Journal articles on the topic 'Social issue behaviours'
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1
O'Cass, Aron, and Deborah Griffin. "Eliciting positive social change: marketing’s capacity to drive prosocial behaviours." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33, no. 5 (August 3, 2015): 826–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-02-2014-0027.
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Purpose – While social marketing has been utilised to bring about positive social change, ultimately, the decision to engage in prosocial behaviour resides with the individual. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants and outcomes of prosocial behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – A web-based self-administered survey was used to collect data from a convenience sample of largely university staff and students. Data obtained were analysed using SEM-based partial least squares methodology. Findings – The results show that individuals who are future oriented and issue involved are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour. Also, these individuals are more likely to assess fewer negative consequences and experience more positive feelings as a result of their prosocial behaviour. Research limitations/implications – While the study focuses on two social issues, it does provide some explanation of self-reported behaviour, rather than intention to behave. However, future research could pay attention to a wider array of social issues and undertake post hoc testing to measure the characteristics of the chosen social issues. This may enhance findings, and provide greater support for the generalisability of the model. Also, future research could be directed towards the examining the role of perceived risk and feelings as an outcome of behaviour. Practical implications – A better understanding of the prosocial individual can assist in designing more effective social marketing campaigns. In particular, focusing on positive feelings as a result of engaging in prosocial behaviour has practical implications. Originality/value – Little attention has been given in the marketing and consumer behaviour literature to understanding the prosocial individual. To this end, this research empirically tests a model of prosocial behaviour for two social issues that integrates determinants (social responsibility, time orientation and issue involvement) and outcomes (assessment of negative consequences and feelings). Moreover, the results highlight that positive feelings are a significant outcome of prosocial behaviour.
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Gordon, Goren. "Social behaviour as an emergent property of embodied curiosity: a robotics perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1771 (March 11, 2019): 20180029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0029.
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Social interaction is an extremely complex yet vital component in daily life. We present a bottom-up approach for the emergence of social behaviours from the interaction of the curiosity drive, i.e. the intrinsic motivation to learn as much as possible, and the embedding environment of an agent. Implementing artificial curiosity algorithms in robots that explore human-like environments results in the emergence of a hierarchical structure of learning and behaviour. This structure resembles the sequential emergence of behavioural patterns in human babies, culminating in social behaviours, such as face detection, tracking and attention-grabbing facial expressions. These results suggest that an embodied curiosity drive may be the progenitor of many social behaviours if satiated by a social environment. This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
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Kelly, Aubrey M., and Maren N. Vitousek. "Dynamic modulation of sociality and aggression: an examination of plasticity within endocrine and neuroendocrine systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0243.
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Endocrine and neuroendocrine systems are key mediators of behavioural plasticity and allow for the ability to shift social behaviour across dynamic contexts. These systems operate across timescales, modulating both rapid responses to environmental changes and developmental plasticity in behavioural phenotypes. Thus, not only do endocrine systems mediate behavioural plasticity, but also the systems themselves exhibit plasticity in functional capabilities. This flexibility at both the mechanistic and behavioural levels can be crucial for reproduction and survival. Here, we discuss how plasticity in nonapeptide and steroid actions may influence the expression of, and allow rapid shifts between, sociality and aggression—behavioural shifts that can be particularly important for social interactions. Recent findings of overlap in the mechanisms that modulate social and aggressive behaviour suggest the potential for a mechanistic continuum between these behaviours. We briefly discuss the potential for a sociality–aggression continuum and novel techniques that will enable probing of the functional connectivity of social behaviours. From an evolutionary perspective, we suggest that plasticity in endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms of behaviour may be important targets of selection, and discuss the conditions under which we would predict selection to have resulted in differences in endocrine plasticity across species that differ in social organization. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Garcia-Marques, Leonel, and Mário B. Ferreira. "Is Observing Behaviour the Best Way to Understand Behaviour?" Social Psychological Bulletin 13, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): e26076. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/spb.v13i2.26076.
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Dolinski (2018, this issue) argues that Social Psychology may hardly be considered a science of behaviour anymore, given the rarity of published studies in which the dependent measures involve behaviours other than the completion of surveys, pressing of keys on a computer keyboard, or clicking a mouse. In the present, we comment on this void of empirical studies in which “real” human behaviours are examined to put forward the following points: i) Key-pressing can be a human behaviour as meaningful as any other more complex behaviour (i.e., behavioural complexity is not a good criterion for meaningfulness), ii) Lessons learned from past research in social psychology have shown us that studying “real” behaviour introduces a number of well-known complications, iii) Improvement in the comprehension of human behaviour depends more on a strong theoretical lens constrained by results obtained via rigorous experimentation than on the complexity of people’s observed actions.
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Wullenkord, Ricarda, and Friederike Eyssel. "Imagine how to behave: the influence of imagined contact on human–robot interaction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1771 (March 11, 2019): 20180038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0038.
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Imagined contact (IC), that is, mentally simulating an interaction with an outgroup member, reduces negative attitudes towards outgroup members, increases contact intentions, and reduces intergroup anxiety in human–human intergroup context. Our experiment tested the effectiveness of IC with a robot to improve human–robot interaction (HRI). Social psychological literature suggested that IC provides a behavioural script for an interaction. Hence, an imagined scenario similar to a real contact scenario should be more effective in eliciting the aforementioned positive effects. We therefore examined the effect of similarity between IC with a robot and the following actual HRI on interaction perception, and behaviours towards the robot. High similarity was expected to lead to a more positive perception of HRI and more positive interaction behaviour towards the robot (e.g. more social behaviour). Results showed that perceived HRI quality was evaluated more positively and participants displayed more social behaviour towards the robot when the imagined task resembled the HRI that followed, compared to when it did not resemble the subsequent HRI. When controlling for covariates, the effects on number of social behaviours and perceived interaction quality remained significant, however, there was no effect on the total amount of time spent producing social behaviours. This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
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Cojocaru, Natalia, and Olga Guţu. "Social representations, professional practices and organizational changes." Univers Pedagogic, no. 4(76) (December 2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52387/1811-5470.2022.4.15.
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In this article, we will analyse how the theory of social representations can be used in the successful implementation of strategic changes at the institutional level. Just as social representations guide human actions and behaviours, investigating the representations that individuals have with reference to the issue of change allows us to identify possible attitudinal and behavioural responses to planned organizational change.
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Gersick, Andrew S., and Daniel I. Rubenstein. "Physiology modulates social flexibility and collective behaviour in equids and other large ungulates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0241.
