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Slugoski, B. R. "Grice's theory of conversation as a social psychological model." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355809.
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Gonçalo, Aires de Oliveira. "Social modulation of androgens in humans : Psychological mechanisms and adaptative function." Doctoral thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário das Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/4319.
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Tese de Doutoramento apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto UniversitárioEsta tese procura clarificar os processos subjacentes às discrepâncias entre a direcção da resposta de androgénios à competição encontrada em estudos empíricos e as predicções das teorias para a modulação social de androgénios. Sugerimos que estes resultados imprevistos podem resultar de interacções com variáveis cognitivas e elegemos especificamente a avaliação cognitiva como um forte candidato a moderador da resposta de testosterona (T) aos desafios sociais. Várias experiências foram realizadas para testar esta hipótese. No Capítulo II e III, testou-se o efeito da familiaridade do oponente e da avaliação do resultado da competição como ameaça/desafio, na resposta de T a uma competição contra um membro do mesmo sexo. Nas mulheres foi encontrado um maior aumento dos níveis de T quando eram derrotadas por um oponente não familiar e quando o resultado era avaliado como ameaçador. Este efeito de moderação não foi detectado para os homens. Continuou-se a investigação sobre os efeitos da familiaridade do oponente e avaliação de ameaça no Capítulo IV, mas com um ciclídeo. Num paradigma de repetidas invasões territoriais por machos estranhos e familiares, encontrou-se uma maior resposta de androgénios no macho residente para as intrusões realizadas por um estranho, comparada com as de um macho familiar. O efeito do componente de expectativas da avaliação cognitiva, na resposta de T à competição em mulheres, foi testado através da manipulação das expectativas dos participantes em relação ao resultado da competição antes da tarefa competitiva (Capítulo V). Os vencedores inesperados baixaram os níveis de T depois da competição, mostrando uma inversão da resposta predicta pelos modelos teóricos. No Capítulo VI, testou-se o efeito directo das alterações afectivas nos níveis de T usando excertos de filmes emocionais. Um decréscimo significativo de T foi observado nos participantes da condição de tristeza, numa direcção congruente com as predicções da literatura. Finalmente, no Capítulo VII, abordou-se a função adaptiva das mudanças de androgénios induzidas pela competição proposta pelos modelos teóricos. Especificamente, testou-se o efeito do resultado da competição e dos níveis pós-competitivos de T na capacidade do individuo detectar faces emocionais ameaçadoras. Os nossos resultados sugerem que os vencedores foram mais rápidos e melhores a discriminar faces de raiva do que os perdedores. A discriminação de raiva foi também melhorada quando os níveis de T pós-competição eram elevados. No geral, estes resultados apoiam a hipótese de uma moderação cognitiva da resposta de T em mulheres. As implicações destes resultados para as teorias de modulação social de andrógenios são discutidas numa perspectiva comparada e integrativa.
ABSTRACT : This thesis aims to clarify the processes underlying the discrepancies between the direction of the androgen response to competition found in empirical studies and predictions of the theories for the social modulation of androgens. We suggest that these unpredicted results could result from interactions with cognitive variables and specifically select appraisal as a strong candidate to moderate the testosterone (T) response to social challenges. Several experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis. On Chapter II and III, we have tested the effect of opponent familiarity and the evaluation of the competition outcome as a threat/challenge on the T response to a competition with a member of the same sex. We have found that women show greater increases in T levels when they were defeated by an unfamiliar opponent and evaluated the outcome as threat. This moderation effect was not detected for men. We have continued the research on the effects of opponent familiarity and threat assessment on Chapter IV, but this time using a cichlid fish. In a paradigm of repeated territorial intrusions by stranger and familiar males, the resident male’s androgen response was higher for the intrusions performed by a stranger compared to those performed by a familiar male. The effect of the expectations component of appraisal on the T response to competition in women was tested by manipulating the expectations of the participants on the outcome of the competition before the competitive task (Chapter V). We have found that the unexpected winners decreased their T levels, showing a reversal of response predicted by the theoretical models. On Chapter VI, we have tested the direct effect of affective changes on T levels using emotional film clips. T significantly decreased for those participants assigned to the sadness condition, a direction that is congruent with predictions of the literature. Finally, on Chapter VII, we have addressed the adaptive function of the androgen changes elicited by the competition, as proposed by the theoretical models. Specifically, we have tested the effect of the competition outcome and post-competition T levels on the individual’s capacity to detect threatening emotional faces. Our findings suggest that winners were faster and better in discriminating angry faces than losers. Anger discrimination was also enhanced when post-competition T levels were high. Together these findings support the hypothesis of a cognitive moderation of the T response to competition in women. Results are discussed in terms of their implication to the theories for the social modulation of androgens in a comparative and integrative perspective.
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Banda, Castro Ana Lilia, and Zamorano Miguel Arturo Morales. "Psychological Empowerment: A systemic model with individual and community components." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101236.
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This study aimed to confirm that social participation may influence empowerment as one ofthe four components explained by the theory. The hypothesis proposes systemic interaction of two components of empowerment: intrapersonal and behavioral. 113 urban residents participated in the study. The hypotheses were tested through the use of structural modeling. An intrapersonal component of empowerment, composed of positive empowerment, negative empowerment and socio-political control was identified. This component was affected by the behavioral component that involves social organization, community action and decision making. The hypothesis is accepted and the study provides empirical support to the theory.Se busca confirmar que la participación social puede influir en el empoderamiento comouno de sus cuatro componentes. La hipótesis propone la interacción sistémica de dos componentes del empoderamiento: intrapersonal y comportamental. Los participantes fueron 113 habitantes urbanos a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta. Los resultados evidencian que el modelamiento estructural identificó un componente intrapersonal del empoderamiento integrado por empoderamiento positivo, empoderamiento negativo y control sociopolítico. Este componente se muestra afectado por el componente de comportamiento conformado por la organización social, las acciones comunitarias y la toma de decisiones. Se acepta la hipótesis y se proporciona sustento empírico a la teoría.
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Karlsson, Louise. "Stress : From a biological, social, and psychological perspective." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16104.
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Over the years stress has been a term lacking one clear and specific definition. In general, the term stress has been used mostly as an explanation of a response or reaction to a stressor. A stressor can be of both physiological and behavioral character. The experience of stress can occur both due to a real or a perceived stressor. In this literature review, the concept of stress is viewed with insights from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. The stress response is described biologically with the central nervous system (CNS), the brain, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Social and psychological stress are concepts related to how stress is perceived by the mind and due to social surroundings which is described in relation to social support, self-efficacy, the locus of control and cognitive appraisal. Dealing with stress can be done through coping which refers to the individual capacity to handle a stressor and has generally been divided into two categories, active/passive coping and problem-focused/emotion-focused coping. Depending on the individual resources to cope with a stressor and the ability to decrease the stress response when needed, the long-term effects of stress can therefore vary between individuals. It has been found that positive coping (known as reducing stress) can increase the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volume and decrease anxiety and depression. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), the hippocampus, and the amygdala are closely linked to the ACC and affect emotions, learning, and memory related to the stress response.
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Chio, Hin-man, and 趙騫雯. "When will social support be maladaptive?: a moderated-mediation model of work-family conflict." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50162603.
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Work-family conflict is a type of interrole conflict in which psychological stress arises when demands from work domain interfere with one’s capability to carry out responsibilities associated with family. Social support, on the other hand, is commonly regarded as a valuable coping resource that can alleviate job stress. In the past few decades, different models have been proposed to understand the role of work-family dynamics in the workplace. However, some of these models are mutually exclusive. While some studies found that either positive or negative experience from one domain will spill to the other domain, a different stream of research found that the negative experience from one domain can be compensated by the positive experience from another domain. In an attempt to understand the underlying mechanism of work-family conflict, a moderated-mediation model was proposed. The model encompasses the indicators, the consequences, and the moderators into the study of work-family conflict. More importantly, the model puts forward the importance of a situational fit between the source of stress and the type of social support being offered (Study 1). It also emphasizes the significance of relationship closeness in affecting the effectiveness of social support (Study 2).
Adopting the Job Demand-Resources model, Study 1 attempted to test the contextual variability of social support. In particular, the buffering role of two types of domain-specific support, namely the coworker support and family support, were tested in the work context. The results showed that there is a domain difference of the effectiveness of social support. The moderating effect of within-domain social support was stronger than the cross-domain social support. Coworker support was found to buffer against the linkage between job demands and psychosomatic symptoms, whereas family support was found to strengthen the lethal impact of the same relationship.
