Journal articles on the topic 'Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances'
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1
Lin, Mei-ling. "Educational Upward Mobility. Practices of Social Changes--Research on Social Mobility and Educational Inequality." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i3.4789.
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Social class is defined by the possession of all forms of economic capital, cultural capital and social capital which together shape the kinds of experience and lifestyles. This process is dubbed symbolic violence by Pierre Bourdieu. Education is crucially linked to assets such as income, occupational position and social prestige. Educational upward mobility requires more than individual effort and intelligence, and sometimes different ingredients, such as specific social conditions. The different dimensions of inequality—income, poverty, social exclusion, education and social mobility—are interconnected. The paper has been inspired by Bourdieu’s work on symbolic domination and capitals, and lifestyles. The author identifies a persistence of inequalities among the students due to social reproduction mechanisms: family background and parents’ social situation have a substantial influence on the life chances. The empirical data of this study come from a survey in 2019. The paper ends with a summary of findings and conclusions.
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Hung, Jason, and Mark Ramsden. "The Application of Human Capital Theory and Educational Signalling Theory to Explain Parental Influences on the Chinese Population’s Social Mobility Opportunities." Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100362.
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Existing studies argue life chances are, in part, vertically reproduced. Such a statement is applicable to the Chinese contexts as, but not limited to, parental hukou status, to some extent, determines the life chances their children receive. In this essay, the author would like to introduce human capital theory (HCT) and educational signalling theory (EST), and assess how the applications of each of these two models can enrich the understanding of vertical reproduction of individuals’ social mobility opportunities. The author would also present the limitations of each of these two models when addressing relevant Chinese contexts.
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Munk, Martin D. "Livschancer og social mobilitet - forskellige fødselsårganges vilkår." Dansk Sociologi 14, no. 4 (February 28, 2006): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v14i4.278.
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Life chances and social mobility: different cohort conditions.
Social position still depends on social origin, gender and work experience. Cohorts born in the mid- 1960s are less advantaged than cohorts born in the mid- and late 1950s, when studied at the time the respective birth cohorts were 31 years old. Research indicates that younger cohorts have a lesser chance of obtaining social positions such as higher-grade professionals/managers than relatively older cohorts had, when education, gender and other background factors have been controlled for. In addition, the younger cohorts have an increased risk of ending up in unskilled occupational groups. This development can be explained in part by the change in labour market conditions, such as unemployment, and in part by educational inflation (educational expansion), which means that similar social positions will be increasingly over time occupied by individuals who have more education and credentials that are demanded by workplaces. Agents are positioned according to a state of distribution of the specific capital (e.g. educational capital). Generally, a highly educated population, under pressure, will influence strong families to invest more in their children’s education, in order to defend their position (a “defensive expenditure“). This social process of differentiation can be characterised as an unequal achievement society.
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Slobodenyuk, Ekaterina. "Wellbeing of Russian Professionals: Dynamics and Specificity." Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 040–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.4.040-058.
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The paper is devoted to the issue of Russian professionals' life changes in the 2010s and the role of human capital in these processes. Life changes are analyzed by identifying mobility cases within three social stratifications by income, presence of signs of privilege or deprivation, and subjectively perceived position in society. For these purposes, we use panel data of RLMS HSE research for 2014-2018 yy. Trajectories of mobility are revealed by using of «Group based trajectory modeling» method. The results show that life stability dominates over mobility. Professionals still have risks of chronic poverty and chronic deprivation, although these risks are rare for them. They also have chances of objectively measuring sustainable well-being by income and privilege criteria. However, even those who have stayed rich and privileged over the years do not feel that they occupy the highest positions in social structure. It is shown that human capital plays a high role in life chances on sustainable privilege and a high-income level. An obstacle on the path to wealth is the dependency burden. The highest risks of poverty characterize young and middle-aged professionals, while professionals who reach retirement age have the highest chances to be rich. Thus, it is a good strategy to continue labor activity in retirement age. It was revealed that parental education significantly increases chances to achieve privilege position in Russian society. These odds are heavily influenced by composite rents. It is also shown that one of the major factors that create unequal chances of gaining high position in society (both in terms of income and privilege) is settlement inequalities. Despite a quite prosperous life dynamics measured by objective indicators, every third professional feels chronically poor or felt a sharp impoverishment during these years. These subjective assessments are weakly correlated with the quality of human capital and observed in all age categories. We associate this phenomenon with two factors: 1) "negative stabilization" in the 2010s and 2) with the fact that chances for objective well-being are confined mainly to the structural factor of settlement inequality. The position of professionals is often contradictory. The groups of privileged and wealthy professionals have little overlap in composition. In modern Russia, wealth does not imply a privileged position in society and vice versa. The same is true for poverty and deprivation. Absolute well-being, i.e., stable occupation of the highest positions in all three structural positions, is practically unavailable to Russian professionals.
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Boros, Julianna, Péter Bogdán, and Judit Durst. "Accumulating Roma cultural capital: First-in-family graduates and the role of educational talent support programs in Hungary in mitigating the price of social mobility." Szociológiai szemle 31, no. 3 (2021): 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51624/szocszemle.2021.3.4.
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Based on 165 in-depth, narrative life story interviews with first generation graduates, fieldwork with educational support initiatives and auto-ethnography, this article contributes to the literature on whether and how structural educational inequality can be compensated by talent support programs and whether and how these programs can mitigate the price of education-driven upward social mobility for those Roma and nonRoma Hungarians who come from socio-economically disadvantaged families. Upwardly mobile Roma who achieve social ascension through academic high achievement usually travel vast social distances that straddle class and ethnic context. Many of their mobility trajectories are accompanied by a set of challenges that are unique to college educated, racialized, underrepresented minorities. To overcome these challenges, and to compensate for the inequality of life chances that originate from their socially and economically disadvantaged family backgrounds and from an unequal and highly selective educational system, upwardly mobile minority students join educational support initiatives or organisations. This paper, drawing on the narratives of our research participants, argues that particular types of these initiatives or charitable foundations that deploy an ethnically targeted complex approach, can equip their beneficiaries with different types of capital. Amongst these, one of the most important is the Roma cultural capital. The newly gained capitals are necessary for the first-in-family Roma mentees to get through higher education and succeed in the labour market in the context of the specific challenges they face. These initiatives mitigate the price of social ascension the most. The paper uses a case study of Romaversitas to demonstrate its main findings.
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Sinyavskaya, Oksana, Anna Cherviakova, and Elizaveta Gorvat. "Factors that Lead to Leaving the Labor Market at the Age of 45 and up in Russia: Role of Job Characteristics, Labor Mobility and Life-Long Learning." Sociological Journal 28, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.2.8986.
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. This paper is devoted to analyzing the impact of labor mobility and life-long learning on employment termination, as well as to revealing the work characteristics that keep individuals on the labor market. It contributes to the discussion about factors associated with a person leaving the labor market to become economically inactive in retirement. In foreign and domestic literature most of the research is devoted to studying how personal and familial characteristics, as well as human capital influence employment. The impact of employment characteristics, labor mobility and life-long learning on a person’s chances to maintain a job has not been sufficiently studied, and the studies that do exist often come to contradictory conclusions. The research is based on 10 annual waves of the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE)” conducted from 2010 to 2019. Using the Cox regression with time-varying covariates, we obtained the hazard ratios of leaving the labor market for people at the age of 45 and older, for men and women. The results show that participation in life-long learning increases the chances of continuing to be employed by 19,1%, with that being more important for women. Labor mobility increases the risk of unemployment by more than 3,5 times for the target group, especially for men. The most common characteristics of employment in Russia — formal employment, full-time work, working in medium-sized or large enterprises — contribute to maintaining employment by 42, 19, 28–36%, respectively. Types of work outside of enterprises or organizations, as well as in private companies, accelerate the transition to unemployment.
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Van Hear, Nicholas. "Reconsidering Migration and Class." International Migration Review 48, no. 1_suppl (September 2014): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12139.