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Though morphologically very similar, equids across the extant species occupy ecological niches that are surprisingly non-overlapping. Occupancy of these distinct niches appears related to subtle physiological and behavioural adaptations which, in turn, correspond to significant differences in the social behaviours and emergent social systems characterizing the different species. Although instances of intraspecific behavioural variation in equids demonstrate that the same body plan can support a range of social structures, each of these morphologically similar species generally shows robust fidelity to its evolved social system. The pattern suggests a subtle relationship between physiological phenotypes and behavioural flexibility. While environmental conditions can vary widely within relatively short temporal or spatial scales, physiological changes and changes to the behaviours that regulate physiological processes, are constrained to longer cycles of adaptation. Physiology is then the limiting variable in the interaction between ecological variation and behavioural and socio-structural flexibility. Behavioural and socio-structural flexibility, in turn, will generate important feedbacks that will govern physiological function, thus creating a coupled web of interactions that can lead to changes in individual and collective behaviour. Longitudinal studies of equid and other large-bodied ungulate populations under environmental stress, such as those discussed here, may offer the best opportunities for researchers to examine, in real time, the interplay between individual behavioural plasticity, socio-structural flexibility, and the physiological and genetic changes that together produce adaptive change. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Spencer, Karen A. "Developmental stress and social phenotypes: integrating neuroendocrine, behavioural and evolutionary perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0242.
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The social world is filled with different types of interactions, and social experience interacts with stress on several different levels. Activation of the neuroendocrine axis that regulates the response to stress can have consequences for innumerable behavioural responses, including social decision-making and aspects of sociality, such as gregariousness and aggression. This is especially true for stress experienced during early life, when physiological systems are developing and highly sensitive to perturbation. Stress at this time can have persistent effects on social behaviours into adulthood. One important question remaining is to what extent these effects are adaptive. This paper initially reviews the current literature investigating the complex relationships between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neuroendocrine systems and several aspects of social behaviour in vertebrates. In addition, the review explores the evidence surrounding the potential for ‘social programming’ via differential development and activation of the HPA axis, providing an insight into the potential for positive effects on fitness following early life stress. Finally, the paper provides a framework from which novel investigations could work to fully understand the adaptive significance of early life effects on social behaviours. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
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Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., J. Plenzler, and D. Jakubas. "Indications of contagious behaviours in the southern elephant seal: an observational study." Behaviour 156, no. 1 (2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003530.
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Abstract Behavioural contagion is a curious phenomenon of human social life which is believed to facilitate group living. It has also been demonstrated in animals that some behaviours may be contagious: how widespread this phenomenon is remains unclear, as only a few species have been tested. In this context, we examined whether three behaviours commonly exhibited by moulting southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina): “sneezing”, scratching and yawning could be contagious. Using the randomization approach, we found this to be the case in general for all the behaviours, although the pattern was not that obvious or present at all for all the social groups. This indicates there is a potential for social contagion but the issue is complex. Despite limitations associated with observational study on small-size social groups, this is the first report of contagious behaviours in marine mammals and is to encourage further investigation.
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Adams, Geoffrey K., Wei Song Ong, John M. Pearson, Karli K. Watson, and Michael L. Platt. "Neurons in primate prefrontal cortex signal valuable social information during natural viewing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1819 (January 11, 2021): 20190666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0666.
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Information about social partners is innately valuable to primates. Decisions about which sources of information to consume are highly naturalistic but also complex and place unusually strong demands on the brain's decision network. In particular, both the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) play key roles in decision making and social behaviour, suggesting a likely role in social information-seeking as well. To test this idea, we developed a ‘channel surfing' task in which monkeys were shown a series of 5 s video clips of conspecifics engaged in natural behaviours at a field site. Videos were annotated frame-by-frame using an ethogram of species-typical behaviours, an important source of social information. Between each clip, monkeys were presented with a choice between targets that determined which clip would be seen next. Monkeys' gaze during playback indicated differential engagement depending on what behaviours were presented. Neurons in both OFC and LPFC responded to choice targets and to video, and discriminated a subset of the behaviours in the ethogram during video viewing. These findings suggest that both OFC and LPFC are engaged in processing social information that is used to guide dynamic information-seeking decisions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
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Ragusa, Angela T. "Awareness that coal-powered energy is environmentally degrading insignificantly affects its consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 158 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015802001.
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This paper contributes findings from a social survey conducted to examine individual awareness of coal’s non-renewability, environmental issues, and home energy behaviours. The sample exhibited high (86%) awareness of coal’s non-renewability and 74% self-identified energy issues as key environmental problems affecting their lives. Government presumptions that education campaigns are needed to increase Australian public awareness of carbon emissions and may induce pro-environmental energy behaviours are questioned. Energy issue awareness failed to significantly affect 4 home energy behaviours (choosing A/C settings, type of home temperature control, turning lights off in unoccupied rooms, turning appliances off standby) for ‘environmental sustainability’ reasons. Findings support international research documenting disparity between individual awareness of environmental issues and pro-environmental actions for such issues. Consistent with prior research, age was the most significant factor affecting pro-environmental energy behaviours. Older individuals were most likely to consider environmental sustainability for home temperature and A/C settings. Education, age, and energy issue awareness did not significantly affect ‘low stakes’ consumption behaviours (appliances or lights) for environmental reasons. In locations with non-renewable energy, policy and education initiatives improving knowledge that aggregated carbon consumption from seemingly minor individual behaviours may reduce environmental degradation may make ‘unnecessary’ energy consumption less culturally normative or acceptable.
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Kavaliers, Martin, and Elena Choleris. "The role of social cognition in parasite and pathogen avoidance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0206.
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The acquisition and use of social information are integral to social behaviour and parasite/pathogen avoidance. This involves social cognition which encompasses mechanisms for acquiring, processing, retaining and acting on social information. Social cognition entails the acquisition of social information about others (i.e. social recognition) and from others (i.e. social learning). Social cognition involves assessing other individuals and their infection status and the pathogen and parasite threat they pose and deciding about when and how to interact with them. Social cognition provides a framework for examining pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours and their associated neurobiological mechanisms. Here, we briefly consider the relationships between social cognition and olfactory-mediated pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours. We briefly discuss aspects of (i) social recognition of actual and potentially infected individuals and the impact of parasite/pathogen threat on mate and social partner choice; (ii) the roles of ‘out-groups’ (strangers, unfamiliar individuals) and ‘in-groups’ (familiar individuals) in the expression of parasite/pathogen avoidance behaviours; (iii) individual and social learning, i.e. the utilization of the pathogen recognition and avoidance responses of others; and (iv) the neurobiological mechanisms, in particular the roles of the nonapeptide, oxytocin and steroid hormones (oestrogens) associated with social cognition and parasite/pathogen avoidance. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.
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Gervis, Misia, Daniel Rhind, and Amber Luzar. "Perceptions of emotional abuse in the coach–athlete relationship in youth sport: The influence of competitive level and outcome." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2016): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116676103.
