Journal articles on the topic 'Social networks – Ontario – Toronto'
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Carrington, Peter J., and Alexander V. Graham. "The Interurban Network of Criminal Collaboration in Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 64, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0004.
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The interurban network of criminal collaboration in Canada is described, and possible explanations for its structure are explored. The data include all police-reported co-offences in the 32 major cities of Canada during 2006–09. Component analysis and graph drawings in network space and in geospace elucidate the structure of the network. Quadratic assignment procedure multiple regressions, repeated separately on the networks of instrumental and noninstrumental co-offences, test hypotheses about possible determinants of the network structure. The cities form one connected component, containing two clusters connected by a link between Toronto and Vancouver. One cluster, centred on the triad of Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa, comprises the cities in Ontario and Quebec, with weak links to cities in the Atlantic provinces. The other cluster, centred on Vancouver, comprises the cities in the four western provinces. The structure is strongly correlated with the residential mobility of the general population, which in turn is strongly correlated with intercity distances. The correlation with mobility is less strong for instrumental than for noninstrumental crimes. The structure of this co-offending network can be explained by criminals’ routine activities, namely ordinary residential mobility, but the alternative explanation of purposive interurban criminal collaboration is more plausible for instrumental crime.
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Ta, Martha, and Ketan Shankardass. "Piloting the Use of Concept Mapping to Engage Geographic Communities for Stress and Resilience Planning in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 10977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010977.
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The physical and social characteristics of urban neighborhoods engender unique stressors and assets, contributing to community-level variation in health over the lifecourse. Actors such as city planners and community organizations can help strengthen resilience in places where chronic stress is endemic, by learning about perceived stressors and assets from neighborhood users themselves (residents, workers, business owners). This study piloted a methodology to identify Toronto neighborhoods experiencing chronic stress and to engage them to identify neighborhood stressors, assets, and solutions. Crescent Town was identified as one neighborhood of interest based on relatively high levels of emotional stress in Twitter Tweets produced over two one-year periods (2013–2014 and 2017–2018) and triangulation using other neighborhood-level data. Using concept mapping, community members (n = 23) created a ten-cluster concept map describing neighborhood stressors and assets, and identified two potential strategies, a Crescent Town Residents’ Association and a community fair to promote neighborhood resources and build social networks. We discuss how this knowledge has circulated through the City of Toronto and community-level organizations to date, and lessons for improving this methodology.
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Palm, Matthew, Amer Shalaby, and Steven Farber. "Social Equity and Bus On-Time Performance in Canada’s Largest City." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (August 27, 2020): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120944923.
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Bus routes provide critical lifelines to disadvantaged travelers in major cities. Bus route performance is also more variable than the performance of other, grade-separated transit modes. Yet the social equity of bus operational performance is largely unexamined outside of limited statutory applications. Equity assessment methods for transit operations are similarly underdeveloped relative to equity analysis methods deployed in transit planning. This study examines the equity of bus on-time performance (OTP) in Toronto, Ontario, the largest city in Canada. Both census proximity and ridership profile approaches to defining equity routes are deployed, modifying United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Title VI methods to fit a Canadian context. Bus OTP in Toronto is found to be horizontally equitable. It is also found that the U.S. DOT approach of averaging performance between equity and non-equity routes masks the existence of underperforming routes with very significant ridership of color. These routes are overwhelmingly night routes, most of which are only classified as equity routes using a ridership definition. These results suggest that the underperformance of Toronto’s “Blue Night” network of overnight buses is a social equity issue. This OTP data is also applied to a household travel survey to identify disparities in the OTP of bus transit as experienced by different demographic groups throughout the city. It is found that recent immigrants and carless households, both heavily transit dependent populations in the Canadian context, experience lower on-time bus performance than other groups.
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Hilgert, Jeffrey. "Deeming Laws and Practices as Violations of the Rights of People With Work-Acquired Disabilities in Canada." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 29, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291119887197.
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The Ontario Network of Injured Workers’ Groups in Canada is leading a multiyear campaign called Workers’ Comp is a Right to reform the provincial workers’ injury compensation system and to fight back against regressive changes made to the system over several decades. At their Annual General Meeting in Toronto held in June 2019, delegates voted unanimously to make this submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a part of the regular supervisory process under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The subject is income deeming “phantom jobs” to injured worker claimants with income replacement benefits. The document illustrates how Canadian injured worker groups have activated a human rights lens and references international labor and human rights standards concerning social insurance and income replacement benefits for work-related injury and illness.
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Abdulazim, Tamer, Hossam Abdelgawad, Khandker M. Nurul Habib, and Baher Abdulhai. "Framework for Automating Travel Activity Inference Using Land Use Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2526, no. 1 (January 2015): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2526-15.
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This paper introduces a framework for inferring activity travel given nearby land use information that can be obtained from a location-based social network (LBSN) such as Foursquare. The first component of the framework implements a generic method for acquiring land use data from LBSN services, which is a prerequisite for the inference algorithm. Three inference algorithms are suggested, and situations in which each algorithm might be a better fit are discussed. Finally, a case study is presented for activity inference applied to a data set collected in the greater Toronto and Hamilton area, Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2012. Results are encouraging and suggest that it is possible to infer daily activity travel automatically; this possibility could significantly reduce the burdens of personal travel surveys and allow for collection of long-period travel diary data that is not easily achievable with traditional survey methods.
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Scaffidi, M., N. Gimpaya, C. Pattni, S. Genis, R. Khan, J. Li, R. Bansal, and S. Grover. "A89 PERCEPTIONS OF NON-TECHNICAL SKILLS IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF FOUR FOCUS GROUPS." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 5, Supplement_1 (February 21, 2022): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab049.088.