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While once a mainstay of social science, class has lately been eclipsed in much of migration studies by consideration of other forms of social difference, affinity, and allegiance such as ethnicity, gender, generation, and lately religion. This article puts the case for renewing attention on the part class plays in shaping migration – particularly who is able to move and to where. It argues that the form of migration and ultimately its outcomes are shaped by the resources that would-be migrants can muster and that in turn the capacity to mobilize such resources is largely determined by socio-economic background or class. Drawing on Bourdieu, class can be conceived in terms of the disposal of different forms of capital – economic, social, and cultural. Having access to combinations of such capital shapes the routes and channels migrants can follow, the destinations they can reach, and their life chances after migration. The article first reflects briefly on ideas of class in social science and sketches treatment of mobility in the migration literature, before considering the ways in which class, mobility, and immobility shape each other. The article concludes by considering the interplay between migration, class, and collective action among those who move and those who stay, against the background of broader currents of social change and transformation.
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Zhang, Fan, and Yuxiao Wu. "Living with grandparents: Multi-generational families and the academic performance of grandchildren in China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 7, no. 3 (July 2021): 413–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x211028357.
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Previous studies on social stratification and intergenerational mobility have mostly focused on the effects of parents on their children’s socioeconomic status (SES) attainment, but less attention has been paid to the important role played by grandparents in the life chances of their grandchildren, and its underlying mechanism. By analyzing a national survey sample data of junior high school students in China, this study examines the influence factors of living with grandparents and their effect on the academic performance of adolescents, and the intermediate mechanism. The study finds that (a) three-generation cohabitation occurs when there is a functional need for the nuclear family, and children with lower SES, working mothers, or single-parent families are more likely to experience cohabitation between grandparents and grandchildren; (b) living with grandparents has significant positive effects on adolescents’ academic performance after controlling for other factors; (c) the effect of living with grandparents is moderated by the family’s SES and family structure, and students from lower-SES or single-parent families benefit more from living with grandparents; and (d) living with grandparents to a certain extent benefits grandchildren’s academic performance by enhancing family social capital investment. Households in which grandparents cohabit invest significantly more in the social capital of children than those who do not have grandparents cohabiting. The results of this study show that in modern society, family kinship networks still play a very important role in the status attainment and social mobility of individuals. Therefore, scholars should pay more attention to the important role of extended families in social stratification and mobility and its micro-mechanisms.
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Tikhonova, Natalia E. "“Negative Stabilization” and Factors of Population Welfare Dynamics in Post-Crisis Russia." Sociological Journal 25, no. 1 (2019): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.25.1.6278.
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Recent years have been characterized by a further drop in real incomes of Russians and the spread of pessimism among them regarding their material situation (after a short-term growth of optimistic expectations during the presidential campaign). The current situation in Russia in this area can be described as “negative stabilization”, because, although the decrease in the population’s incomes has stopped, they have stabilized at a lower level than prior to the crisis of 2014–2016. Groups which differ in the dynamics of their material situation starting from 2014 also differ in the specifics of their composition and positions in the system of monetary and especially non-monetary inequalities. The higher an individual’s place in the social hierarchy of life chances, the higher the likelihood of him being in an upward mobility group and the lower the chances of winding up in a group with downward mobility, and vice versa. For the evolution prospects of Russian society’s stratification model this means an increasing polarization of the mass strata of the population. However, so far these processes proceed at a moderate pace and affect the “top” rather than the “bottom” of these strata. The most significant factors determining Russians’ assessments of the dynamics of their material situation are their health, type of locus-control and planning horizon — personal characteristics that affect the ability of developing and implementing effective adaptation strategies. The high importance of personal factors for the dynamics of one’s material situation indicates the crisis nature of modern Russian society, since for crisis societies personal qualities of an individual are more important for the vector of his mobility than structural factors or human and social capital.
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Ildarhanova, C. I. "Rediscovery of Social Reality of the City and the Village: Methodological Novations of the Study of Life Space Dynamics." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-228-235.
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The world sociological thought pays more attention to the dynamics of urban-rural relations within the modernization of the living space. Their achievements are highlighted in the paper. Social problems of rural society that is changing and is being changed under the influence of development of network relations with the city are suggested to be analyzed in the context of living space of a new quality that is forming in the modern world. Sociological vision of the concept is presented on the base of international urban-rural theoretical constructs, explaining formation of a new establishing space by specifics of social capital, influence of living environment on space configuration, and historical retrospective of rural society institualization under the conditions of globalization and development of network relations. The difference between concepts 'living environment' and 'living space' is explained in the broader context of the second one. Unlike subjects it includes actors with their various ties like internet, new types of mobility of people, goods and capitals towards the city that go far and far outside local of inhabiting and are not restricted just by subjective world of place of inhabiting. Social space localization in definite living environment, according to the author's viewpoint, possesses important social and cultural value. Living space analysis is structured by differentiation of social groups based on social and cultural causality. The author brings value and cultural basis of changes in social actions of citizens of a modern village and traces the role of social and cultural environment on development of network processes in a rural territory. It is underlined how demographic resources of a rural society lead to the lost of relations that are formed on a community type rather than on a society type. Processes of urbanization of a rural area and rurbanization of the society are given in an axiological perspective. Three dimensions of sustainability of urban-rural relations are described: including economic, social and environmental spheres. The author supposes that evaluation of social capital of each of spatial communities study of social norms, values and behavioral standards will promote prognosis of the potential of modern rural-urban space as a base for institualization of new urban-rural relations. Attention has been drawn to the necessity to develop new urban-rural dichotomy and oppose not rural/urban spaces but areas, both urban and rural, that change and are being changed under the influence of introspection.
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Tappe, Oliver, and Minh T. N. Nguyen. "Southeast Asian Trajectories of Labour Mobility: Precarity, Translocality, and Resilience." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 7, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.4.
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AbstractWithin and across Southeast Asian national borders, there has been a growing circulation of labour, capital, people, and goods. Meanwhile, urbanisation, agrarian changes, and liberal economic restructuring have been drawing a large section of the rural population into mobile economies and trade networks. This special issue explores the linkage between mobility and the growing precaritisation of labour resulting from neoliberalised development policies, nationalist citizenship regimes, and discourses, and arbitrary state power. Arguably, the consequent insecurity and uncertainty have profound implications for the social and economic life of migrant labourers. Although these conditions engender dangers and risks, they also hold possibilities for crafting translocal livelihoods and social relations. In this introduction, we investigate the diverse trajectories of labour migration in Southeast Asia through a critical discussion on the concept of ‘precarity’ that underscores the resilience of labour migrants despite the precarious conditions of their lives. The special issue suggests that, while precarious labour has long been part of regimes of control and exploitation in the region, precarity today is shaped by the blurry boundaries between the legal and the illegal, between local and global lives, and between different worlds of belonging.
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Nazarov, N. K. "DEFINITIVE ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES OF SOCIAL LABOR RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 42 (2021): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2021.42.18.
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A definitive analysis of the essence of the concepts "imperative", "institution" and as well the identification of their key features of use and delineation of their clear boundaries, determined the essence of institutional imperatives. It is proved that institutional imperatives are obligatory, objectively determined principles of activity of institutions of social and labor sphere concerning its development, which reflects the interests of all subjects of social and labor relations. The imperatives are based on important patterns of formation and functioning of social development. It is substantiated that modern laws of global development form a "new normality" as an environment of transformational processes in the field of social and labor relations. Demographic processes have an extremely important influence: determining the number and dynamics of changes in human resources and labor mobility; globalization trends associated with the rapid development of the global information network, the processes of digitalization of public life, reducing the role of government in managing the national economy in general and social and labor relations in particular. Regularities and imperatives of development of social and labor relations in modern conditions and with definition of exogenous imperatives (global technical and economic innovations or administrative and organizational innovations) and endogenous imperatives (accumulation of human capital and development of human potential) are systematized. It is the concentration of attention on the study of institutional imperatives of modern social and labor relations that allows to determine the directions of development and causes of contradictions, their quantitative and qualitative manifestations and to identify positive and negative consequences of social tension in society.
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Evans, Linnea A., Arline T. Geronimus, and Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. "SYSTEMATICALLY SHORTCHANGED, YET CARRYING ON." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 357–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x19000316.
