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1
Boelhouwer, Peter, and Harry Heijden. "Social housing in Western Europe in the nineties." Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02496523.
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Bonoli, Giuliano. "PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL PROTECTION AND POLITICAL ECONOMY TRADITIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE." European Societies 2, no. 4 (January 2000): 431–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713767005.
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Damurski, Lukasz. "E-Participation in Urban Planning." International Journal of E-Planning Research 1, no. 3 (July 2012): 40–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2012070103.
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Simple observation of planning practices in Eastern and Western Europe reveal a substantial gap in citizen participation between the post-socialist societies and the highly developed countries. This gap was created recently during the continent’s history and is reflected in an uneven distribution of social capital and democratic attitudes. During the last 30 years Western societies developed their civic consciousness and improved their democratic procedures; while citizen activities in the East was constrained by socialist regimes, then dissipated by the system transformation and only now is slowly reviving. How can social and political distance? Development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools seems to stimulate social cohesion of European countries. The Internet creates new forms of social life, giving new opportunities for citizen involvement and strongly influences public decision-making systems. Examples of e-participation in planning from both sides of the continent suggest that this gap is not necessarily as big as it appears to be. This article compares online participation tools offered in Poland and Germany. Analyzing three complimentary aspects of e-participation in planning: “transparency,” “spatiality,” and “interactivity.” The results are expressed further in the article.
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Stojkov, Borislav, and Aleksandar Djordjevic. "Meaning of crossborder planning in western Balkan countries." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 84, no. 2 (2004): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0402113s.
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The crossborder cooperation takes very important place in integration processes in Europe. Establishing the crossborder regions is one of prerequisites for more efficient cooperation. Many examples prove the whole spectrum of positive effects generated by such cooperations. Based on sound methodological foundations, crossborder spatial planning is the first step towards successful spatial integration and a prerequisites for other forms of cooperation, economic and political in particular. The territory of Serbia is characterized by a large number of border regions with different features and potentials. The Drina area, with its very specific physical social, economic and historic features and above all, with natural resources and potentials, asks for a creative methodology to enable adequate spatial integration of this crossborder region. The paper is elaborating the idea of forming a crossborder region as indispensable for the future, compared with sectorial planning up to date. The example of crossborder region "Drina-Sava-Majevica" offers positive initiatives in functional integrating communes alongside the river Drina.
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Krieger, Joel. "Egalitarian Social Movements in Western Europe: Can They Survive Globalization and EMU?" International Studies Review 1, no. 3 (December 1999): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00165.
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Harris, Max, Bruce Edwards, Vamik Volkan, and J. Anderson Thomson. "The psychology of Western European neo-racism." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 3, no. 1 (1995): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181195x00011.
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AbstractEurope is on the verge of an unprecedented era of social, economic, and political cooperation. Yet, there is resurgent racism and xenophobia in Western Europe, and in Central and Eastern Europe many of the fragments of the old Soviet Empire have disintegrated into ethnic violence and genocidal warfare. Prejudice is the common source of this ethnic hatred, xenophobia, and racism. The Center for the Study of Mind and Human Interaction is involved in developing those concepts which will provide the links between the psychological understanding of individual human beings and how they create and sustain destructive conflict in social, political, and ethnic groups. The development of prejudice in an individual and its underlying psychological mechanisms are detailed as part of the formation of identity. The fundamental structures of prejudice are then discussed using crucial new concepts in the psychology of large group processes involved in violent group hatreds.
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Dabasi-Halász, Zsuzsanna, Julianna Kiss, Ioana Manafi,, Daniela Elena Marinescu, Katalin Lipták, Monica Roman, and Javier Lorenzo-Rodriguez. "International youth mobility in Eastern and Western Europe – the case of the Erasmus+ programme." Migration Letters 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.626.
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A country's mobility pattern is largely influenced by its previous historical development and current socio-economic situation. Hungary and Romania, due partly to the legacy of their socialist past, share many of their social and economic characteristics, which differ from countries in Western Europe. Such differences are also present when looking at the issue of international youth mobility, which contrast not only by rate but also by type in post-socialist countries when compared to Western Europe. The main objective of the present paper is to analyse the differences and similarities between Eastern and Western European countries with regard to one mobility programme – Erasmus+. The article presents the differences looking at macro data and quantitative questionnaire data.
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Lee, R. "Look after the Pounds and the People Will Look after Themselves: Social Reproduction, Regulation, and Social Exclusion in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 10 (October 1995): 1577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a271577.
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In considering the nature of and route to a desired end point of transition, regulationist models may overlook or internalise the reproduction of labour. Against the background of growing and chronic unemployment in western Europe, an argument is made for the exogeneity of the social reproduction of labour. The conclusion makes a case for a return to considerations of moral, or the reconstruction of civil, economic geographies.
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Argamakova, Alexandra A. "History of Social Engineering Theories." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-7-85-108.
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The first mentions of “social engineering” and “social technologies” concepts started from the 19th century. Until the present moment, different lines of this story have been left neglected and insufficiently researched. In the article, initial meanings and authentic contexts of their usage are explained in more details. The investigation reaches the 1920s−1930s and is finished at the intersection of the Soviet and the American contexts concerned with scientific organization of labor, business optimization and economic planning. In conclusion, recent modifications of social engineering are briefly characterized. They are connected with development of information technologies and automation of smart cities. The research appeals toward histories of scientific management in North America and Western Europe, its industrial roots and unexplained foundations. Meanwhile, it is philosophically substantial due to conceptual analysis and explication of presuppositions of our thinking in respect of society and ways of changing social reality. After Sir Karl Popper, social engineering has been associated with the Soviet methods of planning and centralized governance. However, one can be assured that until now this concept has evolved by different, alternative trajectories within the context of industrial modernization of Europe and America. Within post-industrial world, the vision of social engineering has been enriched by IT-analogies, and social practice is interpreted in light of organizational, cultural, mental, or historical algorithms, which are the subject of purposeful manipulation and modification.
