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Journal articles on the topic 'Social justice Japan'
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1
Entrich, Steve R. "Education and social justice in Japan." International Review of Education 67, no. 6 (October 29, 2021): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11159-021-09926-6.
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Haley, John O., A. Didrick Castberg, Ted D. Westermann, James W. Burfeind, and John Braithwaite. "Criminal Justice in Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies 18, no. 2 (1992): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132839.
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Ozeki-Hayashi, Reina, Eisuke Nakazawa, and Akira Akabayashi. "Curriculum Proposal for Social Justice Education: A Case Study within High School and College in Japan." Youth 2, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth2040036.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the socially vulnerable were placed in an even more difficult position. High school and college liberal arts education on social justice is needed to address the possible emerging and re-emerging infectious disease pandemics. A desirable educational curriculum to actualize this should include (1) Basic Theory of Ethics and Social Justice—justice and goodness, justice in Ancient Greece, deontology, utilitarianism, and the principle of inequality—, (2) Social Justice Theories—liberal egalitarianism, communitarianism, and social structural approach, (3) Psychology and Behavioral Economics—social intuitionist model, implicit association test, and nudge—, and (4) Advocacy—racism and xenophobia, elderly, disabilities, women, gender and justice—. The curriculum on social justice aims to help students understand the value of social justice, recognize inequality and disparity in society, and acquire the ability to address the widening social gap and inequality. The concept of justice is internationally diverse. Thus, extracting “social justice” in the context of each country’s culture and adding it to the social justice education curriculum is important.
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Aspinall, Robert. "Education and Social Justice in Japan by Kaori H. Okano." Journal of Japanese Studies 48, no. 2 (June 2022): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2022.0049.
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Aspinall, Robert. "Education and Social Justice in Japan by Kaori H. Okano." Journal of Japanese Studies 48, no. 2 (June 2022): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2022.0049.
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Liu, Yu-Fei. "Social Justice and Equity in the Japanese Education System." Excellence in Higher Education 8 (January 17, 2019): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ehe.2018.167.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate how Japanese educational institutions realize social justice and enhance Japanese students’ capacity for individual self-development in the education system, particularly in upper secondary education. This study involved historical investigation based on analyzing documents, field studies, and in-depth interviews. However, due to the particular social and cultural context of Japan, the preliminary analysis conducted in this study indicated that, despite equal opportunity in education often being emphasized and discussed, social justice is rarely involved in educational policy and research. We conducted in-depth interviews with Japanese scholars to confirm and clarify this issue. Therefore, in this paper, concepts related to social justice (including factors such as educational equity, equality, and fairness) in education are explored first in the Japanese social and cultural context. Second, this paper concentrates on the relationship between social justice (including factors such as educational equity, equality, and fairness) and the capacity for self-development, and comprehensively analyzes Japan’s overall education system. Third, in the educational policies, Japanese ideas of realizing social justice and strategies for enhancing students’ capacity for individual self-development are clarified. Finally, relevant recommendations are provided in the conclusion.
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Kobayashi, Masaya, Hikari Ishido, Jiro Mizushima, and Hirotaka Ishikawa. "Multi-Dimensional Dynamics of Psychological Health Disparities under the COVID-19 in Japan: Fairness/Justice in Socio-Economic and Ethico-Political Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416437.
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This article addresses citizens’ psychological health disparities in pandemic-stricken Japan from the perspective of positive psychology with a collective/political perspective. Our analysis of three internet surveys in 2020 and 2021 in Japan indicates most people’s well-being declined continuously during this period, while some people’s well-being increased. As previous studies of health inequality proved about physical health, the objective income/assets level has influenced psychological inequality. This paper demonstrated this relation in Japan, although it is often mentioned as an egalitarian country with comparatively better health conditions. Moreover, psychological levels and changes have been associated with biological, natural environmental, cultural, and social factors. Social factors include economic, societal-community, and political factors, such as income/assets, stratification, general trust, and fairness/justice. Accordingly, multi-dimensional disparities are related to psychological health disparity; tackling the disparities along the multi-layered strata is desirable. Furthermore, subjective perception of fairness/justice is significantly associated with the level of psychological health and mitigating its decrease. Thus, fairness and justice are found to be dynamic and protective factors against the decline of psychological health. While relatively little literature on health inequality analyzes fairness/justice philosophically, this paper highlights these together with income/assets by clarifying the significance of multi-dimensional factors: natural environmental, cultural, socioeconomic, and political.
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Huang, Hsiao-fen, Valerie Braithwaite, Hiroshi Tsutomi, Yoko Hosoi, and John Braithwaite. "Social Capital, Rehabilitation, Tradition: Support for Restorative Justice in Japan and Australia." Asian Journal of Criminology 7, no. 4 (July 15, 2011): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11417-011-9111-1.
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Steinhoff, Patricia G., Richard H. Mitchell, and Elise Tipton. "Janus-Faced Justice: Political Criminals in Imperial Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies 19, no. 2 (1993): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132665.
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Smolnikov, Sergey N. "A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL JUSTICE AS THE RULE OF LAW." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 1 (2019): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2019-1-116-123.
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The article considers the place of social justice in modern law. Various aspects are noted: its relationship with the social state, legal state, civilizational particularities, historical features. The question of the significance of choice between the legality and legitimacy of power as a factor in the establishment of social justice is considered. The article raises the issue of the subject-object essence of social justice. It provides a comparison of two approaches to social justice in modern Russia — liberal and conservative, and notes the contradictory nature of both. Attention is drawn to the role of elites, the intelligentsia and the people in the embodiment of the liberal project. The author reveals the historical and civilizational prerequisites for the conservative project domination, its being in demand on the part of both the authorities and significant segments of the population, and its correspondence to the historical moment. The similarity of the conservative response to the challenges facing the society in the United States, Japan, Britain and Russia is substantiated. A sociological comparison of positions on the issues of law as social justice in the West and in Russia is given. There is an increasing divergence in understanding social justice both in the countries of the West (destruction of the social contract, welfare state) and between the West and the rest of the world. The theme of justice is increasingly playing a role in causing mutual claims rather than in stabilizing and maintaining international and civil peace. The paper considers attempts to create domestic models of a just society. Social justice is regarded as a projective concept and presupposes the existence of models of the expected and ideal future of society. The world trend towards change in the ideas of the subject of law and of the paradigm shift from liberalism to transhumanism is noted. It is argued that it is impossible to identify law with social justice.
