Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social issues in town planning

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Social issues in town planning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Social issues in town planning"

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Savoja, Luca. "Reti sociali e turismo urbano. Modelli di fruizione turistica nelle piccole cittŕ." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 86 (April 2009): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2008-086006.

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- Socials Networks and Urban Tourism. Touristics Patterns in a small Town, Tourism in a "non touristic" small town take a peculiar place. In one sense the tourism, or even better his success, influence many dimensions of the locals socials networks; in a second sense the tourism in smalls towns are partially different comparing other patterns of urban tourism. In the specific the analysis is focused on two issues. The first issue is the role of the "folk" in a small town as part of the urban touristic product; the second issue is the multidimensional role of the local community into the touristics patterns. Starting from this analysis, the second part of the article show the results of a survey carried out in a small town (Aosta, Northern Italy). The aim of this survey is to evaluate the place of tourism in that urban context. Key words: urban tourism, social network, touristics patterns.
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Voskresenskaya, Elena, Lybov Vorona-Slivinskaya, Yury Kazakov, and Anton Zernov. "Administrative permitting activities in town planning." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015704008.

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The article is focused on current issues concerning administrative permitting activities, which are the part of administrative activity as a whole. The field of town planning involves the interests of both business entities and people living in a particular territory. Economic development demands the effective regulation in order to attract investment in the construction sector, while people’s interest calls for fulfilling the principle of sustainable development of a territory. Thus, the administrative statutory regulation must on the one hand imply diminishing administrative burdens in order to provide the transparency and promptness of passing regulative procedures, and on the other hand be sufficient for ensuring the safety and appropriateness of development of a territory. Construction is one of vital and the most complicated sectors of the economy that is primarily aimed at providing people with residential property. To erect a residential building one needs high-quality communication lines, transport and social infrastructure. Construction of industrial parks, maintenance of existing industrial areas and transport infrastructure facilities and creation of new ones, providing people living in dilapidated dwellings with new residential space, housing resource renewal – these are the first key tasks for the authorities today. The circumstances mentioned above entail the demand for efficient administrative control over town planning sector. In this regard, the scientific comprehension of the term “administrative permitting activities” can raise the level of understanding all management processes running on the economy system, as well as the issues of exercising the powers conferred to executive public bodies acting in the related field.
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CHURCHILL, DAVID. "Living in a leisure town: residential reactions to the growth of popular tourism in Southend, 1870–1890." Urban History 41, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000740.

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ABSTRACT:While historical interest in the seaside has grown appreciably in recent times, much of the literature remains preoccupied with issues specific to resort towns. This article examines the social dynamics of the seaside town more broadly, through a study of Southend residents in the 1870s and 1880s. It analyses their discussions of working-class tourists and the industries which catered for them, before examining attempts to regulate the use of public space in the town. This is a study of rapid urbanization in a small town, and how social perceptions and relations were reconfigured in this context.
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Zhao, Zhi Qing, and Qing Lian Wang. "Shaping the Vitality of the National List Historic Culture Town Based on the Theory of Urban Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1637.

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This paper, based on the theory and methods of urban design, analyzes the effects of stimulating and driving the space vitality from economic, social and cultural aspects. It is trying to find out main problematic issues of the protection planning of Chinese Eastern Railway Culture Town and to explore the methods of shaping vitality of historic culture town. In addition, it also produces an empirical research taking the town of Hengdaohezi as the case study.
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Izadi, Maliheh, Hamidreza Varesi, and Mehdi Jafari Vardanjani. "An analysis of key factors affecting New Town Planning with a human-centred approach." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 53, no. 53 (September 1, 2021): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0027.

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Abstract Since new towns are to meet the needs of the metropolitan population, it is required to acquaint the populations with the new scientific-technical methods and take one more step towards civilisation. Given that the New Town seeks to provide the latest facilities for citizens, a human-oriented approach can be proposed. New Urbanism with a humanistic approach requires coherent and dynamic planning. New structures and the various needs of the New Towns require comprehensive and integrated planning to utilise recent facilities to lead New Towns toward a human-centred attitude. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyse the key factors affecting the planning of New Towns with a humanistic approach. The method in this research is a descriptive-analytical survey. In the first step of the research, a list of primary factors involved in planning new cities was identified as research variables, using documentary sources and previous research. Then the research variables were analysed based on the Delphi method. Accordingly, 34 variables were provided in five domains for 50 experts in urban planning issues in the form of questionnaires to be analysed in matrices. The findings of the study are demonstrated in five aspects: cultural-social, physical-spatial, economic, environmental, and governance topics, with 34 components. The results show that citizenship rights, social capital, transparency, accountability, law, participation, consensus, quality of performance and managerial effectiveness, efficiency, economic welfare, sustainable active economy, meeting economic needs, quality of texture, and spirituality have the highest impact and the lowest affectedness on the realisation of human-centred New Urbanism. The results can be useful and effective by establishing integrity and fundamental theoretical principles in planning, implementation and strategic control of New Towns.
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Viatkin, К., О. Kamieniev, A. Pankeieva, E. Shyshkin, R. Viatkin, and N. Moroz. "THE ALGORITHMS OF CONSTRUCTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE CONDITIONS OF SUBUBRANIZATION DEVELOPMENT." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-211-215.