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Abstract Background Nontechnical skills (NTS), which involve an individual’s cognitive, attitudinal, and social skills that supplement task expertise, are an essential component in the practice of gastrointestinal endoscopy. There is a growing body of literature that highlights the association between these skills and patient outcomes. To date, however, these skills have not been adequately defined within the context of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aims To define the domain and corresponding characteristics of NTS in GI endoscopy. Methods We conducted a qualitative study at a tertiary-care academic center in Toronto, Ontario. Specifically, we held four focus groups with physician endoscopists, nurses who work in an endoscopy unit, and patients who have had previous endoscopies, in order to ascertain their input on the role of NTS in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The three groups were interviewed independently and there was one focus group of both physicians and nurses that was used for validation of our initial thematic framework. Data from the focus groups was collected using a combination of field notes and discussion transcriptions. Three authors independently generated codes from these data. Using these codes, a thematic network analysis was used to identify emerging themes. The primary outcome of this study was the development of a cohesive thematic network of NTS in endoscopy, including their characteristics and examples. Results The four focus groups included a total of 34 participants, including 15 physician endoscopists, 15 nurses, and 4 patients. Using thematic network analysis, we identified six dimensions of NTS using the first three focus groups: communication; professionalism; teamwork; leadership; decision-making; and situational awareness. Additional topics related to the practice and evaluation of NTS were identified. In particular, there is a degree of subjectivity in the appraisal of NTS due to the nuances among individual practice, aside from egregious errors of NTS (e.g. unprofessional behaviours). The use of video recordings was suggested as a way to capture signs of good NTS, such as appropriate levels of calmness during procedures and attention to patient comfort. Finally, patient involvement can be useful for evaluating communication and professionalism based on patient comprehension and the nature of the therapeutic relationship. Conclusions Our findings provide the first cohesive framework of NTS in gastrointestinal endoscopy that is anchored in real world experiences with relevant stakeholders – physicians, nurses, and patients. Future research should consolidate these findings into an assessment tool for NTS in order to evaluate and provide feedback to endoscopists who are both in training and in practice. Funding Agencies CAG
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Mitchell, Andrew, Ernie Lightman, and Dean Herd. "‘Work First’ and Immigrants in Toronto." Social Policy and Society 6, no. 3 (June 7, 2007): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746407003636.
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This paper examines the experiences of immigrants in Toronto as they pass through, and leave, Ontario Works (OW), a ‘Work First’ approach to social assistance that prioritizes rapid labour force attachment. We examine the Ontario Works activities of immigrants, compared to native born Canadians, and their respective post-OW job characteristics. We find that immigrants experience a significant relative wage disadvantage after participation, and substantially less wage growth when moving to the second post-welfare job. We conclude that Ontario Works, like most ‘work first’ employment programs, is ill-suited to addressing earnings disadvantage among immigrants. We suggest that programs ‘beyond work first’, though not targeted specifically towards immigrants, might nevertheless offer more assistance. The recurring wage disadvantage, however, would remain unaddressed and might require more direct intervention.
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Wittmann, Katie, Beth Savan, Trudy Ledsham, George Liu, and Jennifer Lay. "Cycling to High School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2500, no. 1 (January 2015): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2500-02.
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This study surveyed attitudes, behaviors, social norms, and perceived control among the populations of students at three high schools in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The results showed a pattern of hesitancy to cycle on the part of female high school students compared with their male counterparts. Young women reported less access to a bicycle, less comfort or confidence in riding, more fear associated with cycling, and less ability to decide independently how to travel to school. The study identified two important variables that were likely associated with young women's smaller participation in cycling to school: overall cycling mode share and ability to decide their travel mode independently. The former variable tracked findings for the general population, and the latter appeared to have been associated with the proximity of immigration, as families might have brought associations of danger to independent female travelers from their countries of origin or perceived new dangers in Canada. While the former association is well established, the latter hypothesis warrants further research.
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Schlegl, Lisa, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "‘How do you get to Tim Hortons?’ Direction-giving in Ontario dialects." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.34.
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AbstractIn this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example, Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g., Take a right vs. Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.
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Warecki, George. "The Making of a Conservationist." Ontario History 108, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 64–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050612ar.
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Published accounts of the work of J.R. Dymond, a zoology professor at the University of Toronto, director of the Royal Ontario Museum, and a significant force for conservation in Ontario emphasize his contributions to the natural history movement, and his influence on scientific research and the protection of natural areas in provincial parks. Relatively little attention has been paid to his early life and the local environments that shaped his views of nature. This article uses the concept of “place” to explain how Dymond became a conservationist. His experiences in specific locations—a product of social relations and the landscapes themselves—gave those places meaning and shaped his values. Such environments included the family farm and surrounding countryside in southwestern Ontario’s Metcalfe Township, Strathroy Collegiate Institute, the University of Toronto and nearby natural areas, places in Ottawa, and various lakes in B.C. and Ontario.
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MacLellan, Duncan. "FAITH-BASED SCHOOLING AND THE POLITICS OF EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF ONTARIO, CANADA." POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0601037m.
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This paper examines the political intersection of religion and education in Ontario, Canada, from1840 to 2011. Currently, Ontario is Canada’s most ethno culturally diverse province, and Toronto, its capital city, is one of the most multicultural cities in the world. The issue of public funding of religious education in Ontario has emerged at varying times in the province’s history. In particular, selective Ontario provincial election campaigns are discussed in relation to exploring the degree to which public funding of religious education and religious accommodation emerged as political issues. Social mobilization theory provides a rich and varied conceptual lens through which to examine decisions that have led to the current place of state funding of religious education in Ontario.