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Cox, Kevin R. "Development policy, Western Europe and the question of specificity." European Urban and Regional Studies 27, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776418798689.
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In the Anglophone literature on local and regional development policy there are tendencies to overextension of claims from one side of the Atlantic to the other, or there is no comparative framing at all. As a result the specificity of the West European case tends to be lost. In contrast with the USA, the West European instance is very different indeed. Although there have been changes since the postwar golden years of urban and regional planning, central government remains crucial in the structuring of local and regional development and has given expression to counter-posed class forces: regional policy was historically an aspect of the welfare state as promoted by the labor movement, while urbanization policy has been much more about the forces of the political right. In the USA, by contrast, local governments and to a lesser degree, the states, have been and continue to be supreme; in contrast to Western Europe, location tends to be much more market-determined, with local and governments acting as market agents. Class forces have seemingly been much weaker, territorial coalitions occupying the center ground. As a first cut, these differences have to do with state structure: the Western European state is far more centralized, facilitating the implementation of policies that are relatively indifferent to local specificity, while in the USA the converse applies. State structures, however, are parts of broader social formations and reflect the different socio-historical conditions in which West European societies, on the one hand, and their American counterpoint, on the other, have emerged.
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Nota, Laura, Salvatore Soresi, Lea Ferrari, and Maria Cristina Ginevra. "Vocational Designing and Career Counseling in Europe." European Psychologist 19, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000189.
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This article aims to illuminate new challenges in the field of vocational designing and career counseling in assisting persons planning for an uncertain and difficult future in the current economic climate in European and other Western nations. The first part of the paper starts with an analysis of the European socioeconomic context and provides a description of populations with significant career and life design needs: young people, older workers, migrants, temporary workers, women, people with disabilities, parents and children, employers. The second part of the paper focuses on an analysis of these challenges and suggests a revision of well-established vocational designing and career counseling assumptions in favor of a new form of awareness and new concepts. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) and life design approaches are discussed as promising models to cope with the social, economic, and cultural challenges facing career counseling. Suggestions for interventions that could be implemented on a large scale, especially for at-risk populations and with preventive aims, are provided.
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Bradač Hojnik, Barbara, and Katja Crnogaj. "Social Impact, Innovations, and Market Activity of Social Enterprises: Comparison of European Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051915.
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The purpose of this article is to provide an insight into the specifics of social entrepreneurship in different business environments. The article, therefore, examines selected characteristics of social enterprises, namely social value, innovations, and market activities. In addition, differences in the start-up and operational phases of social enterprises were measured. Social enterprises must operate in a specific business context, which essentially hinders or promotes social entrepreneurship. As culture differs between north-western and south-eastern Europe, it is important to examine the differences in social entrepreneurship between these two groups of countries. To analyze the proposed characteristics, we used the latest data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor special report on social entrepreneurship. The results indicate that there exist differences in social impact measurement between observed groups of countries. Additionally, we confirmed differences between the observed groups of countries in terms of innovations and market activity of social enterprises in the operational phase. Our results also suggest that social entrepreneurship is more developed in north-western European countries than in south-eastern ones, with some elements in the north-western countries being more noticeable in the operational phase compared to the start-up phase.
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Bueno-Suárez, Carlos, and Daniel Coq-Huelva. "Sustaining What Is Unsustainable: A Review of Urban Sprawl and Urban Socio-Environmental Policies in North America and Western Europe." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 4445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114445.
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Urban sprawl and its economic, social, and environmental consequences are central issues for approaching more sustainable forms of life and production. This review provides a broad theoretical exploration of the main features of urban sprawl but also of sustainable urban policies in Western Europe and North America. Urban sprawl can be observed in both continents, as the search for higher standards of economic, social, and environmental sustainability is also an essential feature of urban governance in the last years. Urban sprawl has been slightly weaker in Western Europe, as its are cities generally more compact. Moreover, in Western Europe, urban sprawl has sometimes been confronted with ex-ante preventive policies. However, in North America, urban sprawl from the 1950s has been an essential element of the social ordering and, thus, of the American way of life. In both cases, urban sprawl has generated successive rounds of accumulation of built capital, which is currently managed in sustainable ways essentially through ex-post and palliative measures, that is, trying to “sustain what is unsustainable”. In other words, the idea is to make urban sprawl more sustainable but without altering its main morphological elements.
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Guranowska-Gruszecka, Krystyna. "URBAN PLANNING SITUATION IN POLAND." Space&FORM 45 (March 30, 2021): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.45.c-05.
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The subject of the article relates to the current state of affairs of spatial planning system in force in Poland and the possibility to introduce positive changes to it. The author adopted the examples with which she attempts to illustrate the system from her own extensive experience in urban planning, especially in Warsaw, which was assumed as the main research field. In the article, the discussion on the abovementioned planning system starts with the statistics of urban plans made in Warsaw, the scope of social participation and analyzes conducted prior to projects. Then, focus was placed on contemporary trends: functional diversity, land and building ownership, the European Green Deal trend, as well as the necessity for management principles in urban planning and project implementations. The basic assumed research method was to compare the achievements of urban development elements in Poland with similar ones located in countries of Western Europe. In the conclusions, the final summary is presented. It consists in the author’s own recommendations for corrective action for functioning of the spatial planning system in Poland.
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Reynolds, Andrew. "On farmers, traders and kings: archaeological reflections of social complexity in early medieval north-western Europe." Early Medieval Europe 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2005): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0254.2005.00150.x.
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Keating, M. "The Invention of Regions: Political Restructuring and Territorial Government in Western Europe." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 15, no. 4 (December 1997): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c150383.
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Regionalism has come back to prominence, as the political, economic, cultural, and social meaning of space is changing in contemporary Europe. In some ways, politics, economics, and public policies are deterritorializing; but at the same time and in other ways, there is a reterritorialization of economic, political, and governmental activity. The ‘new regionalism’ is the product of this decomposition and recomposition of the territorial framework of public life, consequent on changes in the state, the market, and the international context. Functional needs, institutional restructuring, and political mobilization all play a role. Regionalism must now be placed in the context of the international market and the European Union, as well as the nation-state.