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The article is devoted to the pressing issue of information support of territorial development processes. In the modern world, processes of information support of operational processes are of great relevance. Information and analytical support is the basis for making effective management decisions. In systems of urban development, urban and territorial development, the information component aims at ensuring the realization of three factors of development: economy, ecology and social development. In the conditions of sustainable development of society all three directions are balanced. However, due to certain imbalances in the system, humanity is searching for new forms of providing a comfortable life, work and leisure. Suburbanization has become one of these forms. Suburbanization is a trend of modern development of cities and territories in developed countries, which have high rates of socio-economic security. Suburbanisation is the process of centering the flow of people from large centers of economic gravity to the suburban area, which has the best environmental performance, which is possible in the case of ensuring the social component of human life. The relevance of suburbanization processes has necessitated the need for research on information and analytical support for these processes. In particular, the basic elements of the model of the structure of the urban planning system were identified and the dual connections of information support of decision-making for the development of urban planning systems were analyzed. On the basis of this analysis the task of information support of town-planning systems was determined. Based on the analysis of problems of special theory of urban planning information systems, it is proposed to develop an algorithm for information and analytical support of urban planning systems in the context of suburbanization processes. It has been determined that the automation of information support processes for urban planning systems management in today's digital society is the basis for the formation of effective urban development activities. In a three-prong urban development model that integrates issues of economy, ecology and social protection, suburbanization issues play a crucial role. The processing, analysis and evaluation of information on the development of town-planning systems make it possible to determine the leading trends and tendencies of development, as well as to predict the design of processes of town-planning activity. Keywords: urban planning, management of urban planning systems, suburbanization, information systems
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Klusáková, Ludá. "Between reality and stereotype: town views of the Balkans." Urban History 28, no. 3 (December 2001): 358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801000323.

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A content analysis of the Leiden Sketchbook (1577–85) addresses two major issues. First, how a stereotype of an Ottoman town was created by sixteenth-century travellers and second, how the social organization of space and integration of formerly Christian towns into the Ottoman system during the period of its greatest expansion was perceived. The comparison of visual sources with travelogues and historiography confirms the historicity and trustworthiness of the drawings. The drawings are revealing when interpreted in the context of the approach of historical anthropology: they illustrate the travelogues and testify to the sensual experience of their author.
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Kesavaperumal, Thirumaran, Kiruthiga Kandasamy, and Renganathan Ramasubramanian. "The attitudes of residents on the conservation of built-heritage of a historic temple town – Kanchipuram, India." Open House International 45, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-06-2020-0062.

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Purpose The degradation of a town’s traditional architectural settings is a prominent issue in the historic towns that possess a rich heritage and legacies of architectural character in its urban fabric that have developed over the course of its evolution. Resident participation in built-heritage conservation can be explained in terms of deliberate acts. Thus, this study aims to analyse the attitudes of residents on the conservation of built heritage (ARCBH) in the historic town of Kanchipuram. Design/methodology/approach The historic temple town of Kanchipuram has been surveyed and focused in this study. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the ARCBH in Kanchipuram. Data were collected and analysed with the help of structural equation modelling and AMOS software. A structural equation model was developed, and hypotheses were framed for an empirical study. Findings The findings indicate that the ARCBH has an effective relationship with practical issues that occur in traditional architecture, built-heritage attachment and an awareness of existing heritage schemes. Social implications The study results indicate that considering resident attitude and attachment is important. In addition, the results provide useful insights for formulating practical measures relevant to built-heritage conservation. Originality/value There has been no attempt to come up with practical implications from the attitudes of residents on the conservation of built-heritage in the historic temple towns of Tamil Nadu, India.
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KARAKOVA, Tatiana V. "ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND TOWN PLANNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE REGULATION OF MIGRATION PRESSURE IN MEGALOPOLISES." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.02.4.

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Examples of a number of European countries are being considered in solving the problems of locating migration flows in the functional planning structure of megacities and their zones of influence. Experience in using architectural and town planning technologies for the integration of migrants into the urban environment is reviewed. Filling urban planning with new content affects the pace of social and economic development of the megalopolis and megalopolis, the elimination of regional developmental imbalances, the improvement of living standards and the quality of the urban environment, the improvement of the social climate and demographic situation. At the same time on the agenda are issues of development of medium and small cities located in the zones of influence of the largest megacities. The author reveals the approaches to the formation of a multilevel urbanization model of migration based on the development of European experience, taking into account the realities of Russian megalopolises.
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Shakeri, Moozhan, Richard Kingston, and Nuno Pinto. "Towards a Community Support System; Social Media Culture, Games and Planning tools." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v9i2.14679.

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Social media is revolutionizing social dynamics and the way people take decisions. For town planners it is important not to see social media just as a supporting tool in data gathering and qualitative analysis but to explore the emergent culture of social media and its effect on the planning processes and decision support tools. This study shows how games and gamification can be used in this new culture to stimulate issue formation and participation among communities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social issues in town planning"

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Ziller, Alison Margaret. "The Role of Planning in Community Building." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/681.