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Holdsworth, Peter W. "Social Networks and the 1912 Commemoration of the “Brock Centenary”." Ontario History 109, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039201ar.
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In 1912, the General Brock Chapter of the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (IODE) unveiled a monument to General Sir Isaac Brock in Brockville, Ontario. This monument represented just part of the efforts of a network of mostly Anglo-Saxon women from the IODE, United Empire Loyalists of Ontario, and Ontario Historical Society to celebrate the centenary of the War of 1812 as the “Brock Centenary.” The context of the rise of the “Brock Centenary” is investigated by applying social network theory to historical memory studies, re-interpreting historical evidence from 1898 to 1912. An analysis of membership lists both reaffirms some previous arguments around imperial and feminist ideals and also points to other promising avenues of inquiry regarding the importance and influence of the groups and women involved.
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Chenoy, Neville, Suzanne Jackson, Trevor Hancock, and Karin Domnick Pierre. "Enhancing Health — A New Agenda for Ontario." Healthcare Management Forum 2, no. 2 (July 1989): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61373-7.
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Recognizing that changes in demography, the social environment, economics, technology and political trends are under-lying factors affecting health, Paradigm Health in Toronto examined these considerations to assess change to achieve a positive vision of health. Phase I of the study looked at opportunities and threats from the broad external environment affecting health, examined the internal strengths and weaknesses of the present Ontario health system, and analyzed the participants in the system. Phase II identified the important strategic issues gathered from the environmental study, and the strategies which could deal with these issues.
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Gazso, Amber. "Dueling discourses, power, and the construction of the recovering addict: When social assistance confronts addiction in Toronto, Canada." Critical Social Policy 40, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319839158.
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In this article, I undertake a critical discourse analysis of policy documents and in-depth interviews with seven caseworkers and 28 benefit recipients to explore how two discourses, ‘work first’ and ‘distance from the labour market,’ inform how persons living with addiction access and then experience social assistance in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Drawing in Foucauldian insights on power, I reveal the conceptualisation of benefit recipients’ eligibility for Ontario Works through these two discourses and how this is replete with ideological assumptions and disciplining power relations, constitutive of a subject position of ‘the recovering addict’, and suggestive of social control implications. I argue that the coercion and regulation of benefit recipients’ lives on Ontario Works has not disappeared but transmuted for Torontonians living with addiction, and conclude by considering the governance of this population as biopower.
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Jankowski, Bridget L., and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "Supper or dinner?" English World-Wide 40, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 170–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00027.jan.
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Abstract The English words for daily meals constitute a complex lexical variable conditioned by social and linguistic factors. Comparative sociolinguistic analysis of 884 speakers from more than a dozen locations in Ontario, Canada reveals a synchronic system with social correlates that are reflexes of the British and American founder populations of the province. Toronto and Loyalist settlements in southern Ontario use the highest rates of dinner while northerners with European and Scots-Irish roots use supper. Dinner is taking over as the dominant form among younger speakers, exposing a cascade pattern (Trudgill 1972; Labov 2007) that is consistent with sociolinguistic typology (Trudgill 2011).
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Li, Yanli, Maha Kumaran, Allan Cho, Valentina Ly, Suzanne Fernando, and Michael David Miller. "Changes in the Library Landscape Regarding Visible Minority Librarians in Canada." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 17, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 36–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip30151.
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Objective – As a follow-up to the first 2013 survey, the Visible Minority Librarians of Canada (ViMLoC) network conducted its second comprehensive survey in 2021. The 2021 survey gathered detailed information about the demography, education, and employment of visible minority librarians (VMLs) working in Canadian institutions. Data from the 2021 survey and the analysis presented in this paper help us better understand the current library landscape, presented alongside findings from the 2013 survey. The research results will be helpful for professional associations and library administrators to develop initiatives to support VMLs. Methods – Researchers created online survey questionnaires using Qualtrics XM in English and translated them into French. We distributed the survey invitation through relevant library association electronic mail lists and posted on ViMLoC’s website, social networking platforms, and through their electronic mail list. The survey asked if the participant was a visible minority librarian. If the response was “No,” the survey closed. Respondents indicating "Yes" were asked 36 personal and professional questions of three types: multiple-choice, yes/no, and open-ended questions. Results – One hundred and sixty-two VMLs completed the 2021 survey. Chinese remained the largest ethnic identity, but their proportion in the survey decreased from 36% in 2013 to 24% in 2021. 65% were aged between 26 and 45 years old. More than half received their library degree during the 2010s. 89% completed their library degree in Canada, a 5% increase from 2013. The majority of librarians had graduated from University of Toronto (25%), followed closely by University of British Columbia (23%), and Western University (22%). Only 3% received their library degree from a library school outside North America. 34% of librarians earned a second master’s degree and 5% had a PhD. 60% of librarians had less than 11 years of experience. Nearly half worked in academic libraries. Most were located in Ontario and British Columbia. 69% of librarians were in non-management positions with 5% being senior administrators. 25% reported a salary above $100,000. In terms of job categories, the largest group worked in Reference/Information Services (45%), followed by Instruction Services (32%), and as Liaison Librarians (31%). Those working in Acquisitions/Collection Development saw the biggest jump from 1% in 2013 to 28% in 2021. 58% of librarians sought mentoring support, of whom 54% participated in formal mentorship programs, and 48% had a visible minority mentor. Conclusion – 35% more VMLs responded to the 2021 survey compared to the 2013 survey. Changes occurred in ethnic identity, generation, where VMLs earned a Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) or equivalent degree, library type, geographic location, and job responsibilities. The 2021 survey also explored other aspects of the VMLs not covered in the 2013 survey, such as librarian experience, salary, management positions, and mentorship experience. The findings suggested that the professional associations and library administrators would need collaborative efforts to support VMLs.
