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Journal articles on the topic 'Social mobility – Europe, Eastern'
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1
Domański, Henryk. "Major social transformations and social mobility: the case of the transition to and from communism in Eastern Europe." Social Science Information 38, no. 3 (September 1999): 463–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901899038003005.
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This analysis compares the effects on social mobility of the political transformations in Eastern Europe which took place in the 1950s and the 1990s. The author examines absolute and relative mobility rates in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Slovakia based on data from national random samples taken in 1993 and 1994. Log-linear models are applied to mobility tables for four periods, 1948-52, 1952-63, 1983-88 and 1988-93, to determine change in the strength of association between occupational categories. Searching for the effect of the transition to communism the author compares occupational mobility between 1948 and 1952 with occupational mobility between 1952 and 1963. In order to assess the effect of the transition from communism, mobility between 1983 and 1988 is compared to mobility between 1988 and 1993. It was definitely the transition to communism in the late 1940s that released the more intensive flows between basic segments of the social structure compared to what occurred during the exit from communism in the 1990s. Using both the diagonals and the constant social fluidity models, the author finds no evidence of increasing openness in post-communist countries. Contrariwise, in the 1948-63 period some significant change occurred in relative mobility chances. The conclusion is that the “first transformation” gave rise to a turn in social fluidity on the “genotypical” level.
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Inglot, Tomasz. "Social Policy and the New Middle Class in Central and Eastern Europe." Current History 118, no. 806 (March 1, 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2019.118.806.96.
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“The region has seen a radical shift from widespread unemployment to labor shortages, a historic expansion in higher-education opportunities, and unprecedented mass migration to the West.” Seventh in a series on social mobility around the world.
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Engle, Eric. "A Viking We Will Go! Neo-Corporatism and Social Europe." German Law Journal 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 633–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018769.
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In Viking and Laval, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) adjudicated the rights of labor and capital mobility under E.U. law. Both cases strengthen the single European market through economic liberalization to generate greater prosperity for all Europeans as part of the process of European economic and political integration. Labor and capital mobility create greater prosperity for all through more rational market exchanges. Free trade is good for goods and is even better for labor. A liberalized and fully mobilized labor market results in more productivity and greater wealth in the European polity, as well as interdependence, and thereby deeper integration resulting in greater understanding and less conflict. The decisions, wrongly criticized by some as “bad for workers” are justified by the fact that they will benefit workers in Eastern Europe, consumers in Western Europe, and the Community as a whole by deepening integration. A key challenge for the European Union is to economically anchor and deepen the political restructuring of Eastern Europe by enabling the natural labor and capital movements which an open marketplace generates. Europe does this not with the failed neo-liberal model which has ravaged the wealth of the United States and squandered it in illusory booms based on consumer borrowing and deficit spending to fund war for oil. Rather, Europe is developing a neo-corporatist social model. This article uses the Viking and Laval cases as examples of this development.
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Dabasi-Halász, Zsuzsanna, Julianna Kiss, Ioana Manafi,, Daniela Elena Marinescu, Katalin Lipták, Monica Roman, and Javier Lorenzo-Rodriguez. "International youth mobility in Eastern and Western Europe – the case of the Erasmus+ programme." Migration Letters 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.626.
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A country's mobility pattern is largely influenced by its previous historical development and current socio-economic situation. Hungary and Romania, due partly to the legacy of their socialist past, share many of their social and economic characteristics, which differ from countries in Western Europe. Such differences are also present when looking at the issue of international youth mobility, which contrast not only by rate but also by type in post-socialist countries when compared to Western Europe. The main objective of the present paper is to analyse the differences and similarities between Eastern and Western European countries with regard to one mobility programme – Erasmus+. The article presents the differences looking at macro data and quantitative questionnaire data.
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Amelina, Anna, and Andreas Vasilache. "Editorial: The shadows of enlargement: Theorising mobility and inequality in a changing Europe." Migration Letters 11, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i2.233.
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This introductory article of the special issue is based on the criticism of the sedentarist lens used in migration studies on social inequalities. It is organised around two questions: In what ways have forms of inequality and patterns of migration in the enlarged Europe been changed, and how should the nexus between migration and social inequality be rethought after the ‘mobility turn’ in the social sciences? First, the article proposes that the mobility turn and transnational sociology be combined to approach varieties of geographic mobility in the current Europe and that inequality analysis be conceptualised from a ‘mobile perspective’, meaning that forms of mobility and patterns of inequality be considered as mutually reinforcing. Second, Europe is considered as a fragmented and multi-sited societal context, which is co-produced by current patterns of mobility. The article discusses recent societal shifts such as supranationalisation and the end of socialism in the Eastern part of Europe (among many others) and identifies the concept of assemblage as a useful heuristic tool both for migration studies and European studies. Third, the final part illustrates how the contributions collected in this special issue address the challenges of the sedentarist lens and provide conceptual solutions to the analytical problems in question.
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Árgyelán, Tímea. "Abandonment phenomenon in Europe." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausae-2015-0008.
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Abstract In the last century, rapid transformations, industrialization, urbanization, tertiarization, the boom in services, modern counter-urbanization trends, social mobility, and bigger transport infrastructures could have been seen. The eastern Mediterranean area, located next to the Mediterranean Sea, was one of the most significantly changed parts of the agrarian lands in Europe. The recession left its mark everywhere in Europe. This paper focuses now on the land-use changes of the east coast of Spain, on the Huerta de Valencia. The objective of this paper is to assess spatial changes and to analyse the land-use changes between 2008 and 2013.
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Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern, and Jamie J. Fader. "The Mexican Immigration Debate." Social Science History 31, no. 2 (2007): 157–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013717.
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This article uses census microdata to address key issues in the Mexican immigration debate. First, we find striking parallels in the experiences of older and newer immigrant groups with substantial progress among second- and subsequent-generation immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexican Americans. Second, we contradict a view of immigrant history that contends that early–twentieth–century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe found well–paying jobs in manufacturing that facilitated their ascent into the middle class. Both first and second generations remained predominantly working class until after World War II. Third, the erosion of the institutions that advanced earlier immigrant generations is harming the prospects of Mexican Americans. Fourth, the mobility experience of earlier immigrants and of Mexicans and Mexican Americans differed by gender, with a gender gap opening among Mexican Americans as women pioneered the path to white–collar and professional work. Fifth, public–sector and publicly funded employment has proved crucial to upward mobility, especially among women. The reliance on public employment, as contrasted to entrepreneurship, has been one factor setting the Mexican and African American experience apart from the economic history of most southern and eastern European groups as well as from the experiences of some other immigrant groups today.
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Trujillo, Casas, and Jennyfer Paola. "International Students’ Social Integration Experiences During Their Higher Education in Europe." Studies in Educational Management 12 (December 2022): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/sem.2022.12.03.
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The increase in academic mobility in Europe has inspired many to contribute to the special literature regarding internationalization. This contribution is quite timely, as the need to understand the ties between higher education and internationalization is great. Considering that mobility has predominantly occurred in Western Europe, special attention must be focused on Eastern Europe’s Higher Educational endeavors. This study focuses on the Central European country of Hungary, and therein more specifically on its second largest city, Debrecen. The University of Debrecen currently hosts around 7000 international students, and every year this number increases. With such promising and ever-increasing numbers, it is a constant mission of the university to research and report on the life experiences of its international students, regarding their academic, social, and cultural aspects. In this present study the focus will be the social aspect of students whose nationality is represented by more than one hundred persons at the university. Content analysis was employed to analyze structured interviews to identify categories. The findings reveal four main categories to be relevant in their social adaptation: (1) the university, (2) networks students build, (3) language barriers, and (4) healthcare.