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This thesis is concerned with the contribution of practising planners, working in town or urban planning departments, to social wellbeing. It is concerned with what planners do, how they conceptualise the application of town or urban planning practice to social issues, and what they think about their role in achieving social outcomes in a place. The general question is initially addressed through an introductory story and then via a content analysis of recent regional strategic plans. This is followed by a review of town planning literature on social issues, particularly literature concerned with small areas such as villages and neighbourhoods and which treat urban areas as a series of villages or neighbourhoods. The work is further advanced by a discourse analysis of the use of the word community, as a noun and as an adjective, in a series of planning reports. Recent literature on community development, community consultation and sustainability principles is also reviewed for its contribution to the way in which planners address social issues. On the basis of findings from this work, five research propositions are developed. These are explored through a survey of practising planners. The research propositions are explored in a number of questions so as to search for consistency and establish the reliability of the results. The same questionnaire is also administered to a class of fourth year student planners as a control. Four of the five research propositions are demonstrated by the survey results. The results suggest that practising planners have a knowledge and skill shortfall in the area of applying planning practice to achieving social outcomes. However, the results also demonstrate that most planners think that community building is part of their role, they have a realistic appreciation of their skills and are open to new ideas and learning opportunities. The concluding section of the thesis makes a series of suggestions for responding to the shortfall and developing planners' knowledge and skills relevant to community building.
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Ziller, Alison Margaret. "The Role of Planning in Community Building." University of Sydney. Urban and Regional Planning, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/681.

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This thesis is concerned with the contribution of practising planners, working in town or urban planning departments, to social wellbeing. It is concerned with what planners do, how they conceptualise the application of town or urban planning practice to social issues, and what they think about their role in achieving social outcomes in a place. The general question is initially addressed through an introductory story and then via a content analysis of recent regional strategic plans. This is followed by a review of town planning literature on social issues, particularly literature concerned with small areas such as villages and neighbourhoods and which treat urban areas as a series of villages or neighbourhoods. The work is further advanced by a discourse analysis of the use of the word community, as a noun and as an adjective, in a series of planning reports. Recent literature on community development, community consultation and sustainability principles is also reviewed for its contribution to the way in which planners address social issues. On the basis of findings from this work, five research propositions are developed. These are explored through a survey of practising planners. The research propositions are explored in a number of questions so as to search for consistency and establish the reliability of the results. The same questionnaire is also administered to a class of fourth year student planners as a control. Four of the five research propositions are demonstrated by the survey results. The results suggest that practising planners have a knowledge and skill shortfall in the area of applying planning practice to achieving social outcomes. However, the results also demonstrate that most planners think that community building is part of their role, they have a realistic appreciation of their skills and are open to new ideas and learning opportunities. The concluding section of the thesis makes a series of suggestions for responding to the shortfall and developing planners� knowledge and skills relevant to community building.
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Van, Buren Thomas Sly. "Rural town geographical information systems : issues in integration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70648.

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Powell, Felicity Isabel. "Social issues in regional planning." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441684.

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Wong, Hau-king. "Planning issues in land allocation system of Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574365.

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Lau, Chi-ting. "Community planning : an alternative approach of planning /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13814229.

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Wong, Hau-king, and 黃孝經. "Planning issues in land allocation system of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574365.

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Yip, Chi-kwai Tom. "The role perceptions and choices of planners in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13814096.

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Friedrich, Melanie. "Social Aspects of Sustainability and Resilience in Small Town Planning : Structural Planning in Pförring, Germany." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283735.

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In a seemingly endlessly urbanizing world, the planning field must not forget our cities’ hinterlands and rural regions. Demographic shifts, dying centers, lack of amenities and insufficient mobility options are just a few of the struggles the periphery is facing. With the help of the case study site Pförring, Germany, this report analyzes regional and local plans in relation to social aspects of sustainability and resilience. The results are the identification of crucial elements for successful transformation: vision, competence, support, action, monitoring and adjustment, depicted as an interlinked system of two interactive loops.
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Cornelissen, Celeste. "Moving towards 'humanising' housing : a closer look at the issues surrounding housing provision in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52346.