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Kaushik, Pawandeep, Ataharul Chowdhury, Helen Hambly Odame, and Annemarie van Paassen. "Social Media for Enhancing Stakeholders' Innovation Networks in Ontario, Canada." Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 19, no. 4 (March 20, 2018): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2018.1430579.
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Wang, Fei. "Social Justice Leadership—Theory and Practice: A Case of Ontario." Educational Administration Quarterly 54, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 470–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18761341.
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Purpose: This study is to investigate how principals promote social justice to redress marginalization, inequity, and divisive action that are prevalent in schools. Research Method: This study employs a qualitative research design with semistructured interviews. Twenty-two elementary and secondary school principals were interviewed in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. Research Findings: Principals who are social justice advocates exercise their influence by focusing on people in an effort to build a socially just community. Their people-centered leadership practice focuses on: putting students at the center, positioning as a social justice leader, developing people for social justice, building school climate through social justice, and fostering positive relationships with families and communities. Social justice leadership is grounded in a very proactive way in bringing about the changes that such a paradigm demands. Implications: This study generates discussions among participants on the dynamics associated with social justice practice and helps practitioners navigate tactically entrenched power structures for the well-being of their students. It also deepens our understanding of social justice leadership by providing empirical evidence how social justice advocates take risks and innovative approaches to social change that embraces the value of democracy, inclusion, representation, and difference.
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Winton, Sue. "Coordinating Policy Layers of School Fundraising in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: An Institutional Ethnography." Educational Policy 33, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818807331.
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In this article, I report findings from an investigation into the politics and coordination of school fundraising in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Theoretically grounded in institutional ethnography and critical policy analysis, the study began from the standpoint of parents asked to give money to their children’s school(s). I show how provincial and TDSB funding, parent involvement, fundraising, and school council policies organize parents’ experience of school fundraising. I also explore how participating in fundraising enables parents to meet neoliberal expectations of a “good parent” and how through their efforts to secure advantages for their children, fundraising parents are accomplices in the privatization of public education. I conclude by discussing possibilities for intervention into the social organization of school fundraising in TDSB schools.
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Nicolson, Murray W. "The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban?" Articles 14, no. 1 (August 13, 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017880ar.
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The purpose of this paper is to respond to several new theories which, if accepted, could alter the historical perception of the role played by urban centres in the adjustment of Irish Catholics in nineteenth century Ontario. Donald Akenson, a rural historian, believes that the Canadian experience of Irish immigrants is not comparable to the American one. Akenson contends that the numerical dominance of Protestants within the national group and the rural basis of the Irish community, negated the formation of urban ghettos and allowed for a relative ease in social mobility. In comparison the American Irish were dominantly Catholic urban dwelling and ghettoized. In addition the new labour historians believe that the rise of the Knights of Labor caused the Orange and Catholic Irish in Toronto to resolve their generational hatred and set about to form a common working-class culture. This theory must presume that Irish Catholic culture was of little value to be rejected with such ease. The writer contends that neither theory is valid. In the ghettos of Toronto the fusion of an Irish peasant culture with traditional Catholism produced a new, urban, ethno-religious vehicle — Irish Tridentine Catholism. This culture, spread from the city to the hinterland and, by means of metropolitan linkage, throughout Ontario. Privatism created a closed Irish society, one they were born into and left when they died. Irish Catholics co-operated in labour organizations for the sake of their family's future, but never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies.
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George, Miriam. "Book Review: Parin Dossa Racialized Bodies, Disabling Worlds Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2009. 192 pp. $55 (hardbound), $24.95 (paper)." Affilia 25, no. 3 (July 10, 2010): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109910375199.
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Mbuagbaw, Lawrence, Wangari Tharao, Winston Husbands, Laron E. Nelson, Muna Aden, Keresa Arnold, Shamara Baidoobonso, et al. "A/C study protocol: a cross-sectional study of HIV epidemiology among African, Caribbean and Black people in Ontario." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036259.
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IntroductionAfrican, Caribbean and Black (ACB) communities are disproportionately infected by HIV in Ontario, Canada. They constitute only 5% of the population of Ontario yet account for 25% of new diagnoses of HIV. The aim of this study is to understand underlying factors that augment the HIV risk in ACB communities and to inform policy and practice in Ontario.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a cross-sectional study of first-generation and second-generation ACB adults aged 15–64 in Toronto (n=1000) and Ottawa (n=500) and collect data on sociodemographic information, sexual behaviours, substance use, blood donation, access and use of health services and HIV-related care. We will use dried blood spot testing to determine the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among ACB people, and link participant data to administrative databases to investigate health service access and use. Factors associated with key outcomes (HIV infection, testing behaviours, knowledge about HIV transmission and acquisition, HIV vulnerability, access and use of health services) will be evaluated using generalised linear mixed models, adjusted for relevant covariates.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and approved by the following Research Ethics Boards: Toronto Public Health, Ottawa Public Health, Laurentian University; the University of Ottawa and the University of Toronto. Our findings will be disseminated as community reports, fact sheets, digital stories, oral and poster presentations, peer-reviewed manuscripts and social media.
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Scheim, Ayden I., Ruby Sniderman, Ri Wang, Zachary Bouck, Elizabeth McLean, Kate Mason, Geoff Bardwell, et al. "The Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services Cohort Study of People Who Inject Drugs in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto): Cohort Profile." Journal of Urban Health 98, no. 4 (June 28, 2021): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00547-w.