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Maslauskaite, Ausra. "Cultural Capital, Gender and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-Communist Space." Societies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11010004.
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Post-communist transition in Eastern Europe has affected social stratification and mobility. There is an argument that transition undermined the role of parental cultural capital and increased the importance of parental economic capital in determining the educational mobility of children. In this paper, we examine whether the parental cultural capital has played a role in educational mobility of cohorts born in 1970–1984 and what has been the contribution of the different states of cultural capital. We also consider the gender heterogeneity in the transmission of educational advantage. The study focuses on one country of Eastern Europe—Lithuania, which underwent the transition to a radical neo-liberal form of capitalism. Using data from the Families and Inequalities Survey of 2019, we apply the descriptive and ordinal regression analysis. The results indicate intergenerational educational upward mobility for women. All states of parental cultural capital (objectified, embodied, institutionalized) are relevant for the educational attainment of the transitional cohort. The effects are more pronounced for women, at least in relation to some states of parental cultural capital. On a more general level, the findings imply that the intergenerational reproduction of educational attainment was not substantially altered by the transition, at least during its initial decades.
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Taipale, Sakari. "Mobility of Cultures and Knowledge Management in Contemporary Europe." European Review 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2012): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798711000445.
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In the aftermath of the fall of the Iron Curtain, the European Union (EU) has included more and more new member states from Central and Eastern parts of the European continent. This enlargement process has increased the cultural diversity of the European community as new languages and minority groups have been subsumed into the EU. It is the purpose of this article to discuss the challenges that result from the EU's enlargement, together with the added intra-European mobility of cultures, that affect the national knowledge infrastructures. Based on recent social scientific scholarship on mobility and cultures, this article proposes that knowledge management in contemporary Europe is not only a technological or organisational issue but also a cultural question. Since people are free to move within the EU, it becomes of greater importance not only to increase our understanding of other cultures but also to ensure that member states can provide public services for EU citizens arriving from other cultural regimes. The paper shows that, because of the increased mobility of cultures, national knowledge infrastructures have to be opened and remodelled. New forms of collaboration between national knowledge systems are needed to guarantee the equal treatment of people representing different cultures in contemporary Europe.
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Ort, Jan. "Belonging, mobility, and the socialist policies in Kapišová, Slovakia." Romani Studies 32, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rs.2022.2.
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The article focuses on the local practice of the central policies of socialist Czechoslovakia that aimed to regulate the movement of the Roma, namely the legal efforts to settle nomadic persons and subsequently the plan of controlled resettlement of the Roma from eastern Slovakia to the Bohemian lands. Although migration was a shared experience of the inhabitants of a historically marginalized region of eastern Slovakia, the mobility of the Roma was securitized and understood in central policies as a qualitatively different movement of the “Gypsies.” Focusing primarily on life trajectories of the Roma that were all connected to the social space of a particular municipality in north-eastern Slovakia, the study examines the ways in which various aspects of their mobility affected negotiations of their ambivalent position in the local hierarchy of socioeconomic relations. Particularly, it shows that in spite of the realization of these restrictive policies, some Roma were able to maintain not only the continuity of migration as an independent economic strategy, but also the continuity of local belonging, even with the help of other non-Romani actors. This locally focused study contributes to a broader debate about the character of the Roma’s agency and their social position in Central and Eastern Europe (see e.g. Marushiakova and Popov 2021). On the one hand it strives to break up with the idea of homogeneity of the Roma experience vis-à-vis the socialist policies, and on the other it builds on the research into the relationship between local belonging and (self-)identification of the Roma.
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Żuk, Piotr, and Paweł Żuk. "Offshoring, labour migration and neo-liberalisation: nationalist responses and alternatives in Eastern Europe." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617739759.
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Trends in Eastern Europe, with particular emphasis on Poland, are used in this article to analyse offshoring as a form of social dumping. Neoliberalisation and globalisation generate and utilise the mobility of both capital and labour. Meanwhile, labour migration is presenting a challenge to the observance of labour rights. Present-day methods of capital accumulation rely on the search for cheap labour and the relocation of production to territories that do not protect workers’ rights. Effective defence of labour rights must take place at the transnational level, where most capital is generated. Trade unions need to cross national borders in order to move social activity into this area. The defence of workers’ rights must go hand in hand with the struggle against nationalism and racist prejudices. In this context, migrant workers become one of the main potential driving forces of the modern global proletariat. JEL Codes: J610, J710, P1
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Bednarek, Wojciech. "Unijna polityka migracyjna wobec obywateli państw Europy Wschodniej — w stronę liberalizacji czy ograniczania swobody przypływu osób?" Rocznik Europeistyczny 2 (September 27, 2016): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2450-274x.2.4.
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Celem tego artykułu jest przegląd unijnej polityki w zakresie wspierania i promocji mobilności społeczeństw państw z obszaru Partnerstwa Wschodniego. Omówione zostają następujące instrumenty: liberalizacja wizowa, rozwijanie mobilności społecznej w rejonach przygranicznych, promocja europejskiego rynku pracy i edukacji. Przyciąganie wartościowego kapitału ludzkiego jest jednym z priorytetowych działań Unii Europejskiej na rzecz wspierania rozwoju gospodarczego i społecznego państw członkowskich. Jednocześnie rozwijanie przepływów ludzkich pomiędzy Unią a jej wschodnim sąsiedztwem uznawane jest za skuteczny element oddziaływania na przemiany społeczno-polityczne w krajach byłego ZSRR i upowszechnianie na tym obszarze wartości europejskich. Wzrost napływu cudzoziemców z obszaru Europy Wschodniej ma istotne znaczenie dla bilansu migracyjnego Polski, która w ostatnim czasie staje się coraz popularniejszym celem migracji cyrkulacyjnych i osiedleńczych.The EU migration policy toward the citizens of countries of Eastern Europe — liberalization or constraint of flow of citizens?This article gives a brief review of the EU’s migration policy towards the Eastern Partnership. It seems that, due to the demographic changes, the acquisition of valuable human capital from this area will be crucial for maintaining economic and social development of EU’s Member States in near future. At the same time supporting human flows between the EU and its Eastern Neighbourhood is considered as an effective instrument of promoting European values in post Soviet region. The support for social mobility between the EU and Eastern Europe has particular importance for Poland which migration profile has changed significantly in recent years. Nowadays Poland is becoming a popular destination of circular and settlement migrations from that region.
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Cvejic, Slobodan. "Mobility of central and Eastern European societies at the beginning of the post-socialist transformation." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 118-119 (2005): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0519071c.