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Thesis ((MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After many years of fragmentation and inequity, the new housing policy envisages "the establishment and maintenance of habitable, stable and sustainable public and private environments to ensure viable households and communities in areas allowing convenient access to economic opportunities, and to health, educational and social amenities" (Housing White Paper, 1994:21). It appears, however, given the size of the housing backlog (currently estimated by the Housing Minister at 2,8 million units) and the general form housing provision has taken, that the overall vision of what should be accomplished through housing development have taken the backseat to rapid housing production in the country. In practice, inhabitants of recently undertaken housing projects are to a large extent still denied access to the city and its opportunities. Recent housing projects reflect government's view that the solution to the housing problem lies in the packaged production of physical housing units, choosing to define the housing problem only in terms of "housing production and technical and engineering efficiency " (Noero, 2000: 1). This approach have been described by Noero as being naive and criticised for its ability to be counterproductive by failing to address the full spectrum of needs in the lives of people. The limited definition of housing further stands in opposition to the extensive definition of housing found in policy documents. This study, with the help of a case study of one such housing project, explored some of the dominant issues surrounding current housing provision in South Africa, and the problems associated with it. It sought to establish that current housing provision is far removed from the overall aims and objectives set out for housing development by the new housing policy. This study considered some ways of bringing housing delivery closer to the vision of housing as an engine of growth and change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na vele jare van fragmentasie en ongelykheid, voorsien die nuwe behuisingsbeleid "die vestiging en onderhoud van bewoonbare, stabiele en volhoubare private en publieke omgewings vir die skepping van lewensvatbare huishoudings en gemeenskappe in gebiede wat maklike toegang verseker tot ekonomiese geleeenthede, en tot gesondheids-, opvoedings- en sosiale geriewe" (Witskrif op Behuising, 1994:21). Dit blyk egter, in die lig van die geweldige behuisingsagterstand (wat tans deur die Minister van Behuising op 2,8 miljoen eenhede beraam word) en die vorm wat behuisingsvoorsiening tans aanneem, dat die versnelde produksie van huise geprioritiseer word ten koste van die visie van wat behuisingsvoorsiening in Suid-Afrika eintlik moet bereik. In die praktyk word die inwoners van behuisingprojekte wat onlangs onderneem is, steeds tot 'n groot mate ontneem van die stad en sy geleenthede. Onlangse behuisingsprojekte reflekteer die siening van die regering dat die oplossing tot die behuisingsprobleem in die produksie van fisiese wooneenhede lê, en vervolgens die definisie van behuising slegs in terme van "die produksie daarvan en die gangbaarheid in terme van tegniese en ingenieursaspekte" (Noero, 2000: 1). Hierdie benadering word deur Noero beskryf as naief en word gekritiseer vir die vermoë daarvan om teenproduktief te wees deur nie die volle spekrum van behoeftes in mense se lewens in ag te neem nie. Hierdie beperkte definisie van behuising staan verder in teenstelling met die uitgebreide definisie van behuising wat in beleidsdokumente aangetref word. In die studie, met behulp van 'n gevallestudie van een so 'n behuisingsprojek, word die dominante kwessies rondom behuisingsvoorsiening in Suid-Afrika en die probleme daar rondom, verken. Daar word gepoog om te illusteer dat huidige behuisingsvoorsiening verwyderd is van die vernaamste doelstellings van die nuwe behuisingsbeleid. Die studie het maniere oorweeg om behuisingsvoorsiening nader te bring aan die visie van behuising as 'n katalisator vir groei en verandering.
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Books on the topic "Social issues in town planning"

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International Workshop on Social and Economic Issues in Urban Communities (1996 Jakarta, Indonesia). International Workshop on Social and Economic Issues in Urban Communities: Planning and development of satellite towns in Southeast Asia, Jakarta, June 25-27, 1996. [Jakarta]: The Program, 1996.

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Raúl, Villa, and Sánchez George J, eds. Los Angeles & the future of urban cultures: A special issue of American quarterly. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

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Allan, Sylvia. Water and soil issues: A guide for town and country planning. Wellington: Published for the National Water and Soil Conservation Authority by the Water and Soil Directorate, Ministry of Works and Development, 1987.

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Njoh, Ambe J. Planning power: Town planning and social control in colonial Africa. London: UCL Press, 2007.

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Social management plan, 2011-2015: "social issues". Honiara]: Kolombangara Forest Products, 2011.

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Alcántara, Cynthia Hewitt de. Social integration: Approaches and issues. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1994.

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Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources. Strategic planning: Issues, assumptions and strategies. [Toronto]: Ministry of Natural Resources, 1986.

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Canada. Library of Parliament. Parliamentary Research Branch. Intergovernmental relations: Social union issues. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 1999.

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Singh, Shamsher. Urban planning and development: Issues and imperatives. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1992.

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Sarker, Profulla Chandra. Issues and perspectives on social work and social development. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social issues in town planning"

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Hall, Tony. "More Big Issues – Getting Around." In Town Planning, 44–52. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-6.

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Hall, Tony. "The First Big Issues – Houses and Infrastructure." In Town Planning, 22–29. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-3.

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Hall, Tony. "More Big Issues – Employment and the Regions." In Town Planning, 30–36. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-4.

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Hall, Tony. "More Big Issues – Health, Environment and the Countryside." In Town Planning, 37–43. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-5.

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Levy, John M. "The Social Issues." In Contemporary Urban Planning, 107–20. Eleventh Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2016. | Revised edition of the author’s Contemporary urban planning, 2013.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315619408-7.

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Geddes, Patrick, and Ray Bromley. "Public Generosities; Local Enterprises, Co-operative Banking, and Social Finance." In Town Planning towards City Development, 172–76. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Studies in: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315761961-82.

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Ballesteros-Sola, Maria. "Social Business Planning: Management and Financial Issues." In Social Business, 157–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45275-8_10.

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Bickman, Leonard. "Resource Planning for Applied Research." In Methodological Issues in Applied Social Psychology, 1–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2308-0_1.

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Twelvetrees, Alan. "Community Groups: Dealing with Practical Issues and Problems." In Community Development, Social Action and Social Planning, 111–28. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54490-2_5.

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Andryashina, Natalia S., Elena V. Romanovskaya, Elena P. Kozlova, Victor P. Kuznetsov, and Sergey D. Tsymbalov. "Planning and Production Management System Development in the Era of Intelligent Machines." In Economic Issues of Social Entrepreneurship, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77291-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social issues in town planning"

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Paprzyca, Krystyna. "Attractiveness of small and medium-sized towns as places of residence." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8092.