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HOUSTON, R. A. "‘Lesser-used’ languages in historic Europe: models of change from the 16th to the 19th centuries." European Review 11, no. 3 (July 2003): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000309.
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This article charts and tries to explain the changing use of ‘minority’ languages in Europe between the end of the Middle Ages and the 19th century. This period saw the beginnings of a decline in the use of certain dialects and separate languages, notably Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although some tongues such as Catalan and Welsh remained widely used. The article develops some models of the relationship between language and its social, economic and political context. That relationship was mediated through the availability of printed literature; the political (including military) relations between areas where different languages or dialects were spoken; the nature and relative level of economic development (including urbanization); the policy of the providers of formal education and that of the church on religious instruction and worship; and, finally, local social structures and power relationships. The focus is principally on western Europe, but material is also drawn from Scandinavia and from eastern and central Europe.
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Sovová, Lucie, and Esther J. Veen. "Neither Poor nor Cool: Practising Food Self-Provisioning in Allotment Gardens in the Netherlands and Czechia." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 5134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125134.
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While urban gardening and food provisioning have become well-established subjects of academic inquiry, these practices are given different meanings depending on where they are performed. In this paper, we scrutinise different framings used in the literature on food self-provisioning in Eastern and Western Europe. In the Western context, food self-provisioning is often mentioned alongside other alternative food networks and implicitly framed as an activist practice. In comparison, food self-provisioning in Central and Eastern Europe has until recently been portrayed as a coping strategy motivated by economic needs and underdeveloped markets. Our research used two case studies of allotment gardening from both Western and Eastern Europe to investigate the legitimacy of the diverse framings these practices have received in the literature. Drawing on social practice theory, we examined the meanings of food self-provisioning for allotment gardeners in Czechia and the Netherlands, as well as the material manifestations of this practice. We conclude that, despite minor differences, allotment gardeners in both countries are essentially ‘doing the same thing.’ We thus argue that assuming differences based on different contexts is too simplistic, as are the binary categories of ‘activist alternative’ versus ‘economic need.’
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Wojnowski, Zbigniew. "An unlikely bulwark of Sovietness: cross-border travel and Soviet patriotism in Western Ukraine, 1956–1985." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 1 (January 2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.953468.
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Focusing on the development of travel between the borderlands of Ukraine and Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, this article explores what it meant to be Soviet outside the Russian core of the USSR between the mid-1950s and the mid-1980s. The cautious opening of the Soviet border was part of a larger attempt to find fresh sources of popular support and enthusiasm for the regime's “communist” project. Before the Prague Spring of 1968 in particular, official policies and narratives of travel thus praised local inhabitants who crossed the Soviet border for supposedly overcoming age-old hatreds to build a brighter future in Eastern Europe. By the 1970s, however, smuggling and cultural consumption discredited the idea of “internationalist friendship.” This encouraged residents of Ukraine to speak and write about the continuing importance of the Soviet border. The very idea of Sovietness was defined in national terms, as narratives of travel emphasized that Soviet citizens were inherently different from ethno-national groups in the people's democracies. Eastern Europe thus emerged as an “other” that highlighted the Soviet character of territories incorporated into the USSR after 1939, helping to obscure western Ukraine's troubled past and leading to the emergence of new social hierarchies in the region.
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Bell, David Andreas, and Zan Strabac. "Exclusion of Muslims in Eastern Europe and Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Muslim Attitudes in France, Norway, Poland and Czech Republic." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 28, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-bja10006.
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There are worrying signs of rising intolerance towards Muslim immigrants in the majority of European societies. We use data from the 2014/2015 wave of European Social Survey to analyse negative attitudes toward Muslim immigrants in France, Norway, Poland and the Czech Republic. Results of the analyses reveal that both levels and determinants of the anti-Muslim attitudes vary greatly. The levels are highest in Czech Republic and Poland, the two countries that have a very low Muslim population. Nevertheless, contact with immigrants reduces hostility toward Muslims also in these two countries. We find that theoretical approaches commonly used in studies of anti-immigrant attitudes are better suited to explain negative attitudes in Western European than in Eastern European countries. We argue that future research on hostility toward immigrants in Europe should focus more on Eastern European countries, as attitudes toward immigrants in several of these are worryingly negative.
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Muś, Anna. "Politicization of Ethnicity: The Moravian-Silesian Movement in the Czech Republic and the Silesian Movement in Poland—A Comparative Approach." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 6 (November 2019): 1048–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.66.
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AbstractEthnoregionalism in Europe is a phenomenon usually studied in the context of Western Europe. Still, in Central and Eastern Europe, there are some social and political movements that can be categorized as ethnoregionalist. The phenomenon started to play a role even before the Great War and in the interwar period, but was suppressed during the times of socialist regimes. It resurfaced immediately after 1989 during the times of transformation of political systems to fully democratic systems when problems of decentralization, authority, and division of power became openly discussed. In this article, I compare two such movements in the context of their political potential. The Moravian-Silesian movement in the Czech Republic and the Silesian movement in Poland have both similarities and differences, but the article mostly focuses on the evolution of these movements.
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Timmerman, Christiane. "Marriage in a ‘Culture of Migration’. Emirdag Marrying into Flanders." European Review 16, no. 4 (October 2008): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000367.
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The persistently high popularity of migration marriages within large immigrant populations in Western Europe is an intriguing phenomenon. Why do so many young people born and raised in Western Europe opt for an unknown partner coming from a region that, although it is where their parents or grandparents came from, is by and large unknown to them personally? This contribution attempts to shed some light on the dynamics of this particular kind of migration which impacts significantly on the social fabric of Western European societies. Our focus here is specifically on the Belgian case, namely the so-called ‘Emirdag connection’. In Belgium, the majority of immigrants with a Turkish background come from the region of Emirdag, in the province of Afyon. Over the last 40 years a close relationship has been established between this region of emigration and a number of Turkish communities in Flanders and Brussels. Over the last decade chain migration became for most the most popular means to enter Belgium; in other words, the majority of newcomers arrived in Belgium as (future) spouses of Belgian residents. This certainly applies to Turkish migration. Particular to the Turkish residents in Belgium, including the second generation, is that the majority still marry a person who grew up in Turkey.