Based on a sample with two time points of 18- to 20-month interval, Study 2 further tested the impact of relationship closeness on social support. Work-family conflict was found to be a mediator between the linkage of job demands and psychological well-being. A main effect was shown for both coworker support and family support in which the both types of social support from Time 1 significantly predicted Time 2 work-family conflict reported by participants. Peer support was found to be a negative buffer in the moderated mediation model in which a higher level of peer support was shown to intensify the negative relationship of job demands on psychological well-being through work-family conflict.
The findings from the current research challenge the perspectivethat views social support as favorable at all times. In particular, the proposed model showed that receiving social support in a right context, or social support from significant others will be beneficial to employees’ psychological well-being, whereas social support from non-significant others in a misfit context will be hazardous.published_or_final_version
Psychology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Kelly, David M. "Redefining the Role of Team Performance in the Team Identification-Social Psychological Health Model." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1510831454915257.
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Kim, Hyoung Kyoung. "The Relationship between Marriage and Psychological Well-Being: A Longitudinal Model." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1389619176.
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Irwin, Jay A. "Stress and support among Southern lesbians an application of the stress process model /." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/irwin.pdf.
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Thornley, Russell K. "Understanding Process Improvement: Social Psychological Factors Affecting the Use of Project Management Practices." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/338.
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To facilitate a better understanding of the social psychological factors that influence adoption of project management practices, this study draws upon the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) from social psychology, and the technology acceptance model (TAM) from information systems research. These models define and relate a number of belief constructs that predict the acceptance of technologies in a variety of settings. In general, the three models each have relatively consistent empirical support, with comparison studies showing mixed support for each of the models being the moderately "better" model. In the current study, the three models are thoroughly integrated using a latent constructs approach and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. Overall, constructs from TRA and TAM, but not TPB, predict the use of specific project estimating, plan development, and plan commitment practices defined in the Capability Maturity Models (CMM/I).
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Wersch, Anneke van. "A social-psychological model of interest in physical education : age, gender and school-type differences." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261741.
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Battersby, Sarah. "A social psychological model of collective action : the role of identification, collective efficacy and ideology." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337010.
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Ilyas, Saqib. "Organizational socialization, psychological needs satisfaction and job outcomes : a moderated mediation model." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0662/document.
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La socialisation organisationnelle est un long processus à travers lequel les nouveaux venus apprennent tout ce qui concerne la nouvelle organisation dont ils deviendront membres. Les thèmes abordés concernaient : le nouveau travail, l’expérience de la socialisation et les éléments de motivation. Cette étude introduit la satisfaction du besoin psychologique comme résultat proximal de la socialisation organisationnelle, comme suggéré dans l’étude 1. Le soutien social organisationnel, c’est-à-dire le rôle des agents de socialisation, a été ajouté aux tactiques organisationnelles de socialisation comme variable indépendante. Afin de renforcer les résultats et pour prendre en compte les effets externes, deux variables modératrices (le capital psychologique et la proactivité du nouveau venu) ont été introduites. Une relation positive a été trouvée entre les tactiques organisationnelles de socialisation et la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques, ce qui fait de cette dernière un résultat proximal de la socialisation. La performance au travail et l’implication affective sont positivement influencées par les tactiques organisationnelles de socialisation et le soutien social des agents de socialisation. Il a été établi que capital psychologique des nouveaux venus renforce les relations entre les tactiques organisationnelles de socialisation, le soutien social des agents de socialisation (variables indépendantes) et la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques ; également, la proactivité des nouveaux venus renforce les relations entre la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques et les variables dépendantes à savoir la performance au travail et l’implication affectiveOrganizational socialization is a dynamic process by which newcomers learn and adjust to attitudes and behaviors needed to assume their new organizational roles. Nowadays managing newcomers becomes a challenge for organizations as they demand more from their organization, and push organizations to invest time and resources for their adjustment. The present study introduces psychological needs satisfaction in the scope of organizational socialization research. 34 newcomers were interviewed about their new job, socialization experience and required motivational elements by using the critical incident technique. The results showed that newcomers’ psychological needs fulfillment was helping the success of the organizational socialization process. Subsequently, a quantitative study was conducted to test the theoretical model. A positive relationship was found between organizational socialization tactics and psychological need satisfaction proving it as a proximal outcome of socialization. Distal outcomes i.e. job performance and affective commitment were also positively influenced by organizational socialization tactics and organizational social support from socialization agents. Further, it was found that newcomers’ psychological capital (moderating variable at T1) strengthened the relationship between socialization resources (i.e. organizational socialization tactics and organizational social support) and newcomer’s psychological needs satisfaction; and that newcomers’ proactivity (moderating variable at T2) strengthened the relationship between psychological needs satisfaction and job outcomes, i.e. performance and affective commitment
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Allan, Wesley D. "Maternal overprotection and child social anxiety : test of a mediated model /." MU online access free, to others for fee, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3052141.
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Carrie, Erin. "A social-psychological study of foreign learners' attitudes and behaviours towards model varieties of English speech." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5667.
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This thesis attempts to bridge the gap between Social Psychology and Sociolinguistics by exploring the relationship between language attitudes and language use. Using a sample of 71 university students in Spain, it investigates how learners deal with phonological variation in the English language, what language attitudes are held towards American and British models of English speech and which social and psychological factors are linked with learners' language attitudes and language use. A social-psychological model was adopted and adapted, allowing learners' use of intervocalic /t/ to be successfully predicted from measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Direct measures of learners' preferred accent and pronunciation class were also highly predictive of learners' language use. Several trends were found in the attitudinal data. Firstly, British English speech was rated more favourably overall, though American English speech was often viewed as more socially attractive. Secondly, the evaluative dimensions of competence and social attractiveness were salient amongst learners in the Spanish context. Each of these findings endorses those of previous language attitude studies conducted elsewhere. Thirdly, female speakers were consistently rated more favourably than male speakers; thus, highlighting the need for further investigation into the variable of speaker sex. Familiarity with the speech varieties under investigation – most often gained through education, media exposure, time spent abroad and/or contact with native speakers – seemed to result in learners challenging rigid stereotypes and expressing more individualised attitudes. Overall, British speech emerged as formal and functional, while American speech was thought to fulfil more informal and interpersonal functions. This thesis provides compelling evidence of attitude-behaviour relations, adds to the growing volume of language attitude research being conducted across the globe, and establishes – for the first time – which social and psychological variables are relevant and salient within English-language learning contexts in Spain.
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Ndlovu, Naphtal Msizeni. "An empowerment group for child sexual abuse: an example of a community psychological social action model." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1154.
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Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Community Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2001.Research in the area of child sexual abuse is growing rapidly. A potpourri of literature in this field lacks one very important aspect- the workings of power in relation to abuse. The way in which power is exercised over people, is the most insidious ingredient of distress which sadly affects normal development This research is aimed at studying this core variable in the lives of victims of child sexual abuse. Its special focus is investigating the effect of sexual abuse from the perspective of the 'terrain of power' in which the victims are located. This is achieved by the use of a power-mapping methodology in a group of five victims. With such information a model of helping is displayed which seeks to directly increase power and resources to them. Posttesting in power map form presents the therapeutic gains of this method. Some evaluations of the study and recommendations are drawn from the implications of this thesis.
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Tommasi, Mario. "Furthering psychological empowerment theory : a model for the relation between voluntary participation, problem-solving appraisal, and perceived sociopolitical control /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9951128.
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Pagano, Sabrina Joy. "A model of moral emotional reactions to injustice implications for psychological well-being and prosocial action /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459906971&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Maharjan, Sailesh. "IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAIT MINDFULNESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS INDIRECT?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/498.