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This paper gives a comparative overview of inter-generational mobility in 7 countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Serbia, at an early stage of postsocialist transformation. The analysis was based upon surveys organized in these countries in 1993. Basic findings show that a great social and economic transformation does not lead to a great structural mobility. The processes of formation and reproduction of the strata of political and economic managers and small entrepreneurs to some extent make an exception in this sense. These processes are marked by higher openness as compared to other strata. In such a comparative framework Serbia appears to be structurally the most closed one, more closed even than other countries that could be classified as countries with a blocked transformation (Bulgaria and Russia). Very high self-reproduction of managerial and middle strata make an essence of the low mobility of the Serbian society.
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Stauskis, Gintaras. "Re-pedestrianising open spaces through optimising mobility in urban landscape: great importance of the small detail." Landscape architecture and art 13 (December 10, 2018): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2018.13.06.
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Many big, average and even small towns have been dramatically car-invaded through the past twenty years in Eastern Europe. That resulted in fragmented open spaces and endangered mobility through the streets and blocks of the city. The paper addresses the issue of comfortable access to urban open space by bringing the multidimensional approach that includes aesthetical, infrastructural and social tools and applications. On the example of Joniškis town in Lithuania, the paper presents a solution toolkit for assessing the existing mobility situation, developing a re-pedestrianising action plan and programming the impact of the applied measures. The results of the multidimensional approach show that by giving priority for pedestrians against cars in urban open spaces and drive-ins cities can achieve multiple environmental and social-economic benefits. Open spaces become safer, more attractive and pleasing and more people visit them. The proposed model serves as a continuous professional development topic for landscape architects researching, teaching and designing in the private, public and non-governmental sectors.
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Kálai, Sándor. "Europa Blues (L’Europe de l’Est des romans policiers scandinaves)." Caietele Echinox 43 (December 1, 2022): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2022.43.12.
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"The Scandinavian detective novel (or at least some of its authors) elaborates on local materials in an increasingly global or European context. From the perspective of its social relevance, the detective novel provides some of the most influential representations of Otherness. What interests us here is the place of Eastern Europe in the novels of certain Nordic Noir authors: Inger Wolf, Arne Dahl and Jo Nesbø. The dynamics between private and public, individual and collective, as well as the rich representation of different forms of mobility make it possible to build a wide variety of character identities, and to embrace both the local and the European/global."
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Chepel, Sergei L. "ELECTORAL VOLATILITY AND CONSOLIDATION OF "NEW DEMOCRACIES" IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 3 (2020): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-3-10-19.
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The article examines the dynamics of electoral volatility in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the early 21st century. Based on the statistical data of elections and the results of sociological researches the article focuses on the influence of economic and politico-cultural factors upon the electoral mobility of population. It is noted that the effect of economic situation on the changing party preferences of voters was lessened as the process of adaption of people to market economy progressed. It is believed that the society political culture in post-communist countries of CEE marked by a low-level party identification of citizens can be considered a more stable factor influencing the dynamics of electoral volatility. Weak party adherence induces voters who are disappointed by current government policy to change party preferencesrather quickly whatin itsturn contributesto maintenance of the high-level electoral volatility. In those circumstances parties are formed and they act purely on the current political situation rather than the existing social and group demands. In case of coming into power party leaders do not consider themselves bound to fulfill the promises which they ladled out during the election campaign, and as a result that can be the cause of a new rise in social disappointment The author concludes that the high level of electoral volatility in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe considerably weakens the mechanism of responsible party management and so impedes consolidation of new democracies.
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Masterson-Algar, Araceli. "“More Than a Trip”: Memory, Mobility, and Space in Un Franco, 14 Pesetas (2004)." Konturen 11 (2020): 100–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/konturen.11.0.4821.
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In Un Franco, 14 Pesetas (2004), Carlos Iglesias tells the story of Spanish migration to Central Europe during the 1960s through a fictional remembering of his family’s years as immigrants to Uzwil, in the Swiss eastern province of Toggenburg. His memories of the Swiss landscape, luminous, green, and open contrast with a grim, grey and enclosed Madrid, both origin and end of the six-year journey. This essay explores the interrelation between memory, space, and human mobility in Un Franco, 14 Pesetas. Through a journey of migration to Switzerland, Iglesias tells a story of return to Madrid, and unveils the contradictions of Spain’s so-called ‘economic miracle’ of the 1960s. Merging experiences of arrival and departure, presents and pasts, Iglesias’s film shows how immigration is rooted in space, and inseparable from economic, political and social processes that are historically specific.
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Stefanova, Boyka M. "The Political Economy of Outsourcing in the European Union and the East-European Enlargement." Business and Politics 8, no. 2 (August 2006): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1158.
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This paper explores the East-West dichotomy of outsourcing in the European Union in the context of its 2004 eastward enlargement. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the connection between outsourcing and the causal logic of regional integration. The conventional view is that the transfer of business operations from Western Europe to low-cost locations to the east represents a process of outsourcing West-European jobs which deprives the EU core of growth opportunities to the exclusive benefit of the new members from Eastern Europe. This analysis posits the systemic functions of EU outsourcing as a mechanism of economic homogenization in the regional market along its three principal dimensions: investment, commodity trade, and labor mobility. At the macro-level, outsourcing complements capital movements and trade, and acts as a substitute for labor mobility. Keeping labor mobility “down” is the main value added of EU outsourcing. Empirically, its relevance to the regional market is established in an input-output framework of relationships with indicators of economic convergence (homogenization effects) and labor mobility (substitution effects) in the EU. Positive correlations with indices of business synchronization and weak negative correlations with measures of labor supply and wages suggest that outsourcing fits well both with strategies fostering market integration and those counterbalancing the politically sensitive labor mobility in the EU. There is no significant evidence to suggest that, at the aggregate level, outsourcing has independent substitution effects with regard to unemployment rates and wages in Western Europe. The geographic expansion of EU integration, therefore, is not a proxy for losses of social welfare in the West. The paper concludes that as the cost efficiency and resource allocation functions of outsourcing facilitate the homogenizing dynamics of regional integration, it is likely to become increasingly subsumed under EU-level regulation and monitoring in a trade-off between the regional interest and domestic sectoral concerns.
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Drakokhrust, Tetiana, Iryna Prodan, and Uliana Tkach. "MIGRATION CHALLENGES: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UKRAINE AND COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-30-37.
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Transformational processes in the global economy are due to strengthening the integration of national economies, increasing transnationalization, deepening internationalization of production and exchange, are accompanied by the activation of migration challenges. The purpose of the article is to examine and analyse the migration challenges, their development trends and the potential consequences for Ukraine’s and countries of Eastern Europe economic potential. To achieve the goal, the study focuses on the following tasks: to consider and analyse the main factors that have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of the country, such as the activation of international mobility of the Ukrainian people, armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, the introduction of a visa-free regime with the EU; to make a socio-economic analysis of migration processes in the countries of Eastern Europe; to consider and analyse the possible (potential) scenario of the development of the impact of migration challenges on the Ukrainian economy; to offer recommendations on mitigating the negative manifestations of the current migration challenges for Ukraine. Methodology. In the process of writing the article, methods of scientific abstraction, observation, synthesis of generalization were used to distinguish key socio-economic factors influencing migration challenges. The information and analytical base for the study of migratory challenges is the monographic works of foreign and domestic economists devoted to international migration, materials and analytical reports of international organizations dealing with migration (International Organization for Migration, International Labor Organization, United Nations Population and Development Commission, World Bank and others), regulatory and statistical data of the state authorities of Ukraine, results of scientific research of the Institute of Demography and Social Research after M. V. Ptukha NASU, Internet resources. The practical significance of the scientific research is to clarify the migration challenges, their development trends and potential implications for the economic potential of Ukraine on the basis of macroeconomic indicators; the likely economic consequences of the introduction of a visafree regime for the European Union for Ukraine and the projected tendencies of migration challenges as proposed scenarios, indicating developers and prospects for forecasting.