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Korostelina, Karina, and Yuji Uesugi. "Japanese Perspective on Korean Reunification: An Analysis of Interrelations between Social Identity and Power." International Studies Review 21, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-02101003.
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The paper explores how experts in Japan assess and understand the process and consequences of the unification of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea). Based on the theoretical framework of interrelations between social identity and power, this paper asks how Japanese experts frame the process of Korean unification and evaluate its impact on Japan. The data was collected in Tokyo, Japan, through 37 semi-structured and focus group interviews, then examining these interviews using phenomenological and critical discourse analysis. Analysis of data reveals the existence of four competing narratives rooted in the complex relations between meaning of identity, concepts of power, and Japanese policies toward the unification process. The paper expands the description of two narratives currently present in the existing literature, (1) threat and (2) peace, and introduces two new narratives, (3) democratic processes and (4) restorative justice. The final discussion explores how three groups of factors, (1) regional dynamics, (2) domestic policy, and (3) possible models of unification, influence the prevalence of a particular narrative as well as resulting policies of Japan toward Korean unification.
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Matveenko, Valentin. "The Politics of Justice: The Question of Deontological Ethics in Political Culture of Japan." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 15, no. 1 (2016): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2016-1-75-93.
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Suwardi, Anna C., and Atina Rosydiana. "The Role of Media and Social Movement in Human Rights Issue: The Case of ‘Comfort Women’ by Japan Colonization." Indonesian Perspective 2, no. 1 (August 8, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ip.v2i1.15536.
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Many countries in Asia were conquered by Japan during the World War II, including Korea and Indonesia. Romusha, or slavery system introduced by Japan, also imposed to women. Girls were sent to brothels as Jugun Ianfu/‘comfort women’. Differ from men, women got double burdens, both physically and mentally, thus trauma was inevitable. The belief of taboo is also spreading, hence the movement of victims which demands to get their dignity back is rarely found. Using setting agenda theory and social movement theory, this paper argues that the best potential to promote human rights and justice of ‘comfort women’ goes to media. In South Korea, social movement has been advocating people about ‘comfort women’ as forced victims, not a voluntarily choice. Through engaging media, they hope to use its power to persuade people, changing the paradigm that ’comfort women’ were not sexual workers, but victims of war who needs assistance from society to heal their trauma.Keywords: ‘comfort women’, Japan colonization, media, sexual harassment, social movement
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FUTAMURA, MADOKA. "Individual and Collective Guilt: Post-War Japan and the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal." European Review 14, no. 4 (September 8, 2006): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000494.
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It is a popular view that international war crimes tribunals are a tool for social transformation and reconciliation after conflicts. According to advocates, one of their strengths in this regard is the individual punishment of criminals, which is said to achieve justice for victims while avoiding the collectivization of guilt. This is also said to have the effect of endorsing the transformation of the nation by freeing it from the burden of collective guilt while detaching those responsible for war crimes from the society concerned and eliminating their political influence. Does individual criminal punishment achieve these? And is the de-collectivization of guilt through international trials desirable for post-conflict social transformation and reconciliation? This article addresses these questions by focusing on the impact of the Tokyo International Military Tribunal, which is analyzed through the ways in which it has been perceived in post-war Japan. It argues that the Tribunal's punishment of wartime leaders produced an ambiguous effect on the Japanese people's sense of war guilt and responsibility, which in turn became an obstacle for the nation to achieve reconciliation not only with its former victims but also with its own past. The article questions the assumption that international criminal justice can promote social transformation and reconciliation.
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Kim, Hyekyung. "Transitional Justice for Legacy of State Violence and Transformative Justice." Korean Association Of Victimology 30, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2022.30.2.151.
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With the revision of the "Basic Act on the Settlement of Past History for Truth and Reconciliation" in 2020, the legal basis for the activities of the 2nd Truth and Reconciliation Committee was established. And based on this, the committee began investigating 328 cases, including the Brotherhood Welfare Support Case, on May 27, 2021, and began activities to investigate the past truth.
Apart from the historical causality after liberation, it cannot be denied that Korea has also undergone a transitional history of state violence and infringement of basic rights due to military dictatorship and anti-communist ideology. In addition, in this regard, There have already been tried to shed light on our history, such as the May 18 Democratic Movement, forced mobilization of Japanese colonial era, and the liquidation of Korea-Japan history in Japanese colonial era, from the perspective of the transitional justice. Even before the introduction of the international standard of liquidation of the implementation period in Korea, such historical events had been mentioned under the name of past liquidation or fact-finding for the purpose of truth finding, restoring honor, or compensation.
The definition of transitional justice is not completely unified and although the concept is not consistent, it can be understood as the process of securing responsibility by the state or society in the process of transition to a free democratic society after massive human rights violations by state power or state violence.
In other words, it would be appropriate to understand the transitional justice as a means of realizing the transition in the process of pursuing the social ideal of freedom and democracy, not as a society that realizes complete purpose like the term 'transitional'. In other words, past liquidation through compensation and honor recovery is not the direction in which society should ultimately proceed, but is itself a transitional definition. The international community also sees the direction that society should pursue after liquidation in the past as a transformative justice, which means realizing or pursuing justice through systematic transformation not only in law but also in all fields of society.
Regarding the activities of the 2nd Truth Reconciliation Committee and the direction of the committee, there would be first looked at the concept and background of the transitional justice in the international community, and then examine the relationship between transitional justice and transformative justice to realize social transformation after past liquidation.
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Lissowski, Grzegorz, and Piotr Swistak. "Choosing the Best Social Order: New Principles of Justice and Normative Dimensions of Choice." American Political Science Review 89, no. 1 (March 1995): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2083076.
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There are many standard rules of aggregating individual preferences; majority rule is but one example. These rules determine what we typically consider to be a fair or a just solution to the problem of social choice. Yet we know very little, either about how these solutions relate to what a person, not a rule, would choose as a fair outcome or about what ethical or political beliefs would guide people in their choices. An empirical study was conducted to address these problems. As standard normative solutions fail to explain choices obtained in the study, we propose a new set of solutions, which generalize two classical principles of justice: Rawlsian and conservative. These generalized solutions fit the data remarkably well. More important, they uncover two normative dimensions within which choices turn out to be very consistent. These dimensions, we conjecture, indicate subjects' underlying attitudes. We use this theory to compare ethical-political attitudes in samples from Poland, Japan, and the United States.
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Shimizu, Yuho, Shin Osaki, Takaaki Hashimoto, and Kaori Karasawa. "The Social Acceptance of Collecting and Utilizing Personal Information in Smart Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 9146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169146.