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Mindfulness, purposeful attention without judgment or acceptance, and related practices are increasingly popular with a large number of people and have been incorporated into many western psychotherapies (e.g., Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy). There is considerable debate over whether mindfulness is best studied as a state, trait or procedure. Although many studies have found that trait mindfulness is related to physical and mental health outcomes, less is known about the mechanism(s) through which mindfulness enhances clinical outcomes. The current study explored the role of potential mediators of the relationship between trait mindfulness and psychological outcomes, i.e., psychological distress. Specifically, we examined whether the relationship between trait mindfulness and psychological distress is indirect, with mediators such as emotion regulation (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression, experiential avoidance, cognitive flexibility (i.e., alternative), and psychological inflexibility accounting for the relationship. We measured trait mindfulness, psychological distress, emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, experiential avoidance and acceptance in a large sample of undergraduate students. We hypothesized that the relationship between trait mindfulness and psychological outcomes is indirect and may be due to enhanced acceptance, flexibility, and emotion regulation. We conducted a sequential regression, simple mediational, and multiple mediational analyses to test hypotheses. Results revealed that the proposed mediators explained additional variances in psychological distress above and beyond trait mindfulness. The simple mediational analyses indicated that individually, psychological inflexibility, emotion regulation (only cognitive reappraisal), and experiential avoidance mediated the relationship between trait mindfulness and psychological distress. Finally, the multiple mediational analysis revealed that, when tested simultaneously, only psychological inflexibility mediated the association between trait mindfulness and psychological distress. Implications of results for developing treatment packages that include mindfulness practices are discussed. Limitations of the cross-sectional design, the measurements, and definitional issues of trait mindfulness are discussed as well.
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Huang, Robin Chi-Feng. "An exploration of an open-plan design studio, a conceptual model of the physical and social-psychological environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31837.pdf.
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Neissi, Abdolkazem. "A model examining the influences of father absence, social support and maternal well-being on children's psychological adjustment." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264678.
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Morojele, Neo Keitumetse. "Social psychological analysis of a Minnesota Model centre for addictions : patients beliefs and attributions and post-treatment outcomes." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384888.
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Taylor-Moore, Karen Elizabeth. "Towards a new understanding of psychological suffering." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3435.
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It is suggested that the lack of progress made towards understanding and preventing, or even in many cases even alleviating, psychological suffering has been due, in large part, to the way in which such suffering is conceptualised – as ‘disorder’, ‘illness’ or ‘disease’ which is located, and is thus potentially locatable, within the individual. This conceptualisation of psychological suffering is referred to in this thesis as the ‘Dysfunctional Mind Account’ (DMA). The DMA, it is argued, underlies all accepted models/theories of psychological suffering and is the dominant way of conceptualising such suffering for both professionals and lay-people in Western cultures. It is further argued that the main reason the DMA is unable to assist in understanding and alleviating psychological suffering is because it is underpinned by assumptions about human beings and their suffering which are inherently flawed. The account presented in this thesis places at its centre an analysis of persons and their experience that attempts to overthrow these assumptions. The resulting reconceptualisation presents a view of psychological suffering as emergent from our continual personal and embodied enmeshment within our social world, rather than as arising primarily out of the various processes occurring ‘within’ us (whether that be our neurochemistry or our ‘mental mechanisms’ or an ‘interaction’ between them). It is essentially suggested that psychological suffering emerges from the same source as all other aspects of our personal being; from the constant coactions between the various aspects of our being in the world – personal, organismic and molecular – with the environment within which we are enmeshed. This means that the feelings/thoughts/behaviours conceptualised as ‘mental disorder’ are as much part of our personal being as any other aspect of us; they are not ‘other’, they are not ‘disease’, ‘illness’ or ‘dysfunction’. Such feelings/thoughts/ behaviours, it is argued, almost always, perhaps inevitably, represent a very adaptive response, at every level of our being, to environmental contingencies. Thus, when understood in its full context, the suffering conceptualised as ‘mental disorder’ can be seen as the very understandable responses of the embodied person to what is happening to them, rather than ‘un-understandable’ dysfunctions, aberrations and pathological processes of the ‘mind’ (or brain).
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Friedman, Mark David. "The holocaust survivor's experience of death and dying : a model for social work assessment and intervention." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29554.
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This paper investigates whether or not the experience of survivors of the Holocaust through the dying process follow the stages and tasks of dying as defined in the theoretical literature and the ramifications this has for the social worker serving these individuals and their families. The methodology employed was a library search to overlay the literature on death and dying upon the literature concerning Holocaust survivors. The study concludes that, for the most part, there is little congruence between the theories of dying and the coping mechanisms of the Holocaust survivor and that a different model of death and dying is required for this population. In order to provide a preliminary model and guide workers who might encounter terminally ill survivors and their families as patients and clients, approaches for engagement, assessment, and intervention are proposed and analyzed.
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Inderbitzin, Martin Pascal. "Verification of Psychological and Neurobiological Theories of Emotions Using Virtual and Situated Agents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51295.
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The investigation of the influence of emotions on human cognition and behavior challenges scientist since a long time. So far the most popular approach to investigate this phenomenon was to observe brain processes and behavior. In the recent decade the field of computational neuroscience proposed a new methodology: the construction of embodied models of emotions and their verification in real world environments.
In this thesis we present different studies that use computational models of emotions to control the behavior and the expressions of situated agents. Using different methodologies we evaluate both, the performance of the models and the behavioral responses of humans interacting with them. Our results add to a deeper understanding of the multidimensional phenomena of emotions on three levels: Perception, interaction and how the processing of emotional cues influences learning and behaviorLa investigació/recerca sobre la influència de les emocions en la cognició i el comportament humà constitueix un repte científic des de fa molt temps. Fins ara el mètode més popular per a investigar aquest fenòmen ha estat el d'observar els processos cerebrals i el comportament. En l'última dècada el camp de la neurociència computacional ha proposat una nova metodologia: la construcció dels models incorporats d’emocions i la seva verificació en entorns del món real. En aquesta tesi presentem diferents estudis que han utilitzat models computacionals de les emocions per controlar el comportament i les expressions d’agents localitzats. Utilitzant diferents metodologies, hem avaluat tant el rendiment d’aquests models així com les respostes conductuals dels éssers humans que han interactuen amb ells.Els nostres resultats se sumen a una comprensió més profunda dels fenòmens multidimensionals de les emocions en tres nivells: la percepció, la interacció i com el processament dels senyals emocionals influeixen en l'aprenentatge i el comportament
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Frank, Michael James. "Youth Character Strengths, Peer Victimization, and Well-Being: Understanding Associations between Positive Traits, Social Experiences, and Positive Psychological Outcomes." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5481.