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AbstractSchool reform policies, such as the closure of “low-performing” schools and the competitive introduction of school choice and charters, were presented to communities of color as the fix to educational inequities and the lifeline needed for urban Black students to have a chance at a quality education and social mobility. The ways in which reforms have under-delivered on this promise, and in some cases exacerbated negative academic outcomes, particularly for Black boys, are documented. Yet, research on the experience of Black adolescent girls is sparse. We explore ways that policies aimed at delivering a school choice environment have affected daily life for Black adolescent girls. We examine this issue in the context of the Detroit metropolitan area with Black adolescent girls, reflecting on their high school education experiences that spanned a time-period of rapid transitions in the schooling environment (2014–2016) prompted by a series of school reforms in Michigan. Through in-depth interviews we found that girls sought to invest in their high school education as a path to college; yet the very reforms advanced as ways to clear this path hindered their ability to spend time on the human and social capital activities believed to be important to their academic success and social mobility. Our findings suggest advantages for those students with proximal access to high quality neighborhood schools cannot be replicated in a choice environment. There may also be health consequences of the coping strategies girls are compelled to employ to carry on under adverse educational circumstances.
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Namrueva, Ludmila V. "Штрихи к портрету сельских территорий Калмыкии (по итогам научной экспедиции 2019 г.)." Oriental Studies 13, no. 5 (December 28, 2020): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1371-1377.
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Introduction. The paper analyzes materials collected during the 2019 (May – June) scientific expedition of Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (Department of Comprehensive Monitoring and Information Technologies) across the territory of the republic. The work contains no value judgments but rather aims at eyewitness analysis. Goals. The article seeks to introduce outcomes of the qualitative surveys (observations, interviews) into scientific discourse. Results. Based on the above, the paper examines actual changes in rural social aspects and the life of contemporary Kalmykia’s villagers. The share of settlements with a population less than 100 keeps increasing, which results from long years of unemployment and subsequent labor migration of rural residents. The negative social trends had been determined by the liquidation of large agricultural enterprises, active use of informal adaptation practices by the population manifested in an increased sociogeographic mobility, i.e. migrations from villages and sometimes further from the republic. Conclusions. It is also noteworthy that there are significant differences between individual rural localities, and the discrepancies between ‘leaders’ and ‘outsiders’ tend to become larger: the former sometimes even keep up with the region’s capital, while the latter lead a miserable, depressed life of the 1990s and are inhabited by elderly individuals only. Despite the socioeconomic problems, settlements with a population up to 500 have sustainably operating educational, healthcare, and cultural institutions ― otherwise such localities shall simply cease to exist. There is a trend to finally tackle some problems of rural territories, and this should improve living conditions of villagers and diminish migration activities.
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Mukhanova, Maria. "Subjects of Agricultural Production in the Socio-Structural Processes of the Russian Village." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika 8, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2020.8.4.7665.
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The article deals with the subjects of agricultural production, agricultural organizations, agricultural Holdings, peasant farms, personal part-time farms and their participation in the sociostructural processes of the Russian village. Dynamics of changes in the agricultural labor market, based on data from several large-scale studies of Rosstat (2011–2018), covering all regions of Russia. Results of individual interviews of the rural population and surveys of their households, as well as the Results of the 2016 agricultural census. they show the specificity of the moment of the rural world, when institutional transformations caused by agrarian reforms and modernization of agriculture radically changed social, labor practices and everyday life of the villagers. For a quarter of a century, the socioeconomic situation and status of the majority of villagers has changed qualitatively. The decrease in the level of rural employment in agriculture and growth in non-agricultural sectors of the agriculture industry led to structural mobility (move), which had transformed the social structure of the village and the formation of the informal sector, with its own internal structure, constituting one-third of all employees. These processes have led to an increase in migration of the working-age population, which has led to a decrease in the quality of human capital and the prospects for its reproduction in rural areas.
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Suntai, Zainab, Kefentse Kubanga, Emmanuel Adanu, and Abhay Lidbe. "Modes of Transportation to Medical and Primary Care Among Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.490.
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Abstract Transportation is an increasingly meaningful concern for older adults as physical, cognitive, and psychological changes in older adulthood impact mobility and accessibility. While several studies have examined the modes of transportation used among older adults, few have explored specifically how older adults are accessing primary care/medical care services. As such, this study aimed to determine the specific modes of transportation used among older adults for primary care visits. Data were derived from the 2018 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), an annual longitudinal panel survey of older adults aged 65 and older living in the United States. Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the prevalence of several modes of access and logistic regression models were used to predict the likelihood of using the two most prevalent transportation modes, based on sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. Results showed that 70% of older adults drive themselves to their doctor, 34.8% rely on a family member, friend, or paid person, 2.4% have a home visit, 2.1% use public transportation, 1.5% walk to their doctor and 1.1% use a taxi. Additionally, having higher income, being of younger age, being White, and having post-secondary education was associated with driving oneself to the doctor. These results indicate that while most older adults are still self-reliant on transportation to medical providers, those with lower socioeconomic status are particularly at risk of losing driving independence. Transportation-related interventions should therefore consider targeting individuals with lower economic capital by proving financial assistance, ride-share programs, and other innovative approaches.
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Khaustova, Maryna. "Innovations as the basis for the modernization of modern society." Law and innovations, no. 1 (37) (April 1, 2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2022-1(37)-1.
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Problem setting. Current events in Ukraine have forced a new look at the concept of “modernization of the legal system” and innovation processes. The process of modernization of the legal system is developed on the initiative and with the support of the state and through legal means of influence on society. This process has long had a great impact on the nature and state of Ukrainian statehood, the role of law in our society, the understanding of law by Ukrainians, their attitude to law and the state. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The analysis of modernization and innovation processes in politics is conditioned by the need to study the problem of political transformations of the Ukrainian state and society, changes in the political system, transformation of political life, search for alternative ways out of crisis situations. Innovative political development takes place in the context of global transformations on a global scale. This means the need to study and apply foreign, international experience in the development and implementation of innovations in political practice, taking into account Ukrainian conditions. Modernization and innovation processes in public and political life are studied in the works of T. Parsons, S. Eisenstadt, D. Lerner, W. Moore, A. Etzioni, W. Rostow, G. Almond, S. Verb, L. Binder, L. Pai, S. Huntington, A. Toynbee, P. Sorokin, K. Jaspers, Palamarchuk M.O., Glibko S.V., Simpson O.E. and others. Target of research. The process of modernization and innovation are of great importance in the life of Ukraine. The idea of modernization and innovation can be considered as an idea that unites Ukraine, as part of the state ideology, as the dominant development of Ukraine. These ideas influenced further progress in economic, scientific, technical, social and other relations. Studying the peculiarities of the processes of modernization of law in Ukraine is not only interesting but also useful from a practical point of view. The concept of innovative modernization is studied, which changes the type of socio-economic development of society and requires the transformation of the existing political system. Article’s main body. Modernization as a global process entails changes, including in the social sphere. These include increasing social mobility and quality of life, forming institutions of social policy and civil society, increasing the value of human capital, the need for constant investment in professional development and staff development, improving education, expanding access to tangible and intangible benefits. Competition and constant development are the main prerequisites for modernization processes. Innovation should be understood as a commitment to think and act in a way that promotes continuous improvement by identifying, disseminating and embracing creative ideas. Innovation should improve public policy, administration and the re-use of existing knowledge, as well as the creation and application of new knowledge. In a broad sense, innovations are the latest data that are implemented regardless of the scope; it is usually a product of intellectual activity of the actors who implement them. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, innovation is an innovation that radically transforms social reality. Today the country needs innovative modernization, which changes the socio-economic development of society and requires the transformation of the existing political system. Innovative modernization is a significant increase in the ability of the political system to stably and successfully adapt to new patterns of socio-political goals and create new types of relationships, institutions, practices based on innovation in economic, social, regional, international policy and other spheres of life.
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Şeminur Topal, R. "Food Safety Problems in the World and in Turkey: Solutions Offered from the Perspective of Social Responsibility." Social Responsibility Journal 1, no. 1/2 (January 1, 2005): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb045797.