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In recent years, active efforts to implement smart cities have increased worldwide. In smart cities, a large amount of personal information is captured, and urban development is based on these data. In Japan, implementations of smart cities continue to gain momentum, but the issue of social acceptance has become apparent, as smart cities are not fully accepted by citizens because of concerns about data leaks and misuse of personal information. This study examines the social acceptance of collecting and utilizing personal information in smart cities in relation to a variety of factors such as trust and perceptions of risk, justice, benefit, and necessity. An online survey was conducted wherein participants (N = 568) were presented with a vignette depicting an overview of a typical smart city. The results of structural equation modeling showed that perceived justice was positively related to trust and trust was negatively related to perceived risk and positively related to perceived benefit and necessity. Trust, perceived benefit, and perceived necessity were significantly related to social acceptance, with trust having the greatest relationship. The model obtained in this study contributes to practical efforts for the implementation of smart cities, and future directions are discussed.
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Bayley, David H., V. Lee Hamilton, and Joseph Sanders. "Everyday Justice: Responsibility and the Individual in Japan and the United States." Journal of Japanese Studies 19, no. 2 (1993): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132666.
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Hong, Miyung, and You-Kyung Han. "Comparative Studies of Higher Education Financing Policies from Social Justice Perspective: the US, the UK, and Japan." Korea Society Of The Politics Of Education 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 353–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52183/kspe.2018.25.4.353.
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Andreescu, Viviana, and Tom “Tad” Hughes. "Public opinion and the death penalty in Japan." Punishment & Society 22, no. 5 (April 1, 2020): 573–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474520915572.
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Based on the Japanese General Social Survey conducted in 2010 on a representative sample of adults, the present analysis intends to identify the factors more likely to predict variations in death penalty attitudes in Japan. Compared to death penalty proponents, those who oppose capital punishment are less likely to express punitive attitudes in general and to be dissatisfied with government expenditures on crime control. Relative to retentionists, abolitionists tend to have a higher level of social trust, show a higher level of support for public participation in the criminal justice process, are more likely to practice a religion, and are younger. Instrumental factors, such as victimization and fear of crime, symbolic factors, such as institutional trust, trust in the judiciary, and the police, as well as gender do not differentiate death penalty opponents from supporters. The results of the multinomial logistic regression show that residents who did not express agreement or disagreement with the death penalty have more in common with those who oppose capital punishment than with those who favor it. Although the majority of the population (65.2%) expressed support for death penalty, one in four respondents (26.1%) remained ambivalent regarding the use of capital punishment. Additionally, most of those who expressed an opinion (50.5%) said they would hesitate to recommend death, if chosen to serve in the newly instituted citizen judge system. Findings suggest that public support for death penalty is not as strong in the country as the Japanese government claims and that it requires further exploration.
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Shinagawa, Tetsuhiko. "Towards construction of the richer concept of justice and the effective concept of care." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.35.
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Professor Tetsuhiko Shinagawa is a professor of philosophy and ethics at the Faculty of Letters, Kansai University, Japan, who is interested in the foundations of ethics. He believes that modern orthodox ethical theories such as liberalism and deontology are founded on justice and right. But he sees flaws in these theories as they presuppose that society consists of equal and self-sufficient members, which is not the case. He is interested in ethical theories that are founded on norms other than justice and can be applied to relation with asymmetry of power, specifically Carol Gilligan's ethic of care and Hans Jonas' principle of responsibility. The former is a normative ethical theory that stems from the interconnected nature of the human condition and surrounds the need for responsiveness to the vulnerability of human beings, while the latter posits that human survival is dependent on our ability to care for the planet as the home of future generations, with our actions having a direct impact on the Earth's future. Shinagawa is investigating how the ethical norms of justice and care can be applied to social issues and aid vulnerable members of society. The two ethical norms are contrasted but mutually supplementing and Shinagawa is interested in how they can lead to overlapping guidelines for aiding the needy as an actual social issue, transforming their respective conceptions. This research is looking to overcome limitations associated with the two social norms and combine the two norms in order to arrive at a richer concept of justice and an effective concept of care.
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Sakata, Minako. "The Transformation of Hokkaido from Penal Colony to Homeland Territory." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 14, 2018): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901800024x.
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ABSTRACTThis article focuses on penal transportation to Hokkaido and considers the role of convict transportation in nation-state building and empire building in Japan. In the course of its discussion, the fluidity of the status of the new Japanese territory of Hokkaido will be examined along with continuities of transportation and incarceration. Although Hokkaido was officially incorporated into Japan only in 1869, many Japanese politicians and intellectuals had believed ideologically that it had been a Japanese territory since the early modern period. Depending on the domestic and diplomatic matters confronting them, the Japanese modified the status of Hokkaido and their policy towards it. For example, to secure their borders with Russia, the Japanese introduced penal transportation on the French model in 1881, but the Japanese Ministry of Justice later shifted their legal system to the German model and articles concerning transportation were deleted from the penal code. Nonetheless, the Japanese government continued to send long-term prisoners to Hokkaido, which was reframed as incarceration in a mainland prison.
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Karn, Lawrence, and Takahiko Hattori. "Thoughts And Actions In Promoting Equality That Include Considerations From Work With The United Nations Association Of Japan." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 10, no. 2 (March 28, 2014): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v10i2.8513.
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This paper explores a number of classical and contemporary thinkers and advances the thesis that the touchstone for social justice may be expressed in two words, trade places, and that this exhortation must be applied internationally. In such cases, its application may sometimes be possible and useful as a practical thought experiment. The trade places notion is a plan of action, which may be termed the responsibility of knowledge.
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Jeong, Sukhee. "A review on the cooperation of criminal justice and social work for criminals with intellectual disabilities in Japan." KANGWON LAW REVIEW 66 (February 28, 2022): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/kwlr.2022.66..163.
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Iwasaki, Michiko. "Mental Health and Counseling in Japan: A Path Toward Societal Transformation." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.27.2.ttm606ectpw5vfed.
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The collectivist Japanese culture has been influenced by Westernization and internationalization. Today's Japanese mental health problems reflect the confusion among Japanese individuals who live in an unstable period between enduring interdependent cultural values and emerging Western values of independence. This article underscores the importance of mental health counselors working congruently within Japanese society by incorporating the social justice perspective. A conceptual framework for optimal societal adaptation is presented. The proposed model consists of action-oriented outreach and advocacy designed to create societal transformation to foster psychological well-being and reduce existing stigma about psychosocial problems and treatment. Mental health issues in the changing climate of contemporary Japan are illustrated. Emphasis is placed on culturally specific trends and resources in order to prevent conflicts and to maintain harmony among individuals within the changing societal systems.