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Polak, Maciej, Krystyna Szafraniec, Magdalena Kozela, Renata Wolfshaut-Wolak, Martin Bobak, and Andrzej Pająk. "Socioeconomic status and pulmonary function, transition from childhood to adulthood: cross-sectional results from the polish part of the HAPIEE study." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022638.
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ObjectivePrevious studies have reported inverse associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and lung function, but less is known about whether pulmonary function is affected by SES changes. We aimed to describe the relationship of changes of SES between childhood and adulthood with pulmonary function.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsThe study sample included 4104 men and women, aged 45–69 years, residents of Krakow, participating in the Polish part of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe Project.Main outcomeForced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were assessed by the standardised spirometry procedure. Participants were classified into three categories of SES (low, moderate or high) based on information on parent’s education, housing standard during childhood, own education, employment status, household amenities and financial status.ResultsThe adjusted difference in mean FVC between persons with low and high adulthood SES was 100 mL (p=0.005) in men and 100 mL (p<0.001) in women; the differences in mean FEV1were 103 mL (p<0.001) and 80 mL (p<0.001), respectively. Upward social mobility and moderate or high SES at both childhood and adulthood were related to significantly higher FEV1and FVC compared with low SES at both childhood and adulthood or downward social mobility.ConclusionsLow SES over a life course was associated with the lowest lung function. Downward social mobility was associated with a poorer pulmonary function, while upward mobility or life course and moderate or high SES were associated with a better pulmonary function.
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Jarašūnienė, Aldona, and Domas Česnulaitis. "Improving the Efficiency of the Vilnius City Transport System in the Context of Sustainable Mobility and Multimodality." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2021-16.531.
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Vilnius is one of the most dynamic cities in Eastern Europe experiencing a continuous increase in the number of vehicles and the development of road transport networks associated with a wide range of environmental impacts, greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of raw materials, energy and fuel consumption and also a social impact, expressed in the quality of life of people, human health, traffic jam and economic impact because of generated losses of economic efficiency. Different strategies have been adopted by the city of Vilnius to tackle the increasing traffic flows with a modest impact and without a long-term effect. This article aims at analysing the measures taken to improve the transport system of Vilnius city and presenting different types of solution, which could improve interconnectivity of passenger transport as ways to solve the problems of the urban transport system.
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Carson, Scott Alan. "Net nutrition on the late 19th and early 20th century American Great Plains: a robust biological response to the challenges to the Turner Hypothesis." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000014.
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AbstractIn 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner proposed that America’s Western frontier was an economic ‘safety-valve’ – a place where settlers could migrate when conditions in eastern states and Europe crystallized against their upward economic mobility. However, recent studies suggest the Western frontier’s material conditions may not have been as advantageous as Jackson proposed because settlers lacked the knowledge and human capital to succeed on the Plains and Far Western frontier. Using stature, BMI and weight from five late 19th and early 20th century prisons, this study uses 61,276 observations for men between ages 15 and 79 to illustrate that current and cumulative net nutrition on the Great Plains did not deteriorate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, indicating that recent challenges to the Turner Hypothesis are not well supported by net nutrition studies.
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Connelly, John. "Students, Workers, and Social Change: The Limits of Czech Stalinism." Slavic Review 56, no. 2 (1997): 307–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500787.
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Only a few years after the defeat of Nazi Germany, communists throughout eastern Europe began constructing new societies according to models imported from the Soviet Union. One of the most important tasks facing them in this enterprise was to establish firm bases of social support. For this, the Soviet model seemed straightforward: communists had to destroy the power of the old elites and recruit new elites from underprivileged social strata. In the 1920s the Bolsheviks had attempted to achieve these goals through higher education. By using affirmative action in student admissions and setting up worker preparation courses—the rabfaky—they broke the ability of the former upper classes to bequeath status and rapidly increased the numbers of workers and peasants among university students. Between 1927-28 and 1932-33 the number of working-class students doubled to half of all students, while the total number of students more than doubled. Issues of ideology aside, the logic of this transformation was simple: underprivileged social classes were likely to reward communists with loyalty in exchange for upward social mobility. The middle and upper classes, on the other hand, had considered it their prerogative to aspire to elite status. Their attachment to communism would always seem suspect, because in the best of cases it was based upon ideological commitment alone.
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Masclans, Alba, Caroline Hamon, Christian Jeunesse, and Penny Bickle. "A sexual division of labour at the start of agriculture? A multi-proxy comparison through grave good stone tool technological and use-wear analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): e0249130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249130.
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This work demonstrates the importance of integrating sexual division of labour into the research of the transition to the Neolithic and its social implications. During the spread of the Neolithic in Europe, when migration led to the dispersal of domesticated plants and animals, novel tasks and tools, appear in the archaeological record. By examining the use-wear traces from over 400 stone tools from funerary contexts of the earliest Neolithic in central Europe we provide insights into what tasks could have been carried out by women and men. The results of this analysis are then examined for statistically significant correlations with the osteological, isotopic and other grave good data, informing on sexed-based differences in diet, mobility and symbolism. Our data demonstrate males were buried with stone tools used for woodwork, and butchery, hunting or interpersonal violence, while women with those for the working of animal skins, expanding the range of tasks known to have been carried out. The results also show variation along an east-west cline from Slovakia to eastern France, suggesting that the sexual division of labour (or at least its representation in death) changed as farming spread westwards.
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Furholt, Martin. "Re-integrating Archaeology: A Contribution to aDNA Studies and the Migration Discourse on the 3rd Millennium BC in Europe." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85 (June 10, 2019): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.4.
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Since aDNA research suggested a marked gene influx from Eastern into Central Europe in the 3rd millenniumbc, outdated, simplistic narratives of massive migrations of closed populations have re-appeared in archaeological discussions. A more sophisticated model of migration from the steppes was proposed recently by Kristiansenet al. As a reaction to that proposal, this paper aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by refining the latter model, better integrating archaeological data and anthropological knowledge. It is argued that a polythetic classification of the archaeological material in Central Europe in the 3rd millennium reveals the presence of a new complex of single grave burial rituals which transcends the traditional culture labels. Genetic steppe ancestry is mainly connected to this new kind of burials, rather than to Corded Ware or Bell Beaker materials. Here it is argued that a polythetic view on the archaeological record suggests more complicated histories of migration, population mixtures and interaction than assumed by earlier models, and ways to better integrate detailed studies of archaeological materials with a deeper exploration of anthropological models of mobility and social group composition and the molecular biological data are explored.
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Organiściak-Krzyszkowska, Anna. "The Determinants and the Size of International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe After 2004." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0033.