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At the beginning of the new millennium, looking through national / international perspectives and analysing different projections and conclusions, investigation of future, interrogation of systems and ourselves will be useful. It is necessary to talk about the past and the future in a global perspective when the world population is more than 6 billion and expected to increase around another 2 billion in the next 25 years. Natural resources are limited instead of increased population in the world around. However the growth of technology and communication level, there are so many hazard factors in the life for many developing countries. Simply maintaining current levels of food availability will require rapid production increases without destroying natural resources. Having a good nutritional status for all human societies, everybody must have to think “us” as instead of “myself”. The world has expanded beyond the global village to include the global market where there is ever‐increasing mobility of capital, labour and goods, in the recent years. Globalisation is not only a question of size, but also of kind: it is inextricably linked to privatisation. It stimulated major economic restructuring in both developed and developing countries, and has greatly changed the balance of public and private sectors. Mostly agricultural production for export is seen as one of the driving forces of development. Harmonisation through the setting of international regulations and standards still needs considerable efforts. So that potential benefits and defects, the outcomes of globalisations are mixed and also demographic and production relationship correlations are changed dramatically. In the world natural food and water sources have been reduced, when population increased speedily and environments pollution has become dramatic. In spite of urbanisation the majorities are in rural areas. The information revolutions and scientific / technological challenges also created a major difference between developed and developing countries. Genetically modified organisms and foods are the most important question at this time in the world. Again the differences about sharing chance of the sources between rich and poor countries are another important inequity. “Food insecurity” means that “lacking access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food and are therefore not consuming enough for an active and healthy life”. There are so many reasons for the unavailability of food, inadequate purchasing power or inappropriate utilisation at household level. The linkages between demographic motivations, poverty and environmental degradation, their relationships and implications according to the development programs and planning will try to be discussed in this article. Nutritional and energy requirements, some nutritional deficiencies, reflections on the commercial life, food security programs, and better information systems on “Food Insecurity and Vulnerability (FIVIMS)”, “National Nutrition Country Profiles (NFC)”, farseeing of UN's, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) and World Trade Organisation (WTO) will be summarised. Also it is planned to make small statistical tour on the national and international past, status, and near future on problems and expected reflections, some of the solution offers are improving strategies and increasing consciousness to consumers, developments of health ‐ agriculture — education politics will be summarised. Governmental responsibilities and financial supports will try to be discussed. Finding food, improving life, preparing a better world must be a primer responsibility for all countries, governments, sectors and for everybody in this millennium.
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Marin-Pantelescu, Andreea, Rodica Claudia Popescu, and Mihaela Ștefan Hint. "Opportunities for smart tourism: from human tourist guiding to virtual guiding in Bucharest." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0058.
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Abstract Tourist destinations are based on new technologies to facilitate access of visitors to tourist attractions. The mobility of the tourists together with the access infrastructure to the tourist objectives is important in the coordination of the tourist flows. More and more self-organized tours will overshadow the travel agencies tours in the demand and preferences of tourists. As technology advances, the curiosity and need of tourists to experience something new develop. The stringent health security requirements in the ‘new normal’ social life during and post-pandemic times enforce radical changes of tourism, among which virtual tourism gains solid grounds. Virtual tours accessed via smartphones have largely replaced the classical guided tours, lately. Our research is aimed at finding new ways to help Bucharest turn into a smart tourism destination. Bucharest is a European capital that needs modernization, innovation, digitalization and greater exposure and promotion internationally. The paper discusses the new trends of smart tourist destinations, the ways and means by which a destination may become smart and attractive for tourists and proposes a virtual signposting for visiting tourist attractions in Bucharest. Through our research we contribute to the intelligent tourism development in Bucharest and we offer ideas for future smart tourism projects.
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Badmaeva, Nogan V. "Опыт трудовой миграции сельских жителей Калмыкии (по результатам глубинных интервью)." Oriental Studies 13, no. 3 (December 24, 2020): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-49-3-688-695.
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Introduction. Labor migration of Kalmykia’s rural population is a pressing challenge for the region. Permanent nature and endurance of the socioeconomic crisis in the agricultural sector of the republic have been adversely affecting the living standards of ordinary villagers. Lack of work opportunities and low salaries result in that the latter migrate en masse to the regional capital and even further. Goals. The study aims to analyze labor migration experiences of local rural dwellers. Materials and Methods. The paper summarizes a number of in-depth structured interviews. The qualitative research methods employed make it possible to view the issue in the eyes of unrelated actual participants of the migration processes, with certain attention paid to their backgrounds and life paths. Results. The work reveals one of the key economic factors underlying labor migration is the necessity to pay mortgage and consumer loans. And migration waves closely align with individual life cycles, such as marriage, divorce, births and even weddings of children. Some respondents reported their migrations were determined by certain adulthood stages of children. All these aspects give rise a new context of family and marriage relations: there emerge guest marriage patterns and changes in gender roles, e.g., in some families those are women who act as migrant workers. Roles of grandparents experience transformations forcing the latter to assume functions of the absent father of mother. Horizontal social networks come to the fore, including territorial and kindred ties. Such migrant labor experiences become a tool of economic strategies and mobility: people purchase dwellings in the city, and support children funding their plans with the earned money. So, migration of parents definitely serves a landmark for future migrations of their descendants. The results obtained attest to that the social profile of rural labor migrants contains quite a share of active individuals intensely motivated to work, ones who strive for better living standards and can adjust themselves to strenuous living / working conditions staying away from home and family.
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Brady, David. "Analyzing Inequality: Life Chances and Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 6 (November 2006): 566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610603500608.
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Deene, Marloes. "LET'S WORK TOGETHER! ECONOMIC COOPERATION, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND CHANCES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY IN CLASSICAL ATHENS." Greece and Rome 61, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383514000035.
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In the early fourth centurybc, a slave of possibly Phoenician origin, called Pasion, was owned by the Athenian bankers Antisthenes and Archestratos (Dem. 36.43). During the course of his slavery, Pasion quickly rose to become the trusted manager of his owners' money-changing and banking firm in Piraeus. After having been manumitted (Dem. 36.48), he took over the running of this bank (Isocr. 17,passim), became a very successful banker, and established a shield factory. His businesses prospered to the extent that by the time of his death in 370/369 he had assembled a fortune estimated at around 70 talents. With this money, Pasion made a number of generous benefactions to the Athenians, as a reward for which the Athenians passed a decree in his favour granting him a gold crown and the right of citizenship to him and his descendants ([Dem.] 59.2). As soon as he received his grant of citizenship, Pasion started to make use of his citizen rights and invested in real property. Although he was probably never actively involved in politics, he is known to have been a close friend of several members of the political elite, such as Agyrrhius of Collyte (Isocr. 17.31) and Callistratus of Aphnida (Dem. 49.47). Moreover, he had dealings with important public figures, such as Timotheus, son of Conon (Dem. 49,passim).
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Slobodenyuk, Ekaterina. "Social Mobility of Russians in Terms of Life Chances and Risks." Journal of Economic Sociology 23, no. 1 (2022): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2022-1-39-59.
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Israel, Emil, and Amnon Frenkel. "Social justice and spatial inequality." Progress in Human Geography 42, no. 5 (April 21, 2017): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132517702969.
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Justice has recently been deliberated in different spatial disciplines. Still, the question of its metrics remains unresolved. Accordingly, this article introduces a conceptual framework in which a metric notion of justice can be employed in different spatial contexts, drawing upon the theoretical conceptualization of Amartya Sen’s ‘capabilities’ and Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘field’, capital forms and ‘habitus’. The main hypothesis assumes that capital resources, which are formed in an individual’s living environment, determine their life chances, thus influencing spatial equality of opportunity (i.e. social justice).
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Никитина, Виктория Константиновна. "Development of public administration tools for academic mobility of youth in the general environment of population migration in the period of globalization of innovative business structures." Management of Education, no. 5(45) (October 15, 2021): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/e1368-3853-5541-u.