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Irrubai, Mohammad Liwa. "THE URGENCY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES IN INDONESIAN EDUCATION (RESPONDING TO HUMANITIES TWILIGHT IN JAPAN)." Jurnal Tatsqif 18, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jtq.v18i2.2389.
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This article aims to explain the importance of humanities studies in Indonesian education, as a response to the humanities twilight pessimism in Japan. Afterward how its effect toward the continuity of humanities and social studies in Indonesian education. The study uses a qualitative approach using library research. The data analysis method applied was in meta-analysis. Based on the data and analysis, it was explained that it is reasonable if Japan wants to erase Humanities and Social Studies because of the decreasing population numbers, the lack of manpower, industrial competition and dependency to China and other countries, and the influence of Shinto teaching and Shingaku Concept inspiring Prime Minister Abe in focusing on Engineering education. This also replies to the Fukuyama’s concern in the emergence of post-historic where there is no longer art and philosophy. Meanwhile, based on Constitution number 20 of 2003 on National Education system that Humanities and Social Studies is still important in achieving national education objectives as well as shaping Indonesian people thoroughly because it still having national leadership crisis, corruption emergency, drug emergency, economy that has not got better yet. It is also to create the humane people and fight for Indonesian survival. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, and other figures indicating that Humanities and Social Studies affect humanity, the spirit in awakening, struggle, resistance toward oppression, patriotism, and justice
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Murakami, Michio, Kai Hiraishi, Mei Yamagata, Daisuke Nakanishi, and Asako Miura. "Belief in just deserts regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 in Japan and its associations with demographic factors and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics: a cross-sectional study." PeerJ 10 (December 19, 2022): e14545. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14545.
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Prejudice related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a social issue worldwide. A possible psychological factor that promotes prejudice is the belief in just deserts (BJD) regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 (i.e., the belief that the infected individual deserves to be infected). The BJD is based on the belief in immanent justice. It is reportedly higher in Japan than in other countries. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the BJD among Japanese individuals and clarify its associations with demographic factors or infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics. To this end, we conducted an online questionnaire survey in Japan from August 7–8, 2020, with 1,207 respondents aged 20–69 years. We performed screening to exclude inappropriate responses. We investigated the association between the BJD and demographic factors such as gender and age. We also investigated the association between the BJD and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics, including risk perception of COVID-19 infection and human rights restrictions (i.e., the degree of agreement with government restrictions on individuals’ behavior during emergencies). Among the surveyed items, human rights restrictions showed a strong association with BJD, followed by risk perception of COVID-19 infection. Men had a slightly higher BJD than women. Our study is significant in that it is the first to investigate the items associated with the BJD, thereby providing foundational information for revising individual perceptions of justice related to COVID-19 and solving prejudice-related issues.
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Toba, Kenji. "Japan’s New Framework on Dementia Care." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1487.
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Abstract The number of people with dementia in Japan is ever-increasing. In 2020, 6 million people lived with dementia. The number is expected to increase to 9 million in 2040. This means that a person with dementia will be supported by three working people. To prepare for the big wave of dementia, Japan released the New Orange Plan in January 2015. In 2019, the Framework for Promoting Dementia Care was issued by the Japanese cabinet in which prevention and the opportunity for persons with dementia to age in place were set as the main goals. This framework requires all ministries to promote people’s awareness about individuals with cognitive impairment. The educational targets include taxi drivers, retail shop clerks, bankers, police, and people working in the criminal justice system. I will discuss the New Framework which has potential to assist the country in supporting people living with dementia.
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LeBlanc, Robin M. "Designing a beautifully poor public: postgrowth community in Italy and Japan." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20883.
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Abstract This paper examines images of desirable postgrowth communities pursued by activist architects in Bologna and Tokyo. Their visions are differently shaped by the distinct architectural and cultural environments in their respective cities. Nonetheless, they share an anti-growth, "beautifully poor" aesthetic that seems to challenge the dominant political values of liberal nations in the post-World War II era, redefining the democratic public in terms of spontaneity and conviviality. Conceptions of successful communities in rich countries have been shaped around the presumption that they must sustain citizens' material wellbeing by sustaining economic growth. But given the global environmental and social justice problems that have resulted from a single-minded focus on growth, we need new imaginaries of communities that can thrive without economic growth, especially in the global north. Decades of low to zero growth and demographic decline in Italy and Japan are forcing community stakeholders from elected officials to urban planners to confront the question of how to maintain good communities even where material affluence is irrevocably diminished. Keywords: degrowth, public space, urban planning, architecture, political ecology
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Osler, Audrey, and Aya Kato. "Power, Politics and Children’s Citizenship: The Silencing of Civil Society." International Journal of Children’s Rights 30, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 440–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-30020007.
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Abstract Children remain marginalised in theoretical analyses of citizenship and political rights, with their partial citizenship status attracting minimal attention. We consider the ontological need for political engagement, children’s political agency and intergenerational justice. We discuss how Derrida’s hospitality concept may inform analyses of power structures that serve to exclude children from the demos. We then examine the case of Japan where education law neglects children’s political rights, though respect for human rights and popular sovereignty are core constitutional values. Analysis of parliamentary debates addressing Article 12 and children’s right to be heard and organise collectively reveals a long-standing ideological divide concerning children’s political participation. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has explained Japan’s reluctance to implement Article 12 as reflecting “traditional” attitudes. The reality is more complex. From the late 1950s, Japan experienced a wave of student-led protests, focusing on the US-Japan Anpo Security Treaty. Subsequently, the Japanese government prioritised public order over students’ political rights, and global economic competitiveness over citizenship rights. Article 12 remains a site of struggle between those wishing to extend children’s citizenship rights and those who wish to maintain their partial citizenship, fearing social unrest and a focus away from global economic competitiveness.
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Tsunashima, H. "The way awareness of food security with social justice motivates horticultural activities: a case study in the suburbs of Osaka, Japan." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1356 (December 2022): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1356.52.
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Gaudino, Emanuela. "Traditional Thought and Utopian Egalitarianism in the Tianyi bao: The Rise of an Anarchist Ideal among Chinese Communities in Tokyo." MING QING YANJIU 17, no. 01 (February 14, 2012): 121–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-01701006.