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Lafuente, Juan Ángel, Amparo Marco, Mercedes Monfort, and Javier Ordóñez. "Social Exclusion and Convergence in the EU: An Assessment of the Europe 2020 Strategy." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 29, 2020): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051843.
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Economic convergence has long been a declared objective of the EU and considered the fundamental mechanism for achieving socioeconomic cohesion. The recent economic crisis had an uneven impact across EU countries and brought a halt to the process of economic and social convergence. In response to this situation, the Europe 2020 strategy, launched in 2010, aimed to deliver social and territorial cohesion in the Member States. In this paper we evaluate the poverty and social exclusion pillar of the Europe 2020 strategy by analysing whether it has promoted convergence across the EU countries in the indicators devised to capture risk of poverty, severe material deprivation, and the number of persons living in households with very low work intensity. Our results for all three rates indicate that convergence occurs in heterogeneous clubs that do not follow a geographic east‒west or south‒north pattern. Convergence within each club, especially for the severe deprivation rate, takes place by means of a catching-up process, with Eastern European levels converging on the Western levels. Finally, not only is there club convergence, but there is no tendency for the clubs to convergence. Poverty and social cohesion indicators show a multi-speed Europe, casting doubt on the sustainability of the overall convergence process in the EU.
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Kunc, Josef, and František Križan. "Changing European retail landscapes: New trends and challenges." Moravian Geographical Reports 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2018-0012.
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Abstract During the second half of the 20thcentury, consumption patterns in the developed market economies have stabilised, while in the transition/EU-accession countries these patterns were accepted with unusual speed and dynamics. Differences, changes and current trends in Western Europe and post-socialist countries in the quantity and concentration of retailing activities have been minimised, whereas some distinctions in the quality of retail environments have remained. Changes have occurred in buying habits, shopping behaviour and consumer preferences basically for all population groups across the generations. This article is a theoretical and conceptual introduction to a Special Issue of the Moravian Geographical Reports (Volume 26, No. 3) on “The contemporary retail environment: shopping behaviour, consumers’ preferences, retailing and geomarketing”. The basic features which have occurred in European retailing environments are presented, together with a comparison (and confrontation) between Western and Eastern Europe. The multidisciplinary nature of retailing opens the discussion not only from a geographical perspective but also from the point of view of other social science disciplines that naturally interconnect in the retail environments.
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Cox, R. H. "Creating Welfare States in Czechoslovakia and Hungary: Why Policymakers Borrow Ideas from the West." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110349.
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Political change in Eastern Europe meant that a policy reform was soon to follow. The initial expectation was that reform would stem from efforts to emulate the Western democratic countries, and that policymakers in Eastern Europe would borrow from the West. In this study it was found that in Czechoslovakia policymakers were attempting to borrow policies primarily from Britain and Sweden, whereas in Hungary the primary models were Germany and Austria. An explanation for this difference is that historical similarities in social-policy development structured the choice of countries, suggesting that historical trends have persisted despite the long period of Communist rule.
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Gray, John. "From Post-Communism to Civil Society: The Reemergence of History and the Decline of the Western Model." Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 2 (1993): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250000412x.
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For virtually all the major schools of Western opinion, the collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, between 1989 and 1991, represents a triumph of Western values, ideas, and institutions. If, for triumphal conservatives, the events of late 1989 encompassed an endorsement of “democratic capitalism” that augured “the end of history,” for liberal and social democrats they could be understood as the repudiation by the peoples of the former Soviet bloc of Marxism-Leninism in all its varieties, and the reemergence of a humanist socialism that was free of Bolshevik deformation. The structure of political and economic institutions appropriate to the transition from post-Communism in the Soviet bloc to genuine civil society was, accordingly, modeled on Western exemplars—the example of Anglo-American democratic capitalism, of Swedish social democracy, or of the German social market economy— or on various modish Western academic conceptions, long abandoned in the Soviet and post-Soviet worlds, such as market socialism. No prominent school of thought in the West doubted that the dissolution of Communist power was part of a process of Westernization in which contemporary Western ideas and institutions could and would successfully be exported to the former Communist societies. None questioned the idea that, somewhere in the repertoire of Western theory and practice, there was a model for conducting the transition from the bankrupt institutions of socialist central planning, incorporated into the structure of a totalitarian state, to market institutions and a liberal democratic state. Least of all did anyone question the desirability, or the possibility, of reconstituting economic and political institutions on Western models, in most parts of the former Soviet bloc.
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Kurek, Sławomir, and Milena Lange. "Urbanisation and changes in fertility pattern in Poland and in the selected countries of Western and Southern Europe." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17, no. 17 (January 1, 2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0008-2.
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Urbanisation and changes in fertility pattern in Poland and in the selected countries of Western and Southern EuropeSince the beginning of the 1990s profound changes have occurred in reproductive behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. They involve a sudden fall in the fertility rate, accompanied by an increase in the age of mothers giving birth to their first child, and a growth in the percentage of extramarital births. A similar course of changes in reproductive behaviour was observed almost a decade earlier in the countries of Southern Europe (Greece, Spain and Italy), and at the beginning of the 1960s in the countries of Western Europe (e.g. France). The aim of the study is to show the spatial changes in the fertility pattern in Poland compared to the selected European countries - Italy, Spain and France. Since new fertility patterns take hold most quickly among the inhabitants of large cities, as a result of the weaker effects of tradition and earlier formation of social norms owing to suburbanisation processes, the analysis of changes in reproductive behaviours will be conducted in the context of changes in urbanisation level. The time frame of the study encompasses an extended duration, especially taking into account the period of 1970-2010. For the comparison of large cities, data from 2010 or the nearest available were examined.