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The advent of positive psychology has increased awareness of factors that lead individuals to thrive in life, allowing for a more comprehensive model of mental health service delivery. However, while measurement and understanding of character strengths and well-being have improved over the last decade, the interaction of these factors with social risk factors is not entirely understood. The current study analyzed an archival dataset consisting of self-report data from 425 high school students, to examine the extent to which high school students' specific character strengths (i.e., social competence, self-regulation, responsibility, and empathy) are associated with positive psychological outcomes (i.e., gratitude, life satisfaction, and hope), and moderate the relationships between positive psychological outcomes and relational and overt peer victimization. All measured character strengths were positively associated with life satisfaction and hope except for empathy, which was negatively associated with both in multivariate analyses. Social competence and self-regulation were positively associated with gratitude. Relational victimization (but not overt victimization) was inversely associated with life satisfaction and gratitude, and indirectly predicted hope as mediated by gratitude. Gratitude and hope predicted life satisfaction in both models, and served as partial mediators of character strengths and relational victimization. For overt victimization, social competence served as a protective factor and self-regulation served as a risk factor to gratitude. For relational victimization, self-regulation served as a protective factor to gratitude. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Hughes, Lyndsay Dawn. "Psychological adjustment to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis : a longitudinal evaluation of perceptions of, and adherence to, medication." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/7890.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the synovium resulting in severe pain, joint disfigurement and disability as well as malaise, fatigue and a depressed immune system. Treatment consists of three broad phases; firstly, following diagnosis treatment is focussed on rapid reduction of pain and inflammation. Secondly, maintenance of quiescence is sought through medication. Finally, if disease activity remains high despite medication, escalation to anti-TNF α therapy is required to prevent permanent joint damage and disability. The primary course of treatment is prescription of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) within 3 months of onset of symptoms. However, DMARDs can take 8-12 weeks to exhibit a noticeable benefit whereas unpleasant side effects can occur shortly after initiation. Also, DMARDs do not alleviate pain; therefore it is difficult for patients to attribute recovery to this medication. For these reasons, although it is imperative for future health and functioning to take DMARDs as prescribed, non-adherence is common at 30-50%. Non-adherence to treatment can be intentional, where a decision is made not to conform to the prescription, or unintentional which is often due to forgetting. To measure intentional non-adherence, a validated measure of adherence for rheumatoid arthritis was reduced through exploratory factor analysis from 19 items to 5 items by removing items that did not add to the explained variance of adherence. The CQR5 explained 53% of the variance in adherence and was shown to have a good fit to the data through confirmatory factor analysis. A discriminant function equation was generated that correctly identifies 88.5% of patients as high or low adherers and has high clinical utility due to the brevity for patients and unidimensionality for easy interpretation. The CQR5 was used throughout the programme of research to measure intentional non-adherence along with a separate measure of unintentional non-adherence. Four commonly used social cognition models of illness were measured in 227 RA patients to determine which had the best utility for predicting non-adherence to DMARDs. Patients were recruited to represent the three stages of illness including newly diagnosed, established on DMARD therapy and established with concurrent anti-TNF α therapy. Logistic regression analysis showed that the Self Regulatory Model best predicted intentional non-adherence as patients with perceptions of worse consequences of RA and longer disease duration were more likely to be highly adherent to DMARDs in cross-sectional analysis. In contrast, the Theory of Planned Behaviour better predicted patients who self-reported forgetting their DMARDs with patients with more confidence in being able to take their medications (Perceived Behavioural Control) being less likely to forget. 171 patients were successfully followed-up six months after baseline recruitment. The longitudinal results showed that the social cognition models differed for patients at different stages of the illness suggesting that their experience of living with rheumatoid arthritis influenced perceptions of their illness and medications. Newly diagnosed patients scored lower on factors measuring perceptions of disease chronicity and seriousness whereas patients that had escalated to anti-TNF α therapy scored higher on these factors. The newly diagnosed patients also showed more variability in the social cognition scores whereas the more established patients demonstrated stable models of illness. This supports Leventhal’s (1992) theory that illness representations will be regulated through integration of knowledge and experience of an illness. Structural equation modelling was used to establish the best predictors of intentional non-adherence at six month follow-up. In support of research in other chronic illnesses (Horne & Weinman, 2002; Niklas, Dunbar & Wild, 2010), the effect of perceptions of the consequences and chronicity of the illness on adherence are mediated by perceptions of the necessity of the medication. In addition, the impact of the emotional reaction to the illness on adherence to DMARDs is mediated by concerns about the medication. In addition, this study incorporated factors from the Theory of Planned Behaviour to explain medication adherence and found that the influence of friends and family impacts on the patient’s confidence to follow the prescription accurately which in turn as an effect on adherence to DMARDs. This large longitudinal study found that by combining factors from a number of social cognition models, it is possible to explain and predict intentional non-adherence and provides some evidence for best ways to intervene to improve adherence and prognosis. To provide a more comprehensive and clinically useful picture of non-adherence, a Cost of Illness study was carried which found that patients self-reporting low adherence to DMARDs also had significantly higher costs for this medication. This was caused by an increased incidence of Leflunamide prescribing for patients who often forget their medication and was maintained longitudinally. This association has not been previously reported in the literature and provides some evidence that non-adherence to DMARDs is having a concrete effect on the clinical management of patients. Finally, an SMS text message based reminder service designed to remind patients who self-report forgetting their medications was tested through a simulation study for the cost and likely benefit in health related quality of life using the health economic analysis of the longitudinal study and the results of a survey establishing the feasibility of implementing such a service in the rheumatology clinic. A sensitivity analysis testing the number of messages sent and the cost per message found that a reminder service for the sample of patients in this programme of research would cost between £1387.00 and £142.27 per year. This would equate to a cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gain of between £2889.58 and £296.40 by enabling patients to adhere more rigorously to their DMARD regimen. This programme of research is the first to test four commonly used social cognition models to predict adherence to DMARDs in a large, multi-centre longitudinal study of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Perceptions of the likely duration and consequences of the illness, as measured by the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire and the necessity of medications (measured by the Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire) along with self-efficacy (measured by the Theory of Planned Behaviour) explained 24% of the variance in intentional adherence over six months. The results show the importance of considering intentional and unintentional non-adherence separately as they appear to have different underlying mechanisms as well as patients in different phases of the illness as their experience influences their social cognition models of illness. A simple SMS based reminder service could act as a cue to action to reduce unintentional non-adherence whereas addressing issues surrounding maladaptive perceptions about the illness and the treatment could improve intentional non-adherence which has the potential to improve the prognosis and quality of life for patients as well as safe costs for the NHS.
27
Scott, Suzanne, and n/a. "Attachment Style and Chronic Pain Syndrome: The Importance of Psychological and Social Variables in the Biopsychosocial Model of Chronic Pain." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070326.114910.
Full textAbstract:
The current research examined the proposition that individuals who were securely attached had a fundamentally different reaction and experience of chronic pain to the experience of individuals with an insecure attachment style. A biopsychosocial model of chronic pain was created that included the variables of attachment style, pain, depression, anxiety, somatisation, quality of life, function, disability, neuroticism, age and gender. Three cross-sectional quantitative studies and one qualitative study were conducted. Participants were (a) patients from a multidisciplinary pain centre in a major public hospital, and (b) members of the general population with chronic pain who were recruited from both urban and rural settings, across various community support groups. The total sample was 470. Instruments for the quantitative studies included the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1975), the Pain Patient Profile (Tollinson & Langley, 1992), the Quality of Life Inventory (Frisch, 1994), the International Association for the Study of Pain Assessment Protocol (International Association for the Study of Pain, 1986), the Migraine Disability Scale (Stewart, Lipton, Kolodner, Liebermann, & Sawyer, 1999), and the short form of the Eysenck Neuroticism Scale (Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barret, 1985). The clinical and non-clinical participants with a diagnosis of chronic pain syndrome were partitioned as securely or insecurely attached. In the clinical sample, the proportion of securely attached individuals was less than one quarter of the group, while in the non-clinical sample the proportion of individuals in the securely attached group was 50%. For Study 1, (200 individuals from the clinical sample), the groups were partitioned using the classification criteria of Collins and Read (1990). Securely attached participants = 27%, insecurely attached 73%. An analysis of effect of attachment style on overall pain showed that the Securely Attached group reported less overall pain than the Insecurely Attached group. For Study 2, (using the total clinical sample), the sample comprised 27.3% securely attached and 72.7% insecurely attached participants. The Securely Attached group reported less overall Pain, less Negative Affect and Somatisation than the Insecurely Attached group, and higher levels of Quality of Life. Somatisation provided a significant unique contribution of variance to predicting overall Pain, providing some support for the biopsychosocial model, and Negative Affect (Depression and Anxiety combined) made a significant unique contribution to Quality of Life, explaining 26% of the variance. Gender was unrelated to any variable. For Study 3, the sample consisted of rural and urban participants, and the rural group was significantly older than the urban group. No other differences were found. The groups were combined to form the non-clinical group. The group was evenly divided (50%) between securely and insecurely attached groups. Gender was unrelated to any variable. For the non-clinical group, using the variables investigated in Study 2, there was no difference on overall pain scores, but negative affect and somatisation were higher and quality of life lower in the insecure group than in the secure group. No differences were found on Pain Intensity but Pain Pattern differed between the groups. Three new variables were added to the model - Neuroticism, Function and Disability. Disability and Function were significantly different between the attachment style groups. Age was significantly related to lower pain scores, less loss of function, less disability and higher quality of life. Pain scores were most related to somatisation, with age and quality of life contributing significant variance. Neuroticism added further to this explanation. Negative Affect made the most contribution to the variance explained in quality of life, and neuroticism and function made no significant contribution. Neuroticism and Attachment Style contributed significant amounts of variance to Function. To compare the Secure and Insecure Attachment groups in the Clinical and Non-clinical samples, a matched groups study, N = 190, was conducted. Clinical and non-clinical participants were matched for Age, Gender and Attachment Style. No differences were reported on overall pain between the attachment groups, but differences existed on negative affect, somatisation and quality of life. For sample type, the clinical group reported higher overall pain scores, less negative affect and less somatisation, but no differences were found on quality of life, compared to the non-clinical group. Study 4 was a qualitative study that used structured interviews of 24 clinical and non-clinical participants matched for age, gender, attachment style and etiology. The securely attached group reported having extensive, positive social support, high community involvement and appropriate reliance on medical and allied health care and medications. The insecurely attached group reported more problems with physical pain and psychological distress, less social support, less function and more perceived disability. The insecurely attached group reported more use of medical, allied and alternative health resources. Older securely attached individuals reported the lowest overall pain scores and the highest quality of life. These results support the hypotheses that a secure attachment style contributes to more positive outcomes for individuals with chronic pain syndrome and were consistent with a model of chronic pain that includes biological, psychological and social variables.