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This essay discusses the experience of anarchism among young Chinese intellectuals based in Japan between 1907-1908. The rise of an anarchist ideal among Chinese intellectuals was firstly related to their acquaintance with Japanese radicals. In 1907 division among the Tongmenghui leadership and the conversion of Japanese intellectuals to anarchism made Chinese students and intellectuals based in Tokyo more susceptible to radical political doctrines. Anarchism emerged as a new trend out of this political turmoil. Liu Shipei, He Zhen and Zhang Ji were the central figures of the Tokyo Group and the main supporters of the anarchist propaganda in Japan. Through the acquaintance with the Kinyōkai 金矅会 (Friday Group), the radical socialist faction led by Kōtoku Shūsui, they were able to bring together the Chinese overseas communities in Japan, who were dissatisfied with the principle of Tongmenghui and its leadership. The close relations with Kōtoku and Japanese socialists, the affiliation with the Tongmenghui and the quarrels within the same Alliance concerning Sun’s leadership, the establishment of societies among Chinese students in Japan and the publication of a journal, all consent to define the contours of anarchist activities in Japan between the years 1907-1908. My goal in the following pages is to highlight the Japanese route of Chinese anarchism outlining anarchist thinking and propaganda as delineated in the pages of their official organ, the Tianyi bao (Journal of Natural Justice). Overall, I will try to answer these three questions. First, how did Chinese traditional thought become a means to sustain utopian egalitarianism? Second, how did Kōtoku Shūsui and Japanese anarchists influence the rise of an anarchist ideal among Chinese intellectuals based in Japan? And third, how did the Tianyi bao promote a racial, social and political revolution in order to create an ideal society?
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Akabayashi, Akira, Eisuke Nakazawa, and Nancy S. Jecker. "Endangerment of the iPSC stock project in Japan: on the ethics of public funding policies." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 10 (August 7, 2018): 700–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105024.
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We examined the ethical justification for a national policy governing public funding for the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) stock project in Japan and argue that the initiation of the iPSC stock project in 2012, when no clinical trial using iPSC-derived products had yet succeeded, was premature and unethical. Our analysis considers a generally accepted justice criterion and shows it fails to justify public funding of the iPSC stock project. We also raise concerns related to the massive amounts of public funding at stake and the absence of evidence supporting claimed success rates. We conclude that the iPSC stock project should be re-considered and deferred until a substantial number of clinical trials using iPSC-derived products are deemed successful. This analysis should benefit others worldwide as they consider their own public funding policies.
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Gumuscu, Sebnem. "The Emerging Predominant Party System in Turkey." Government and Opposition 48, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.13.
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In the Turkish national elections of 12 June 2011 the ruling Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP, Justice and Development Party) registered an exceptional success in Turkish democracy. For the first time, an incumbent party had managed to increase its votes for three elections in a row and established its predominance. This article argues that the AKP, like the Christian Democrats in Italy, Liberal Democrats in Japan or Social Democrats in Sweden, has established a cycle of dominance that includes initial mobilization, expansion of core support through material benefits, delegitimization of the opposition and selective use of ideological rigidity and flexibility. It is through this cycle that the AKP consolidated its position as a right-wing party, unifying centre-right and Islamic constituencies and thereby accomplishing what the other right-wing parties in Turkey had failed to do in the past.
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Kaneko, Hiroshi. "Axiology of Administrative Discretion (gyōsei sairyō) as Well as Administrative Guidance (gyōsei shidō) in Japan from the Perspective of Judicial Control." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.3.135-148.
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<p>In Japan, the Court often examines the technical aspects of administrative discretion if there was a proper decision-making process. Such control could rely too much upon each judges’ viewpoint, which elements in the whole process of administrative discretion have critical gravity to evaluate (<em>kōryo kachi</em>). The pre-war legal scholars suggested the best way to increase judicial protection on the citizens’ rights endangered by administrative discretion. The need to establish robust legal theory based on it the Court guarantees the balance between smooth enactment of administrative measures and maintenance of social justice is still enormous. Administrative guidance was, for a long time, out of the scope of judicial control. This institution is Japan’s original so that its implication well exceeds the standard understanding of mere instruction in other legal cultures. The Japanese Court acknowledges the existence of “forced consent” behind it more frequently in recent years.</p>
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Okamoto, Reiko, Masako Kageyama, Keiko Koide, Saori Iwamoto, Kayoko Goda, Misa Shiomi, Emiko Kusano, et al. "Public Health Nursing Art to Enhance “Strength of Community” in Japan." Open Nursing Journal 13, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434601913010177.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to shed light on the public health nursing art (PHNA) that enhances “Strength of Community (SC)” with practical activities of Public Health Nurses (PHNs) in Japan. Methods: This study used a qualitative, descriptive design. According to the recommendation, we selected the best PHN activities as identified SC was enhanced that was implemented by multiple PHNs. Interviewees were PHNs who were recommended as PHNs who can talk about each activity on the representative of PHNs concerned. Data were collected three times each through a semi-structured interview, each lasting for about one hour. PHNA was classified into six frameworks: Searching; Stimulating; Facilitating; Cooperation; Continuing Quality Improvement; and Policy/Resource Development based on previous studies. Results: The results indicate that the PHNA included in the six frameworks may further be classified into 12 categories and 26 sub-categories. We also identified three elements of social justice, the underlying norm for the concept. 12 categories were extracted two for each framework, {Reality Searching}, {Reality Actualization}; {Ownership Fostering}, {Motivation Support}; {Collective Effort Promotion}, {Full Retention Promotion}; {Collaborative Piloting}, {Opportunity/Platform Provision}; {Capacity Building}, {Quality Management}; {Resource Development} and {Planning/Systematization}. Conclusion: This study succeeded in demonstrating that the PHNA to enhance SC was collected, refined, and structured in a multidisciplinary and comprehensive manner, within the context of promoting positive health among the population. In the future, the remaining challenges include the substantiation of the PHNA at the sub-category level and the development and dissemination of programs to master them.
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Voelcker, Becca. "Field work: Ogawa Productions as farmer‐filmmakers." Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ) 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/miraj_00063_1.