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Crook, Tony, Peter Bibby, Ed Ferrari, Sarah Monk, Connie Tang, and Christine Whitehead. "New housing association development and its potential to reduce concentrations of deprivation: An English case study." Urban Studies 53, no. 16 (July 20, 2016): 3388–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015613044.
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Social housing across Western Europe has become significantly more residualised as governments concentrate on helping vulnerable households. Many countries are trying to reduce the concentrations of deprivation by building for a wider range of households and tenures. In England this policy has two main strands: (1) including other tenures when regenerating areas originally built as mono-tenure social housing estates and (2) introducing social rented and low-cost homeownership into new private market developments through planning obligations. By examining where new social housing and low-cost home ownership homes have been built and who moves into them, this paper examines whether these policies achieve social mix and reduce spatial concentrations of deprivation. The evidence suggests that new housing association development has enabled some vulnerable households to live in areas which are not deprived, while some better-off households have moved into more deprived areas. But these trends have not been sufficient to stem increases in deprivation in the most deprived areas.
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Leal Filho, Walter, Mariia Fedoruk, Lyudmyla Zahvoyska, and Lucas Veiga Avila. "Identifying and Comparing Obstacles and Incentives for the Implementation of Energy Saving Projects in Eastern and Western European Countries: An Exploratory Study." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094944.
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This comparison study of the implementation of energy-saving projects in buildings was conducted in order to consider the diversity of experiences between Western European countries, which have experience and expertise in this area, and those countries in Eastern Europe that are in the beginning stages. The goal of this paper is to analyze obstacles and incentives for investment in energy conservation in buildings by comparing European countries with a diverse landscape of institutional and economic developments, social-cultural values, and environmental framework conditions in order to understand if these differences are influencing the implementation of energy saving measures and how this can be used to overcome the existing obstacles. The study is based on survey results received from experts in Eastern and Western European countries. The main value of the research is that it offers an overview of the potentials and constraints (barriers) to energy efficiency in Europe, based on data from a sample of western and eastern European countries. Among the most important incentives that were implemented to stimulate energy-saving measures are costs savings and the need to meet regulatory requirements. The main obstacles that still restrict the number of already implemented projects in Europe are a lack of proper financial incentives and that many Eastern countries are still struggling to develop the market of Energy Saving Services (ESS) and to operate better energy waste control systems. The paper concludes with the successful incentives that were implemented to stimulate the energy-saving measures and the main obstacles that still restrict the number of already implemented projects in Europe. Additionally, a set of indicators related to the environmental friendliness and social significance of energy-saving measures was proposed for evaluation of the project results. These were used based on the fact that they may be measured and cater for comparisons. This paper can help improve policy-makers’ selections in order to improve economic instruments appropriate to energy-saving policy objectives and specific national contexts.
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Káčerová, Marcela. "How seniors live from an economic, health, social and emotional point of view? Multidimensional review of the quality of life of seniors in Europe." Geographia Polonica 93, no. 2 (2020): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0169.
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Quality of life is an extraordinarily multidimensional term. It includes both objective and subjective factors. This article reviews the quality of life of an extremely sensitive group – people over the age of 65, based on data from the pan-European SHARE survey (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe). The survey revealed the disparities in the quality of life of seniors regarding material, health, social and emotional dimensions in 16 European countries. According to the European survey of the evaluation of the quality of life of seniors, those living in Western and Northern European countries are more satisfied with the quality of their life. Generally, it has become apparent that quality of life is interlinked with the institutional framework of the country, family support and individual approaches. Countries in Southern and Eastern Europe have lower values in individual dimensions as well as in the aggregate quality of life index.
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Slaev, Aleksandar, and Ivan Nikiforov. "Factors of urban sprawl in Bulgaria." Spatium, no. 29 (2013): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1329022s.
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Urban sprawl has become a topical urban issue first in North America and later in Western Europe. It turned into a major challenge to urban sustainability. However, sprawl in Western Europe has displayed many specific features different than that in North America and these features are related to the concrete circumstances in the two continents. The social, economic and urban situation in the new European democracies is also quite different and this inevitably has its impact on the forms of sprawl. One of the main characteristics of sprawl is that it is considered to be market-led. More precisely, a major factor is the lack of balance between market trends and planning policy that allows for the market players to determine the use of their plots in suburban locations with little reference to the public interests and issues of sustainability. As the countries in Eastern and South-eastern Europe have already made certain progress on their way to market society, the problems of sprawl were faced in these countries too. The goal of the paper is to apply widely accepted definitions of sprawl to the processes in the suburbs of Sofia and, thus, to assess whether these are processes of sprawl. It also aims to study the specific traditions and residential preferences of Sofia?s population in order to identify specific characteristics and aspects of the Bulgarian model. The findings of the paper confirm that Bulgaria?s capital Sofia is experiencing processes of urban sprawl, particularly in its southern suburban areas - in the foot of Vitosha Mountain. Next, these processes display strong regional characteristics. So far sprawl in Bulgaria is less intensive than that in Western Europe but also than that in the post-socialist countries in Central Europe and in Baltic states. Eventually, the urban forms of Bulgarian sprawl tend to be denser and with mix of single-family and multi-family residential types and mix of land uses.
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Knight, Sarah Cleeland. "Even Today, a Western and Gendered Social Science: Persistent Geographic and Gender Biases in Undergraduate IR Teaching." International Studies Perspectives 20, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz006.
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Abstract A perennial critique of international relations is that the field focuses disproportionately on the United States and Europe and contains a gender bias in terms of ignoring issues of particular concern to women. The field is also infamous for how difficult it is for female scholars to publish and have their publications cited. This study evaluates these claims of bias in the area of undergraduate international relations teaching by analyzing an original dataset of 48 introduction to international relations syllabi from ten countries. The study analyzes the authors of required readings and the theories and empirical topics taught, and finds that the geographic and gender biases are both firmly in place. The first finding is that courses assign readings predominantly from US-resident, US-trained, male authors, even those courses taught outside the United States and those taught by female faculty. A second finding is that assigned readings focus overwhelmingly on the United States more than any other country or region, and only 1 percent of readings focus specifically on gender-related issues.