28
Nafziger, Mark Arnold. "The relationship of personal dispositional orientation, social support, and stress to physical health and psychological well-being : a theoretical model /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487681148543051.
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Orsini, Cesar A. "The self-determination theory of motivation in dental education : testing a model of social factors, psychological mediators, academic motivation and outcomes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8022/.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Motivation plays a vital role in dental students' learning experience and wellbeing. Self-determination theory differentiates between autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation, where autonomous motivation corresponds to the most selfdetermined form of regulation. Previous research has found that several social educational factors, mediated by students' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs of feeling autonomous, competent and related to important others, predicts autonomous motivation. In turn, autonomous motivation leads to more positive educational outcomes compared to controlled motivation or amotivation. So far, however, few studies have investigated the process of motivation in health professions education from the perspective of the Selfdetermination Theory. A systematic review was conducted within this thesis, identifying determinants, such as an autonomy supportive learning climate and feedback, that predicted students' autonomous motivation. No studies were found that tested mediation effects between determinants and motivation. In turn, students' self-determined motivation was found to predict different affective, behavioural and cognitive outcomes. These studies, however, came mainly from medical education. Despite its relevance for students' development, very little is known about the process of motivation in dental students. This indicates a need to understand its various aspects, which may lead to evidence-based interventions to foster students optimal functioning. Purpose: To test a model of academic motivation in dental education by analysing the associations between autonomy-support and quantity and quality of feedback, as determinants, and self-determined motivation, mediated by students' basic psychological needs satisfaction. This, followed by testing the associations between self-determined motivation and the behavioural outcomes of deep and surface study strategies and academic performance, and the affective outcomes of vitality and self-esteem. Finally, we aimed to test whether the model worked different for female and male students, and by year of curriculum. Methods: We conducted a correlational cross-sectional survey study at the dental school of the University San Sebastian in Chile. All dental students from year 1 to 6 were invited to participate and to answer a questionnaire package containing demographic data and previously validated self-reported instruments. Data on academic performance were obtained from the administrative department. Data analysis involved five phases. First, internal consistency of all measures was assessed by means of Cronbach alpha. Second, descriptive and group comparisons were computed by means of independent t-test to assess gender differences and MANOVA to assess year-of-curriculum differences. Third, bivariate correlations were assessed amongst all measures. Fourth, mediation was tested through a series of regression analyses. Finally, the entire model was assessed by means of structured equation modelling, for the overall student sample as well as for the subgroups of females and males and different years of study. Data were analysed with the PASW and AMOS software. Results: A total of 924 students (90.2% response rate) agreed to participate and completed the questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha values of all instruments ranged from .641 to .912. Students' autonomous motivation for attending university was higher than controlled motivation and amotivation, showing an overall self-determined profile. Females endorsed higher than men both autonomous and controlled motivation, while men endorsed amotivation higher. The overall motivation profile, however, did not show significant gender differences. Across the six years, students showed an overall self-determined profile, in which autonomous motivation decreased when transitioning to clinical years, to rise again in the final year. The contrary was found for students' amotivation scores, while controlled motivation declined as they entered clinical-based years. Bivariate correlations showed that both determinants were positively correlated with students' basic psychological needs satisfaction and with autonomous motivation. In turn, the latter was positively associated with behavioural and affective outcomes. All these associations showed a decreasingly positive correlation from autonomous motivation to amotivation. Mediation regression analyses showed both determinants predicting dental students' autonomous motivation, however, this influence was not direct, it was mediated by students' perceptions of the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. Finally, structured equation modelling indicated that the data fitted the model well, and showed both determinants positively predicting students' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, which positively influenced autonomous motivation over controlled motivation. In turn, the gradual shift from controlled to autonomous motivation positively predicted affective and behavioural outcomes. Moreover, the associations followed a similar pattern, with minor deviations, when tested by gender and by year of study. Discussion and conclusion: In the context of this research, dental students' autonomous motivation was indirectly predicted by the social educational factors of teachers' autonomysupport and quantity and quality of feedback, being mediated by students' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. Students' acting out of autonomous motivation showed enhanced deep study strategies and better academic performance, experienced higher vitality and self-esteem, and showed lower surface study strategies. This suggests that autonomous motivation leads to important outcomes, decreasing from controlled motivation to amotivation. Whilst students in different years of study showed an autonomous motivation profile, there were important differences that showed that students' transition from basic/preclinical to clinical years influenced their motivation and should therefore be taken into account when planning interventions to enhance students' motivation. Results are discussed in light of self-determination theory and considering its implications on curriculum development, teaching and learning, clinical training, assessment, faculty development, peer-assisted-learning and dentist-patient relationship. Significance: This is the first study, in health professions education, to test a Selfdetermination theory-based model including determinants, mediators, motivation and outcomes. This research also expands to dental education the study of motivation based on an empirically verified psychological theory. The results provide strong support for the Selfdetermination theory of motivation in dental education and provide acceptable evidence that the quality of motivation and satisfying students' psychological needs are important in determining positive educational outcomes amongst dental students. Therefore, many successes and failures in a number of elements of dental and health professions education may be understood through the lens of this theory. As such, efforts should be made in various aspects of dental education to support learners' sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness, which may have an extensive influence on dental education and on students' wellbeing. Future research should confirm or refute our results in other dental education settings.
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Ghaemian, Oskouei Aisan. "The influence of social comparison on the perception of quality of life amongst people living with epilepsy in Iran and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13337.
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Epileptic seizures are usually stressful episodes for individuals, not least as they are often experienced in public. Most research into epilepsy has been conducted in Western cultures, and we know little about the experiences of people with epilepsy and living in Middle Eastern countries. This study aims to examine the influence of social comparison on the perception of quality of life for people with epilepsy in Iran and in the United Kingdom. Three studies were completed. Two studies were qualitative; exploring individuals’ experiences of living with epilepsy and investigating coping strategies, respectively, (UK = 10, Iran = 10), for each study. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The third quantitative study was examined to determine whether social comparison dimensions, (upward negative, upward positive, downward negative, downward positive), predict quality of life in both countries, (N = 100 for each country), and a hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyse data. The first study indicated people compare themselves to others and the unpredictable nature of a seizure causes individuals to perceive negative feelings and experience anxiety, furthermore urinary incontinence attached to seizures appeared to leave people feeling ashamed and anxious. Study two revealed that whilst Iranian people used emotion-focused coping strategies, individuals from the United Kingdom applied problem-focused coping strategies. In Iran religious coping strategies were used to cope with incontinency; however positive social comparison (downward) was used as a coping strategy for incontinency in the United Kingdom. Study three found that self-esteem was the main predictor for quality of life in Iran and the United Kingdom. Whilst a seizure’s severity negatively predicts quality of life in the United Kingdom, positive social comparison (upward) accounted for quality of life in Iran. This study suggests that providing positive role models can help Iranians have a better perception for their quality of life, whereas British people potentially maximise their quality of life through seizure management.
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Kose, Bahar. "Associations Of Psychological Well-being With Early Maladaptive Schemas And Self-construals." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610854/index.pdf.
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The present study aimed 1) to examine possible influences of demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, marital status, sibling number, mother&rsquos education, father&rsquo
s education) on the various measures of the study (i.e., schema domains, self-orientations, and well-being measures i.e. depression, positive affect, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking)
2) to examine the differences of schema domains on self-orientations of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model and also on well-being, and 3) to analyse the differences of four self-construals of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model on schema domains and well-being measures. In order to fulfill these aims 501 people between the ages 18-50 participated in the study. According to the results, having strong characteristics of schema domains were related to low levels of self-orientation dimensions of interpersonal integration orientation and intrapersonal differentiation orientation. Moreover,there was a positive correlation between having strong characteristics of schema domains and high depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking, but low positive affect. On the other hand, low level of related individuation self-construal was related to having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition to this,having high level of separated-patterning was positively correlated with having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition, self-construal of relatedindividuation was found to be related to high positive affect and correlated with low levels of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Finally, separated-patterning was found to be related to low level of positive affect, while it was found to be correlated with high level of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Findings, future directions, and clinical implications were discussed in the discussion section.
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Hsu, Yi-Hsuan. "An integrated model for investigation of social-psychological influences on college students' attitudinal tendencies toward appropriate environmental behavior a study in Taiwan /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054677969.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 229 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-174). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Olachnovitch, Vonya. "The transtheoretical model of behavior change and social physique anxiety among middle school physical education students." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217389.