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AbstractThe Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services cohort in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto) is an open prospective cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID). OiSIS-Toronto was established to evaluate the impacts of supervised consumption services (SCS) integrated within three community health agencies on health status and service use. The cohort includes PWID who do and do not use SCS, recruited via self-referral, snowball sampling, and community/street outreach. From 5 November 2018 to 19 March 2020, we enrolled 701 eligible PWID aged 18+ who lived in Toronto. Participants complete interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and semi-annually thereafter and are asked to consent to linkages with provincial healthcare administrative databases (90.2% consented; of whom 82.4% were successfully linked) and SCS client databases. At baseline, 86.5% of participants (64.0% cisgender men, median ([IQR] age= 39 [33–49]) had used SCS in the previous 6 months, of whom most (69.7%) used SCS for <75% of their injections. A majority (56.8%) injected daily, and approximately half (48.0%) reported fentanyl as their most frequently injected drug. As of 23 April 2021, 291 (41.5%) participants had returned for follow-up. Administrative and self-report data are being used to (1) evaluate the impact of integrated SCS on healthcare use, uptake of community health agency services, and health outcomes; (2) identify barriers and facilitators to SCS use; and (3) identify potential enhancements to SCS delivery. Nested sub-studies include evaluation of “safer opioid supply” programs and impacts of COVID-19.
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Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Lacombe, Dany. "Book Review: Elise Chenier, Strangers in Our Midst: Sexual Deviancy in Postwar Ontario, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 2009; 294 pp. (including index): 9780802094537 (pbk)." Punishment & Society 13, no. 2 (April 2011): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14624745110130020202.
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McKay, K., and L. E. Ross. "Current Practices and Barriers to the Provision of Post-Placement Support: A Pilot Study from Toronto, Ontario, Canada." British Journal of Social Work 41, no. 1 (March 6, 2010): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcq023.
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Fallon, Barbara, Mark Kartusch, Joanne Filippelli, Nico Trocmé, Tara Black, Parlin Chan, Praveen Sawh, and Nicolette Joh-Carnella. "Ten Answers Every Child Welfare Agency Should Provide." International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience 6, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069074ar.
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A university-child welfare agency partnership between the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work at the University of Toronto and Highland Shores Children’s Aid (Highland Shores), a child welfare agency in Ontario, allowed for the identification and examination of ten questions to which every child welfare organization should know the answers. Using data primarily from the Ontario Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (OCANDS), members of the partnership were able to answer these key questions about the children and families served by Highland Shores and the services provided to children and families. The Ontario child welfare sector has experienced challenges in utilizing existing data sources to inform practice and policy. The results of this partnership illustrate how administrative data can be used to answer relevant, field-driven questions. Ultimately, the answers to these questions are valuable to the broader child welfare sector and can help to enhance agency accountability and improve services provided to vulnerable children and their families.
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Djiadeu, Pascal, Martez D. R. Smith, Sameer Kushwaha, Apondi J. Odhiambo, David Absalom, Winston Husbands, Wangari Tharao, et al. "Social, Clinical, and Behavioral Determinants of HIV Infection and HIV Testing among Black Men in Toronto, Ontario: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 19 (January 1, 2020): 232595822093461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958220934613.
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Black men bear a disproportionate burden of HIV infection. These HIV inequities are influenced by intersecting social, clinical, and behavioral factors. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the combinations of factors that were most predictive of HIV infection and HIV testing among black men in Toronto. Classification and regression tree analysis was applied to secondary data collected from black men (N = 460) in Toronto, 82% of whom only had sex with women and 18% whom had sex with men at least once. For HIV infection, 10 subgroups were identified and characterized by number of lifetime male partners, age, syphilis history, and perceived stigma. Number of lifetime male partners was the best single predictor of HIV infection. For HIV testing, the analysis identified 8 subgroups characterized by age, condom use, number of sex partners and Chlamydia history. Age (>24 years old) was the best single predictor of HIV testing.
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Noble, Amanda, Benjamin Owens, Naomi Thulien, and Amanda Suleiman. "“I feel like I’m in a revolving door, and COVID has made it spin a lot faster”: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0273502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273502.
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Purpose Research has shown that youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) face barriers to social inclusion and are at risk for poor mental health. With the COVID-19 pandemic threatening the health, wellbeing, and economic circumstances of people around the world, this study aims to assess the impacts of the pandemic on YEH in Toronto, Ontario, as well as to identify recommendations for future waves of COVID-19. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with YEH (ages 16–24, n = 45) and staff who work in one of four downtown emergency shelters for youth (n = 31) in Toronto, Ontario. Results YEH experienced both structural changes and psychosocial impacts resulting from the pandemic. Structural changes included a reduction in services, barriers to employment and housing, and changes to routines. Psychosocial outcomes included isolation, worsened mental health, and increased substance use. Impacts were magnified and distinct for subpopulations of youth, including for youth that identified as Black, 2SLGBTQ+, or those new to Canada. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic increased distress among YEH while also limiting access to services. There is therefore a need to balance health and safety with continued access to in-person services, and to shift the response to youth homelessness to focus on prevention, housing, and equitable supports for subpopulations of youth.
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De Pencier, North, Ian Puppe, Carrie Davis, Drishti Dhawan, Mithila Somasundaram, and Gerald McKinley. "“You feel you don’t actually belong:” Attending High School in the Sioux Lookout Zone, 1969-1996." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 87, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v87i2.1116.