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Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. "Industrialization in India before 1947: Conventional Approaches and Alternative Perspectives." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 623–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007757.
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Models of industrialization and social change, whether Marxist or functionalist, have been derived largely from the historical experience of Western Europe and, especially, of Britain. Social theories came to be constructed upon a specific reading of a particular, and in some respects, unique, historical development. These theories or models, now deepseated in our historiographical consciousness, increasingly offer yardsticks against which industrial development elsewhere in the world is measured. On closer examination, universal postulates thus derived have appeared to generate a large number of special cases. Vast expanses of the globe are seemingly littered with cases of arrested development or examples of frustrated bourgeois revolutions.
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Grossmann, Katrin, Nadja Kabisch, and Sigrun Kabisch. "Understanding the social development of a post-socialist large housing estate: The case of Leipzig-Grünau in eastern Germany in long-term perspective." European Urban and Regional Studies 24, no. 2 (December 22, 2015): 142–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776415606492.
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For decades, public and scholarly debates on large, post-war housing estates in western Europe have been concerned with social decline. After 1989/1990, the point in time of fundamental societal change in eastern Europe, this concern was transferred to estates in post-socialist cities. However, empirical evidence for a general negative trend has not emerged. Recent publications confirm the persistence of social mix and highlight the differentiated trajectories of estates. This paper aims to contribute to an approach of how to conceptually make sense of these differentiated trajectories. Using data from a unique longitudinal survey in East Germany, starting in 1979, we investigate the state of social mix, drivers of social change and the inner differentiation in the housing estate Leipzig-Grünau. We found no proof for a dramatic social decline, rather there is evidence for a slow and multi-faceted change in the social and demographic structure of the residents contributing to a gradual social fragmentation of the estate. This is a result of path dependencies, strategic planning effects and ownership structures. We discuss these drivers of large housing estate trajectories and their related impacts by adapting a framework of multiple, overlapping institutional, social and urban post-socialist transformations. We suggest embedding the framework in a wider and a local context in which transformations need to be seen. In conclusion, we argue for a theoretical debate that makes sense of contextual differences within such transformations.
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Enyedi, György. "The transition of post-socialist cities." European Review 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001460.
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After World War II, the European semi-periphery—southern, Mediterranean and the eastern one—underwent rapid industrialization and urbanization. During this process. East-Central European socialist countries also replicated the forms—but not the social content and mechanism—of earlier Western European urbanization. Post-socialist transition has introduced important changes into urban processes as follows: (a) growing inequalities; (b) development of transboundary relations and the beginning of city competition across the whole of Europe; (c) independent urban governments; (d) transformation of urban society; and (e) privatization of urban land and housing.
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Tafel-Viia, Külliki, Erik Terk, Silja Lassur, and Andres Viia. "Creative industries in the capital cities of the Baltic States: Are there innovations in urban policy?" Moravian Geographical Reports 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0024.
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Abstract The transformation of urban policy, resulting from ‘creative industries’ policy developments, is explored in this article, with respect to the Baltic capitals. Policy initiatives in the creative industries in Central and Eastern European cities have predominantly developed through policy transfers from Western Europe, with its long-term market economy experience. How adaptable are such policies for post-socialist cities? Using the concept of social innovation, this article describes mechanisms that facilitate policy acceptance and examines whether and how the development of creative industries has resulted in urban policy renewal in the Baltic capitals.
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Jensen, H. T., and V. Plum. "From Centralised State to Local Government the Case of Poland in the Light of Western European Experience." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, no. 5 (October 1993): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110565.
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Several countries in Western Europe have experienced a restructuring of local and regional government. In Scandinavia local government has been a cornerstone in the building of the welfare society. In the last couple of years Poland (and other Eastern European countries) has been restructured to reduce the central state and to give more power to the private sector and the local government. It is argued that coordination at the local-government level is important for a relevant economic and political response to local problems. A framework is provided for an understanding of the development of the central and local states at the cost of activities performed earlier by the family and the local community, but also as a support (in service and regulation) to activities of the private sector. Second, it is argued that the new EC slogan, ‘a Europe of regions’, has the purpose of strengthening the regional level economically and politically and thereby of dismantling and weakening the national state in order to strengthen the EC. Third, the problems and scope of the Polish local-government reform are illustrated, from vertical control to horizontal coordination. There are difficulties in building powerful local governments at a time when they have nearly no money and are unable to provide the social services which used to be provided through the state firms. There is now a political vacuum for which the upcoming new private sector and the new local governments fight.
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Warszyńska, Jadwiga. "Integrated Hotel Chains in Western Europe at the turn of the 21sl Century." Turyzm/Tourism 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2002): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.12.2.10.
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The second half of the 20lh C witnessed a dynamic development of tourism. Western European countries are, next to the United States, leaders of international tourism and have the best-developed system of integrated hotel chains. The article provides information about those West European hotel chains operating at the turn of the 21st C, the number of integrated chains, the number of hotels, their capacity, standard, influence, location and national status, and their role in the world hotel industry.
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Barwiński, Marek. "Geographical, Historical and Political Conditions of Ongoing and Potential Ethnic Conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe." European Spatial Research and Policy 26, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.1.08.
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For centuries Central and Eastern Europe has been the scene of frequent changes of borders and numerous ethnic conflicts. Contemporary ethnic diversity of this region is much smaller, however, the growing nationalisms of the various societies, mutual mistrust, and the temptation of politicians to use ethnic issues in the regional geopolitical competition pose a real threat to the stability and peace in Central and Eastern Europe. The dynamic political, legal, social and economic changes which have been taking place in this part of Europe for three decades now, which overlay its clear civilization division into the Latin and the Byzantine parts and are intensified by historical animosities, must have had an impact on the situation and the perception of minorities. In contrast to Western Europe, the contemporary ethnic diversity of Central and Eastern Europe is primary the consequence of various, often centuries-old historical processes (settlement actions, voluntary and forced migrations, border changes, the political and economic expansion of particular countries), and in the ethnic structure especially dominate the indigenous groups, migrants, particularly from the outside of the European cultural circle, are of marginal importance. Moreover, national minorities are usually concentrated in the border regions of countries, often in close proximity to their home countries, becoming – often against their will – element of the internal and foreign policies of neighbouring countries.