Full textAbstract:
There is a need to look at the determinants of exercise behavior in adolescents, as there is a large deficit of research concerning this population. The purpose of this study was to examine Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) and the body shape of adolescents participating in a semester of physical education class. A secondary purpose was to create general profiles by combining the SPA information and the Transtheoretical Model (TM) of behavior change. Middle school students (N= 374) participated by completing a regularly scheduled physical education class and completing the Exercise Behavior Change Survey (which assessed Body Shape, SPA and TM) pre and post semester. The study revealed participation in class had no effect on SPA levels or Body Shape scores, nor did the study reveal any gender differences with these two concepts. Concerning the TM, SPA may not be a factor for progressing through the stages of change, although it may effect which processes were utilized and how one identifies the pros and cons of exercising. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale only reached an alpha of .50, possibly contributing to the lack of relationship between SPA and TM.School of Physical Education
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Sverduk, Kevin L. "The development of a conceptual model and definition of quality practice from the perspectives of expert coaches." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2337.
Full textAbstract:
An investigation of. quality practice in sport had the dual purposes of developing a conceptual model of quality practice arid proposing a definition of quality practice from the perspectives of expert coaches. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five expert coaches. The coaches were considered experts because they bad coached teams to World or National championships and worked with athletes who had attained recognizable excellence in their sports (All-American, Olympic Gold Medalist, or All-Pro). In addition the coaches represented individual team, male, and female sports.
Analysis of the interviews was conducted using the qualitative methodology known as "grounded theory" (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) . Analysis of the interviews identified 138 meaningful bits of information ("meaning units" Tesch, 1990) . Results recommended a quality practice model consisting of four general dimensions. eight categories and 16 properties. The four general dimensions of the quality practice model were; a. personal factors of athletes, b. coaching philosophy, c. components of practice, and d. effort of athletes. The quality practice model that emerged represented a more comprehensive understanding of quality practice than had previously existed.
The second purpose of the study was to propose a definition of "quality practice". The interviews with expert coaches suggested that quality practice as it pertained to sport was: "Quality practice is an effortful activity which is highly structured with specific goals and tasks aimed at thorough performance preparation. It is carried out with a total commitment of optimal intensity, energy, focus, awareness, enthusiasm and competitiveness. Results of the study suggested that "quality practice" existed in a conceptual and definable way.
Expert coaches when discussing quality practice recognized the personal factors of athletes, had distinct coaching philosophies, carefully planned the components of practice; and consistently monitored the effort of the athletes.
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Vizcarra, Cristina. "Using a biosocial model of personality in the prediction of work-related criteria /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17736.pdf.
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Konag, Ozlem. "Testing The Caregiver Stress Model With The Primary Caregivers Of Schizophrenic Patients." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613797/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the stressors of
caregiving for a schizophrenic patient and related outcomes. The Caregiver Stress
Model was used as the conceptual framework for the current study. The sample of
the study was composed of 98 Turkish caregivers of schizophrenic patients who were
treated at psychiatry clinics of hospitals in Ankara. Twelve mediation models were
tested using marital satisfaction and social support as mediators. The models
contained primary stressor (basic needs), secondary stressor (activities of living), and
intrapsychic strain (parental efficacy) as independent variablesand depression and general psychological health as dependent variables. The results suggested both social support and marital satisfaction as significant mediators of the relationships of both primary and secondary stressors with the outcome variables
however, social support and marital satisfaction were not significant mediators of the relationships between parental efficacy and outcome variables. The significant implications and limitations of the study were also discussed.
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Robins, Scott James. "The relationship between team identity and sports media consumption." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22825.
Full textAbstract:
With the emergence of new media platforms one wonders about the impact new media is having on sports fans’ media consumption patterns. Are traditional media platforms still having the same impact on the sports fan relationship, or has there been a shift across to new platforms? Looking through the lens of the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) framework, we analyse the impact of team identification and sports fans’ media consumption patterns.Trying to gain an understanding across various sports and to reach as many fans as possible, the snowballing technique was deployed. Using quantitative data allowed us to establish emerging patterns through categorical data. This study used cross-sectional data, which allowed us to take a snapshot in time of what the current trend in fans’ sports media consumption was. 235 sports fans media consumption patterns were analysed using the PCM staging algorithm and a sports media consumption instrument.The results throughout this study reflect that new media is having an impact on team identity and sports fan media consumption. The findings suggests that fans that display higher levels of team identification on the PCM framework, i.e. attachment and allegiance to teams, are more likely to engage regularly on social media, especially Twitter. As such, marketers, sports teams and associations need to look at how they engage with social media broadly and Twitter in particular. Various constructs impact sports fans’ media consumption patterns and, as such, marketers, sports teams and organisations need to ensure that they maintain relevance with their targeted demographic to ensure the continued engagement with sports fans.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Wood, Chantelle. "Associative strength determines prejudice-linked differences in automatic stereotype activation." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0238.
Full textAbstract:
There is little consensus in the social-cognitive literature concerning the way in which prejudice and stereotyping are related, though a number of explanatory models have been proposed. The present research program empirically examines one recent model; Lepore and Brown's Associative Strength Model (ASM: 1997; 1999; 2002). The main premise of the ASM is that differential endorsement of stereotypic content leads to individual variation in the content that is automatically activated upon categorisation. Specifically, it predicts that high-prejudice people automatically activate negative stereotypic traits, and low-prejudice people automatically activate positive stereotypic traits. The current research used a primed lexical decision task to examine prejudicelinked differences in automatic stereotype activation. In addition, an impression formation task based on that of Lepore and Brown was included to measure stereotype application. Experiments 1A and 1B attempted to evaluate the predictions of the ASM using the category and stereotype of Asians. However, neither experiment was able to demonstrate a priming effect, prejudice-linked or otherwise, using this social category. Experiments 2 and 3, in contrast, successfully induced stereotype activation using the category of gay men. Furthermore, results were consistent with the predictions of the ASM. After priming with the category of gay men, high-prejudice participants exhibited greater activation of negative stereotypic traits and low-prejudice participants exhibited greater activation of positive stereotypic traits. However, parallel patterns of stereotype application were not found in the impression formation task, with participants forming positive impressions, regardless of prejudice. Experiment 4 used an honesty manipulation to investigate the possibility that self-presentational concerns were responsible for the discrepancies between stereotype activation and application. Consistent with this argument, Experiment 4 found prejudice-linked patterns of stereotype application that mirrored the patterns of stereotype activation when self-presentation concerns were reduced. When instructed to be honest, high-prejudice participants in the gay prime condition formed negative impressions and low-prejudice participants in the gay prime condition formed positive impressions. The current program of research provides the first direct empirical support for the predictions of the Associative Strength Model concerning stereotype activation. In addition, new questions have been raised that future research should seek to explore.
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Atkinson, Sue Andrews. "The Contrast-Inertia Model and the Updating of Attributions in Performance Evaluation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332100/.
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The two problems which motivate this research concern the role of managerial accounting information in performance evaluation. The first problem is that the processing of accounting information by individual managers may deviate from a normative (Bayesian) pattern. Second, managers' use of accounting information in performance appraisal may contribute to conflict between superiors and subordinates.
In this research, I applied the contrast-inertia model (C-IM) and attribution theory (AT) to predict how accounting information affects managers' beliefs about the causes for observed performance. The C-IM describes how new evidence is incorporated into opinions. Application of the C-IM leads to the prediction that information order may influence managers' opinions. Attribution theory is concerned with how people use information to assign causality, especially for success or failure. Together, the C-IM and AT imply that causal beliefs of superiors and subordinates diverge when they assimilate accounting information.
Three experiments were performed with manufacturing managers as subjects. Most of the subjects were middle-level production managers from Texas manufacturing plants. The subjects used accounting information in revising their beliefs about causes for performance problems. In the experiments, the manipulated factors were the order of information, subject role (superior or subordinate), and the position of different types of information. The experimental results were analyzed by repeated measures analyses of variance, in which the dependent variable was an opinion or the change in an opinion over a series of evidence items.
The experimental results indicate that the order of mixed positive and negative information affects beliefs in performance evaluation. For mixed evidence, there was significant divergence of opinions between superiors and subordinates. The results provide little evidence that superior and subordinate roles bias the belief updating process. The experiments show that belief revision in performance evaluation deviates from the normative standard, and that the use of accounting information may cause divergence of opinions between superiors and subordinates.