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Молодежь как класс студенчества определяется тем, что готово не только к формированию инновационного мышления, но также и к изменению своего места пребывания, которое изменяется соответственно задачам, которые молодежь ставить перед собой в процессе изучения отдельных дисциплин, а также при формировании своей жизненной стратегии. Актуальность исследования определяется тем, что построение выбранной образовательной траектории определяется готовностью к получению образования определенной ступени и смене специализации при необходимости изучения более новых дисциплин и формирования знаний. Новизна исследования определяется тем, что мобильность студентов академического толка определяется не только сопутствующим набором получаемых данных, но также и влиянием на миграционные потоки. Следствием подобных миграционных потоков могут быть смещения социального капитала общества в целом. Авторы показывают, что формирование академической мобильности имеет прямую корреляционную связь и способствует достижению условий личностного развития студентов. Практическая значимость исследования определяется тем, что студенческая мобильность позволяет расширить возможности кросскультурного обмена и определить потенциальные направления глобализации общества. Авторы определяют, что возможность прогнозирования изученного явления даст дополнительный стимул экономической стратификации общества. Youth as a class of students is determined by the fact that they are ready not only to form innovative thinking, but also to change their place of residence, which changes accordingly to the tasks that young people set for themselves in the process of studying individual disciplines, as well as in the formation of their life strategy. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that the construction of the chosen educational trajectory is determined by the readiness to receive education at a certain stage and change specialization if necessary to study newer disciplines and knowledge formation. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the mobility of academic students is determined not only by the accompanying set of data obtained, but also by the impact on migration flows. The consequence of such migration flows may be the displacement of the social capital of society as a whole. The authors show that the formation of academic mobility has a direct correlation and contributes to the achievement of conditions for the personal development of students. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that student mobility allows to expand the possibilities of cross-cultural exchange and identify potential directions of globalization of society. The authors determine that the possibility of forecasting the studied phenomenon will give an additional incentive to the economic stratification of society.
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Iannelli, Cristina. "Educational Expansion and Social Mobility: The Scottish Case." Social Policy and Society 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641000059x.
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For over a century, the goal of reducing class inequalities in educational attainment has been based at least in part on the belief that this would help to equalise life chances. Drawing upon the main findings of three ESRC-funded projects, this paper reviews the empirical evidence on trends in social class inequalities in educational attainment and the role of education in promoting social mobility in Scotland. The findings show that in the second half of the twentieth century, despite the increase in overall levels of attainment, class differences in educational attainment persisted. Educational policies in Scotland supported educational expansion which allowed larger numbers of working-class children to climb the social class ladder than in the past. However, these did not translate into any break with the patterns of social inequalities in the chances of entering the top-level occupations. The conclusions highlight that educational policies on their own are not powerful enough to change patterns of social mobility which are mainly driven by labour market and social class structures.
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Waters, Mary C., and Philip Kasinitz. "Race, Legal Status & Social Mobility." Daedalus 150, no. 2 (2021): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01850.
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Abstract In this essay, we review what is known about the role of race and legal status in the incorporation of immigrants in twenty-first-century America. While race and ethnicity matter in the social mobility of immigrants, racialization is not the impassable stumbling block critical race theory predicts. The research paints a remarkably consistent picture of intergenerational socioeconomic progress, one that is very similar to what happened with immigrants from Europe a century ago. This mobility is accelerated for Asians and Blacks, but slower among Latinxs. Legal status is increasingly a block to integration and affects both undocumented immigrants and their citizen children. While race and legal status intersect, we conclude that legal status is now playing a relatively autonomous role in limiting the life chances of many immigrants. We raise the alarm about not only the direct effects of legal status, but its increasing role in racializing and excluding Latinx Americans.
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BUKODI, ERZSÉBET. "Cumulative Inequalities over the Life-Course: Life-long Learning and Social Mobility in Britain." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 367–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000635.
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AbstractThis paper examines the possibility that life-long learning promotes intergenerational class mobility. The following two research questions are asked. Is it the case that further education provides individuals coming from less advantaged origins with a second chance to improve on their educational attainment? Is it the case that the returns to further qualifications, in terms of chances of upward class career mobility, are greater for children from less advantaged backgrounds than for children from more advantaged backgrounds? The analyses – that are based on the complete educational and class histories of men and women in a British birth cohort – mainly produce negative findings. Children coming from managerial and professional backgrounds seem to benefit most from further education. More specifically, further education appears to be an effective means of career advancement for individuals of managerial and professional origins who start out in their working lives in relatively low-level class positions. Via further education they can increase or update their qualifications, and in turn enhance their chances of being counter-mobile back to their class of origin. Overall, based on the findings of this paper, we can conclude that qualifications attained through life-long learning primarily serve to maintain, rather than to narrow, inequalities attached to social origins in Britain.
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Rosso, Andrea L., Loni P. Tabb, Tony H. Grubesic, Jennifer A. Taylor, and Yvonne L. Michael. "Neighborhood Social Capital and Achieved Mobility of Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Health 26, no. 8 (December 2014): 1301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264314523447.
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Objective: Evaluate associations of neighborhood social capital and mobility of older adults. Method: A community-based survey (Philadelphia, 2010) assessed mobility (Life-Space Assessment [LSA]; range = 0-104) of older adults ( n = 675, census tracts = 256). Social capital was assessed for all adults interviewed from 2002-2010 ( n = 13,822, census tracts = 374). Generalized estimating equations adjusted for individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics estimated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in mobility by social capital tertiles. Interactions by self-rated health, living arrangement, and race were tested. Results: Social capital was not associated with mobility after adjustment for other neighborhood characteristics (mean difference for highest versus lowest tertile social capital = 0.79, 95% CI = [−3.3, 4.8]). We observed no significant interactions. In models stratified by race, Black participants had higher mobility in high social capital neighborhoods (mean difference = 7.4, CI = [1.0, 13.7]). Discussion: Social capital may not contribute as much as other neighborhood characteristics to mobility. Interactions between neighborhood and individual-level characteristics should be considered in research on mobility.
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Magdol, Lynn, and Diane R. Bessel. "Social capital, social currency, and portable assets: The impact of residential mobility on exchanges of social support." Personal Relationships 10, no. 2 (June 2003): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00043.
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Hartwell, Stephanie W. "Juvenile Delinquency and the Social Development Model: The Retrospective Accounts of Homeless Substance Abusers." Criminal Justice Policy Review 11, no. 3 (September 2000): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403400011003002.
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Teens involved with drugs and engaged in delinquent behavior lessen their life chances. This article examines the relationship between early illicit drug exposure, delinquency, and subsequent adult experience through the life history accounts of 31 men who are homeless drug addicts today. The men's retrospective reports link personal history and social circumstance to describe common pathways associated with and emerging from adolescent delinquency and drug involvement. Their accounts, framed within the social development model, indicate that the life chances of teens at risk might improve if policy-based solutions and interventions target and ameliorate contextual and interpersonal risk factors interfering with the accumulation of social capital.
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Gillespie, Brian Joseph. "Adolescent behavior and achievement, social capital, and the timing of geographic mobility." Advances in Life Course Research 18, no. 3 (September 2013): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2013.07.001.
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Kuznetsova, Nataliya. "International Migration in the World: Current Development Trends and the Global Problems Management." Modern Economics 26, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v26(2021)-10.