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From 1969-1996, in the Sioux Lookout Zone of Northwestern Ontario, there were no local high schools, and teenagers travelled to boarding schools in larger communities further south. During these years, the University of Toronto coordinated medical services in the Sioux Lookout Zone, and many documents in the University of Toronto Archives capture the challenges faced by adolescents from the Zone while pursuing a high school education. In this paper, I use Indigenous voices in the records of the Sioux Lookout Zone Hospital to study the experience of going to high school from the perspective of the Social Determinants of Health. I argue that the poor quality of on-reserve elementary schools and the isolation of leaving home for high school combined with less time to learn traditional skills to set students up for failure in their academic studies.
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Hallman, Stacey. "An exploration of the effects of pandemic influenza on infant mortality in Toronto, 1917–1921." Canadian Studies in Population 39, no. 3-4 (February 14, 2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6dw46.
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This study investigates infant mortality from pandemic influenza in Toronto, Canada, from September to December 1918, through theRegistered Death Records of the Province of Ontario. A comparison of infant deaths in 1918 to surrounding years (1917–21) revealedthat although mortality rates remained relatively stable, there were changes in the mortality profile during the epidemic. Deaths frominfluenza did increase slightly, and the epidemic altered the expected sex ratio of infant deaths. Although communities may be greatly strained by an influenza epidemic, the infant mortality rate may be more representative of long-term social and environmental conditions rather than acute, intensive crises.
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Tunks, Eldon. "The Social Context of the Chronic Pain Sufferer. By Ranjan Roy. Toronto, Ontario: The University of Toronto Press. 1993. 183 pp. £12.95 (pb), £32.50 (hb)." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 2 (August 1993): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000182145.
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Bates, Michael. "Media Frames of the Ontario Safe Streets Act: assessing the moral panic model." SURG Journal 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i1.1320.
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This paper assesses the “moral panic” framework of Stanley Cohen with reference to panhandling and squeegeeing in Ontario. There are four general tenets of the moral panic model, three of which can be said to have been documented in the case of panhandling in Ontario: a recognized threat (panhandling), a rise in public concern, and punitive control mechanisms established to eliminate the threat. This paper argues that the fourth tenet, a stereotypical presentation of the moral threat to the social order, has not been systematically analyzed, and therefore that is the task of this paper. Specifically, this paper examines the framing used by the mainstream print media in Ontario to construct the panhandling/squeegeeing problem. Articles and letters to the editor were sampled from two mainstream Ontario newspapers, the Toronto Star and the Ottawa Citizen, to examine the mainstream media’s framing of panhandling and squeegee cleaning.
This sample was taken between 1995 and 2005, a timeframe which revolves around the implementation of the Ontario Safe Streets Act 2000, which is recognized as the punitive control mechanism designed to eliminate the threat of panhandling. The findings of this paper lead to the conclusion that panhandling in Ontario during the implementation of the Ontario Safe Streets Act does not constitute a classic moral panic by virtue of the role the media played. However, the evidence that punitive control mechanisms were established absent the support of the mainstream media suggests that a deeper understanding of the role of mainstream media as well as political interests is required with respect to framing moral panics.
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CAIRNS, KATE. "Beyond Magic Carrots: Garden Pedagogies and the Rhetoric of Effects." Harvard Educational Review 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 516–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-88.4.516.
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In this essay, Kate Cairns considers the implications of assessing garden pedagogies, arguing that a rhetoric of effects assumes an essentialist conception of the child-as-educational-output and bolsters a neoliberal vision of social change rooted in personal transformation. Drawing from ethnographic research with youth gardens in Toronto, Ontario, and Camden, New Jersey, she highlights contextualized experiences of learning and labor that exceed the boundaries of an effects framework. Cairns argues that garden pedagogies must be understood in relation to specific dynamics of racial, economic, and ecological injustice. The essay closes with reflections on how feminist theories of social reproduction might reimagine pedagogies of the garden in a way that attends to young people's participation in life's work.
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Wang, Lu, Gabby Lee, and Ian Williams. "The Spatial and Social Patterning of Property and Violent Crime in Toronto Neighbourhoods: A Spatial-Quantitative Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010051.
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Criminal activities are often unevenly distributed over space. The literature shows that the occurrence of crime is frequently concentrated in particular neighbourhoods and is related to a variety of socioeconomic and crime opportunity factors. This study explores the broad patterning of property and violent crime among different socio-economic stratums and across space by examining the neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions and individual characteristics of offenders associated with crime in the city of Toronto, which consists of 140 neighbourhoods. Despite being the largest urban centre in Canada, with a fast-growing population, Toronto is under-studied in crime analysis from a spatial perspective. In this study, both property and violent crime data sets from the years 2014 to 2016 and census-based Ontario-Marginalisation index are analysed using spatial and quantitative methods. Spatial techniques such as Local Moran’s I are applied to analyse the spatial distribution of criminal activity while accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Distance-to-crime is measured to explore the spatial behaviour of criminal activity. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) linear regression is conducted to explore the ways in which individual and neighbourhood demographic characteristics relate to crime rates at the neighbourhood level. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is used to further our understanding of the spatially varying relationships between crime and the independent variables included in the OLS model. Property and violent crime across the three years of the study show a similar distribution of significant crime hot spots in the core, northwest, and east end of the city. The OLS model indicates offender-related demographics (i.e., age, marital status) to be a significant predictor of both types of crime, but in different ways. Neighbourhood contextual variables are measured by the four dimensions of the Ontario-Marginalisation Index. They are significantly associated with violent and property crime in different ways. The GWR is a more suitable model to explain the variations in observed property crime rates across different neighbourhoods. It also identifies spatial non-stationarity in relationships. The study provides implications for crime prevention and security through an enhanced understanding of crime patterns and factors. It points to the need for safe neighbourhoods, to be built not only by the law enforcement sector but by a wide range of social and economic sectors and services.