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Migration is a very important socio‑economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting and pertinent research problems worth considering concerns the scale and nature of migration from countries which entered the European Union in 2004 and in the subsequent years. As a result of integration within the European Community, the citizens of member states acquired citizenship within the entire European Union (which is complementary to citizenship in the country of origin). The right of free movement led to the emergence of the migration phenomenon within the territory of the European Union. A well educated and young labour force may be an influential factor in the social and economic development of the European Union members. The enlargement of the EU led to a significant increase in the number of part‑time/temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1,66 million in 2004 to 7,3 million in 2016. Within the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, questions should be asked about the determinants and economic consequences of this mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the determinants and size of migration from the CEE. The analyses are based on Eurostat data. The determinants of migration are presented from the point of view of the push and pull factors theory and related to the situation in the European labour market. An analysis of the size of migration outflow from the CEE countries made it possible to classify them into three groups: countries with a high emigration potential (Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), a moderate emigration potential (Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Slovakia) and a low emigration potential (the Czech Republic, Slovenia). The economic consequences of migration are shown from the perspective of remittances received from working abroad.
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Finger, Sascha. "Carpe noctem: Forschen auf dem Strich – Reflexion ethischer und methodologischer Hürden." Geographica Helvetica 71, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-71-199-2016.
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Abstract. This article highlights the ethical and methodological approaches towards analysing a spatial and social taboo phenomenon, such as prostitution in public spaces by the Hungarian Romnija sex-workers. The empirical fieldwork for this research took place between 2010 and 2012 in Switzerland and Hungary. During this period, the street prostitution sector of Zurich was dominated by Hungarian sex-workers. Remarkably, since 2006, the same women have traversed the gap between north-eastern Hungary and Switzerland for the purpose of prostitution. Transnational mobility and sex-work became their coping strategy to overcome social marginalization. Through this, these women not only influence their family structures back home in Hungary, but also shape the spaces they use all across over Europe. Gaining direct access to the people involved is indispensable to analyse a societal phenomenon such as this, despite challenges involved therein regarding access to the places of action. This article will provide insights with excerpts of the research diary as to how to overcome certain ethical and methodological obstacles while doing empirical research with sex-workers on the street.
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Waterbury, Myra A. "Populist Nationalism and the Challenges of Divided Nationhood: The Politics of Migration, Mobility, and Demography in Post-2010 Hungary." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 962–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419897772.
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This article uses the case of post-2010 Hungary to investigate the ways in which the concomitant trends of mobility, migration, and demographic decline may intersect to both challenge and bolster the discourses and policies of nationalist, populist governments in Central and Eastern Europe today. Using an expanded conception of “divided nationhood,” it explores the tensions and continuities in the Hungarian government’s populist discourse of protecting the nation as it is projected onto different national populations: Hungarians within Hungary, Hungarian emigrants, and Hungarian minorities in neighboring countries. While fears of migration and population decline provide useful fuel for the particular brand of populist nationalism we see in places like Hungary, the ability of leaders to offer a coherent and effective narrative of protection for the nation becomes significantly more complex when there are multiple internal and external populations to protect. The article highlights the strategies that the FIDESZ government has employed in order to (1) mobilize antimigrant rhetoric while marginalizing Hungarian emigrants; (2) respond to demographic deficiencies while supporting a conservative, populist narrative; and (3) maintain its access to symbolic, political, and demographic resources within the Hungarian minority communities. These strategies include a discursive reconceptualization of migration as something that comes only from outside Europe, the use of social and economic policies to selectively privilege key segments of the nation and exclude others, and the creation of a regional Hungarian nation with Budapest at the center.
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Hess, Daniel Baldwin, Evan Iacobucci, and Annika Väiko. "Network Connections and Neighbourhood Perception: Using Social Media Postings to Capture Attitudes among Twitter Users in Estonia." Architecture and Urban Planning 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aup-2017-0010.
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Abstract The residential landscape of a city is key to its economic, social, and cultural functioning. Following the collapse of communist rule in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, urban residential dynamics and household mobility have been critical to urban change under new economies and political systems. This article explores neighbourhood perception, which is a link in the chain to better explanation of socio-spatial processes (and their interruption by the socialist system). We use a novel data set – opinions expressed on one of social media (Twitter), and a novel empirical method – neural network analysis, to explore people’s current attitudes and perceptions about the neighbourhoods and districts in Tartu, Estonia. The findings suggest that Twitter comments about urban neighbourhoods display attitudinal and perceptual commentary, which is subdued compared to other subjects. The socialist goal of homogeneity in neighbourhoods is not reflected in present day perspectives about urban neighbourhoods, 25 years after the disintegration of the USSR. Ambivalence about neighbourhoods persists, but this ambivalence may be in flux. Older, formerly neglected neighbourhoods, the subject of positive perception on social media, are currently experiencing increased investment, and the observed trends in our data support a narrative of neighbourhood transition.
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Cosmin, Ivascu. "The Role of European Funds in the Economic Development." Romanian Economic Journal, no. 79 (March 25, 2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/rej/2021/79/06.
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European Union was created for enhancing the cooperation and economic development of country members. This very complex initiative is a long-term process that contributes to reduction of inequalities due to the expansion of trade relations, increased mobility of factors of production and dissemination of technology and gradually added more freedoms between countries and common policies in this respect. Among the main objectives of EU are economic and social cohesion, which must be achieved mainly by promoting the conditions for economic growth and reducing disparities between the levels of development of EU regions, ensuring a high level of employment and a balanced and sustainable economical growth. The European Funds are the financial instruments of the common policies, being significantly diversified and improved in the last decades. The EU enlargement implied new challenges and higher efforts to support such common policies from a very limited common budget. For new members from Eastern Europe that joined EU, these European Funds were seen as a very important and reliable support for boosting their economic development. This paper will discuss, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives, the possible impact of these funds on the economic development, with a specific focus on the Eastern European Countries (EEC).
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Meyer, Dietmar. "Human Capital and EU-Enlargement." Competitio 3, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2004/1/5.
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The enlargement of the European Union is an almost everywhere accepted necessity, but at the same time of course also a compromise. Economies or regions of different economic, social, institutional, etc. development become united in Europe with a territory from the Atlantic to the Eastern borders of Poland, Slovakia and Hungary, from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. This integration process going along with the worldwide globalisation will imply a new distribution, or a redistribution of the factors of production. First of all the human capital will be touched by this development.2 One of the most important results found by social sciences in the 20th century is the realisation of the immense role played by human factors in the process of economic development. The extremely high efficiency of human capital and the high mobility could diminish the regional differences in the economic development and therefore in the social life. But even this is one reason for the mentioned re-allocation of the human capital. In the frame of a very simple static model (See e. g. Bishi – Kopel [2002]) the flow of human capital between different regions – called the European Union and the New Member States – will be analysed. The introduction of search costs extends the field of policy-analysis.
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Khilkhanova, Erzhen V. "The Buryat Intellectual Migration to Western Europe from the Perspective of Friendship Connections and Foreign Languages Competencies." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 18, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2021-18-3-255-267.