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This article considers the value of the leftist filmmaking collective Ogawa Productions’ interdisciplinary practice, which combined filmmaking and farming as an activist project of advocacy for social and environmental justice in 1980s Japan. It argues that Ogawa Pro, as the collective was known, integrated agriculture and film culture to construct a radically inclusive ecosystemic understanding of humans, plants, animals and the climate. Viewed today, their approach exemplifies an early model of ecological thinking that speaks to the recent multispecies turn in the arts, humanities and social sciences. But Ogawa Pro’s turn to the land is also riddled with ambivalence: the films harbour agrarian romanticism bordering on a politics of nostalgia and ethnic environmentalism. Torn between what we might today call progressive and reactionary traditionalist politics, Ogawa Pro’s enmeshed filming and farming practices constitute an important example of what I call Land Cinema ‐ that is, film entangled in territorial, ecological and aesthetic aspects of land. Though the collective’s earlier and more militant films have received critical acclaim in recent years, its later land-based work merits further attention for the way it exposes political tensions over how to cultivate, represent and share space responsibly.
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Poldnikov, D. Yu. "Overcoming Path Dependency of Traditional Values During the Modernization of Japan’s Legal System." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (December 16, 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.97.9.036-045.
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Comparative legal studies are still dominated by the ideological American view of successful social development only through institutions that correspond to Western standards of the rule of law. Non-Western traditional values and institutions are declared to be the cause of the stagnation of Asian and African societies in the 19th-20th centuries. Yet, the causal link between successful economic development and Western legal institutions is not clearly proven. A functional view of law in a socio-cultural context allows us to look differently at the fact of going or not going to courts in non-Western countries. This article builds on the experience of Japan’s legal modernization to examine different academic approaches to explain why the majority of Japanese refused to go to court before and after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, but changed their behavior at the turn of the 21st century. The first part of the article presents the so-called “cultural thesis” as an explanation of the main obstacle to modernization, the second part introduces alternative explanations (defects of the legal system and the role of political elites), generated by the need to explain the “legal turn” in Japan in the 1990s. The example of Japan is significant for understanding the possible obstacles to reforms of justice according to Western models in non-Western societies, including Russia.
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Tang, Denise Tse-Shang. "Feeling alive: Voices of incarcerated youth in We Are Alive." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659017710064.
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This article presents a case study of a documentary film to demonstrate the need to look beyond conventions for insight into youth incarceration. Yau Ching’s (2010) We Are Alive documents a series of media production workshops conducted in juvenile correctional centres and training centres in Hong Kong, Macao and Sapporo, Japan. We Are Alive is a significant media text for analysis for two reasons. First, it is a youth-led documentary that offers a glimpse into settings that are often inaccessible to researchers, and second, it adopts a comparative perspective on three East Asian societies. The film offers rich data for sociological analysis as a point of access to understanding the lives of young people detained in correctional institutions in Asia. In analysing it, this article engages the contesting issues of social conformity, criminal justice, youth resistance and teenage masculinities and femininities through a close reading informed by a theoretical matrix comprising queer theory and cultural studies in an inter-Asian context.
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KIRILOVSKII, OLEG V. "Organizing State Protection of the Personnel of Penal Institutions in Some Countries of Western Europe, North America and Asia." Penitentiary science 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2021-15-2-405-412.
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Introduction: the paper investigates the experience of some countries of Western Europe (Italy, Germany, Austria and The Netherlands), North America (the U.S. and Canada) and Asia (Mongolia and Japan) in the field of state protection of penitentiary personnel. The aim of summarizing the experience of these countries is to identify relevant examples of legal regulation and organization of state protection of civil servants, including prison staff, for the purpose of implementation of this experience in Russian practice. Methods: we use general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, etc.) and specific sociological methods of cognition (comparative-legal, sociological, statistical, comparative). Results: having conducted the comparative study, we find that Mongolia and Japan do not have a separate unified legal framework for state protection of penitentiary personnel. The norms that establish the legal and social guarantees of employees are contained in several laws and by-laws that specify them. The experience of the countries of Western Europe and America indicates that the activities aimed at ensuring state protection are concentrated and implemented by a specially created body with a wide range of powers. In these countries, special attention is paid to the issue of separate funding of programs for the protection of state servant sand persons who assist justice. Discussion: we highlight the fact that the legal and organizational aspects of ensuring state protection of the personnel of penitentiary institutions in some foreign countries have positive aspects. Some examples of foreign experience can be used in law-making and law enforcement activities in the Russian Federation. Keywords: Penitentiary personnel; foreign experience; state protection; penal system; security measures; legal and social protection measures
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Kitagawa, Risa, and Jonathan A. Chu. "The Impact of Political Apologies on Public Opinion." World Politics 73, no. 3 (June 9, 2021): 441–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887121000083.
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ABSTRACTApology diplomacy promises to assuage historical grievances held by foreign publics, yet in practice appears to ignite domestic backlash, raising questions about its efficacy. This article develops a theory of how political apologies affect public approval of an apologizing government across domestic and foreign contexts. The authors test its implications using large-scale survey experiments in Japan and the United States. In the surveys, the authors present vignettes about World War II grievances and randomize the nature of a government apology. They find that apology-making, both as statements acknowledging wrongdoing and as expressions of remorse, boosts approval in the recipient state. But in the apologizing state, backlash is likely among individuals with strong hierarchical group dispositions—manifested as nationalism, social-dominance orientation, and conservatism—and among those who do not consider the recipient a strategically important partner. This microlevel evidence reveals how leaders face a crucial trade-off between improving support abroad and risking backlash at home, with implications for the study of diplomatic communication and transitional justice.
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Lin, Mu-Xing, Hwa Meei Liou, and Kuei Tien Chou. "National Energy Transition Framework toward SDG7 with Legal Reforms and Policy Bundles: The Case of Taiwan and Its Comparison with Japan." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061387.
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The main problem explored in this study is how Taiwan and other countries meet the challenges of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals regarding energy transition by using legal instruments or policy bundles. This study adopts textual analysis and legal policy analysis as its main form of research methodology, and the theory of energy justice, as well as principles of energy management, to correlate with the Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, this study aims to construct an analysis structure for national energy transition and to analyze the current situation within Taiwan’s electricity sector reforms, while providing evidence of the national experience of electrical industry reforms as an international reference. This study also compares the differences between the seventh Sustainable Development Goal relationship and national energy transitions in Taiwan and Japan, based on the similar initiative of the revised Electricity Act with the policy bundle. This study specifically finds that, firstly, the theory for energy justice is connected with the principles for energy management, owing to the same concepts of “Fair Competition”, via the recognition of “Energy Development and Poverty”, which correlates with “Environment Protection”. Therefore, the concept of energy transition proposed in this study integrates national energy development policy goals and combines them with environmental sustainability, the green economy, and social equity. Secondly, the national energy transition in Taiwan is a response to the Sustainable Development Goals, and electricity sector-related laws could be used as legal tools for national energy transition. This study concludes that Taiwanese and Japanese governments can strengthen their environmental regulations to promote fair competition directly, with fair competition then being able to enhance stable electricity supply, to enable these countries to move towards the seventh Sustainable Development Goal and its indicators. Finally, the analysis structure used in this study could be used as a policy analysis tool for other countries during their own energy transition, when a nation is willing to strategically reform its electricity sector and make sustainable choices regarding transition paths and policy bundles that are suitable for the situation of the individual country. Then, a nation can make revisions to its laws and formulate a policy that is in line with local conditions, while as simultaneously implementing the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Berbert-Campos, Cláudia. "Legal Considerations in the Management of Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 2 (March 2007): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-209.1.
