoming ‘ends’ rather than ‘means’ in the design process.
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Tu, Cunchao, Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. "TransNet: Translation-Based Network Representation Learning for Social Relation Extraction." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/399.
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Conventional network representation learning (NRL) models learn low-dimensional vertex representations by simply regarding each edge as a binary or continuous value. However, there exists rich semantic information on edges and the interactions between vertices usually preserve distinct meanings, which are largely neglected by most existing NRL models. In this work, we present a novel Translation-based NRL model, TransNet, by regarding the interactions between vertices as a translation operation. Moreover, we formalize the task of Social Relation Extraction (SRE) to evaluate the capability of NRL methods on modeling the relations between vertices. Experimental results on SRE demonstrate that TransNet significantly outperforms other baseline methods by 10% to 20% on hits@1. The source code and datasets can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/TransNet.
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Strojek-Filus, Marzena. "RELIABILITY AND FAITHFUL REPRESENTATION IN THE ACCOUNTING THEORY � A LITERATURE REVIEW." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b22/s6.038.
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VOINEA, Carmen. "THE DISCOURSE OF COSMETIC SURGEONS AS THERAPISTS IN A PRIVATE MEDICAL MARKET: SOCIAL MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/05.07.
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Drawing on thematic content analysis, this paper explores the legitimation repertoires employed by Romanian cosmetic surgeons in their in social media (Instagram) discourse. I argue that the main themes they use derive from their legitimation as psychotherapists operating for the well-being of their patients, and from their position of private medical services providers. Firstly, as surgeons need to reconcile their medical profession with the profit motive, their social media representations consist of their being shown in the avant-garde of progress as medical, and technical innovators. Their representation as innovators is legitimated as ultimately being beneficial for the patients’ surgical transformation. Secondly, their legitimation of the surgical interventions on healthy bodies draws its foundation from the psychological domain. The cosmetic surgery interventions are presented as being performed for the psychological well-being of the patient. Another dynamic that underlies this process is the pathologization of women’s bodies, in which traditionally surgeons play an important role on account of their power derived from their scientific authority. Lastly, in the context of a neoliberal consumer society, women have become informed-patient consumers. This development informs the legitimation repertoires of surgeons who willingly share their expertise with their patients. Consequently, their social media posts consist of content in which they aim to educate their audience by sharing various medical and technical aspects.
Reports on the topic "Social representations theory"
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Kud, A. A. Figures and Tables. Reprinted from “Comprehensive сlassification of virtual assets”, A. A. Kud, 2021, International Journal of Education and Science, 4(1), 52–75. KRPOCH, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26697/reprint.ijes.2021.1.6.a.kud.
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Figure. Distributed Ledger Token Accounting System. Figure. Subjects of Social Relations Based on the Decentralized Information Platform. Figure. Derivativeness of a Digital Asset. Figure. Semantic Features of the Concept of a “Digital Asset” in Economic and Legal Aspects. Figure. Derivativeness of Polyassets and Monoassets. Figure. Types of Tokenized Assets Derived from Property. Figure. Visual Representation of the Methods of Financial and Management Accounting of Property Using Various Types of Tokenized Assets. Figure. Visual Representation of the Classification of Virtual Assets Based on the Complexity of Their Nature. Table. Comparison of Properties of Various Types of Virtual Assets of the Distributed Ledger Derivative of the Original Asset. Table. Main Properties and Parameters of Types of Tokenized Assets. Table. Classification of Virtual Assets as Tools for Implementing the Methods of Financial and Management Accounting of Property.
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Greenberg, Jane, Samantha Grabus, Florence Hudson, Tim Kraska, Samuel Madden, René Bastón, and Katie Naum. The Northeast Big Data Innovation Hub: "Enabling Seamless Data Sharing in Industry and Academia" Workshop Report. Drexel University, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/d8159v.