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The article examines the Russian ethnic migration on the example of Buryat migrants in Western Europe. It is noted that this topic is poorly studied and that the group under investigation belongs to intellectual migration. The subject of the study is foreign language competence, peculiarities of the functioning of foreign languages in post-migration life, as well as the relationship between languages and the social communication circle of Buryat migrants. Based on the materials of interviews and ethnographic observations, a conclusion is made about the change in the nature of modern migration towards increased mobility and transmigration, the blurring of the boundaries between temporary, circular and other types of migration. This primarily affects young people, leading to the weakening of group identification strategies, including ethnic ones, and to the strengthening of individual as well as cosmopolitan tendencies. In communication with friends and partners a wide repertoire of Western and Eastern foreign languages is used, among which English certainly dominates. Multilingual linguistic competencies by Buryat migrants are closely related to their high level of education and are used as a symbolic resource to achieve professional and personal goals. Language strategies and practices vary widely, depending on migrants life plans, family status, and a number of other external and internal factors.
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Trimikliniotis, Nicos, Dimitris Parsanoglou, and Vassilis Tsianos. "Mobile Commons in the Pre-Pandemic, Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Era: Drawing from Mobility Experiences in Post-Migrant Times." Praktyka Teoretyczna, no. 4(46) (January 12, 2023): 53–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/prt.2022.4.3.
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This paper examines the effect of the pandemic in the generation of simultaneous global, regional, and local processes as they materialize in realities and the potential for post-pandemic mobile commons. The paper theorizes the matter drawing on studies in the triangle of Cyprus-Greece-Turkey i.e., the south-eastern border of Europe/EU. Mobile commons is theorized in the current context by locating these processes in the pandemic and post-pandemic era, even though the first empirical work was done during the pre-pandemic period. The pandemic brought about an abrupt interruption of what is at the core of global capitalism: mobility. During this period, regimes of exception, derogation and suspension of rights were introduced across all fields of the civic, social, and political life almost all over the world. The concept of mobile commons aims to capture dynamic processes, as an ensemble or matrix of care of the society on the move, generating reciprocity on the move and a sustainability of the geography of the crossings. Digitality is part and parcel of the current migratory processes. Digitality is a space where media technologies of control coexist with the possibilities of alternative media use. To every form of control technology there is a corresponding form of resistance to it. The paper examines how mobile commons resist digital registration and the process that generate a pan-European digital border infrastructure which aims to immobilize people. It illustrates how encounters between groups produce social dialectics within institutions; struggles, conflicts, disagreements, and negotiations occur, but so do new socialities and solidarities in a world in a constant state of being remade.
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Górczyńska, Magdalena. "Gentrifiers in the post-socialist city? A critical reflection on the dynamics of middle- and upper-class professional groups in Warsaw." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 5 (January 10, 2017): 1099–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16688218.
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This article explores changes in residential patterns of middle- and upper-class professionals in Warsaw (considered as potential gentrifiers) during the post-socialist transition and discusses the delimitation of areas where gentrification-type social evolution has taken place. It addresses three research questions: Could the social upgrading seen in Warsaw be labelled as gentrification? What are the mechanisms of change? How have the different socio-professional subgroups that are commonly described as gentrifiers shaped this process? The analysis revealed that only a few areas could be labelled as potentially gentrified. Most social upgrading was due to intergenerational social mobility in situ. The residential choices of potential gentrifiers tended to reflect their attachment to traditionally attractive neighbourhoods and a search for better living conditions, rather than confirmed new consumption patterns and lifestyle. At the urban scale, although potential gentrifiers were attracted by new housing, this was less obvious when analysed at the level of districts. Drawing on gentrification concepts, and the theory of forms of capital (with particular attention given to the specific characteristics of Central Eastern Europe), the multifaceted role of four groups of potential gentrifiers was explored. A group characterised by a high level of economic capital underwent structural changes and significantly expanded into peripheral areas. Specialists working in the arts and culture (typically the pioneers of gentrification) reinforced their presence in several semi-central areas that were originally inhabited by blue-collar workers. Finally, a dynamically developing group of creative professionals appeared as the post-socialist forerunners of social upgrading.
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Tsapko-Piddubna, Olga. "INCLUSIVE GROWTH POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT: THE CASE OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-233-239.
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The article highlights the necessity of inclusive growth and development concept implementation in times of economic and social instability as it is widely recognized as the one that can and should tackle the common long existing problems like poverty, inequality, and insecurity. Thus, the subject of this research is to compare the patterns of inclusive growth and development across economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE); and to investigate the driving policies and institutions to countries’ inclusive growth and development. The research objective is to highlight policies that would increase equality, economic well-being, and as a result, the competitiveness of CEE countries. Methods. For this purpose, the comparative analysis of CEE countries’ inclusive growth and development patterns was done; and the empirical evaluation was done to observe relationship between the Inclusive Development Index and indicators that described economic policies and institutional factors relevant to inclusiveness. In a comparative analysis and a cross-country regression model (for both dependent and independent variables), a recently developed by World Economic Forum performance metric was used. Results. The main findings suggest that the Czech and Slovak Republics are the best performing among CEE countries in inclusive growth and development patterns. On the contrary, Ukraine, Moldova, and Russian Federation are the worst. Economic growth of these countries has not transformed well into social inclusion. Still, there is a great potential for all CEE economies to improve their social inclusiveness in comparison with EU-28 and Norway (the most inclusive economy in 2018). Results of the empirical research indicate that redistributive fiscal policy has little influence on inclusive growth and development. Nevertheless, it should create a public social protection system that is engaged in decreasing poverty, vulnerability, and marginalization without hampering economic growth. Besides, an effective and inclusive redistributive state system of CEE economies should accentuate on supporting human economic opportunities. According to the results of the regression model, positive strong influence on inclusive growth and development is associated with the employment and labour compensation policy that allows people to directly increase their incomes and feel active and productive members of society; the basic services and infrastructure policy which is a necessary ground for present and future human and economic development; the asset building and entrepreneurship policy provides diminishing inequality and rising economic opportunities by fostering medium and small business creation and enlarging possibilities of home and other asset ownership. Altogether these policies would increase broad-based human economic opportunities and consequently both equality, economic well-being, and CEE economies’ competitiveness in the long run. The counter-intuitive effect observed in the regression model between education and skills development policy and country’s inclusive growth and development needs further investigations, as education is important for social mobility and decrease in income and wealth inequality.
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Langewiesche, Renate, and Martina Lubyova. "Migration, mobility and the free movement of persons: an issue for current and future EU members." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 3 (August 2000): 450–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600309.
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This article, in addition to providing information on and discussing lines of argumentation and probable developments, proposes an 'integrated' approach to the issue of migration. Public debate in some of the European Union (EU) member countries gives the impression of a deep East-West divide as far as migration movements are concerned. It is often feared that opening the EU towards the East will, by way of the expected migratory flows and low-wage competition, result in massive distortions on west European labour markets, accompanied by job losses and pressure on wages. Policy-makers and the public at large in applicant countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) resent calls in some EU Member States for transitional periods for the free movement of persons, excluding the freedom of the new member's citizens to move in the enlarged Single Market. We hold that it is too short-sighted to look at the two sides merely as 'antagonists': First, a look at current data and projections about future developments should be conducive to dispel the diffuse fears in the current EU of being inundated by east European labour migrants once these countries accede. Secondly, flanking policy instruments, such as structural and regional policies, the fostering of social partnership in the CEECs and the introduction of active labour market strategies, all of which are still more or less in a stage of infancy, as well as close cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs will have to play their full role before and after accession, in order to mitigate possible negative effects in certain segments of the labour market. This paper also gives some insights into labour migration and the effects of the application of EU border control requirements in a number of accession countries, an aspect greatly overlooked in debates within the current EU
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Szelewa, Dorota, and Michal Polakowski. "European solidarity and “free movement of labour” during the pandemic: exposing the contradictions amid east–west migration." Comparative European Politics 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41295-022-00287-4.