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Abstract. Introduction. International migration is an important socio-economic indicator of the development of states and a regulator of socio-economic relations in the international economy. Under the modern conditions of development of the world society migration processes are characterized by dynamic development and scale of distribution. Today, international migration is becoming an important factor influencing the formation of international reality, causing social changes and cultural interaction of countries involved in migration process. Purpose. The modern world is diverse in its development and progress. Existing asymmetries and inequalities in most countries, conflicts, poverty, climate change encourage people from the low-income countries to migrate to the economically developed countries in searching of a safer and better life. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic carries great threats to the lives and health of migrants, negatively affects their spatial mobility, and creates the new societal challenges and dangers. That is why the author of the article aims to explore the main trends in the formation of modern migration flows and changes in international migration; to identify global factors influencing the dynamics of international migration and to identify key issues that need to be corrected in the management system of international migration at the global level. Results. The author has analyzed the current trends in the development of international migration in the global space, assesses the formation of the main migration flows in terms of individual sub-regions and countries. According to the results of the analysis, the growing influence of exogenous factors (interstate conflicts, economic and political instability in the world, climate change, etc.) and endogenous factors (low level of social protection of the low-income countries, limited access to vital public resources), high levels of corruption in some countries that cause poverty, carry threat and danger to the lives and health of their citizens) to increase the dynamics of migration flows in the world. During the studying the author has formed the main group of countries (USA, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, France, Czech Republic, others), which (according to the long-term UN forecasts) will increase net migration rates and net numbers of migrants; this information is the important indicators for governments of these countries in order to respond in a timely manner and put changes into their existing migration policies. The tools of integration of international migrants into the national societies of the host countries of Europe in terms of employment, education, social inclusion have been considered. The benefits of the host countries from successful integration have been determined. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the change in the dynamics of international migration has been studied and the key problems of international migration development that need to be corrected at the global international level due to the intensification of crisis situations have been identified. Conclusions. Thus, the acceleration of migration processes and the scale of their spread in the world have a great impact on significant changes in foreign economic relations between countries; the macroeconomic dynamics of their development is gaining new momentum. The mechanical movement of the population causes changes in the structure of human capital, affects the quality of its formation and development. Due to the unevenness and the existing asymmetry in the socio-economic development of the world, the migration factor can become a major tool for the destruction of economic stability of many countries, the intensification of crises in the social sphere. Therefore, the existing problems of global cooperation and coordination of international migration, the lack of effective mechanisms for interaction between national and global levels of migration management need to be solved in time. The international regulatory framework for the protection of migrants' rights in the global dimension needs to be improved.
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Abatemarco, Antonio. "Evaluating Economic Mobility under Opportunity Egalitarianism." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2017): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n12p260.
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While inter-generational income mobility is commonly understood to be socially desirable in that it promotes equality of life chances, social desirability of intra-generational income mobility is a much more controversial issue, which is known to be concerned with inequality and uncertainty effects, as well as aversion to income fluctuations. In this paper social welfare effects of intra-generational income mobility are investigated from the perspective of an opportunity egalitarian social planner. We show that, given the trade-off between inequality and uncertainty effects, social desirability of income mobility strongly depends on the characteristics of income switchings which are required to be rewarding the more deserving individuals and/or compensating the unluckier ones. In this sense, we suggest that egalitarianism of opportunity, more than aversion to intertemporal fluctuations, is crucial for motivating the optimality of empirically observed low degrees of income mobility as compared to perfect mobility processes (complete reversal).
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WENG, HEW WAI. "Entangled Mobility: Hui Migration, Religious Identity and Cultural Capital in Malaysia." Issues & Studies 54, no. 01 (March 2018): 1840001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251118400015.
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In recent years, there is an increasing number of Hui migrants in Malaysia. This paper examines the accumulation of various forms of capital (cultural, social and economic) and the intersection of capitalization of “Chineseness” and “Muslimness” among overseas Hui. It begins with a discussion on the mobility capital — in which Hui Muslims enjoy relative freedom to move around in China and beyond China, compared to their Uyghur counterparts who have limited mobility. It is followed by analyzing how aspirations such as “cultural affinity,” “religious authenticity,” “educational mobility” and “business opportunity” drive contemporary Hui mobility to Malaysia. By describing the religious, cultural and business activities of Hui migrants, it explores how the accumulation and circulation of different forms of capital take place in mosques, in restaurants and on social media platforms. It proposes a concept of “entangled mobility” to examine the intersection between their cultural and religious identity, the interconnection between spatial and social mobility, the combination of religious and economic aspiration, as well as how their capital circulations are entangled with broader economic, social and political processes. However, instead of reifying cultural capital as given one, Hui migrants re-enact their cultural capital depending on the Malaysian contexts. Such enactment of cultural capital plays an important role in Hui mobility and enables them to navigate their life in multi-ethnic and multi-religious Malaysia.
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Tolochko, Svіtlana, Nataliia Bordiug, and Inna Knysh. "TRANSVERSAL COMPETENCIES OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROFESSIONALS IN LIFELONG EDUCATION." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-3-156-165.
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For the effective development of Ukraine in the conditions of global changes (political, economic, social, educational) the priority should be transition to a new economy – knowledge economy. The basis of knowledge economy will be the professional development of specialists in innovative business structures through lifelong learning, in particular formation of their transversal competencies. These qualitatively new specialists will be able to ensure the transition of companies to innovative forms of organization of production activities. The purpose of the article is to reveal the importance of transversal competencies formation among specialists of innovative business structures in lifelong learning to ensure competitiveness of Ukrainian companies at the international level. Methodology. To achieve the goal, general scientific and special research methods were used: comparative analysis and generalization – to study the international experience of innovative business structures; synthesis of theoretical and empirical data – to characterize Ukrainian companies according to the innovation index; structural-functional and system analysis – to study the features of knowledge economy and form hard, soft and business skills. Results. In formation of business structures, Ukraine still uses traditional criteria, while in the world there are innovative approaches – companies "gazelles", clusters, etc. Characteristic features and problems of gazelle companies functioning are analyzed, in particular concerning the personnel component. It is proposed to consider successful enterprises as centers of new economic zones, around which related enterprises, promotion infrastructure, clusters should be purposefully built. It is determined that national economic competitiveness is associated with knowledge and innovation driven capital. Two approaches to the management of business structures are analyzed. The first is based on implementation of subject-subject relationships, development of innovative transversal competencies in order to expand managers' “breadth of management skills" through LLL-education. The second is the experience of innovative enterprises, where management is transformed into information management with its inherent impersonal post / non / management. Formation of the phenomenon of transversal competencies on the basis of LLL-education is analyzed. This is ensured by changes in hard skills, acquisition of new soft skills and integrated business skills, which contributes to the creation of a new generation of professionals. It is determined that business skills are integrated from soft skills, which accumulate intellectual property knowledge, investment and financial literacy, sales skills, presentations and business negotiations, event management, project management, people, their work and time, etc. Emphasis is placed on the importance of forming knowledge economy based on the intellectual potential of society, in which the main levers are the processes of accumulation and use of information and its transformation into knowledge, which depends on the economic progress of the country. It is determined that on the basis of formation of scientific and educational clusters, introduction of crowd technologies, crowdsourcing in education during life the professional development of experts of innovative business structures will be provided. Practical importance. The results of the research can be used in the creation of training programs, retraining, reskilling and changing types of work in the modern production space, which include provisions of knowledge economy for professional development of innovative business structures through lifelong learning. The basic postulates of research can be useful for managers whose companies implement innovative approaches to management, the latest technologies in production activities and promote mobility in retraining in accordance with sociel needs. Correlation/ originality. Conclusions reached will help economists, politologists, social scientists and LLL learning educators to understand the importance of innovative concepts in development business structures and formation transverse competencies based on hard, soft and business skills.
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Avola, Maurizio, and Giorgio Piccitto. "Ethnic penalty and occupational mobility in the Italian labour market." Ethnicities 20, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1093–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796820909651.
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The article examines the occupational mobility of immigrants in Italy in a double perspective. First, this work compares immigrants and natives in order to understand whether, and to what extent, in a country characterized overall by low social mobility, natives and migrants have the same chances for improving their social position, or the latter are disadvantaged on an ethnic basis that affects their career (research question 1). Then, the article investigates what are the factors (referring to immigrants’ human capital, socio-cultural assimilation process and ethnic network) fostering occupational mobility among immigrants (research question 2). We conduct an ordinary least squares analysis on microdata from two retrospective cross-sectional surveys, for natives and migrants, with the same sample design, questionnaire structure and variable classification, thereby allowing the comparison of results. The empirical findings confirm that intra-generational occupational mobility in Italy is overall very limited but that geographical origin is a significant factor influencing upward mobility. Thus, the existence of an ethnic penalty is confirmed. Furthermore, among migrants, high human capital improves (short-range) upward mobility, while the socio-cultural assimilation process only partly leads to economic assimilation. Conversely, the recourse to the ethnic network acts as a trap in low-qualified occupational careers, hindering an improvement of socio-economic position.