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Emotional abuse has been highlighted as a key issue within the youth sport context. The present study investigated how perceptions of emotional abuse are influenced by situational factors. Two hundred and eight participants (107 athletes and 101 coaches) were shown a series of vignettes depicting emotionally abusive behaviour by a coach towards a 14-year-old athlete. Differences in perceptions were explored in relation to the level of competition (elite, county and club) and performance outcome (successful/unsuccessful) depicted in the vignette. Participants rated each vignette on a 5-point scale in terms of the extent to which the coach’s behaviour had an impact on the athlete’s performance and well-being as well as the perceived commonality and acceptability of the behaviour. Two-way ANOVAs revealed that competitive level and performance outcome, both as main effects and as an interaction, significantly influenced perceptions. These findings can inform policy and practice to change attitudes and behaviours which support and justify emotionally abusive behaviours in youth sport contexts.
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Sugarman, Roy. "A neurobehavioural approach to use of clinical competencies in supporting individuals with multi-axial diagnoses." Australian Health Review 24, no. 4 (2001): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010197.
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Individuals with multiple diagnoses most often present with social difficulties, with either aggressive or withdrawn behaviour predominating. In individuals with behaviours that represent changes at a neural level, and in those withcomorbid psychiatric diagnoses, these behaviours often represent obstacles to rehabilitation. Consequently there is little consensus as to how such patients can be assessed, treated and interacted with, and so too there is little potential toimprove outcomes with guided training. When multiple agencies are involved, such patients may 'fall between the cracks' and undergo prolonged and disempowering interventions with poor outcomes in the absence of individual programmes. This article addresses the core issue of empowerment in the assessment and community-based rehabilitation of patients with multiple mental health issues, and utilises a case report format to illustrate the methodology.
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Perry, Susan. "Behavioural variation and learning across the lifespan in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1803 (June 2020): 20190494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0494.
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Natural selection has evidently mediated many species characteristics relevant to the evolution of learning, including longevity, length of the juvenile period, social organization, timing of cognitive and motor development, and age-related shifts in behavioural propensities such as activity level, flexibility in problem-solving and motivation to seek new information. Longitudinal studies of wild populations can document such changes in behavioural propensities, providing critical information about the contexts in which learning strategies develop, in environments similar to those in which learning strategies evolved. The Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project provides developmental data for the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus , a species that has converged with humans regarding many life-history and behavioural characteristics. In this dataset, focused primarily on learned aspects of foraging behaviour, younger capuchins are more active overall, more curious and opportunistic, and more prone to inventing new investigative and foraging-related behaviours. Younger individuals more often seek social information by watching other foragers (especially older foragers). Younger individuals are more creative, playful and inventive, and less neophobic, exhibiting a wider range of behaviours when engaged in extractive foraging. Whereas adults more often stick with old solutions, younger individuals often incorporate recently acquired experience (both social and asocial) when foraging. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
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COSTA-FONT, JOAN, and PHILIPA MLADOVSKY. "Social capital and the social formation of health-related preferences and behaviours." Health Economics, Policy and Law 3, no. 4 (October 2008): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133108004635.
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AbstractSocial capital appears to be an important determinant of health production and health utilization and demand. However, there is limited evidence on the mechanisms underlying this relationship. In this article we draw on the evidence and insights reported in this special issue along with findings from the economic and other social science literature to develop a discussion on the explanations of the likely (behavioural) mechanisms that underpin the connection between social capital and health. An important and under-explored influence mediating the relationship between social capital and health (behaviour) lies in the ‘social formation of health preferences and constraints’ individuals face in determining their life-styles and in using health care. In particular, we point to the interdependence in how individuals in the first place perceive and also respond to common health risks and the role of cultural transmission and social identity as conveyors of this process. We argue that an emerging body of evidence suggesting that interdependent preferences influence health calls for further re-formulation of traditional demand for and production of health models. Additionally, methodological problems are highlighted and possible ways forward suggested.
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Keller, Laurent. "Adaptation and the genetics of social behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0108.
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In recent years much progress has been made towards understanding the selective forces involved in the evolution of social behaviour including conflicts over reproduction among group members. Here, I argue that an important additional step necessary for advancing our understanding of the resolution of potential conflicts within insect societies is to consider the genetics of the behaviours involved. First, I discuss how epigenetic modifications of behaviour may affect conflict resolution within groups. Second, I review known natural polymorphisms of social organization to demonstrate that a lack of consideration of the genetic mechanisms involved may lead to erroneous explanations of the adaptive significance of behaviour. Third, I suggest that, on the basis of recent genetic studies of sexual conflict in Drosophila , it is necessary to reconsider the possibility of within-group manipulation by means of chemical substances (i.e. pheromones). Fourth, I address the issue of direct versus indirect genetic effects, which is of particular importance for the study of behaviour in social groups. Fifth, I discuss the issue of how a genetic influence on dominance hierarchies and reproductive division of labour can have secondary effects, for example in the evolution of promiscuity. Finally, because the same sets of genes (e.g. those implicated in chemical signalling and the responses that are triggered) may be used even in species as divergent as ants, cooperative breeding birds and primates, an integration of genetic mechanisms into the field of social evolution may also provide unifying ideas.
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Kroeger, Svenja B., Daniel T. Blumstein, and Julien G. A. Martin. "How social behaviour and life-history traits change with age and in the year prior to death in female yellow-bellied marmots." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1823 (March 8, 2021): 20190745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0745.
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Studies in natural populations are essential to understand the evolutionary ecology of senescence and terminal allocation. While there are an increasing number of studies investigating late-life variation in different life-history traits of wild populations, little is known about these patterns in social behaviour. We used long-term individual based data on yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) to quantify how affiliative social behaviours and different life-history traits vary with age and in the last year of life, and how patterns compare between the two. We found that some social behaviours and all life-history traits varied with age, whereas terminal last year of life effects were only observed in life-history traits. Our results imply that affiliative social behaviours do not act as a mechanism to adjust allocation among traits when close to death, and highlight the importance of adopting an integrative approach, studying late-life variation and senescence across multiple different traits, to allow the identification of potential trade-offs.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’
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Arhire, Lidia Iuliana. "Personal and Social Responsibility in Obesity." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjdnmd-2015-0039.
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Abstract The health of a population is a social asset. The individual and the society contribute to it through biology and behaviour, environment and health systems. An ethical and responsible conduct from all parties is expected but difficult to legislate while seeking to respect personal and collective rights and freedoms. Out of all chronic diseases related to lifestyle, obesity is the best example to give when discussing if individuals are the only ones responsible for engaging in healthy behaviours or not, or whether environmental factors undermine their ability to act in their best interest and erode their freedom. It is still a controversial issue if the heath systems resources could be distributed according to the personal responsibility for health. The aim of this article is to review literature data about personal and social responsibility in relation to obesity.