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Objectives: To inform professionals providing care to individuals with cleft lip and palate on the legal aspects and organizations available to protect individuals with this alteration, and to advocate that cleft lip and palate should be considered a handicap, even though it is provisional and may be rehabilitated, to assure afflicted individuals basic rights and complete personal, social, and economic welfare. Design: Literature review on the issue, including assessment of national and international laws, doctrines, and jurisprudences; conceptual analysis of the word “handicapped” in dictionaries. Analysis included the federal constitutions of Brazil, France, Argentina, Spain, Cuba, Italy, China, Portugal, Japan, Great Britain, and Colombia, regarding the protection of handicapped people. Results: Constitutional protection of handicapped people is a recent issue that has been addressed only in the last few decades in some countries such as Brazil, Italy, Spain, China, and Portugal. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 addresses the protection of handicapped people to assure them access to social and individual rights, freedom, security, welfare, development, equality, and justice as supreme values of a fraternal, pluralist, and prejudice-free society. Conclusions: Individuals with cleft lip and palate should be included in national policies for integration of handicapped people, in agreement with programs of human rights, establishing a collaborative action between state and society. This would assure their inclusion in the socioeconomic and cultural context and equal opportunities in society, without privileges or paternalism.
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van der Molen, Henk F., Karen Nieuwenhuijsen, Monique H. W. Frings-Dresen, and Gerda de Groene. "Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e034849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034849.
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ObjectiveThe objective was to conduct an update of a previously published review and meta-analysis on the association between work-related psychosocial risk factors and stress-related mental disorders (SRD).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase and PsycINFO were searched for articles published between 2008 and 12 August 2019 and references of a systematic review performed for the period before 2008 were included. Primary prospective studies were included when outcome data were described in terms of SRD assessment or a dichotomous outcome, based on a validated questionnaire, and at least two levels of work-related exposure were reported (exposed vs less or non-exposed). We used GRADE to assess the evidence for the associations between risk factors and the onset of SRD.ResultsSeventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, a population of 73 874 workers from Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, Japan, the Netherlands and Sweden were included in the meta-analysis of 14 prospective cohort studies. This meta-analysis revealed moderate evidence for associations between SRD and effort reward imbalance (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.70 to 2.15), high job demands (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.72), organisational justice (ORs=1.6 to 1.7, CIs 1.44 to 1.86), social support (ORs=1.3 to 1.4, CIs 1.16 to 1.69), high emotional demands (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.84) and decision authority (OR=1.3, CI 1.20 to 1.49). No significant or inconsistent associations were found for job insecurity, decision latitude, skill discretion and bullying.ConclusionModerate evidence was found that work-related psychosocial risk factors are associated with a higher risk of SRD. Effort-reward imbalance, low organisational justice and high job demands exhibited the largest increased risk of SRD, varying from 60% to 90%.
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SPULBAR, CRISTI, MOHAMMAD EHSANIFAR, RAMONA BIRAU, TIBERIU HORAȚIU GORUN, IULIUS DANIEL DOAGĂ, ABDULLAH EJAZ, MITHUN S. ULLAL, and CRISTIAN VALERIU STANCIU. "Is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local textile and clothing industry?A robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction." Industria Textila 71, no. 06 (December 10, 2020): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.071.06.1737.
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Local apparel and textile manufacturing industry in Taiwan is a sector of great importance for sustainable economicgrowth. A stock market is an effective barometer indicating the economic health of a country and Taiwan is a case evenmore special. However, is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local apparel and textile manufacturing industryconsidering its economic growth and financial perspectives? In addition to existing literature, this research articleprovides a new robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction for Taiwan stock market. Thefinancial data series used for the econometric analysis include the period from January 2000 to July 2018 for 13 mainstock markets from countries all around the globe, such as: Taiwan, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Canada, USA,Japan, Germany, France, UK, India, and China. The final multiple regression equation provides a new prediction modelfor Taiwan’s main stock market index. A sustainable economic growth in Taiwan is necessary to achieve major objectivessuch as social justice, poverty alleviation and natural environment protection. The stock market in Taiwan plays anessential role in order to stimulate economic growth and technological progress by attracting foreign investment andforeign capital. In a globalized economy, the inter-linkages between stock markets are complex and can significantlyinfluence Taiwan’s sustainable development.
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SPULBAR, CRISTI, MOHAMMAD EHSANIFAR, RAMONA BIRAU, TIBERIU HORAȚIU GORUN, IULIUS DANIEL DOAGĂ, ABDULLAH EJAZ, MITHUN S. ULLAL, and CRISTIAN VALERIU STANCIU. "Is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local textile and clothing industry?A robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction." Industria Textila 71, no. 06 (December 10, 2020): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/t.071.06.1737.
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Local apparel and textile manufacturing industry in Taiwan is a sector of great importance for sustainable economicgrowth. A stock market is an effective barometer indicating the economic health of a country and Taiwan is a case evenmore special. However, is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local apparel and textile manufacturing industryconsidering its economic growth and financial perspectives? In addition to existing literature, this research articleprovides a new robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction for Taiwan stock market. Thefinancial data series used for the econometric analysis include the period from January 2000 to July 2018 for 13 mainstock markets from countries all around the globe, such as: Taiwan, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Canada, USA,Japan, Germany, France, UK, India, and China. The final multiple regression equation provides a new prediction modelfor Taiwan’s main stock market index. A sustainable economic growth in Taiwan is necessary to achieve major objectivessuch as social justice, poverty alleviation and natural environment protection. The stock market in Taiwan plays anessential role in order to stimulate economic growth and technological progress by attracting foreign investment andforeign capital. In a globalized economy, the inter-linkages between stock markets are complex and can significantlyinfluence Taiwan’s sustainable development.