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Bonoli, Giuliano. "Immigrant integration and social investment." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 5 (November 2020): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928720950619.
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This article offers an overview of scholarship on social investment policies in relation to the integration of immigrants and the role they can play in multicultural societies. At first sight, social investment is a promising strategy to deal with the inequalities in human capital and life chances that plague multicultural societies. However, on the basis of the available knowledge, the article shows that the benefit of social investment interventions for immigrants may be lower than expected for two main reasons. First, there are access biases in most typical social investment policies (for example, childcare, active labour market policies, training) that tend to limit participation by non-natives. Second, employers’ recruitment preferences and labour market discrimination are also likely to limit the potential of social investment interventions for immigrants. I conclude that to exploit the full potential of social investment policies in the promotion of immigrant integration, these policies need to be adapted, particularly by taking into account the essential role played by employers.
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Mare, Robert D. "Measuring Networks beyond the Origin Family." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 657, no. 1 (December 10, 2014): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214548410.
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Studies of social mobility typically focus on the associations between the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and families in one generation and those same characteristics for the next generation. Yet the life chances of individuals may be affected by a wider network of kin than just the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts and uncles, siblings, and even more remote kin. In planning new studies of intergenerational social mobility, researchers should consider the ways that more remote kin may affect socioeconomic success and hardship and design data collection strategies for collecting data on wider kin networks. Administrative record linkage and survey research have complementary advantages for identifying kin networks. Successful implementation of these approaches holds the promise of a much richer set of studies of intergenerational social mobility than most researchers have attempted thus far.
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Geyer, Siegfried, Katharina Fleig, Kambiz Norozi, Lena Röbbel, Thomas Paul, Matthias Müller, and Claudia Dellas. "Life chances after surgery of congenital heart disease: A case-control-study of inter- and intragenerational social mobility over 15 years." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0246169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246169.
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Background Patients of congenital heart disease surgery have good prospects for reaching old age. Against the backdrop of increasing life expectancies, the question of how well such patients are mastering daily routines and their working life emerges. In our study, the educational and occupational performance of patients over 15 years was examined. Methods Intergenerational social mobility (changes in social positions from the parental generation to the generation of children) was examined in terms of education, and intragenerational social mobility (changes in positions within the same generation, i.e., in individuals over their life courses) was examined in terms of occupational positions. Comparisons were made between patients and a control group drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Controls were drawn from respondents who participated in the 2004 and 2018 SOEP surveys. Results The data were from 244 out of 360 patients (68%) with complete social data from the first survey (2003–2004) and who were included in the follow-up (2017–2019), and 238 controls were drawn from the SOEP. At the time of the second survey, subjects’ ages ranged from 28 to 59 years of age (M = 40.1 years). Intergenerational educational mobility did not differ between cases and controls. For intragenerational social mobility, downward changes were more frequent among controls. This latter finding may be explained by patients retiring earlier than the general population. Retirement rates increased over time, particularly among patients with severe congenital malformations. Unemployment rates were also higher among patients. Conclusions Taken together, although a considerable proportion of patients with congenital heart disease retired prematurely or never entered the labour force, their educational and occupational careers proceeded more favourably than expected.
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Golubetskaya, N. P., O. V. Burgonov, and O. G. Smeshko. "The impact of digital technologies on the modernization of management in Russian oil and gas companies in the context of global challenges." Economics and Management 28, no. 10 (November 11, 2022): 1064–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2022-10-1064-1073.
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Aim. The presented study aims to outline directions for the modernization of management in Russian oil and gas companies forming under the influence of high-tech knowledge-intensive production cycles, human capital, and artificial intelligence with allowance for the global challenges of digital technologies.Tasks. The authors investigate theoretical and practical approaches to structural changes in the management of Russian oil and gas companies that lead to the continuous modernization of the life cycle of technological chains and innovative scenarios for the development of economic entities in the long term; consider management decisions from the perspective of targets and costs, since management systems are significantly corrected under the influence of global challenges in a unified digital model of regional socio-economic development.Methods. This study uses dialectical scientific methods of cognition, complex analysis of tools used in the formation of intellectual capital on the basis of integration processes of Internet mobility, cloud computing, analytical business processes of managerial influence and social media networks, synergetic effects in the modernization of management in oil and gas companies. The study also examines scenario approaches to the development of the economic segments of the real sector through the example of ten systemically important Russian companies.Results. Digital transformation of management in oil and gas companies based on blockchain tools, artificial intelligence, online banking, trade marketplaces, and targeted advertising determines the priorities of industrial development of national economic models in the context of global challenges. The conducted scientific analysis shows a significant modernization of management in the domains of information and analytical data processing, expert evaluation of the digital array of indicators, and marketing approaches of companies driving innovative development, which actively use crowdsourcing, public interfaces, cloud technologies, virtual space, artificial intelligence, and robotics in justifying scenarios for long-term development and enhancing the competitiveness of the oil and gas sector of the Russian economy.Conclusions. Priority directions for the modernization of management in oil and gas companies are based on the use of modern digital shells, IT platforms, services involving the introduction of structural resource-saving materials, and additive technologies. The transformational model of company management involves the use of modern management tools that make it possible to optimize asset management, forecasting systems, and monitoring of strategic business units aimed at optimizing budgeting in order to increase the efficiency of project activities. A comprehensive assessment of the management of economic entities in the context of global challenges is based on criteria for assessing the functioning of internal or external accelerators, business incubators, venture incentives, the availability of innovative potential for the implementation of promising projects in the Russian oil and gas complex in the context of global challenges using public-private partnership tools on the platforms of modern software products.
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KOVALISKO, NATALIA, and SERHII MAKEIEV. "Sociology of generation’s social structure." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm. 2021 (2) (July 12, 2021): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.02.060.
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In sociology, the concept of “generation” is usually applied to a wide variety of social categories. This is a cohort of peers, and a cohort of several years of birth — as in studies of social mobility, as well as a community of those who share acceptable values, simultaneously experienced significant events, is a bearer of similar experiences and memories. Theoretical reflection in modern literature continues to excite the fundamental essay of K. Mannheim “The Problem of Generations”. The cognitive intuitions it contains have a priority status, but the published reviews state that the empirical potential of the concept outlined there is minimal, and new times require new approaches to analyzing the role of generations in the intensification of social dynamics and the movement of history. Sociology of the social structure of a generation is mainly a way of observing, fixing and describing the transformations of the morphological structure of a community. The heterogeneity of the age cohort is prescribed by origin from different types of families and birth in a particular region and type of settlement. In the course of primary socialization, general patterns of worldview and worldview are formed, an attitude to the past, present and future on the basis of internalized values, standards and norms of behavior. The degree of stratification of life chances and opportunities given by birth is subsequently corrected or fixed by institutions of secondary and higher education, which is monitored in studies of professional and status mobility. Events are capable of elevating an age cohort to the status of a generation, constructing an identity (“we,” shared ways of feeling, thinking, acting) and, almost synchronously, differentiating peers, establishing differences and distances.
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Tsang, Eileen Yuk-ha, and Pak K. Lee. "Raising Successful Offspring by Chinese Middle-Class Parents." Asian Journal of Social Science 44, no. 1-2 (2016): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04401010.
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This article analyses the intergenerational mobility of the Chinese “new middle class” in Shanghai, China. Building on the Bourdieusian concept of social capital, it puts forward a sociocultural approach to explaining the reproduction of the middle class in contemporary urban China. It explores why cultural capital and marketable professional qualification are not enough for younger members of this class to secure their class status and upward mobility. It also discusses how and why the pre-reform socialist social institutions of danwei (work unit) and hukou (household registration) continue to play decisive roles in consolidating the middle class’ life status in post-reform China. This study finds that middle-class parents capitalise on their accrued and privileged guanxi (interpersonal relationship), built on the socialist social institutions, to help their children find good jobs to maintain their own upward intergenerational mobility.