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Odimegwu, Clifford, Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun, and Vesper H. Chisumpa. "REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN POSITIVE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201800010x.
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SummaryThe question of youth sexual behaviour has been widely debated, with researchers such as Berhan and Berhan (2015) arguing that young adults aged 15–24 are more likely to engage in risky behaviours. However, research has not adequately addressed the issue of positive sexual behaviours, in particular among young people in sub-Saharan Africa. Adapting the compensatory model of risk and resiliency theory, this study examined the determinants of positive sexual behaviours among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Using recent data from Demographic and Health Surveys of sixteen countries representative of each African region (East, West, Southern and Central), it was hypothesized that positive sexual behaviours of youth (condom use at last sex and single sexual partnership) would be most strengthened by protective factors at the individual and family levels, and that these behaviours would differ by region due to regional variation in socio-cultural practices. Delayed age at sexual debut (first sex after the age of 15) was found to be the strongest protective factor for positive sexual behaviours among males and females in sub-Saharan Africa. Certain socioeconomic variables were found to be positively associated with positive sexual behaviours and the associations differed by gender.
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Dubis, Malgorzata, and Jolanta Karbowniczek. "Youth in View of the Issue of School Violence." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 8 (March 31, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n8p70.
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Violence and aggression has become common phenomena in modern world, they include almost all fields of social life. The reflection of problems the society copes with, is visible in the way of perceiving the educational values by pupils and their behaviour at school. The nature of the educational process organised by school is mainly the interactions among teachers and pupils and pupils themselves. They are not always the best. The anxiety among guidance counsellors and psychologists raises the fact that the cooperation rule and mutual help are replaced by the rule of dominance, extortion and force. The cases of ignoring the teacher's orders are more and more common, lack of respect towards the teaching staff, humiliating adults and vandalism. Pupils battle against teachers and peers too. The school hall is a kind of arena of undesirable behaviours. Therefore, the school as an institution in which children and young people spend 1/3 of their time during the day, should not only deal with teaching but take an active part in the implementation of activities in the field of broadly understood prevention and upbringing. Therefore there are challenges in front of the school aiming at stopping, limiting or even eliminating negative behaviours from children's and teenagers' lives.
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Rinker, Katelyn. "Prevention of Psychological Abuse in Paediatric Populations." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885500.
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There are times when neglect or verbal abuse can be nearly as traumatic as physical assault. The social problem of violence relies on the fields of psychology and criminal justice to gain a deeper understanding of aggressive behaviour. These issues are especially troubling in children, who may not have the power to defend themselves, along with other members of special populations. Experiences of trauma during human development can also come with new challenges, such as altered family values through learned behaviors. Aggression is can be learned from family members or close relatives through modeling acts of anger. The reasons underlying child abuse is explored to raise awareness on this serious issue in society. The cycle of violence is also discussed in detail. And the adverse effects of abuse and neglect are emphasized. These concepts include negative health risks, such insomnia, drug use, and nicotine dependence. Other detrimental effects include a poor sense of self-image and low self-esteem, which can increase feelings of self-loathing and disgust. The opinions of specialists in human development and behavioural medicine are voiced to understand violent behavior in individuals prone to criminal behaviours. Experts from a book known as the Societal Burden of Child Abuse explain the aspects of traumatization.
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Dinet, Céline, Alphée Michelot, Julien Herrou, and Tâm Mignot. "Linking single-cell decisions to collective behaviours in social bacteria." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1820 (January 25, 2021): 20190755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0755.
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Social bacteria display complex behaviours whereby thousands of cells collectively and dramatically change their form and function in response to nutrient availability and changing environmental conditions. In this review, we focus on Myxococcus xanthus motility, which supports spectacular transitions based on prey availability across its life cycle. A large body of work suggests that these behaviours require sensory capacity implemented at the single-cell level. Focusing on recent genetic work on a core cellular pathway required for single-cell directional decisions, we argue that signal integration, multi-modal sensing and memory are at the root of decision making leading to multicellular behaviours. Hence, Myxococcus may be a powerful biological system to elucidate how cellular building blocks cooperate to form sensory multicellular assemblages, a possible origin of cognitive mechanisms in biological systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
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Beautrais, Annette L. "Risk Factors for Suicide and Attempted Suicide among Young People." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00691.x.
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Objective: Suicide rates in young people have increased during the past three decades, particularly among young males, and there is increasing public and policy concern about the issue of youth suicide in Australia and New Zealand. This paper summarises current knowledge about risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in young people. Method: Evidence about risk factors for suicidal behaviour in young people was gathered by review of relevant English language articles and other papers, published since the mid-1980s. Results: The international literature yields a generally consistent account of the risk factors and life processes that lead to youth suicide and suicide attempts. Risk factor domains which may contribute to suicidal behaviour include: social and educational disadvantage; childhood and family adversity; psychopathology; individual and personal vulnerabilities; exposure to stressful life events and circumstances; and social, cultural and contextual factors. Frequently, suicidal behaviours in young people appear to be a consequence of adverse life sequences in which multiple risk factors from these domains combine to increase risk of suicidal behaviour. Conclusions: Current research evidence suggests that the strongest risk factors for youth suicide are mental disorders (in particular, affective disorders, substance use disorders and antisocial behaviours) and a history of psychopathology, indicating that priorities for intervening to reduce youth suicidal behaviours lie with interventions focused upon the improved recognition, treatment and management of young people with mental disorders.
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Aboud, Frances. "Special issue call for papers: Challenges of changing health behaviours." Social Science & Medicine 71, no. 12 (December 2010): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.10.002.
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Gunes, Hatice, Oya Celiktutan, and Evangelos Sariyanidi. "Live human–robot interactive public demonstrations with automatic emotion and personality prediction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1771 (March 11, 2019): 20180026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0026.
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Communication with humans is a multi-faceted phenomenon where the emotions, personality and non-verbal behaviours, as well as the verbal behaviours, play a significant role, and human–robot interaction (HRI) technologies should respect this complexity to achieve efficient and seamless communication. In this paper, we describe the design and execution of five public demonstrations made with two HRI systems that aimed at automatically sensing and analysing human participants’ non-verbal behaviour and predicting their facial action units, facial expressions and personality in real time while they interacted with a small humanoid robot. We describe an overview of the challenges faced together with the lessons learned from those demonstrations in order to better inform the science and engineering fields to design and build better robots with more purposeful interaction capabilities. This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
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Wen, Nicole J., Aiyana K. Willard, Michaela Caughy, and Cristine H. Legare. "Watch me, watch you: ritual participation increases in-group displays and out-group monitoring in children." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1805 (June 29, 2020): 20190437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0437.