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There are many causes of the ‘drop in the attractiveness’ of small and medium-sized towns. Nevertheless, the key problems are the urban sprawl beyond the town limits, changes in the social and economic structure, and degradation of urban space. Irrational spatial management is reflected in empty, undeveloped areas in towns, and in the dispersion of development to the outskirts of towns. Other issues of towns, relating to the aesthetics, the quality of urban spaces are unclarified ownership-related legal issues, which translates into ‘empty’ uninhabited townhouses in good locations in towns. Each city, each small and medium-sized town, is a system consisting of two related and cooperating elements: the spatial environment, and the social environment. Relations between the spatial and social environment lead to processes which have their effect on the quality of life and residence of man. Discernible changes in the social structure of town inhabitants (such towns are usually inhabited by older people, the young tend to leave) are caused – among other things – by unemployment, low income, as well as people’s habits. Poor material condition of town residents, a lack of any external capital, largely reduce its ‘attractiveness’. There are stimulators that improve attractiveness, and these are e.g. planning, economic, and cultural stimulators.
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Anifowose, Titilayo. "Significance of cultural heritage assets in the definition of urban morphology. A case of Egba-Ake in South-West Nigeria." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/fxzs7229.

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This study defined morphological importance of cultural heritage assets and formation of Egba-Ake town. Cultural heritages include man’s physical imaginative products which can be touched and seen include buildings, crafts, tools, ivory, cowries, paintings, textiles, pestles, mortars, food, wooden objects, tombs & grave goods, temples, dresses, pottery & potsherd pavements, monuments, books and artifacts. Morphology are factors that influence city/community formation which are determined by synthetic and natural determinants. Cultural heritage assets are whatever is valued by people today that was also cherished by former generations. This research explored the importance of cultural heritage assets in relation to urban fabrics formation of Egba-Ake. Qualitative method was adopted in this study, in-depth interviews and personal observation was used for data collection while Nvivo words tree and satellite imagery was used to analyze collected data. Ake’s palace and Itoku market is located at the center around which the Egba-Ake evolved. Ake’s Palace (political and cultural hub of the town) and Itoku market (the economic heritage of the town) was used to preserve various aspects of Egba-Ake cultural heritage. Ela festival (new yam festival) is annually celebrated cultural activity in Egba-Ake. This finding is relevant to policy makers as it allows the support of potential common structures for heritage administration in Egba-Ake. Effect of heritage in EgbaAke morphology is the new palace of Alake (the cultural ruler) of Egba-Ake were renovated and new once built a few years ago with modern architectural designs, furniture and fittings. This has made the Alake’s Palace to meet ‘international standards’. Social amenities and infrastructures like electricity supply, water systems, hospitals, good roads, administrative offices, schools; communication networks, etc. are now a major feature in Egba-Ake town. Further studies will enhance the implementation issues which may arise from the creation of a framework for cultural heritage management, with emphasis on risk management and risk reduction of cultural heritage.
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Dhruve, Sakshi, and Sarang Barbarwar. "Augementation for liveability for transgender community through inclusionary public space: an architectural study of Raipur." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ddeq6025.

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Public spaces are the locus of activity and interaction in any urban area. Such spaces provide identity to cities, towns or neighborhoods and define the people and culture over there. Inclusiveness is one of the core aspects of livability and is directly associated with Public or Community Spaces. Large population and rapidly expanding urban areas have prompted the need of more inclusivity in public spaces to attain true livable spaces. The aim of the paper is to discuss the livability of Transgender community at Public spaces in India. The study shows how this community was legally included as ‘Third Gender’ in country’s legislation yet lacks social acceptance and security. It shows the challenges and issues faced by them at public spaces. The community was studied on ethnographic basis to understand their culture, lifestyle etc. The findings have indicated towards a social stigma from people and insensitivity in designing of civic spaces. The larger objective of the study is also to provide recommendations on the design aspects and interventions in public places to educate common people to increase their inclusiveness towards the Transgender society, through an integrated approach in architecture. Active engagement of multiple communities is the key to socio-economic and socio-cultural growth. In response, communities have to collaborate on working and living environment and incorporates the no gender-limit adaptability for an augmented livability.
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Zhao, Dianhong. "Study on the evolution of rural land use function in developed areas of China." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/xgnq9142.

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Under the background of "zero growth" of land use, there are many researches and explorations on the stock renewal of central urban areas in traditional planning. However, in recent years, the rural-led stock land use planning has attracted more and more attention with the development of land space planning. Village area is the basic unit of rural social and economic activities in China. The rational play of land use function in village area has important theoretical and practical significance for the realization of the multi-objective of rural revitalization under ecological civilization. Department of natural resources has issued the work pilot implementation of global land comprehensive improvement notice, rural red line "no increase of the aggregate land for construction purposes, ecological protection not breakthrough", so without any increase in construction land index on the basis of further promote rural land use composite function, is to solve the rural economy development and the important direction of rural land supply contradictions. This paper firstly makes a qualitative theoretical study on the compound mechanism of land use function in villages, and then takes 4 villages in southern Jiangsu province as examples to elaborate the compound mechanism of land use function in the development process. The results show that: (1) land use function changes due to its type and land use mode, and is indirectly influenced by natural resource endowment, social and economic conditions, regional policies, etc., the compound trend of land use function in different types of villages is often different; The land use function of the four villages in the town is as follows: the production function is transformed into the production-ecological composite function, and the living function is transformed into the production-life composite function. (3) summarize the planning of the basic ideas and function of the complex process, refine the agricultural land, unused land and construction land has the implementation of the functional complex strategy.
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Czałczyńska-Podolska, Magdalena, and Magdalena Rzeszotarska-Pałka. "Return to the idea of homely city." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8063.