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Calmand, Julien, Jean-François Giret, and Christine Guégnard. "Vocational bachelor graduates in France: labour market integration and social mobility." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2013-0102.
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Purpose – In France, the vocationalization of higher education has resulted in an increase in the number of graduates and created new opportunities. The access of these vocational bachelor graduates to the labour market raises the issue of their professional prospects amid changing economic and social circumstances. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – To provide insights into these issues, the employment situation of bachelor graduates during the first years of active working life will be compared with other tertiary graduates entering the labour market in the same years, using econometric models that estimate the effects of vocational courses “all other things being equal”, incorporating a range of individual characteristics. Findings – Overall, vocational bachelor graduates experienced fewer difficulties in seeking to enter the labour market during difficult economic circumstances. They did not achieve upward social mobility with a lower probability of obtaining a managerial/professional occupation three years after graduation. These results confirm that diplomas continue to play a central and hierarchized role in France. Originality/value – The originality of this paper is to highlight the labour market transition of vocational bachelor graduates during a period of economic crisis, inquiring on the social benefit of this new diploma in France: what were the impacts of the changing economic conditions and influx of vocational bachelor graduates on their labour market transition and their chances of upward social mobility?
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Zamfir, Ana-Maria, Anamaria Năstasă, and Raluca Mihaela Molea. "Educational Attainment and Financial Well-being in Romania." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 14, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.1/531.
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In contemporary societies, education facilitates social mobility and well-being of individuals. According to human capital theory, people who invest in themselves through education and training have improved chances of getting better jobs and gaining higher income (Becker et al., 1990; Woodhall, 1987). This paper aims to examine the effects of educational attainment on financial well-being in Romanian context. We analyse statistical data from the World Values Survey Wave 7 (sub-sample for Romania) collected from 1257 subjects. By exploring the relation between educational attainment and financial well-being, our results are relevant for better understanding the mechanisms linking human capital accumulation to monetary benefits and how these mechanisms work in relation to various individual and contextual factors.
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Torras-Gómez, Elisabeth, Laura Ruiz-Eugenio, Teresa Sordé-Martí, and Elena Duque. "Challenging Bourdieu’s Theory: Dialogic Interaction as a Means to Provide Access to Highbrow Culture for All." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 215824402110107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211010739.
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According to Bourdieu, class position is related to cultural capital, taste, and preferences. Accordingly, the author states that, because of their “habitus,” those from high social classes have higher cultural capital and preferences for highbrow culture, which gives them more chances to succeed in life. On the contrary, those from low social classes have lower cultural capital because of their lowbrow cultural preferences, which makes it more difficult for them to achieve in a system that favors the dominant classes. Through the review of articles on Dialogic Literary Gatherings published in peer-reviewed journals, this article aims to provide more insights on how the principles of dialogic learning occur. The results of the review challenge Bourdieu’s concept of “habitus,” providing evidence of how socioeconomic status (SES) is not determinant to cultural capital.
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Karavay, Anastasia V. "Factors of Inequality of Russians' Life Chances (Empirical Analysis)." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 8, no. 1 (2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2020.8.1.7095.
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The article, based on the data from the eighth wave of all-Russian Monitoring carried out by Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS in April 2018, presents the results of the analysis of factors that determine individual’s position in the space of life chances and risks. As shown by the multinomial regression analysis, the risks of falling into the deprived strata are largely related to the ascriptive characteristics of the individual, primarily – with his health, male gender and place of residence. In particular, the increased risks of deprivation for Moscow residents have been identified, which may be associated with a high share of the first-generation migrants among them, who are in a situation of the high probability of long-term unemployment, income instability and non-compliance of their basic labor rights. The scale of this problem is so great that all mass strata of the Moscow residents demonstrate relatively worse indicators in this respect in comparison with residents of other cities, although However, hereditary Muscovites are in a privileged position relatively to the inhabitants of other locations. It is also demonstrated that the expansion of life chances, in contrast to their narrowing relative to the current standard of life chances and risks in modern Russian society, is primarily due to specifics of the resource endowment of individuals. High-quality human and cultural capital, the presence of high-potential social contacts, the habit of planning one’s life and accepting own responsibility for it significantly expand the life chances of Russians while minimizing the risks. The interaction of these factors provides a cumulative effect and shows itself in the accumulation of the human potential of highest quality, contributing to the further expansion of life chances. This is also facilitated by the transfer of key resources in the process of the upper strata’s social reproduction.
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Wu, Annie Yuan Cih. "Identities as an Everyday Life Strategy: A Case Study of Vietnamese Marriage Immigrant Women in Taiwan." International Journal of Taiwan Studies 2, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 138–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24688800-00201007.
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This paper discusses the identity complex of Vietnamese marriage immigrants in Taiwan through aspects of everyday life such as food preference and cooking, vehicle ownership and access, leisure, and religious belief. These are in parallel with acculturation, cultural hegemony, spatial and social mobility, social network-building, social capital accumulation, and the strategy of resistance to the stigmatisation of prearranged remittances. This article also analyses identities as pragmatic strategies for Vietnamese wives to demonstrate their agency, and negotiate and bargain their social places within the Chinese-dominated cultural sphere through conforming to mainstream ideologies and acquiring social capital in the local community. The relationship between happiness and identities construction is examined, too. The methodology is based upon in-depth interviews and participant observations undertaken during ethnographic fieldwork in Taiwan.
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Immanuel, Glorio, Prima Maharani Putri, and Irma Finurina Mustikawati. "Pengaruh Modal Sosial terhadap Fungsi Kognitif pada Pasien Skizofrenia di RSUD dr. Soeselo." Jurnal Health Sains 2, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): 1000–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jhs.v2i8.247.
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This study wanted to look at the relationship and influence of social capital on cognitive function in schizophrenic patients. Social capital is a concept that arises from the results of interaction in society with a long process and is believed to be one of the main components in driving togetherness, mobility of ideas, mutual trust and mutual benefit to achieve mutual progress. Interactions that form networks in togetherness in social capital contain norms, values and mutual understanding that facilitate cooperation in a group. Social capital is generally associated with health and is considered an important etiology in schizophrenia where in the early stages of schizophrenia there are significant cognitive symptoms making it very difficult for people with the disorder to work, study or work in social life. This research method uses the design of latitude cut study, conducted in dr. hospital. soeselo and using MMSE instruments. The results of the study found a link between social capital and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenic patients where in individuals with good social capital was shown to better adjust to cognitive function. Conclusions on individuals with good social capital can adjust better because individuals have had better coping, perception and adjustment about themselves and their environment, individuals already have the ability to maintain their communication and interaction in public life.
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Jæger, Mads Meier, and Anders Holm. "Penge, (ud)dannelse, forbindelser eller brains?: En test af fire forældreressourcers betydning for unges uddannelsesvalg i Danmark." Dansk Sociologi 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2006): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v15i3.264.
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Mads Meier Jæger og Anders Holm: Money, education, connections or brains? Testing the meaning of four parent resources for youth choice of education in Denmark
The aim of this article is to analyse the effect of four types of social resources on young people’s educational choice. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of “capital“, we distinguish four types of capital: economic, cultural, social, and cognitive, which are hypothesised to affect intergenerational educational mobility in different ways. Data comes from a longitudinal study of young people carried out by the Danish National Institute of Social Research, in which persons born in 1954 were interviewed about their own situation and about the educational choices of their oldest child. The empirical analysis is divided into two parts. In the first part, using multiple indicators and confirmatory factor analysis, we find that the four types of capital are clearly identified in the data, and that the four types of capital are significantly and positively correlated. The second part of the empirical analysis evaluates the effect of the four types of parental capital on young people’s educational choice, net of several control variables. For this analysis, we employ the multinomial logit model with a non-parametric estimator of random effects to capture individual heterogeneity. The analysis suggests that (especially) parental cultural capital is a strong predictor of selection to academically oriented tertiary education. Furthermore, we find that social capital is particularly important in selection of vocational education. Finally, parental economic capital and cognitive capital do not affect educational chances, but growing up with a single mother decreases the probability of obtaining university-level qualifications significantly.