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Collective rituals serve social functions for the groups that perform them, including identifying group members and signalling group commitment. A novel social group paradigm was used in an afterschool programme ( N = 60 4–11-year-olds) to test the influence of participating in a ritual task on in-group displays and out-group monitoring over repeated exposures to the group. The results demonstrate that ritual participation increases in-group displays (i.e. time spent displaying materials to in-group members) and out-group monitoring (i.e. time spent looking at out-group members) compared with a control task across three time points. This study provides evidence for the processes by which rituals may influence children's behaviours towards in- and out-group members and discusses implications for understanding the development of ritual cognition and behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
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Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob, Daniel W. Franks, and Kristine Meise. "Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0008.
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The impact of environmental change on the reproduction and survival of wildlife is often behaviourally mediated, placing behavioural ecology in a central position to quantify population- and community-level consequences of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. This theme issue demonstrates how recent conceptual and methodological advances in the discipline are applied to inform conservation. The issue highlights how the focus in behavioural ecology on understanding variation in behaviour between individuals, rather than just measuring the population mean, is critical to explaining demographic stochasticity and thereby reducing fuzziness of population models. The contributions also show the importance of knowing the mechanisms by which behaviour is achieved, i.e. the role of learning, reasoning and instincts, in order to understand how behaviours change in human-modified environments, where their function is less likely to be adaptive. More recent work has thus abandoned the ‘adaptationist’ paradigm of early behavioural ecology and increasingly measures evolutionary processes directly by quantifying selection gradients and phenotypic plasticity. To support quantitative predictions at the population and community levels, a rich arsenal of modelling techniques has developed, and interdisciplinary approaches show promising prospects for predicting the effectiveness of alternative management options, with the social sciences, movement ecology and epidemiology particularly pertinent. The theme issue furthermore explores the relevance of behaviour for global threat assessment, and practical advice is given as to how behavioural ecologists can augment their conservation impact by carefully selecting and promoting their study systems, and increasing their engagement with local communities, natural resource managers and policy-makers. Its aim to uncover the nuts and bolts of how natural systems work positions behavioural ecology squarely in the heart of conservation biology, where its perspective offers an all-important complement to more descriptive ‘big-picture’ approaches to priority setting. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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de Reus, Koen, Masayo Soma, Marianna Anichini, Marco Gamba, Marianne de Heer Kloots, Miriam Lense, Julia Hyland Bruno, Laurel Trainor, and Andrea Ravignani. "Rhythm in dyadic interactions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1835 (August 23, 2021): 20200337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0337.
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This review paper discusses rhythmic interactions and distinguishes them from non-rhythmic interactions. We report on communicative behaviours in social and sexual contexts, as found in dyads of humans, non-human primates, non-primate mammals, birds, anurans and insects. We discuss observed instances of rhythm in dyadic interactions, identify knowledge gaps and propose suggestions for future research. We find that most studies on rhythmicity in interactive signals mainly focus on one modality (acoustic or visual) and we suggest more work should be performed on multimodal signals. Although the social functions of interactive rhythms have been fairly well described, developmental research on rhythms used to regulate social interactions is still lacking. Future work should also focus on identifying the exact timing mechanisms involved. Rhythmic signalling behaviours are widespread and critical in regulating social interactions across taxa, but many questions remain unexplored. A multidisciplinary, comparative cross-species approach may help provide answers. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
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Rowe, Joanne, and Chrystal Jaye. "Caring for self-harming patients in general practice." Journal of Primary Health Care 9, no. 4 (2017): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc17023.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Intentional self-harm is an international public health issue with high personal, social and financial costs to society. Poor relationship dynamics are known to have a negative influence on the psyche of people who self-harm, and this can increase anxiety and decrease self-esteem, both shown to be significant contributors to self-harm behaviours. Positive and functional social supports have been proposed as a cost-effective and constructive approach in diminishing self-harming behaviours. AIM This qualitative study investigated the aspects of professional, social, familial and romantic relationships that people who have self-harmed identified as having a positive and constructive effect on their self-harm behaviour. METHODS Twelve participants with a history of self-harming behaviours were recruited through free press advertising in primary care and interviewed. The participants ranged in age from 19 to 70 years, and represented New Zealand (NZ) European and Māori from across the Southern region of NZ. RESULTS This study shows that constructive relationships that inhibit self-harm behaviours are characterised by participants’ perceptions of authenticity in their relationships, and knowing that other people genuinely care. Feeling cared for within an authentic therapeutic relationship enabled participants to overcome their perception of being damaged selves and gave them the skills and confidence to develop functional relationships within their communities. A relationship-centred care approach may be useful for general practitioners seeking to develop more effective therapeutic relationships with patients who deliberately self-harm.
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Jeznach, Maria, Beata Sawicka, Marta Szymańczyk, and Agnieszka Duczmańska. "THE ROLE OF SOCIAL ADVERTISING IN TOURISM." Folia Turistica 51 (June 30, 2019): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1593.
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Purpose. The main objective of the study was to determine the role of social advertising in tourism on the example of “Bloody souvenir” advertising. Method. The research method used for the purpose of this work was focused group interview (FGI). Findings. As a result of the discussion, the respondents considered this ad unsuccessful. Although it promotes patterns of behaviour while counteracting negative behaviours and phenomena in tourism, it is too brutal. While discussing the issue, it was recognised that the role of this social advertising in tourism is related to its educational and informational function, which is a well-fulfilled social role. Research and conclusions limitations. Empirical research concerns only the views of the studied group. They should not be generalised to the population in Poland. Practical implications. The study can be used for broader qualitative research and is a tool for formulating detailed research areas. Originality. Focused group interview was carried out based on the prepared original scenario. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research.
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Chester, Verity, and Peter E. Langdon. "The clinical utility of social information processing theory in assessing and treating offenders with autism spectrum disorder." Advances in Autism 2, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-07-2016-0019.
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Purpose Social deficits are central within conceptualisations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and separately linked to offending behaviour. Social problem-solving interventions are often used with offenders, but little research has examined the social information processing (SIP) skills of individuals with ASD and a history of criminal offending behaviours. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper will introduce the SIP model, review SIP research as applied to those with ASD and in forensic populations, and further consider the relevance to the assessment and treatment of offenders with ASD. Findings Difficulties in all areas of the SIP model are noted in ASD and research suggests these difficulties may be directly linked to behaviour. Practical implications It is possible that identifying SIP abilities and deficits could improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes for this group. Originality/value This paper reviews the utility of social information models in the offending behaviour of people with ASD.