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Pett, Emma. "‘Blood, guts and Bambi eyes’: Urotsukidoji and the Transcultural Reception and Regulation of Anime." Journal of British Cinema and Television 13, no. 3 (July 2016): 390–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2016.0326.
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The regulation and reception of anime in Britain has, historically, been fraught with difficulty. In 1992, the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) rejected the first instalment of Urotsukidoji, a controversial series of erotic anime, on the grounds of its sexually explicit content; this decision set a precedent for the way in which they would continue to censor anime for the following two decades. Nearly twenty years later, in 2009, Clause 62 of the Coroners and Justice Act, also colloquially known as the ‘Dangerous Cartoons Act’, made it a criminal offence to possess non-photographic pornographic images of children, including CGI, cartoons, manga images and drawings. Through an examination of the BBFC's archival materials on Urotsukidoji – Legend of the Overfiend, supplemented by references to a small number of newspaper articles published during this period, this article offers a range of insights into the historical context in which the current series of debates surrounding the ‘Dangerous Cartoons Act’ can be situated and assessed. These are used to consider the transcultural flow of genres across national borders, and the difficulties that a regulator from one culture encounters when dealing with controversial material originating from another, such as Japan, that has a substantially different set of social values and artistic conventions. Furthermore, this case highlights the important role played by distribution companies in shaping the production and evolution of genres within the transcultural marketplace.
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Uchiyama, Yuta, and Ryo Kohsaka. "Access and Use of Green Areas during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Green Infrastructure Management in the “New Normal”." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 9842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239842.
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This study aims to identify the influence of the socioeconomic attributes and environmental contexts of citizens’ residential areas on the access and use of green areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results can aid policymaking and facilitate the safe and unrestricted use of green areas during the pandemic. The access and use of green areas were analyzed using a survey conducted after the official COVID-19 emergency in Japan (16 April to 14 May, 2020). Visits to green areas during the pandemic have gained salience globally from multiple perspectives: health, planning, social justice, and equity. The results of this study demonstrated that socioeconomic factors influenced the frequency of visiting green areas. The factors further influenced the use of the three categories of green areas (parks, agricultural lands, and gardens). Environmental contexts, including the land use patterns in residential areas, also influenced the use of specific types of green areas. Thus, policies need to further facilitate visits to green areas by reflecting the socioeconomic attributes of residents and their households, including income, number of children, gender, and age, incorporating those who have less access and considering the spread of COVID-19 locally. Furthermore, policies for the use of specific green areas, including parks, agricultural lands, and gardens, need to take cognizance of the residents’ environmental contexts. Management of specific green areas, like agricultural lands, is required, and residents should be provided with opportunities to use these areas with measures to avoid infection.
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Stephenson, Geoffrey M. "Hamilton, V. L. and Sanders, J. Everyday justice–responsibility and the individual in Japan and the United States. New Haven & London, Yale University Press. 1992. Pp xiii + 290. Hardback. £22.50 ISBN 0–300–05140–9." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 3, no. 4 (November 1993): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.2450030412.
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Kusdiyana, Eman. "REFLEKSI GEKOKUJO DALAM TEKS DRAMA KYOUGEN BERJUDUL “BUAKU”." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v3i2.19.
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AbstrakDrama Kyougen berjudul Buaku menceritakan tentang konflik sosial antara golongan sosial atas (penguasa) dengan golongan sosial bawah (petani, buruh, tukang dan pedagang) yang terjadi di Jepang pada zaman Muromachi (1350—1573). Secara sosiologis yang ditekankan pada cerita Buaku ini adalah konflik sosial berupa perlawanan golongan sosial bawah terutama petani desa terhadap golongan sosial atas(Shugo Daimyo, Daikan) yang dikenal dengan istilah Gekokujo (bawahan melawan atasan). Dalam gerakan Gekokujo esensinya adalah rakyat bangkit, berpikir kritis, bersatu, dan menciptakan rasa kebersamaan diantara golongan sosial bawah khususnya petani desa untuk melawan para penguasa yang memeperlakukan golongan sosial bawah secara tidak manusiawi. Kajian ini mencoba untuk melihat sajauh mana cerita Buaku ini merefleksikan pertentangan antara golongan sosial ba wa h d enga n golongan sosial a ta s yang diwujud kan d alam be ntuk Gekokujo.Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan sosiologis dengan metode deskriptif analitis dan hermeneutik. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan dan terjemahanserta teknis analisis menggunakan metode wacana kritis. Hasil kajian dan pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa cerita Buaku ini sarat dengan pencerminan Gekokujo yaitu perlawanan golongan sosial bawah (petani, pelayan) terhadap golongan sosial atas (tuan atau majikan) pada zaman Muromachi.Golongan sosial bawah pada zaman Muromachi berada pada posisi masyarakat yang hidupnya mendapat tekanan dari penguasa, sehingga hidupnya penuh dengan penderitaan. Oleh sebab itu, golongan sosial bawah melakukan perlawanan terhadap penguasa yang dikenal dengan Gekokujo. Perlawanan yang dilakukan berdasarkan azas keadilan dan kemanusiaan yang mengedepankan bahwa manusia dalam kehidupannya harus adil, bijaksana serta menjunjung perikamunisaan. Kata kunci: Kyougen, Buaku, konflik sosial, Gekokujo AbstractDrama of Kyougen entitled “Buaku” tells about a social conflict between the high-social class (authority) and the low-social class (peasants, laborers, craftsmen, and traders) happened in Japan in the era of Muromachi (1350-1573). Sociologically, Buaku tells about a social conflict, namely an opposition between the low-social class, especially village peasants against the high-social class (Shugo Daimyo, Daikan) known as Gekokujo rebellion (superiors against inferiors). The essence of Gekokujo was that the people arose, critical, united to achieve the sense of togetherness among the low-social class especially viallage peasants against the high- social class who treated them inhumanely. This study tries to find out to what extent Buaku reflects the conflict between the high-social classand the low-social class realized in Gekokujo. The approach used as the grand theory in the study was the sociological approach with the analytical-descriptive method and hermeneutic. Data were collected through the library studies and translation. The technique analysis used the critical discourse. The result shows that Buaku isfull of the reflection of the opposition ofthe low-social class (peasants and employees) against the high-social class (masters or employers) in the era of Muromachi. The low-social class in the era Muromachi are in position of society that is under pressure on his life. So that his life is full of suffering. Therefore, the low-social class figting against the ruler know as Gekokujo. The resistance is based on the principle of justice and humanity. Human beings must be just and uphold humanity. Keywords: Kyougen, Buaku, social conflict, Gekokujo