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Homeliness is associated with something friendly and well-known. The idea of homeliness in architecture and urban planning does not mean only people-friendly space. First of all, it means the city that is familiar to the citizens, what cannot be realized without specific conditions - creation of the feeling of being part of the community, possession and identity. The antithesis of the city - agricultural landscape - seems to be the perfect basis for them. Can the idea of homeliness be created based on the relationship between the town and its opposition? How can the "lost" agricultural landscape" work as a catalyst of the idea of homeliness and community integration? In the article, there will be the attempt of answer to these questions given. New ideas, such Agrarian Urbanism or Urban Horticulture will be presented and discussed. Throughout the world, research is on-going to develop techniques for assimilating agriculture into an urbanism acceptable to the expectations of modern life. The ability to grow food has implications for communities on multiple levels: from food security and health issues, to ensuring a local economy and to the social benefits of a productive activity in which all members of a community can engage. In Agrarian Urbanism a whole society is involved with the growing of food: people can have gardens instead of yards, or community gardens and even window boxes if they live in an apartment. Can these ideas create new ways of thinking about the contemporary city?
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Moreno Osuna, Sònia. "Avaluació ambiental estratègica: estudi del cas POUM de Besalú." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7580.

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Segons la legislació vigent a Catalunya, cal fer un procés d’avaluació ambiental de plans i programes públics, com a eina de prevenció, que permeti integrar els aspectes ambientals en la presa de decisions. Els plans d’ordenació urbanística municipal queden inclosos com a plans públics i han de tenir en compte l’execució d’aquesta avaluació ambiental i, concretament, les actuacions i la documentació que exigeix la normativa vigent (article 7 de la Llei 9/2006, de 28 d’abril, sobre l’avaluació dels efectes de determinats plans i programes sobre el medi ambient). El Pla d’ordenació urbanística municipal (en endavant, POUM) de Besalú, 2007, ha tingut, com a instrument d’avaluació ambiental, l’Informe de sostenibilitat ambiental (en endavant, ISA), el qual té per objectiu oferir un seguit de criteris sostenibles que serveixin de base per al desenvolupament urbanístic del municipi, basant-se en la integració dels principis de sostenibilitat establerts pel Decret 305/2006, la Llei estatal 9/2006, la Directiva 2001/42/CE i la nova Llei d’avaluació ambiental de plans i programes (AAPP) de Catalunya, aprovada pel Parlament de Catalunya el 15 d’abril de 2009. La Llei d’urbanisme i el seu Reglament es pronuncien clarament a favor d’un desenvolupament urbanístic sostenible, sobre la base de la utilització racional del territori, per compatibilitzar el creixement i el dinamisme econòmic necessaris amb la cohesió social, el respecte al medi ambient i la qualitat de vida de les generacions actuals i futures. Segons la Directiva 2001/42/CE, els elements ambientals de sostenibilitat que ha d’incorporar un Pla d’ordenació urbanística municipal s’han d’integrar des del primer moment en la presa de decisions que comporta la formulació del planejament. Per aquest motiu, és necessari fixar uns objectius ambientals, que són els següents: * Diagnòstic ambiental del territori. * Fixació d’objectius ambientals. * Determinació d’indicadors del compliment dels objectius marcats. * Incorporació dels objectius ambientals en les determinacions del planejament: d’ordenació, de normatives, de programació i de finançament. * Validació del compliment dels objectius establerts. * Mesures de desplegament i de seguiment. Segons l’art. 3.1 del Decret legislatiu 1/2005, de 26 de juliol, d’urbanisme, s’entén per principi de sostenibilitat relacionat amb el planejament urbanístic: “El desenvolupament urbanístic sostenible es defineix com la utilització racional del territori i el medi ambient i comporta conjuminar les necessitats de creixement amb la preservació dels recursos naturals i dels valors paisatgístics, arqueològics, històrics i culturals, a fi de garantir la qualitat de vida de les generacions presents i futures”. Aquest estudi de cas vol destacar la importància que va tenir l’anàlisi ambiental i l’avaluació de les característiques socioambientals més significatives dels nous sectors de creixement proposats i de les àrees objecte de modificació i/o transformació, així com les del seu context territorial immediat (mesura requerida al document de referència, emès per l’òrgan ambiental competent: “Oficina territorial d’avaluació ambiental estratègica de Girona”), per tal de justificar l’ordenació urbanística d’acord amb uns criteris urbanístics i socioambientals sostenibles. Strategic environmental evaluation: Case study, Urban Plan, POUM Besalú (Catalonia). According to the existing legislation in Catalonia it is necessary as a preventative method to carry out a process of environmental evaluation for planning and for public programmes which would allow for the integration of environment issues in the decision making processes. The urban town plans are considered to be public plans and therefore they must take into account this environmental evaluation. In particular they must consider the necessary actions as well as the specific documentation which the existing regulation requires (article 7 of the 9/2006 Regulation of 28 April relating to the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment). As an instrument for environmental evaluation, the Urban Town Plan (POUM) Besalú 2007, has done a report on environmental sustainability, (ISA). The objective of this report is to offer a series of sustainable criterion which serve as a basis for the town planning development, basing itself upon the integration of the sustainable principals established in: The 305/2006 Decree, the State Legislation 9/2006, the Directive 2001/42/CE and the blueprint of the Catalan Environmental Evaluation Legislation for Plans and Programmes (AAPP). The urbanistic Legislation and its Regulations indicate to be clearly in favour of a sustainable urban development based upon the rational use of land in order to create compatibility between growth and the necessary economic dynamism together with social cohesion, respect towards the environment and the quality of life of the present and future generations. According to the Directive 2001/42/CE, the sustainable environmental elements which ought to be incorporated into the Urban Town Plan need to be integrated from the beginning of the decision making process which is required in the establishing of the general layout plan. For this reason it is necessary to establish the following environmental objectives: * Environmental diagnosis of the site. * Establishment of environmental objectives. * Setting up of pointers for compliance of the established objectives. * Incorporation of environmental objectives in the setting up of town plans, regulations, programming and financing. * Verification of compliance with established objectives. * Deployment measures and follow up. According to the Town Planning article 3.1 of the Legislative Decree 1/2005 dated 26 July, the concept of sustainability related to urban layout is understood as the following: ”Sustainable urban development is defined as the rational use of land and the environment and it involves the combination of the needs of expansion with the preservation of natural resources while taking into consideration landscape, arqueological, historic and cultural values with the intention of guaranteeing the quality of life of present and future generations.” This case study wishes to highlight the importance of the environmental analysis and the evaluation of the most important social-environmental characteristics in the new sectors of proposed growth and in the areas subject to modification and/or transformation the same as those in the immediate territorial context(this measure is required in the reference Document emited by the appropriate environmental body “Girona Land strategic environmental evaluation Office”) in order to justify the urban plan in accordance with urbanistic and sustainable social-environmental criterion.
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Kucuk, Ezgi, and Ayşe Sema Kubat. "Rethinking Urban Design Problems through Morphological Regions: Case of Beyazıt Square." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6179.