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Stangherlin, Isadora do Carmo, and Marcia Dutra de Barcellos. "Drivers and barriers to food waste reduction." British Food Journal 120, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2364–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2017-0726.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse main drivers and barriers to food waste reduction in the consumption phase and analyse pathways to anti-wastage behaviours.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was performed in order to understand the main variables affecting the behaviour and to identify pathways to move to an anti-waste behaviour. In the end, 84 articles were selected for the final analysis.FindingsDrivers and barriers to reduce food waste were categorised in societal factors, personal factors and behavioural factors. Variables can increase the amount of waste (+) or reduce it (−). From them, efforts to move to an anti-wastage behaviour are classified in macro-environmental change, retailers’ engagement, raise awareness of the issue and creating anti-wastage social norms.Research limitations/implicationsThe systematic review did not capture all variables that can influence consumer food waste and it is necessary different approaches to study the issue.Practical implicationsFrom the drivers for food waste reduction it is possible to design efforts to help consumers change their pattern of behaviour.Social implicationsReducing food waste has effects in changing economic inequality, relative poverty and environmental damages.Originality/valueThe great majority of studies that analyse consumer food waste focus on behaviours that increase food waste. This special paper identifies how to stimulate and proactively work with behaviours that help to food waste reduction.
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Khandekar, Rajendra. "The ZP Framework and Effective Leadership Behaviour in Problematic, Non-Problematic and Issue-Ridden Situations." FIIB Business Review 8, no. 3 (September 2019): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319714519869072.
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A review of leadership literature reveals three patterns. First, all leadership theories address problematic situations. Second, leadership theories address problems at increasingly complex levels of social systems from individual to relationships to groups to organizations and finally societies. Third, leadership theories imply that an effective leader identifies, flexibly prioritizes and acts accordingly on task and emotional problems confronting the social system to achieve goals. This paper reframes the concept of ‘situation’ using the Zeroth P (ZP) framework to integrate the above three patterns. The ZP framework provides a way to sort situations into four different types of problematic and non-problematic situations. It is proposed that each type of situation requires different types of leader behaviours. The proposed appropriate combinations are: Celebratory behaviour in a non-problematic situation when what is happening is what should be happening; Boundary-clarifying behaviour, in a non-problematic situation where nothing is happening that should not be happening; Rebellious behaviour when what is happening should not be happening; and Visionary/Innovative behaviour when the leader envisions a better world or situation that does not yet exist, but should exist. Application of the framework is illustrated at the individual and group levels, and research avenues are pointed out.
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Milligan, Meg, Hoon Peow See, Hall P. Beck, Sherrionda Crawford, and Kanessa Miller Doss. "SUICIDALITY: COLLEGE STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2022.18.1.7.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies suicidality, the experience of suicidal thoughts or behaviour including attempts, as an ongoing global public health concern. The WHO estimated that more than 79% of suicides in 2016 occurred in low to middle income nations, with 60% of these occurring in Asia. Suicides are often underreported and misclassified as death by other causes. As a result, obtaining accurate information is difficult. This problem is exacerbated in developing countries facing limited budgets, legislative barriers, and social stigma. These realities place greater responsibility on researchers to collect and interpret data. This study addressed this issue in a sample of 176 college students in Malaysia. The Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), which examines individual attitudes and behaviour concerning suicide, was administered and demographic information was collected on gender, age, ethnicity, and religion. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25). Results showed no significant gender effects, but there were significant differences across religions. This is discussed in terms of buffering effects and minority-majority status. This study increases knowledge about suicidality among college students in Malaysia, a high-risk group. Recommendations for prevention and intervention and future research are included.
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Clavel, Chloé. "Surprise and human-agent interactions." Expressing and Describing Surprise 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.13.2.08cla.
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Affective Computing aims at improving the naturalness of human-computer interactions by integrating the socio-emotional component in the interaction. The use of embodied conversational agents (ECAs) – virtual characters interacting with humans – is a key answer to this issue. On the one hand, the ECA has to take into account the human emotional behaviours and social attitudes. On the other hand, the ECA has to display socio-emotional behaviours with relevance. In this paper, we provide an overview of computational methods used for user’s socio-emotional behaviour analysis and of human-agent interaction strategies by questioning the ambivalent status of surprise. We focus on the computational models and on the methods we use to detect user’s emotion through language and speech processing and present a study investigating the role of surprise in the ECA’s answer.
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Williams, Marc O., Lorraine Whitmarsh, Geoffrey Haddock, and Diarmait Mac Giolla Chríost. "A Grounded Theory of Pro-Nature Behaviour: From Moral Concern to Sustained Action." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 8944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168944.
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Worldwide ecosystem decline is a pressing issue that has led governments to sign up to biodiversity-related targets, but little is known about what drives individuals’ conservation behaviour. This study uses a qualitative methodology (grounded theory) to understand what leads to pro-nature attitudes and behaviours. Twenty participants (10 men; 10 women) underwent semi-structured interviews and audio files were transcribed and coded to form the basis of theory. The authors propose a model based on interview material in which species with intrinsic value (i.e., deemed valuable in their own right, not for their usefulness to humans) are within the bounds of moral consideration. Individuals with generalised beliefs about the intrinsic value of non-human species expressed moral concern for human-caused impacts on nature. External prompts, including social messages, were associated with sporadic pro-nature behaviours. Individuals engaging in sustained behaviour showed evidence of having internalised moral standard of pro-nature actions and also appeared to fashion a social environment that would sustain and enhance their moral views. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to conservation campaign messaging and government policy.
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桑澤悟史, 桑澤悟史. "8050 議題之考量—由社會轉變及傳統家庭結構分析—." 台灣應用日語研究 28, no. 28 (December 2021): 053–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199875792021120028003.
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<p>日本因進入快速老化的社會，故浮現年長者須面對的社會問題，同時，因社會及經濟系統的去穩定作用，例如嚴厲失業環境或學校或工作場合與他人的增強競爭，開始有人因沒有對社會生活的適應能力而窩居家中、隔絕於社會，這些人被稱為繭居族。當他們退出社會且窩在家中愈久，年紀漸增也失去獲得自撐所需要的技能，因而造成 80 餘歲的父母要用其退休金去支撐其 50 餘歲的孩子，此稱為 8050 議題。</p> <p>社福組織及研究者主要論辯點在於快速轉變的社會如何形成繭居族以及其行為如何影響 8050 議題，然而，因該論點聚焦於社會快速轉變，而缺乏傳統家庭結構與價值如何影響 8050 議題的可能性，日本的家庭似乎仍保留傳統習俗，而這些習俗仍影響著家庭的思維與行為。</p> <p>基於以上背景，本論文將結合快速社會轉變及傳統家庭結構與價值兩個面向之概念，以釐清 8050 議題之機轉。</p> <p> </p><p>Since Japan has entered into super aging society, there have appeared social problems with which elderly people have faced. Simultaneously, because of destabilization of society and economic system such as tough employment environments or intensifying competition with others in schools or working places, there were people who isolated from society and kept staying home for long time due to maladaptive response to social life. These people are called as hikikomori. As they withdrew from society and stayed their houses longer and longer, they got aged and lost the opportunity to acquire skills necessary for their self-support. As a consequence, parents in their 80s who are receiving pensions need to support their children in their 50s. This issue is called as the 8050 issue. Social service organizations and researchers mainly argue how drastic social transformation produce hikikomori and how their behaviours influence toughness of the 8050 issue. However, because of the focus on the influence by drastic social transformation, their arguments would lack the prospects about how traditional family structure and value influence the 8050 issue. Japanese family seems to remain traditional custom and such custom still affects family’s thoughts and behaviours. Due to these backgrounds, this paper will clarify the mechanism of 8050 issue with combining both of theories of drastic social transformation and concepts about traditional family structure and value.</p> <p> </p>
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BERESTYCKI, H., S. D. JOHNSON, R. OCKENDON, and M. PRIMICERIO. "Foreword to the special issue of EJAM on crime modelling." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 21, no. 4-5 (August 2, 2010): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792510000227.