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Increasingly, both industry and academia, in fields ranging from biology and social sciences to computing and engineering, are driven by data (Provost & Fawcett, 2013; Wixom, et al, 2014); and both commercial success and academic impact are dependent on having access to data. Many organizations collecting data lack the expertise required to process it (Hazen, et al, 2014), and, thus, pursue data sharing with researchers who can extract more value from data they own. For example, a biosciences company may benefit from a specific analysis technique a researcher has developed. At the same time, researchers are always on the search for real-world data sets to demonstrate the effectiveness of their methods. Unfortunately, many data sharing attempts fail, for reasons ranging from legal restrictions on how data can be used—to privacy policies, different cultural norms, and technological barriers. In fact, many data sharing partnerships that are vital to addressing pressing societal challenges in cities, health, energy, and the environment are not being pursued due to such obstacles. Addressing these data sharing challenges requires open, supportive dialogue across many sectors, including technology, policy, industry, and academia. Further, there is a crucial need for well-defined agreements that can be shared among key stakeholders, including researchers, technologists, legal representatives, and technology transfer officers. The Northeast Big Data Innovation Hub (NEBDIH) took an important step in this area with the recent "Enabling Seamless Data Sharing in Industry and Academia" workshop, held at Drexel University September 29-30, 2016. The workshop brought together representatives from these critical stakeholder communities to launch a national dialogue on challenges and opportunities in this complex space.
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Haider, Huma. Education, Conflict, and Stability in South Sudan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.129.
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This Emerging Issues Report explores the relationship between education, conflict, and (in)stability in South Sudan, drawing on a wide range of academic, policy, and programming literature. There is a growing body of research on the ways in which education can both exacerbate conflict and contribute to peace. The 4Rs framework (focusing on aspects of Redistribution, Recognition, Representation, and Reconciliation) provides a holistic way to explore and address the education system’s relationship to economic, social, cultural and political development processes; and its role in producing or exacerbating inequalities that fuel grievances and ultimately conflict (Novelli et al., 2019, 2016). The 4Rs framework is adopted throughout this report, at the start of each main section, providing summaries of key issues in the delivery of education and outcomes in South Sudan. These summaries are also presented in this overview. The report also looks at the interaction of donor interventions in education with conflict and stability in South Sudan, focusing on the Girls’ Education South Sudan (GESS) programme (see below), but also drawing on a few other interventions. While there is a range of donor reports and other literature that outline and discuss these initiatives and their impacts, there is limited research that makes explicit connections to their interactions with conflict and (in)stability.
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Lutz, Carsten, Carlos Areces, Ian Horrocks, and Ulrike Sattler. Keys, Nominals, and Concrete Domains. Technische Universität Dresden, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.122.
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Many description logics (DLs) combine knowledge representation on an abstract, logical level with an interface to 'concrete' domains such as numbers and strings with built-in predicates such as <, +, and prefix-of. These hybrid DLs have turned out to be quite useful for reasoning about conceptual models of information systems, and as the basis for expressive ontology languages. We propose to further extend such DLs with key constraints that allow the expression of statements like 'US citizens are uniquely identified by their social security number'. Based on this idea, we introduce a number of natural description logics and perform a detailed analysis of their decidability and computational complexity. It turns out that naive extensions with key constraints easily lead to undecidability, whereas more careful extensions yield NEXPTIME-complete DLs for a variety of useful concrete domains.
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Lucas, Brian. Lessons Learned about Political Inclusion of Refugees. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.114.
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Most refugees and other migrants have limited opportunities to participate in politics to inform and influence the policies that affect them daily; they have limited voting rights and generally lack effective alternative forms of representation such as consultative bodies (Solano & Huddleston, 2020a, p. 33). Political participation is ‘absent (or almost absent) from integration strategies’ in Eastern European countries, while refugees and other migrants in Western Europe do enjoy significant local voting rights, stronger consultative bodies, more funding for immigrant organisations and greater support from mainstream organisations (Solano & Huddleston, 2020a, p. 33).This rapid review seeks to find out what lessons have been learned about political inclusion of refugees, particularly in European countries.In general, there appears to be limited evidence about the effectiveness of attempts to support the political participation of migrants/refugees. ‘The engagement of refugees and asylum-seekers in the political activities of their host countries is highly understudied’ (Jacobi, 2021, p. 3) and ‘the effects that integration policies have on immigrants’ representation remains an under-explored field’ (Petrarca, 2015, p. 9). The evidence that is available often comes from sources that cover the entire population or ethnic minorities without specifically targeting refugees or migrants, are biased towards samples of immigrants who are long-established in the host country and may not be representative of immigrant populations, or focus only on voting behaviour and neglect other forms of political participation (Bilodeau, 2016, pp. 30–31). Statistical data on refugees and integration policy areas and indicators is often weak or absent (Hopkins, 2013, pp. 9, 28–32, 60). Data may not distinguish clearly among refugees and other types of migrants by immigration status, origin country, or length of stay in the host country; may not allow correlating data collected during different time periods with policies in place during those periods and preceding periods; and may fail to collect a range of relevant migrant-specific social and demographic characteristics (Bilgili et al., 2015, pp. 22–23; Hopkins, 2013, p. 28).