The main aims of the article are to explain the threats to peace arising from the attempts to use minorities in inter-state relations and regional geopolitics as well as engaging minority groups into ethnic and political conflicts (autonomy of regions, secession attempts) and still the very large role of history (especially negative, tragic events) in the shaping of contemporary interethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe.
However, the varied ethnic structure typical for this region does not have to be a conflict factor, on the contrary – it can become a permanent element of the identity and cultural heritage of each country.
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Şaul, Mahir. "The circulation of coins and the Roman periphery." Archaeological Dialogues 12, no. 1 (June 2005): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203805231628.
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The discussion of coin finds in the European periphery and the light they throw on the nature of the Roman socio-economic complex is the most interesting part of this paper for me, because it is somewhat analogous to the relations of western Europe with west Africa in the 19th and early colonial 20th centuries. But this commentary steps over into the vast field of classical archaeology that is unfamiliar to me and instead of pursuing this analogy I find it more comfortable to make a few more general remarks on the use of social anthropological ideas and questions of method.
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Kuzmin, Viktor. "Peculiarities of implementation of career strategies in the framework of poststructuralism." Grani 23, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172024.
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The prerequisites for the formation of the theory of post-structuralism within the framework of sociological theory are set out in the article. The problems of the development of neo-functionalism as the first direction of post-structural sociological theory as an alternative theory to structural functionalism have been identified. The prospects for further research in the formulation and implementation of career strategies and scenarios within post-structuralism have been explored. The influence of postmodern sociological and socio-philosophical ideas on the structure of societies by post-structural type is evaluated. The patterns of post-structural transformations in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe are characterized. The mechanisms of post-structural transformation of social structures of the countries of Western Europe and the state support of these processes on the example of economic reforms by M. Thatcher are considered in the text. The problems of transformation of the structures of the societies of the countries of Eastern Europe have been clarified and compared with the social and socio-economic features of the parade of sovereignty of the Soviet republics and the countries party to the Warsaw Pact. The peculiarities of the transformation of the structures of society by post-structural type in different parts of Europe are compared. The impact of the liberal transformation of public institutions in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century on the formation and implementation of career strategies of Europeans was evaluated. The peculiarities of the formation of career strategies within societies with transformed public institutions by post-structural type are determined. An outline of the development of further career strategies and scenarios in the short and medium term perspectives for the formation and implementation of career strategies in Europe is provided. The article deals with the peculiarities of planning career strategies in the framework of post-structuralism and the peculiarities of the influence of neo-functionalism on. The concept of career strategy in the context of the achievements of the sociology of post-structuralism is considered. Examples of career strategies developed within a post-structural society are examined and ways of their evolution are explored. The peculiarities of the formation of career strategies at different stages of the evolution of a post-structural society are analyzed and forecasts of their further development are given.The author emphasized that poststructuralism was the answer to the crisis of structural functionalism, whose methodology could no longer satisfy most sociologists and the scientific community in providing valid research and interpretations of social relations in the societies of Western Europe and North America. It has been suggested that in the future, post-structuralist society will be modernized into a society that will have a more stable structure through differentiation of society by individual value orientations, which will allow to function within individual social structures, which will be massive and will not intersect at one another, but will not intersect at one another. only massive public structures. This will allow the implementation of offline career strategies within a separate public structure.
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Dee, E. T. C. "Institutionalization as Path to Autonomy: An Anarchist Social Center in Brighton." Space and Culture 21, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217720077.
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A common view in social movement theory is that institutionalization signals the decline and possibly the end of a radical social movement. To put it in a nutshell, having arisen spontaneously as the result of a combination of factors, a movement gathers steam and puts people on the street in protests and demonstrations, before consolidating power and solidifying the raw energy into organizations which can better negotiate with established actors. In studying the Cowley Club, an anarchist social center in Brighton, England, which is cooperatively owned by its members, I interrogate the notion that institutionalization necessarily signifies decay and a shift into conformity. In doing so, I draw on a small but growing field of research analyzing squatters’ movements in Western Europe and also refer to the activist debate which occurred when the Cowley Club was set up.
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SCHWAB, CHRISTIANE. "The transforming city in nineteenth-century literary journalism: Ramón de Mesonero Romanos’ ‘Madrid scenes’ and Charles Dickens’ ‘Street sketches’." Urban History 46, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000391.
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ABSTRACT:Nineteenth-century urbanization and industrialization in western Europe have clearly contributed to the formation of societal knowledge and self-reflexive cultural iconographies. Especially from the 1820s onwards, one major context for discussing the social and cultural diversity of the city and concomitant socio-political tensions was the emerging market of journals and magazines. Based upon the writings of two exemplary authors, this article investigates with which techniques and metaphors nineteenth-century journalistic sketches depicted urban sociability and conditions. Furthermore, it reflects on how not only the ever more differentiating urban environments but also the proximity of different networks and institutions of knowledge encouraged the refinement of social observation and thought. Exploring a neglected genre of social knowledge production, the article proposes new perspectives for urban history and aims at stimulating a critical review of contemporary research practices in all branches of the social sciences.
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Leisering, Lutz, Tao Liu, and Tobias ten Brink. "Synthesizing disparate ideas: How a Chinese model of social assistance was forged." Global Social Policy 17, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018117704381.
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In 1993, the Shanghai government introduced a minimum income security program, causing contagious imitative behaviors in scores of local pilot projects in China. Invigorated by such local policy experiments, the central government in 1999 set up a Minimum Living Standard Scheme covering all urban regions and, from 2007, rural areas. In the process of designing this scheme, the Chinese epistemic social policy community translated foreign ideas into the national context to facilitate the social assistance reform through policy experimentation and reinterpretation of external ideas. This article argues that Chinese actors in the field of social assistance have synthesized disparate ideas from two world regions – the United States and Western Europe – and from Chinese traditions to forge a Chinese model of social assistance. It thus complements the existing literature on diffusion, which tends to assume that countries import or adapt a ready-made policy model from another country or from an international organization.