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This special issue is one of the very first dedicated to crime modelling in a journal of applied mathematics. It emphasizes one of the new areas at the Social Science frontier, where modelling and mathematical tools are put to use with a view to shed light on phenomena previously thought to be outside of their reach. Pioneering research is increasingly being carried out in many different areas in the life sciences or social sciences, often under the heading of the study of complex systems. When addressing issues regarding society, individuals or the collective behaviours of humans, several questions naturally arise about the modelling enterprise. What is the nature and role of modelling in social sciences? What is one to expect from these new approaches? The case of economics, which has relied on mathematics for a very long time now, can serve as a paradigm for what is happening in other social sciences.
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Densten, Iain L., and James C. Sarros. "The impact of organizational culture and social desirability on Australian CEO leadership." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 33, no. 4 (June 8, 2012): 342–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437731211229296.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the effect of cultural and social acceptance on CEO leadership.Design/methodology/approachSeveral instruments were used to capture key concepts (i.e. Organisational Culture Profile, Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Transformational Leadership Inventory, and Leader Reward and Punishment Questionnaire), which were examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Data were collected from 635 Australian CEOs.FindingsThe results of hierarchical multi‐regression analysis clarified the importance of self‐deception and impression management as influential context factors, and how both operate at the pinnacle of organisations. The study also identifies that transformational and transactional leadership behaviours were uniquely influenced by specific cultural dimensions, and suggests that CEOs use combinations of these behaviours to respond to four cultural dimensions (i.e. emphasis on rewards, performance orientation, innovation, and stability) in order to produce competitive advantages.Research limitations/implicationsThe study highlights how CEOs are still vulnerable to conforming to the social norms of their organisation and also how CEOs use a repertoire of leadership behaviours, in response to the importance of different cultural dimensions.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the leadership literature by directly addressing how context impacts on CEO leadership in three specific areas: social acceptance needs, demographics and culture. Further, the study investigates CEO transformational and transactional leadership behaviours rather than global constructs, and directly addresses the common method variance issue.
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Grüter, Christoph, Evelien Jongepier, and Susanne Foitzik. "Insect societies fight back: the evolution of defensive traits against social parasites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0200.
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Insect societies face many social parasites that exploit their altruistic behaviours or their resources. Due to the fitness costs these social parasites incur, hosts have evolved various behavioural, chemical, architectural and morphological defence traits. Similar to bacteria infecting multicellular hosts, social parasites have to successfully go through several steps to exploit their hosts. Here, we review how social insects try to interrupt this sequence of events. They can avoid parasite contact by choosing to nest in parasite-free locales or evade attacks by adapting their colony structure. Once social parasites attack, hosts attempt to detect them, which can be facilitated by adjustments in colony odour. If social parasites enter the nest, hosts can either aggressively defend their colony or take their young and flee. Nest structures are often shaped to prevent social parasite invasion or to safeguard host resources. Finally, if social parasites successfully establish themselves in host nests, hosts can rebel by killing the parasite brood or by reproducing in the parasites' presence. Hosts of social parasites can therefore develop multiple traits, leading to the evolution of complex defence portfolios of co-dependent traits. Social parasites can respond to these multi-level defences with counter-adaptations, potentially leading to geographical mosaics of coevolution. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
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Pinter-Wollman, Noa, Andrea Jelić, and Nancy M. Wells. "The impact of the built environment on health behaviours and disease transmission in social systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1753 (July 2, 2018): 20170245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0245.
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The environment plays an important role in disease dynamics and in determining the health of individuals. Specifically, the built environment has a large impact on the prevention and containment of both chronic and infectious disease in humans and in non-human animals. The effects of the built environment on health can be direct, for example, by influencing environmental quality, or indirect by influencing behaviours that impact disease transmission and health. Furthermore, these impacts can happen at many scales, from the individual to the society, and from the design of the plates we eat from to the design of cities. In this paper, we review the ways that the built environment affects both the prevention and the containment of chronic and infectious disease. We bring examples from both human and animal societies and attempt to identify parallels and gaps between the study of humans and animals that can be capitalized on to advance the scope and perspective of research in each respective field. By consolidating this literature, we hope to highlight the importance of built structures in determining the complex dynamics of disease and in impacting the health behaviours of both humans and animals.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour’.
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Provenza, F. D., P. Gregorini, and P. C. F. Carvalho. "Synthesis: foraging decisions link plants, herbivores and human beings." Animal Production Science 55, no. 3 (2015): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14679.
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Herbivores make decisions about where to forage and what combinations and sequences of foods to eat, integrating influences that span generations, with choices manifest daily within a lifetime. These influences begin in utero and early in life; they emerge daily from interactions among internal needs and contexts unique to biophysical and social environments; and they link the cells of plants with the palates of herbivores and humans. This synthesis summarises papers in the special issue of Animal Production Science that explore emerging understanding of these dynamics, and suggests implications for future research that can help people manage livestock for the benefit of landscapes and people by addressing (1) how primary and secondary compounds in plants interact physiologically with cells and organs in animals to influence food selection, (2) temporal and spatial patterns of foraging behaviours that emerge from these interactions in the form of meal dynamics across landscapes, (3) ways humans can manage foraging behaviours and the dynamics of meals for ecological, economic and social benefits, and (4) models of foraging behaviour that integrate the aforementioned influences.
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Bhawuk, Dharm P. S. "Building Cultural Bridges Between China and India." Psychology and Developing Societies 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333621990457.
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Employing one of the established theories from cross-cultural psychology and sociology, first it is shown that both China and India are collectivist cultures. Then the Chinese and Indian worldviews are compared to highlight fundamental similarities between the two cultures. Finally, it is shown how self-cultivation is emphasised in both China and India. Effort is made to show how ideas presented by Confucius and Lao Tsu are captured in the Indian culture and social behaviours. A number of issues are raised for the development of indigenous knowledge from multiple perspectives using various paradigms and methodology. It is hoped that the special issue and this article will stimulate researchers to bridge Chinese and Indian psychologies which may pave the path towards peaceful prosperity.