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Rethinking Urban Design Problems through Morphological Regions Ezgi Küçük¹, Ayşe Sema Kubat² ¹Urban Planning Coordinator, Marmara Municipalities Union ²Prof., Dr., Istanbul Technical Univercity, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning E-mail: ezgikucuk89@gmail.com, kubat@itu.edu.tr Keywords: the Historical Peninsula, morphological regions, urban blocks, urban design, Beyazıt Square Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space The concept of urban square is a debated issue in the context of urban design practices in Islamic cities. Recognizing the relation between urban morphology and urban design studies in city planning and urban design practices is highly vital. Beyazıt Square, which is the center of the city of Istanbul, could not be integrated to the other parts of the city either configurationally or socially although many design projects have been previously planned and discussed. In this study, the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul is observed as an essential unit of the traditional path reflecting each civilization, namely Roman, Byzantium, Ottoman and Republic of Turkey that have been settled in the region. Transformations in urban blocks in Beyazıt region are elaborated through a series of morphological analyses based on the Conzenian approach of urban morphology. Morphological regions of the Historical Peninsula are identified and Beyazıt region is addressed in detail in terms of the transformations in urban block components, that are; street, plot and buildings. The effects of surrounding units which are the mosque, university buildings, booksellers and Grandbazaar on Beyazıt Square are discussed according to the morphological analyses that are applied to the region. Previous design practices and the existing plan of the area are observed through the analyses including town plan, building block, and land use and ownership patterns. It is revealed that existing design problems in Beyazıt Square come from the absence of urban morphological analyses in all planning and design practices. Through morphological regions as well as the conservation plans, urban design projects can be reconsidered. References Baş, Y. (2010) ‘Production of Urbanism as the Reproduction of Property Relations: Morphologenesis of Yenişehir-Ankara’, PhD thesis, Middle East Technical University. Barret, H.J. (1996) ‘Townscape changes and local planning management in city conservation areas: the example of Birmingham and Bristol’, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham. Bienstman, H. (2007) ‘Morphological Concepts and Landscape Management: The Cases of Alkmaar and Bromsgrove’, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham. Conzen, M.R.G. (1960) Alnwick Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis, Institute of British Geographers, London. Conzen, M.R.G. (2004) Thinking About Urban Form: papers on urban morphology 1932-1998, Peter Lang, Bern. Çelik, Z. (1993) The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century, University of California Press, Berkeley. Günay, B. (1999) Property Relations and Urban Space, METU Faculty of Architecture Press, Ankara. Kubat, A.S. (1999) ‘The morphological history of Istanbul’, Urban Morphology 3.1, 28-41. Noziet, H. (2008) ‘Fabrique urbaine: a new concept in urban history and morphology’, Urban Morphology, 13.1, 55-56. Panerai, P., Castex, J., Depaule, J. C. and Samuels, I. (2004) Urban Forms: The Death and Life of the Urban Block, Architectural Press, Oxford. Tekeli, İ. (2010) Türkiye’nin Kent Planlama ve Kent Araştırmaları Tarihi Yazıları, (Articles of Turkey’s History of Urban Planning and Urban Studies), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, Istanbul. Whitehand, J.W.R. (2001) ‘British urban morphology: the Conzenian tradition’, Urban Morphology 5.2, 3-10. Whitehand, J.W.R. (2009) ‘The structure of urban landscapes: strengthening research and practice’, Urban Morphology 13.1, 5-22.
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Yuan, Qing, and Ran Guo. "Impact of Urban Compactness on Carbon Emission Efficiency in Small Towns in China." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/atxj1734.