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Suša, Oleg. "Meaning and Update of the Historical Silk Road: Globalization from East to West." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 20, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341586.
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Abstract The article analyzes the historical Silk Road in its long-term development. It entails reflections on the knowledge of Eastern global interactions providing a long-term contextual framework for Eurasia as a single continent. Eurasian globalization influenced the interactions of regions from China and India, through Western Asia, the Middle East, Eastern and Northern Africa and the Mediterranean, and the south of Europe. An important role was played by the Silk Road, as the main historical long-term network of global interactions and communication, which is now being echoed in the new current global initiatives, particularly the Belt and Road Initiative, which updates the historical Silk Road.
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Dris-Aït-Hamadouche, Louisa, and Yahia Zoubir. "The Maghreb: Social, Political, and Economic Developments." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6, no. 1-3 (2007): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914907x207757.
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AbstractDue to its geographical position, events in the Middle East, the Sahel, and Europe have consequential effects on the Maghreb (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia). Hence, recent economic, political, and cultural changes are more or less inspired or encouraged by those developments taking place in the surrounding environment. Together with Mauritania, the four countries founded in 1989 the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), which aimed at regional integration. Unfortunately, the UMA remains a distant wish; the conflict over Western Sahara and the political differences between Algeria and Morocco have prevented the UMA's advance.Each Maghrebi country witnessed particular events and reacted differently to identical stimuli. Undoubtedly, the countries' distinctive historical experiences provide a valuable understanding of the internal logic of the processes they have undergone and the way they sought to tackle them. This article will review the salient developments that occurred within each of the four Maghrebi countries and analyze the ways through which the regimes seek to resolve the challenges they are faced with. The main contention in the article is that the regimes in place have yet to open up the political space and allow genuine democratization to take place, for despite some genuine transformations in a few areas, the old rulers are still reluctant to loosen their grip over power. While they succeed in reestablishing order, the roots that generate cyclical uprisings remain intact. Civil society has yet to fulfill its full potential and enjoy genuine citizen participation.
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Reed, Maureen G., Alyssa Scott, David Natcher, and Mark Johnston. "Linking gender, climate change, adaptive capacity, and forest-based communities in Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 9 (September 2014): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0174.
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Analyses of climate change and the forest sector have identified the importance of individual actors, institutions, and organizations within communities for effective adaption and climate mitigation. Yet, there remains little recognition of how the internal dynamics of these institutions and organizations are influenced by gender and other social considerations such as age and culture. Research from developing countries and cognate resource sectors suggests that these considerations are critical for enhancing local adaptive capacity. Despite extensive review of forestry research across North America and western Europe, we found almost no research that addresses how differential social capabilities within forest-based communities affect adaptation to climate change. In this paper, we document the potential that gender sensitivity might provide to conceptions and practical applications of adaptive capacity and identify four types of research opportunities to address this gap: (i) developing disaggregated capitals frameworks; (ii) creating inclusive models; (iii) informing social planning; and (iv) understanding gender mainstreaming. Research focused on these opportunities, among others, will provide more robust theoretical understanding of adaptive capacity and strategic interventions necessary for effective adaptation.
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Bailey, David, Dan Coffey, Maria Gavris, and Carole Thornley. "Industrial policy, place and democracy." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 12, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsz010.
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Abstract Industrial policy is a potential vehicle for more participative and democratic forms of policy formation. But in Britain an ademocratic policy culture is transforming into an undemocratic one. This article explores the roots of this in major sea changes in the industrial policy climate of Western Europe, where non-discriminatory and aspatial policy stances are now giving way under pressure to openly discriminatory policies aimed at favoured industries or locations. The British case is contrasted with France, Germany and Italy, and their variety of responses. It is proposed that an extended notion of ‘place’ offers a basis for social dialogue.
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Abăseacă, Raluca. "Collective memory and social movements in times of crisis: the case of Romania." Nationalities Papers 46, no. 4 (July 2018): 671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1379007.
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Social movements are not completely spontaneous. On the contrary, they depend on past events and experiences and are rooted in specific contexts. By focusing on three case studies – the student mobilizations of 2011 and 2013, the anti-government mobilizations of 2012, and the protests against the Rosia Montana Gold Corporation project of 2013 – this article aims to investigate the role of collective memory in post-2011 movements in Romania. The legacy of the past is reflected not only in a return to the symbols and frames of the anti-Communist mobilizations of 1989 and 1990, but also in the difficulties of the protesters to delimit themselves from nationalist actors, to develop global claims, and to target austerity and neoliberalism. Therefore, even in difficult economic conditions, Romanian movements found it hard to align their efforts with those of the Indignados/Occupy movements. More generally, the case of Romania proves that activism remains rooted in the local and national context, reflecting the memories, experiences, and fears of the mobilized actors, in spite of the spread of a repertoire of action from Western and southern Europe.
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Mak, Karlo, and Martina Jakovčić. "Pink consumption areas: research accomplishments and future perspectives." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 83, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2021.83.02.03.
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Pink consumption areas are a collection of places that were created and/or stand out for their openness towards the LGBT community. Research of pink consumption first arose in the 1990s and took place in an urban context almost without exception, and was largely geographically limited to Anglo-America and Western Europe. Night clubs have been identified as the starting points of pink consumption, but pink consumer spaces are becoming increasingly diversified with the liberalisation of social relations in the Western world. However, entertainment remains the dominant domain and the most research attention has been focused on this area. Purchasing systems, including consumption management called rainbow washing, has also been well studied, though studies on culture and health related to this area are strongly lacking. Research of pink consumption spaces shares a common methodology with this issue. A central issue is the lack of a public list of LGBT persons, which makes it virtually impossible to have any form of probability sampling. Accordingly, qualitative research based on the interview method, focus group discussions, and geosemiotic analyses are more frequently used than quantitative research.