40
Cockshaw, Wendell David. "Developing a model of links between general and workplace belongingness and depressive symptoms." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66237/1/Wendell_Cockshaw_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Given the high prevalence of depression in the community there is urgent need to understand the interpersonal predictors of this disorder. Data from large community samples indicates that a diminished sense of belonging appears to be the most salient and immediate antecedent of a rapid depressive response. Belongingness in the workplace is also very important and associated with depressive symptoms over and above associations attributable to general or community belongingness. Finally it appears that the personality factor of interpersonal sensitivity moderates the relationship between belongingness and depressive symptoms. Results have extensive future implications for the prevention and treatment of depression.
41
Boyer, Brent Leonard. "Using the self-as-a-model with video editing in athletic performance." Scholarly Commons, 1987. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/501.
Full textAbstract:
A study was designed in order to assess the effectiveness of a positive self-modeling strategy in increasing the performance of four University of the Pacific baseball players. A multiple baseline design across participants was used as a means of assessing the effectiveness of the self-modeling technique. Participants viewed edited positive self-modeling videotapes of their own batting performance. Measures were taken on: (a) the number of line drive hits; (b) ground ball hits; (c) the number of times the participant hit a ground ball, but was thrown out; (d) the number of times the participant hit a line drive, but it was caught; (e) swings and misses; (f) not swinging at a strike (called strikes); (g) not swinging at a ball (called balls); (h) the number of foul balls; and (i) the number of pop ups. In addition, batting averages were kept for game performance. It was expected that participants would show an increase in hits, a decrease in hit outs, a decrease in called strikes, an increase in called balls, a decrease in foul balls, and an increase in batting average when each participant began the positive self-modeling. The performance of those participants not yet viewing their positive self-modeling tape was not expected to show such improvement. Improvement was observed in three out of the four participants.
42
Yang, Bin. "Life stress, social support, and problem-solving skills in depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation for an Asian student population : a test of a model /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12042009-020043/.
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Jacques, Marie-Claude. "Processus d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie et ayant un soutien social limité." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9533.
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Résumé : La schizophrénie est un trouble mental grave qui affecte toutes les facettes de la vie de la personne. En outre, le manque de soutien social est un problème important qui contribue à l’aggravation de la maladie, notamment en influençant négativement la capacité d’adaptation. Chez les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie, la capacité à utiliser des stratégies d’adaptation adéquates et efficaces est essentielle afin d’améliorer la santé, le bien-être et la prévention des rechutes. Cette recherche utilise la conception de l’adaptation de Roy (2009). De nombreuses études confirment la présence de difficultés d’adaptation chez ces personnes. De plus, le processus d’adaptation lui-même reste mal connu. La question de recherche était : Quel est le processus d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie lorsque leur soutien social est limité ? Cette question sous-tendait deux objectifs : 1) décrire le processus d’adaptation des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie dans un contexte de soutien social limité et 2) contribuer au développement du modèle de Roy dans le contexte des troubles mentaux graves. Le devis de recherche était la théorisation ancrée constructiviste, auprès de 30 personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie. Les données étaient composées d’entrevues et de résultats de trois questionnaires qui ont contribué à décrire de façon plus détaillée le profil des participants. Les résultats sont une modélisation du processus d’adaptation nommée « les filtres dans le processus d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie ». Cette modélisation met en lumière le fait que le potentiel d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie est affecté à la fois par des éléments de l’environnement social et des éléments inhérents à la maladie elle-même. Ces éléments altèrent la possibilité et la capacité à utiliser des stratégies d’adaptation adéquates et efficaces. Ces résultats de recherche pourraient permettre d’améliorer l’évaluation des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie et de diminuer les « inconnues » dans l’effet des interventions, tout comme de favoriser les actions visant à lutter contre les conditions sociales qui nuisent à l’adaptation.Abstract : Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects all human facets of life. In addition, the lack of social support is an important problem that contributes to the worsening of the disease by negatively influencing the capacity to adapt. For people with schizophrenia, ability to use appropriate and effective coping strategies is essential to improve health, well-being and preventing relapse. This research uses Roy’s adaptation model (2009). Numerous studies confirm the presence of adaptation problems for those persons. Furthermore, the adaptation process itself remains unclear. The research question was: what is the adaptation process of people with schizophrenia when social support is limited? This question underpinned two objectives: 1) describe the adaptation process of people with schizophrenia in a limited social support context and 2) contribute to the development of Roy’s adaptation model in severe mental disorders context. The research design was a constructivist grounded theory, with 30 people with schizophrenia. The data were consisted of interviews and results of three questionnaires that were helping to detail the participants profile. The results show a construct of an adaptation process called "the filters in the adaptation process of someone living with schizophrenia". This construct highlights the fact that the adaptation potential of people with schizophrenia is affected both by elements of the social environment and elements that are inherent to the disease itself. These elements affect the possibility and the ability to use appropriate and effective coping strategies. The research findings could facilitate the assessment of people with schizophrenia and reduce the unknowns in the impact of interventions, as well as fighting against social conditions that can interfere with their capacity to adapt.
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Kim, Sulki. ""Cause you're Asian" influence of the model minority stereotype as a source of social comparison affecting the relationship between academic achievement and psychological adjustment among East Asian American high school students /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1383479441&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Футрик, А. С. "Особливості соціально-психологічного супроводу прийомних сімей." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/24921.
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Футрик, А. С. Особливості соціально-психологічного супроводу прийомних сімей : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 231 "Соціальна робота" / А. С. Футрик ; керівник роботи Г. Л. Чепурна ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра креативних індустрій та соціальних інновацій. – Чернігів, 2021. – 83 с.У кваліфікаційній роботі розглянута проблема особливостей соціально- психологічного супроводу прийомних сімей. Робота складається зі вступу, трьох розділів, висновків, списку посилань та додатків. В кваліфікаційній роботі теоретично узагальнено поняття «прийомна сім’я» та «соціально-психологічний супровід»; наведено результати емпіричного дослідження особливостей ставлення соціальних працівників та прийомних сімей до соціального супроводу; виявлено особливості психологічного клімату в сім’ї для прийомних дітей. На основі розробленої моделі соціально- психологічного супроводу, створено комплексну програму сприяння ефективному соціально-психологічному супроводу, яка включає методичний семінар для соціальних працівників та тренінги для батьків.
This work is devoted to the the problem of peculiarities of social and psychological support of foster families. The paper thesis consists of the introduction, three chapters, conclusions, a list of references and supplements. Theoretically summarized the concept of “foster family” and “socio-psychological support”; the results of the empirical research on the peculiarities of the attitude of social workers and foster families to social support are given; the features of the psychological climate in the family to foster children are revealed. Based on the developed model of social and psychological support, a comprehensive program to promote effective social and psychological support has been created, which includes a methodological seminar for social workers and training for parents.
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Karahan, Marc. "A cognitive model of authority in organizations and its effects on idea generation and idea validation performance." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246076.
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An organization constitutes an environment of social relationships. The interdependence of the organization’s members and their nature as human beings create particular effects, which influence social interaction. One of these effects is the focus area of this master thesis – authority. Understanding the dynamics of authority is crucial for designing effective organizations. This thesis contributes to its analysis by performing a qualitative-heuristic literature analysis, which integrates central components of authority into a holistic, cognitive model. These components comprise the origins of authority in organizations, the channels that induce authority, individual characteristics that promote authority, and different categorizations of authority. The cognitive model facilitates the understanding of the process of authority in organizations and allows to deduce its effects on the behavior of organization members. In a second step, the findings on authority are related with two sub-processes of organizational innovation – idea generation and idea validation. Finally, this master thesis concludes six research propositions on the effect of authority on these processes. It argues that authority is likely to constrain idea generation performance, but might facilitate idea selection performance.En organisation utgörs av en miljö med sociala relationer. Medlemmarnas självständighet inom organisationen och deras sätt att vara människor skapar särskilda effekter som påverkar social interaktion. En av dessa effekter är auktoritet vilket kommer vara huvudämnet för examensarbetet. Att förstå auktoriteters dynamik är avgörande för att kunna utforma effektiva organisationer. Denna uppsats bidrar till ämnet genom en kvalitativ-heuristisk litteratur analys som integrerar centrala delar av auktoritet i en holistisk, kognitiv modell. Dessa komponenter innehåller auktoritetens ursprung inom organisationer, kanaler som inducerar auktoritet, individuella egenskaper som främjar auktoritet och olika kategorier av auktoritet. Den kognitiva modellen underlättar förståelsen och processen av auktoritet inom organisationer. Detta gör det möjligt att härleda effekterna till organisationens medlemmar. Resultaten av att undersöka auktoriteten utmynnar i två delprocesser av innovation i organisationen – idégenerering och idévalidering. Avslutningsvis presenterar uppsatsen sex forskningsförslag angående dess effekt av auktoritet på dessa processer. Resultaten påvisar att auktoriteten kommer begränsa idégenerationens prestanda men kan underlätta idévalets resultat.