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Iatsyshyn, Anna V., Valeriia O. Kovach, Yevhen O. Romanenko, Iryna I. Deinega, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, Oleksandr O. Popov, Yulii G. Kutsan, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Oleksandr Yu Burov, and Svitlana H. Lytvynova. Application of augmented reality technologies for preparation of specialists of new technological era. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3749.
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Augmented reality is one of the most modern information visualization technologies. Number of scientific studies on different aspects of augmented reality technology development and application is analyzed in the research. Practical examples of augmented reality technologies for various industries are described. Very often augmented reality technologies are used for: social interaction (communication, entertainment and games); education; tourism; areas of purchase/sale and presentation. There are various scientific and mass events in Ukraine, as well as specialized training to promote augmented reality technologies. There are following results of the research: main benefits that educational institutions would receive from introduction of augmented reality technology are highlighted; it is determined that application of augmented reality technologies in education would contribute to these technologies development and therefore need increase for specialists in the augmented reality; growth of students' professional level due to application of augmented reality technologies is proved; adaptation features of augmented reality technologies in learning disciplines for students of different educational institutions are outlined; it is advisable to apply integrated approach in the process of preparing future professionals of new technological era; application of augmented reality technologies increases motivation to learn, increases level of information assimilation due to the variety and interactivity of its visual representation. Main difficulties of application of augmented reality technologies are financial, professional and methodical. Following factors are necessary for introduction of augmented reality technologies: state support for such projects and state procurement for development of augmented reality technologies; conduction of scientific research and experimental confirmation of effectiveness and pedagogical expediency of augmented reality technologies application for training of specialists of different specialties; systematic conduction of number of national and international events on dissemination and application of augmented reality technology. It is confirmed that application of augmented reality technologies is appropriate for training of future specialists of new technological era.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.
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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Lynch, Clifford, and Diane Goldenberg-Hart. Beyond the Pandemic: The Future of the Research Enterprise in Academic Year 2021-22 and Beyond. Coalition for Networked Information, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56561/mwrp9673.
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In early June 2021, representatives from a number of CNI member institutions gathered for the third in a series of Executive Roundtable discussions that began in spring 2020, during the early days of the COVID-19 emergency. The conversations were intended to inform our understanding of how the pandemic had impacted the research enterprise and to share information about how institutions were planning to shape investments and strategies surrounding the research enterprise going forward. Previous Roundtables were held in April and September 2020 and reports from those conversations are available from http://www.cni.org/tag/executive-roundtable-report. As with the earlier Roundtables on this topic, June participants primarily included senior library administrators, directors of research computing and information technology, and chief research officers from a variety of higher education institutions across the US and Canada; most participating member institutions were public universities with high research activity, though some mid-sized and private institutions participated as well. The June Roundtable took place in a single convening, supplemented by an additional conversation with a key institution unable to join the group meeting due to last-minute scheduling conflicts. As before, we urged participants to think about research broadly, encompassing the humanities, social sciences, and fieldwork activities, as well as the work that takes place in campus laboratories or facilities shared by broader research communities; indeed, the discussions occasionally considered adjacent areas such as the performing arts. The discussion was wide-ranging, including, but not limited to: the challenges involving undergraduate, graduate and international students; labs and core instrumentation; access to physical collections (libraries, museums, herbaria, etc.) and digital materials; patterns of impact on various disciplines and mitigation strategies; and institutional approaches to improving research resilience. We sensed a growing understanding and sensitivity to the human toll the pandemic has taken on the research community. There were several consistent themes throughout the Roundtable series, but shifts in assumptions, planning, and preparation have been evident as vaccination rates have increased and as organizations have grown somewhat more confident in their ability to sustain largely in-person operations by fall 2021. Still, uncertainties abound and considerable notes of tentativeness remain, and indeed, events subsequent to the Roundtable, such as the large-scale spread of the Delta variant of COVID-19 in the US, have eroded much of the confidence we heard in June 2021, though probably more around instructional strategies than the continuity of the research enterprise. The events of the past 18 months, combined with a growing series of climate change-driven disruptions, have infused a certain level of humility into institutional planning, and they continue to underscore the importance of approaches that emphasize resilience and flexibility.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
Full textAbstract:
“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.