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AbstractCOVID-19 regulations introduced in EU member states in 2020 meant serious restrictions for the free movement of persons, particularly workers. An ensuing gap in the supply of workers raised concerns of food shortages in the West. Governments in several EU member states enacted regulations to except the workers from restrictions facilitating their travel from Eastern Europe. In this study, we focus on EU-level responses to the COVID-19 crisis in relation to labour shortages in the food industry, and on the reactions in Germany and the UK. Firstly, referring to Schmidt (2020) and Wolff and Ladi (2020), we argue that the COVID-19 crisis placed the EU in a permanent emergency mode facilitating a quick response to enable labour mobility with less priority on the coordination of social rights. Secondly, the crisis exposed issues pertaining to working conditions, including housing and sanitation. Thirdly, differences between the reactions in Germany and the UK were consistent with the pre-existing trends in both countries. While a traditional emphasis on quality working conditions made it “appropriate” for the German government to initiate regulatory change, small-scale measures taken in the UK were directed towards maintaining an influx of migrant workers, rather than ensuring adequate working conditions.
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Roze, M., S. Vandentorren, C. Vuillermoz, P. Chauvin, and M. Melchior. "Emotional and behavioral difficulties in children growing up homeless in Paris. Results of the ENFAMS survey." European Psychiatry 38 (October 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.05.001.
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AbstractPurposeChildren growing up in homeless families are disproportionately more likely to experience health and psychological problems. Our objective was to describe social, environmental, individual and family characteristics associated with emotional and behavioral difficulties among homeless children living in the Paris region.MethodsFace-to-face interviews with a representative sample of homeless families were conducted by bilingual psychologists and interviewers between January and May 2013 (n = 343 children ages 4-13 years). Mothers reported children’s emotional and behavioral difficulties (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]), family socio-demographic characteristics, residential mobility, and parents’ and children’s physical and mental health. Children were interviewed regarding their perception of their living arrangements, friendships and school experiences. We studied children’s SDQ total score in a linear regression framework.ResultsHomeless children had higher SDQ total scores than children in the general population of France, (mean total score = 11.3 vs 8.9, P < 0,001). In multivariate analyses, children’s difficulties were associated with parents’ region of birth (beta = 1.74 for Sub-Saharan Africa, beta = 0.60 for Eastern Europe, beta = 3.22 for other countries, P = 0.020), residential mobility (beta = 0.22, P = 0.012), children’s health (beta = 3.49, P < 0.001) and overweight (beta = 2.14, P = 0.007), the child’s sleeping habits (beta = 2.82, P = 0.002), the mother’s suicide risk (beta = 4.13, P < 0.001), the child’s dislike of the family’s accommodation (beta = 3.59, P < 0.001) and the child’s experience of bullying (beta = 3.21, P = 0.002).ConclusionsChildren growing up homeless experience high levels of psychological difficulties which can put them at risk for poor mental health and educational outcomes long-term. Access to appropriate screening and medical care for this vulnerable yet underserved group are greatly needed.
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Bobic, Mirjana. "The households of Serbia at the dawn of third millennium: Socio-demographical analysis." Sociologija 46, no. 4 (2004): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0404349b.
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Side by side with tumultuous social processes in the end of XXth century great demographical changes have been taking place in Serbia, such as: the decline of nuptiality and fertility, postponement of family formation into older ages of life course of individuals, the rise of: extramarital births as well as adolescent pregnancies and live births, the spread of one-parent households, particularly of lone mothers, and divorces. Besides that, the main feature of the demographic development of Serbia has been increased mobility of population, namely migrations of highly educated professionals to the West ("brain drain") and forced migration of refugees and internally displaced persons to Serbia, as a consequence of armed conflicts in its surroundings and at Kosovo and Metohija. All the above-mentioned demographical changes caused the precomposition of households, as profound associations of population, where its biological and socio-economical reproductions take place. The information of last census of population of Serbia in 2002 indicate that according to the features of family and households, Serbia has approached the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, that are forerunning in the process of post-socialistic transformation and European integrations. Common characteristics of all those countries are: decrease of universality and popularity of marriage delay of childbearing, continuation of earlier demographic tendencies: of low natality, depopulation and aging of population. All those processes have contributed to the transformation of prevailing forms of households, i.e. decline of nuclear family units and the rise of single person households households of aged persons, as well as single-parent ones. As to the Serbia the demographic differences between its separate parts: Vojvodina and central Serbia, have been fading for the first time in its history, owing to previous socio-demographic developments starting from the beginning of XXth century, as well as to the above actual ones, in the period between last two censuses.
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Cooper, Lynden P., Wayne Jarvis, Alex Bayliss, Matthew G. Beamish, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Jennifer Browning, Rhea Brettell, et al. "Making and Breaking Microliths: A Middle Mesolithic Site at Asfordby, Leicestershire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 83 (October 5, 2017): 43–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2017.7.
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Archaeological fieldwork preceding housing development revealed a Mesolithic site in a primary context. A central hearth was evident from a cluster of calcined flint and bone, the latter producing a modelled date for the start of occupation at 8220–7840 calbcand ending at 7960–7530 calbc(95% probability). The principal activity was the knapping of bladelets, the blanks for microlith production. Impact-damaged microliths indicated the re-tooling of hunting weaponry, while microwear analysis of other tools demonstrated hide working and butchery activity at the site. The lithics can be classified as a Honey Hill assemblage type on the basis of distinctive leaf-shaped microlithic points with inverse basal retouch.Such assemblages have a known concentration in central England and are thought to be temporally intermediate between the conventional British Early and Late Mesolithic periods. The lithic assemblage is compared to other Honey Hill type and related Horsham type assemblages from south-eastern England. Both assemblage types are termed Middle Mesolithic and may be seen as part of wider developments in the late Preboreal and Boreal periods of north-west Europe. Rapid climatic warming at this time saw the northward expansion of deciduous woodland into north-west Europe. Emerging new ecosystems presented changes in resource patterns and the Middle Mesolithic lithic typo-technological developments reflect novel foraging strategies as adaptations to the new opportunities of Boreal forest conditions. While Honey Hill-type assemblages are seen as part of such wider processes their distinctive typological signature attests to autochthonous, regional developments of human groups infilling the landscape. Such cultural insularity may reflect changing social boundaries with reduction in mobility range and physical isolation caused by rising sea level and the creation of the British archipelago.
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Ли, Чжэнвэн. "«MARRYING SOONER IS MORE PROFITABLE AT HOME»: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RUSSIAN AND WESTERN EUROPEAN MODELS OF MAR-RIAGE IN THE 18TH-19TH CENTURIES." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: История, no. 2(62) (July 7, 2022): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vthistory/2022.2.061-080.