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Beydogan, Basak. "Self-construal Differences In Perceived Work Situation And Well-being." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609332/index.pdf.
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Based on the theoretical framework provided by Balanced Integration Differentiation (BID) Model (mamoglu, 19982003) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci and Ryan, 1985), this study aimed to explore possible determinants of Turkish employees&
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subjective (i.e., life satisfaction) and psychological well-being. Previous SDT research demonstrated that autonomus causality orientation and perceived autonomy supportiveness of context predicted need satisfaction at work and in turn, employee well-being (e.g., Baard et al., 2004
Ilardi et al., 1993). BID Model was tested in a work setting for the first time. Different from SDT research, relational aspects both as a form of self orientation and a contextual characteristic (i.e., perceived relatedness supportiveness) were included in this study, along with individuational orientation and perceived autonomy supportiveness dimension, to explore their possible influence on well-being. Three-hundred-eighty-three employees (154 women and 229 men) from various public and private sector organizations participated in the study. Onehundred- ninety-two of them were from public sector organizations, whereas 191 of them were from private sector organizations. Relational and individuational self orientations directly predicted need satisfaction and psychological well-being, whereas relational orientation directly predicted life satisfaction. Need satisfaction also predicted both types of wellbeing. Furthermore, relational orientation predicted both autonomy and relatedness supportiveness of work context and in turn, predicted need satisfaction and well-being in public sector organizations. Furthermore, individuational orientation predicted autonomy supportiveness and relational orientation predicted relatedness supportiveness and in turn, predicted need satisfaction and well-being in private sector organizations. The findings were discussed in terms of relevant literature.
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Sones, David L. "Psychological Models and the Stock of Knowledge." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4743.
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The research sought to ascertain whether or not psychological ideas and notions ("psychological models") are used to explain human behavior and human characteristics in everyday life, and if so, are these psychological models similar to the schools of thought within the field of psychology? Also of interest was whether or not "statistical categories" use psychological models as a "style of thought," and if so, are psychological models part of the current American Weltanschauungen? The convenience sample consisted of 34 respondents who were taking an introductory sociology course, and 39 respondents from non-college settings. An open-ended questionnaire containing 13 questions asking for causal explanations of human behaviors and characteristics was used. Students filled out the questionnaire during a class and returned the questionnaires at the end of the class. The questionnaires that were administered in non-college settings were distributed by research assistants at their places of employment and collected within 24 hours. Over 900 causal explanations of human behaviors and human characteristics were collected. Each causal explanation was coded in terms of the basic cause or causes given in the causal explanation of the respondent. The causes given in the respondents• causal explanations were analyzed and it was determined what "kinds of causal explanations" respondents used. Five kinds of causal explanations were found to be used by the respondents. These were: 1) psychological explanations; 2) interpersonal explanations; 3) physiological explanations; 4) social structural explanations; and 5) cultural explanations. Also, there were multi-causal explanations which consisted of combinations of the 5 kinds of mono-causal explanations. From the kinds of causal explanations given by respondents a typology of the kinds of models respondents used to explain human behavior was developed. Each causal explanation given by a respondent was cla$sified in terms of the models typology. It was the "models" variable which was derived from the kinds of causal explanations that respondents gave that was the main variable in the research. The first part of the analysis assigned each respondent a "dominant model." The dominant model used by a respondent was determined by assessing what kind of model a respondent used more frequently than any other kind of model in the 13 causal explanations the respondent gave. The second part of the analysis assigned a dominant model to various statistical "categories" which were based on age, sex, or education. The dominant model of a category was determined by assessing the dominant model used for each question, then determining what kind of dominant model was used most frequently for explaining the 13 behaviors or characteristics. When examining the dominant model used by each respondent it was found that individuals in the sample tended to use a psychological model more frequently than any other kind of model when explaining human behaviors and characteristics. Additionally, when the age, or sex, or education of the respondent was considered in the analysis of the dominant model used by an individual it was found that only the individuals between 25 and 40 years of age tended not to use a psychological model as their dominant model. When examining the dominant model used by statistical categories, categories whose membership was based on age, sex, or education, it was found that categories tended to use a psychological model as their dominant model. However, the category "25 to 40 years of age" did not use a psychological model as the dominant model. Also, when the category whose membership was based on having taken psychology courses was compared in detail to the category whose membership was based on having not taken psychology courses it was found that these two categories used dominant and other models similarly.
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Hantzi, A. "Expectancy-value models : A social-psychological analysis of school leavers' decision making." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379955.
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Analytis, Pantelis Pipergias. "Psychological process models and aggregate behavior." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17311.
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Diese Dissertation umfasst drei voneinander unabhängige Artikel. In diesen werden neue Prozess-modelle vorgestellt, die von der entscheidungspsychologischen Forschung inspiriert wurden. Im ersten Artikel werden Entscheidungsprozesse mit mehreren Entscheidungsmerkmalen als gesteuerte Suchprozesse modelliert. Zunächst wird ein theoretischer Rahmen vorgestellt, in dem ökonomische Modelle Entscheidungen mit Suche mit Modellen des subjektiven Nutzens aus dem Bereich der psychologischen Forschung integriert wird. In den so modellierten Entscheidungsprozessen wird angenommen, dass Individuen ihre Entscheidungsalternativen nach deren abnehmenden Nutzen ordnen und dann so lange durchsuchen, bis die erwarteten Suchkosten höher als die entsprechenden Gewinne sind. Anschliessend wird die Güte dreier Entscheidungsmodelle an zwölf realen Datensätzen überprüft. Im zweiten Artikel werden die Ergebnisse zweier Experimente vorgestellt, in denen untersucht wurde, wie Personen ihre Urteile verändern, wenn sie den Urteilen und dem der Konfidenzniveau anderer Personen ausgesetzt sind. Ein Baummodell wird eingeführt, welches abbildet, wie Urteile aufgrund solcher Informationen revidiert werden. Dieses Modell basiert auf den Ergebnissen der beiden Experimente: Indem soziale Informationen berücksichtigt werden, kann es zeigen, wie Urteile in einer Gruppe interagierender Personen zusammenlaufen oder polarisieren. Im dritten Artikel wird kollektives Verhalten in Märkten für kulturelle Produkte untersucht. Personen ordnen die Optionen entsprechend ihrer Popularität an und entscheiden sich dann für diejenige, die einen Nutzen hat, der über einer bestimmten ausreichend guten Schwelle liegt. Nach jeder individuellen Entscheidung wird die Rangfolge revidiert. Innerhalb dieses einfachen Rahmens wird demonstriert, dass solche Märkte durch eine sogenannte rich get richer-Dynamik charakterisiert sind. Diese führt zu Ungleichheiten in den Marktanteilen und ungewissen finanziellen Erlösen.This dissertation comprises of three independent essays which introduce novel psychologically inspired process models and examine their implications for individual, collective or market behavior. The first essay studies multi-attribute choice as a guided process of search. It puts forward a theoretical framework which integrates work on search and stopping with partial information from economics with psychological subjective utility models from the field of judgment and decision making. The alternatives are searched in order of decreasing estimated utility, until the expected cost of search exceeds the relevant benefits; The essay presents the results of a performance comparison of three well-studied multi-attribute choice models.The second essay reports the results of two experiments designed to understand how people revise their judgments of factual questions after being exposed to the opinion and confidence levels of others. It introduces a tree model of judgment revision which is directly derived from the empirical observations. The model demonstrates how opinions in a group of interacting people can converge or polarize over repeated interactions. The third essay, studies collective behavior in markets for search products. The decision makers consider the alternatives in order of decreasing popularity and choose the first alternative with utility higher than a certain satisficing threshold. The popularity order is updated after each individual choice. The presented framework illustrates that such markets are characterized by rich-get-richer dynamics which lead to inequality in the market-share distribution and unpredictability in regard to the final outcome.