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Graff, Harvey J. "Introduction to Michael B. Katz 2015 SSHA Memorial Session." Social Science History 41, no. 4 (2017): 757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.29.
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I first met Michael Katz on a clear, cool autumn afternoon in 1970. I was an uncertain first-year graduate student at the University of Toronto intending to complete a doctorate in British history with a project on antisocialism. Feeling confused, anxious, and unsatisfied by my courses, I began to share my concerns with fellow students. One of them, who became a lifelong friend (and editor), suggested that I contact that “young professor up the street” in history of education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education who worked in the new social history. Having read Thernstrom, Tilly, E. P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm, Barrington Moore, and so forth, in a senior honors seminar, I drew up my courage and went to meet Michael.
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Samokhvalov, Andriy V., Peter Selby, Susan J. Bondy, Michael Chaiton, Anca Ialomiteanu, Robert Mann, and Jürgen Rehm. "Smokers who seek help in specialized cessation clinics: How special are they compared to smokers in general population?" Journal of Smoking Cessation 9, no. 2 (August 22, 2013): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2013.23.
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Introduction: Patients of specialized nicotine dependence clinics are hypothesized to form a distinct subpopulation of smokers due to the features associated with treatment seeking. The aim of the study was to describe this subpopulation of smokers and compare it to smokers in general population.Material and methods: A chart review of 796 outpatients attending a specialized nicotine dependence clinic, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada was performed. Client smoking patterns and sociodemographic characteristics were compared to smokers in the general population using two Ontario surveys – the Ontario Tobacco Survey (n = 898) and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor (n = 457).Results: Smokers who seek treatment tend to smoke more and be more heavily addicted. They were older, had longer history of smoking and greater number of unsuccessful quit attempts, both assisted and unassisted. They reported lower education and income, had less social support and were likely to live with other smokers.Conclusions: Smokers who seek treatment in specialized centers differ from the smokers in general population on several important characteristics. These same characteristics are associated with lower chances for successful smoking cessation and sustained abstinence and should be taken into consideration during clinical assessment and treatment planning.
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Gabrielli, Cheryl A. "Book Review: Albanese, P. (2006). Mothers of the Nation: Women, Families, and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Europe. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 224 pp., $55.00 (hardbound)." Affilia 22, no. 4 (November 2007): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109907306349.
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Harvey, Carol D. H. "Anne Martin Matthews. Widowhood in later life. Toronto: Butterworths, 1991, pp. 146." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 13, no. 3 (1994): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800006243.
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RÉSUMÉLe livre d'Anne Martin Matthews sur le veuvage au Canada est rédigé dans un style clair et fournit un compte rendu exhaustifde la documentation sur ce sujet. Elle utilise une approche d'interaction symbolique qui met l'accent sur les changements qu'apportent les personnes avec le temps. Elle mentionne que le veuvage est perçu comme une période stressante de la vie et met en lumière les caractéristiques propres à l'âge et au sexe des personnes qui traversent cette épreuve. Elle explore diverses questions telles le soutien social, la variabilité, le travail et la retraite, les orientations futures des recherches et les questions ayant trait aux politiques. Elle fait souvent référence à son travail en Ontario, mais le complète en faisant mention d'autres ouvrages canadiens, américains, britanniques et australiens. La lecture de ce livre, qui fait partie de la série de Butterworths sur le vieillissement de la personne et de la population, est recommandée aux chercheurs et aux praticiens.
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Gray, Sarah. "Biological requirements or social expectations? Entanglements of sex and gender in nutrition policies in Ontario secondary schools." Health Education Journal 80, no. 7 (May 18, 2021): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00178969211011208.
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Objectives: An increasing number of nutrition policies have been implemented in Ontario schools as part of a concerted effort to address students’ well-being. This article explores understandings of biological differences in nutrition requirements between young men and women and the extent to which these differences are (re)produced in social eating behaviours and food pedagogies. Setting: A suburban school (grades 9–12) located in the Greater Toronto-Hamilton Area in Ontario, Canada. Method: Critical policy analysis combined with 13 focus groups of students (13–18 years old) in one Ontario school. A biopedagogical lens was used to analyse how young people develop and deploy their own reasoning and question the messages they receive about expected behaviour. Results: Focus group discussions suggest that dominant discourses and constructions about sex/gender are reproduced within the school environment, which has implications for the effectiveness of nutrition policies in schools. Furthermore, differences between young men and women’s eating behaviours were found to be contradictory to biopedagogical instructions from educational institutions and governmental agencies. For some young people, the pedagogical messages received are limited in their effectiveness because young people have not been convinced that it is worth risking their social status or because their content is contrary to messages received from media or their peers. Conclusion: Incorporating student voice in the creation of educational policy will assist health educators and school officials to understand sex/gender influences on the behaviour of students in terms of financial considerations, peer influence and social image. Optimising student voice to understand how they themselves may contribute to the implementation of policies will in turn increase the policies’ effectiveness.
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Gerli, E. Michael. "Textual Agency: Writing Culture and Social Networks in Fifteenth-Century Spain. Ana M. Gómez-Bravo. Toronto Iberic 7. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. 332 pp. $65." Renaissance Quarterly 68, no. 3 (2015): 1114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/683952.
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McCallum, Margaret E. "Book Reviews : DOROTHY CHUNN, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Ontario, 1880-1940. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992, 249 pp." Social & Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096466399500400114.