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В XVIII-XIX вв. в России господствовала модель всеобщего и раннего брака, которая сильно отличалась от западноевропейской. Автор устанавливает четыре причины такого различия. Во-первых, в России не сформировалась концепция брака, основанная на любви и личного согласия обеих сторон, характерная для религиозно-культурного фона и эмоциональной основы брака в Западной Европе и России. Во-вторых, в России по причине высокой детской смертности и низкой продолжительности жизни крестьяне были более склонны рано вступать в брак и рано рожать детей, чтобы повысить рождаемость. В-третьих, в России при низком уровне урбанизации, социальной мобильности и устойчивости традиционных сельских социальных структур и концепции брака широкое распространение ранних браков определялось спросом на семейный труд в традиционном земледелии. В-четвёртых, брак русских крестьян не основывался на личной собственности на землю, наоборот, при общинном землевладении женитьба приносила семье новые земли. Более того, русские новобрачные обычно не выделялись после брака, а продолжали жить с родителями вместе; не наследовали семейную землю от родителей при бракосочетании, а владели имуществом всей семьёй. Такая семейная система закрепляла патриархальные права и объективно поддерживала всеобщий ранний брак. Автор не соглашается с концепцией Джона Хайнала о разделении Европы на брачные модели на восточную и западную половины. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the model of general and early marriage dominated in Russia, which was very different from the Western European one. This difference was due to four socio-economic reasons. Firstly, the religious and cultural background and the emotional basis of marriage in Western Europe and Russia were different, so the concept of marriage based on the love and personal consent of both parties did not form in Russia. Second, because Russian infant mortality was too high and life ex-pectancy was too low, peasants were more likely to marry early and have children early in order to increase the birth rate. Thirdly, in contrast to the accelerated development of industry, trade and labor markets in Western Europe, the widespread early marriage of Russian peasants was mainly de-termined by the demand for family labor in traditional agriculture, and the level of urbanization and social mobility was very low, which makes it impossible to destroy traditional rural social structures and the concept of marriage. Fourthly, the marriage of Russian peasants was not based on personal ownership of land, on the contrary, with communal land owner-ship, marriage brought new lands to the family. Moreover, Russian new-lyweds usually did not stand out after marriage, but continued to live with their parents together; did not inherit family land from their parents at marriage, but owned the property of the whole family. Such a family sys-tem consolidated patriarchal rights and objectively supported universal early marriage. Although different models and logics of marriage have formed in Russia and Western Europe, it would be unreasonable to divide Europe into eastern and western halves in a straight line.
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Myhovych, Iryna. "Institutional vector of internationalization of the Slovak Republic National Higher Education System: National Universities of Slovakia and European Union International Cooperation Programmes." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2019, no. 4 (129) (December 26, 2019): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2019-4-16.
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Integration of the Ukrainian national higher education system into the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has already been traditionally identified as one of the priorities of the Ukrainian national education policy determined by the XXI century. The priority character as well as the urgency of the task leave the contradiction between the public need for the Ukrainian higher education institutions to join the EHEA and insufficient scientific validity of the ways providing the solution of this task unresolved. There are also certain discrepancies between Ukrainian higher education officials' perceptions concerning the directions and scope of reforms, since a fierce competition at the international education market and the process of national higher education system internationalization might lead to the situation when particular aspects of the system at times contradict the requirements of modern social environment in which Ukrainian universities operate. The current state strategy, increased media attention, and public Q&A sessions on specific issues within the specified context indicate that the Ukrainian higher education system is gradually adapting to the current globalized conditions while diversifying management mechanisms by means of step-by-step implementation of the internationalization process. The Ukrainian context of internationalization of higher education under study is outlined through the prism of East European, where the end of the XXth – the beginning of the XXI century can be named as the period of transformations in socio-political life of the countries and as the period of convergence of national higher education systems. It has been emphasized that with the establishment of the EHEA in the context of the integration of European education systems, the internationalization is one of the priority directions for reforming national higher education systems; it promotes greater access to higher education for representatives of different countries; universalization of diverse knowledge; enhancement of international cooperation at national and institutional levels; enhancement of academic mobility; orientation of education to the realities of the globalized world of the XXI century which involves an active development of public-private partnerships in education, etc. It can be concluded that the analysis of the East European experience of national higher education internationalization aimed at further implementation of its elements into the structure of the Ukrainian higher education will facilitate the development of new ideas and approaches to training specialists and will create opportunities and mechanisms for quality improvement of the national higher education. The research states that the accession of the East European countries (such as the Slovak Republic) to the European Union (EU) has given them new opportunities to develop national higher education and has ensured theire active participation in the EU-funded international research and education programmes, the access to the EU funds for developing educational infrastructure and improving the education quality. As a result, national higher education institutions (HEIs) in Eastern Europe have experienced an influx of foreign students and have shown an increase in student and staff outcoming mobility. This situation, in turn, has created a competition in the field of international student recruitment and involvement of external funding into the fields of research and innovation. As the result of the research, the following perspective levels of the Ukrainian higher education system reforming have been identified – political, management-centred, organizational and institutional. Keywords: Higher Education System, Institution of Higher Education, Internationalization, Institutional Level of Internationalization, International Cooperation Programmes, Eastern Europe, Slovakia, European Union.
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Miller, Robert L. "Social Mobility in Europe." British Journal of Sociology 56, no. 4 (December 2005): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00088_3.x.
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Otte, Gunnar. "Social mobility in Europe." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 58, no. 1 (March 2006): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-006-0017-6.
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Saád, József. "Sorokin's Journey: From Eastern Europe to Eastern Europe." Review of Sociology 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/revsoc.10.2004.1.6.
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Ronge, Volker. "Social Change in Eastern Europe." Journal of European Social Policy 1, no. 1 (February 1991): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892879100100105.
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Nagy, András. "“Social choice” in Eastern Europe." Journal of Comparative Economics 15, no. 2 (June 1991): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(91)90089-c.
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Jereb, Eva, and Marko Ferjan. "Social Classes and Social Mobility in Slovenia and Europe." Organizacija 41, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10051-008-0021-7.
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Social Classes and Social Mobility in Slovenia and EuropeIn closed social systems the social position of an individual is determined by the social position of the family into which he or she was born, whereas in open social systems mobility from one social class to another is possible. This paper concerns the relationship between the class position an individual actually occupies and the class into which he or she was born. First the concept of social class is described and different types of social mobility are presented. Than the research methodology is described and the results are presented and discussed. At the end of the paper certain comparisons to other European countries are made.
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Biehle, Tobias. "Social Sustainable Urban Air Mobility in Europe." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 9312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159312.
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The first step to steer passenger Urban Air Mobility (pUAM) towards the necessity of sustainability is to understand its impact on our urban transportation systems. This research emphasises the social footprint of passenger drones in scheduled operation as an early business model in European Functional Urban Areas. The literature review is guided by the corresponding Sustainable Urban Mobility Indicators (SUMI). The prospective impact which the introduction of pUAM has on the evaluation of European transportation systems regarding their affordability for the public, their inclusivity for mobility-impaired groups, their accessibility to commuters and the level of customer satisfaction is analysed. Furthermore, the impact of pUAM on the perceived quality of public urban space is examined. Results indicate the overall social footprint of passenger drones in European transport systems to be negative. Early market pUAM may lead to an unbalanced distribution of potential benefits, with services tailored to address only a limited number of citizens. Highlighting pathways for a societal benefiting technology, recommendations are provided for urban planning and city development.