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Maintaining a balance between economic development and carbon emissions reduction is an important part of low-carbon development in modern cities. At present, the positive effect of urban compactness on carbon emission efficiency has been demonstrated in large cities, but few studies have been carried out on small towns. Small towns are an important part of China’s urban system, accounting for 70% of the total population and 60% of the national GDP. Most small towns in China still promote economic growth and enhance the social welfare of residents by large-scale urban construction, which inevitably leads to urban expansion and high carbon emissions. How to reduce carbon emissions by optimising urban form while continuing with economic development and maintaining people’s welfare has become an important issue faced by small towns in China. To guide the low-carbon planning of small towns, it is necessary to understand the relationship between urban compactness and the economic benefit and socialwelfare levels associated with the carbon emissions in small towns. This study quantitatively analyse the relationship between urban compactness and carbon emission efficiency (including CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency) in small towns in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2008 to 2017. This study resulted in four main findings. (i) the expansion of urban scale had significantly improved the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency; (ii) the compactness presented opposite effects on the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency, compactness had a negative correlation with CO2 economic efficiency, and had a positive correlation with CO2 social efficiency; (ii) The CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency both show an upward trend over the period 2008 to 2017; (iv) The relationship between GDP and carbon emissions in small towns did not reach an ideal state, the economies of small towns in China are still strongly dependent on scale expansion.
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Tufek-Memisevic, Tijana, and Zina Ruzdic. "Mitigating post-oil sustainability challenges in a topographically framed transit-oriented city." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ioxj4775.

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Maintaining a balance between economic development and carbon emissions reduction is an important part of low-carbon development in modern cities. At present, the positive effect of urban compactness on carbon emission efficiency has been demonstrated in large cities, but few studies have been carried out on small towns. Small towns are an important part of China’s urban system, accounting for 70% of the total population and 60% of the national GDP. Most small towns in China still promote economic growth and enhance the social welfare of residents by large-scale urban construction, which inevitably leads to urban expansion and high carbon emissions. How to reduce carbon emissions by optimising urban form while continuing with economic development and maintaining people’s welfare has become an important issue faced by small towns in China. To guide the low-carbon planning of small towns, it is necessary to understand the relationship between urban compactness and the economic benefit and socialwelfare levels associated with the carbon emissions in small towns. This study quantitatively analyse the relationship between urban compactness and carbon emission efficiency (including CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency) in small towns in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2008 to 2017. This study resulted in four main findings. (i) the expansion of urban scale had significantly improved the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency; (ii) the compactness presented opposite effects on the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency, compactness had a negative correlation with CO2 economic efficiency, and had a positive correlation with CO2 social efficiency; (ii) The CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency both show an upward trend over the period 2008 to 2017; (iv) The relationship between GDP and carbon emissions in small towns did not reach an ideal state, the economies of small towns in China are still strongly dependent on scale expansion.
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Li, Yanqun, Hong Geng, and Erpeng Shi. "Response Path Adapted to the Unbalanced Shrinkage of Small Towns in Metropolitan Areas." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/aeut4486.

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Along with the global wave of urbanization, urban agglomerations with megacities as the core have become the main form of urbanization in various countries. The polarization effect around the metropolis leads to the centripetal flow of capital, labour, land and other resource elements in the surrounding small towns, which causes the shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis, such as population reduction, economic recession, idle housing and dilapidated space. The shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis has become a global issue. However, as an important spatial unit in the spectrum of urbanization that serves, connects and couples urban and rural areas, the shrinking phenomenon faced by small towns has an important influence on the healthy development of urbanization. Exploring the development path of adaptive shrinkage for small towns has become an important part of the healthy urbanization of metropolises. Based on the public data of population, land and economy in Wuhan, China from 2004 to 2014, this paper uses GIS and other spatial analysis technologies to comprehensively measure the relevant characteristics of the shrinkage of small towns. The results showed that the small towns in Wuhan are in the form of "unbalanced shrinkage" under a local growth. And the towns present a spatial pattern of "circle increasing shrinkage" around the boundary of main downtown. With a further exploration of the formation mechanism of "unbalanced shrinkage", it is found that this shrinkage pattern is caused by a combination function of various factors, such as downtown deprivation in the policies supply, centripetal delivery of social capital and reconstruction of regional division of labour network. Based on this, this paper tries to propose some response paths for small towns in metropolitan areas to adapt to the "unbalanced shrinkage". First of all, the small towns should integrate into the regional differential development pattern and strive for the institutional dividend. Secondly, the small towns should promote an industrial transformation, and then attract the market release of social capital. Thirdly, the small towns should improve the living environment and promote intensive use of land. Through these paths, we can stabilize the three-level structure system of “urban-township-village”, and ensure the healthy urbanization of metropolitan areas.
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Reports on the topic "Social issues in town planning"

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 18: Issues affecting social acceptability of fuels treatments. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v18.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 17: Considering social acceptability of fuels treatments. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v17.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 10: Stages of collaboration. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v10.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 11: Challenges to collaboration. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v21.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 09: Benefits of collaboration. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v9.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 12: Keys to successful collaboration. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v12.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 15: Landscape change and aesthetics. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v15.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 14: Landscape preference in forested ecosystems. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v14.

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Esposito, Christine. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 16: Prescribed fire and visual quality. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v16.

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USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 05: The importance of working locally. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-21-v5.

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