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Harvey, Jean, Maurice Lévesque, and Peter Donnelly. "Sport Volunteerism and Social Capital." Sociology of Sport Journal 24, no. 2 (June 2007): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.24.2.206.
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This study focuses on the relationship between sport volunteerism and social capital, defined here as a resource that stems from participation in certain social networks. A position generator and a resources generator were used to measure the social capital of respondents. Results from this pilot study survey, exploring several aspects of volunteerism in sport in two Canadian communities (one in Québec, the other in Ontario), show a strong relationship between volunteerism in sport and social capital but do not allow a precise measure of the direction of this relationship. Results also show stronger relationships between sport volunteerism and social capital when we control for gender, language, and age.
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Caragata, Lea, and Maria Liegghio. "Mental Health, Welfare Reliance, and Lone Motherhood." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2013-008.
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This paper explores the life circumstances and mental health experiences of welfare-reliant lone mothers, utilizing data from the Lone Mothers: Building Social Inclusion project, a Canada-wide research program. On the basis of qualitative interviews conducted with 43 welfare-reliant lone mothers living in Toronto, Ontario, we examine the conditions of their lives and the ways in which mental health, poverty, and single motherhood intersect. These intersections reveal the problematic nature of the traditional mental health system's response to these women. Required is a broader understanding of the ways that impoverished lone mothers’ mental health is structurally situated, and requires population-based rather than individualized responses.
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Case, Robert, and Lea Caragata. "The Emergence of a New Social Movement: Social Networks and Collective Action on Water Issues in Guelph, Ontario." Community Development 40, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330903091738.
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Drexler, Madeline. "Interview with Donald E. Low, MD, Microbiologist-in-Chief, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153871304322964282.
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Béland, Daniel. "Sirvan Karimi. (2017). Beyond the Welfare State: Postwar Social Settlement and Public Pension Policy in Canada and Australia. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 340 pages." Journal of Aging & Social Policy 30, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2017.1366161.
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Rotenberg, Martin, Andrew Tuck, Kelly Anderson, and Kwame McKenzie. "S131. NEIGHBOURHOOD-LEVEL SOCIAL CAPITAL, MARGINALIZATION, AND THE INCIDENCE OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IN TORONTO, CANADA: A RETROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.197.
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Abstract Background Previous studies have shown mixed results regarding the relationship between social capital and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder, and this has yet to be studied in North America. This study aims to examine the relationship between neighbourhood-level social capital, marginalization, and the incidence of psychotic disorders in Toronto, Canada. Methods A retrospective cohort of people aged 14 to 40 years residing in Toronto, Canada in 1999 (followed to 2008) was constructed from population-based health administrative data. Incident cases of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders were identified using a validated algorithm. Voter participation rates in a municipal election were used as a proxy neighbourhood-level indicator of social capital. Exposure to neighbourhood-level marginalization was obtained from the Ontario Marginalization Index. Poisson regression models adjusting for age and sex were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each social capital quintiles and marginalization quintile. Results In the study cohort (n = 640,000) over the 10-year follow-up period, we identified 4,841 incident cases of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders. We observed elevated rates of psychotic disorders in areas with the highest levels (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00–1.27) and moderate levels (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.12–1.36) of social capital, when compared to areas with the lowest levels of social capital, after adjusting for neighbourhood-level indicators of marginalization. The risk associated with social capital was not present when analyzed in only the females in the cohort. All neighbourhood marginalization indicators, other than ethnic concentration, were significantly associated with risk. Discussion The risk of developing a psychotic disorder in Toronto, Canada is associated with socioenvironmental exposures. Social capital is associated with risk, however, the impact of social capital on risk differs by sex and social capital quintile. Across the entire cohort, exposure to all neighbourhood-level marginalization indicators, except ethnic concentration, impacts risk. Future research should examine how known individual-level risk factors, including immigration, ethnicity, and family history of a mental disorder may interact with these findings.
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Birch, Jennifer, and John P. Hart. "Conflict, Population Movement, and Microscale Social Networks in Northern Iroquoian Archaeology." American Antiquity 86, no. 2 (April 2021): 350–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2021.5.
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We employ social network analysis of collar decoration on Iroquoian vessels to conduct a multiscalar analysis of signaling practices among ancestral Huron-Wendat communities on the north shore of Lake Ontario. Our analysis focuses on the microscale of the West Duffins Creek community relocation sequence as well as the mesoscale, incorporating several populations to the west. The data demonstrate that network ties were stronger among populations in adjacent drainages as opposed to within drainage-specific sequences, providing evidence for west-to-east population movement, especially as conflict between Wendat and Haudenosaunee populations escalated in the sixteenth century. These results suggest that although coalescence may have initially involved the incorporation of peoples from microscale (local) networks, populations originating among wider mesoscale (subregional) networks contributed to later coalescent communities. These findings challenge previous models of village relocation and settlement aggregation that oversimplified these processes.
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Wellman, Barry, and Scot Wortley. "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support." Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (September 1989): 273–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389119.
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The authors evaluate the importance of kin in providing four different dimensions of social support: emotional aid, services, financial aid, and companionship. The authors analysis uses both quantitative and interview data from the East York (Toronto) studies of social networks. Kin comprise slightly less than half of these networks: an average of five ties out of twelve. Parents and adult children are highly supportive network members, providing high levels of emotional aid, services and financial aid (they avoid companionship, however). Siblings complement and substitute for parents and children, especially in the provision of services. Because there are many more ties between siblings than there are between parents and children, siblings (along with friends and neighbors) provide a substantial proportion of the support East Yorkers receive. By contrast, extended kin tend to be the least supportive and least companionable of network members. If kinship systems did not keep extended kin in contact, few would be active network members.