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Wood, Matthew. "Resilience research and social marketing: the route to sustainable behaviour change." Journal of Social Marketing 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-01-2018-0006.
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PurposeThis paper aims to argue that resilience – and its underlying socio-ecological perspective – is a critical concept that could serve to integrate different views on, and approaches to, social marketing. The aim is to inspire social marketers to move away from narrow, issue-based interventions targeting individual behaviours and to consider the impact of social ecologies, particularly the contribution resilience research can make to behaviour change.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper; socio-ecological models and the resilience concept are discussed and applied to a current “wicked problem” – obesity.FindingsFrom a socio-ecological perspective, research findings highlight the impact macro, meso and micro forces have on behaviour and the importance of a child’s micro-system and the influence it has on development and life outcomes. Building resilience requires a relationship-building, person-centred, holistic and long-term developmental approach to behaviour change.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a conceptual paper that introduces new concepts to the social marketing field. Future research should focus on understanding how to implement a resilience-building approach in practice – including the interrelationships and interactions between individual, family and community resilience – and how resilience can be integrated within systematic, socio-ecological thinking when addressing “wicked problems”.Practical implicationsRather than blaming and targeting individuals, the goal should be to create an environment that supports parents, families and communities to build resilience at the micro, meso and macro levels. The findings support the argument that social marketers should adopt an upstream approach to develop interventions that make the environment the primary focus. Social marketers should collaborate with, and learn from, social workers, psychologists and educationalist to further their understanding of resilience. This would have a positive, sustainable impact on a whole range of social and health issues, ultimately helping to address the overarching issue of social inequality.Social implicationsBuilding resilience amongst individuals, families and communities offer a means to achieve fundamental positive social change and to reduce social, economic and health inequality.Originality/valueThe paper offers a unique perspective on how and why resilience – and its underlying socio-ecological framework – should be applied within the social marketing field.
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Saleem, Arshad, Amber Nasreen Anjum, and Beenish Chaudhry. "Social Identity and Uncertainty: A Study of Responsible Societal Factors for Growing Extremism." JISR management and social sciences & economics 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2020.18.1.11.
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The study aims to investigate the issue of growing extremism with reference to the wider theme of societal factors as a reason for this growing menace. Society is responsible for developing particular behaviours amongst dwellers. Their attitudes are shaped up by multiple influencing factors around; it may be political, economic, or it may be merely an influence supported by culture. This study explores the said factors within two dimensions; 1. the effects of cultural and social identity on human behaviour; and 2. the influence of uncertainty on growing extremism and crimes. Quantitative data was collected from a highly educated segment of society from all over Pakistan. To obtain the data, a Likert scale was administered amongst research participants; who are working as educational leaders, teachers, scholars and tertiary level students. The findings of the research are thought-provoking and setting a direction to work forward and to dig up more.
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Ruaux, Geoffrey, Sophie Lumineau, and Emmanuel de Margerie. "The development of flight behaviours in birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (June 24, 2020): 20200668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0668.
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Flight is a unique adaptation at the core of many behaviours in most bird species, whether it be foraging, migration or breeding. Birds have developed a wide diversity of flight modes (e.g. flapping, gliding, soaring, hovering) which involves very specialized behaviours. A key issue when studying flight behaviours is to understand how they develop through all the ontogenetic stages of birds, from the embryo to the flying adult. This question typically involves classical debates on animal behaviour about the importance of maturation and experience. Here, we review the literature available on the development of flight behaviours in birds. First, we focus on the early period when young birds are not yet capable of flight. We discuss examples and show how endogenous processes (e.g. wing flapping in the nest, flight development timing) and environmental factors (e.g. maternal stress, nutritional stress) can influence the development of flight behaviours. Then, we review several examples showing the different processes involved in the development of flight in flight-capable juveniles (e.g. practice, trial and error learning, social learning). Despite the lack of experimental studies investigating this specific question at different developmental stages, we show that several patterns can be identified, and we anticipate that the development of new tracking techniques will allow us to study this question more thoroughly in more bird species.
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Kholisoh, Nur, Mohamad Saifudin Mohamad Saleh, Siti Muslihatul Mahmudah, and Nurzali Ismail. "Youth Character Building Anti-Pornography in South East Asia." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2022-3804-04.
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Media effects are one of the ten problems youths face today. Pornography is media content that causes a lot of negative effects on youth. Social media today exposes a lot of pornographic content that can be easily accessed by youth. At the same time, pornography among youth is a serious issue in Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia and Malaysia are countries in Southeast Asia with similar social and cultural backgrounds. The parents play an important role in preventing the impact of pornography among youth. Additionally, youth’s perceptions of pornography also play a role in shaping anti-pornography behaviours. This research aimed to analyse the influence of communication between parents and youth and youth’s perceptions of pornography on the formation of anti-pornography behaviour and attitudes. The population in this study were youth in 4 cities in Indonesia and Malaysia. This research used the cluster purposive sampling technique to determine samples from each cluster based on specific considerations (purposive), with an age range of 20-24 years. Based on the Slovin formula, the total sample obtained is 800 respondents. This study used path analysis as a data analysis technique. The results showed that communication between parents and youth did not have a direct and significant influence on the formation of anti-pornography behaviours. Meanwhile, youth’s perception of pornography has a direct and significant influence on developing anti-pornography behaviours. Most respondents thought that pornographic scenes on social media do not conform to religious values and that watching pornographic content on social media is addictive. Keywords: Pornography, anti-pornographic attitude, perception, youths, Indonesia and Malaysia.
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Rossi, Paolo. "The Rubik’s cube of social accountability." Society and Business Review 9, no. 3 (October 7, 2014): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-01-2013-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the convergence of the social reporting guidelines available in Italy. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a documentary analysis of four selected social reporting guidelines provided by Italian institutions or translated in Italian. Findings – The results of the analysis point out that it is possible to identify an isomorphic convergence among the guidelines, though differences remain relevant and express peculiar institutional expectations on the behaviours of different typologies of organizations. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to Italian social reporting guidelines; however, it provides a methodology which could be applied in different contexts. Practical implications – This study identifies the leading and primary issues in social reporting practices across different sectorial and methodological schemes. Social implications – The convergence of social reporting guidelines has a twofold implication: on one hand, social accountability is plastic issue, adaptable to different organization sectors and typologies; on the other, a common codification and commodification of social accountability is emerging. Originality/value – The article proposes a cross-sectorial analysis of social reporting methodologies, to identify analogies, differences and trends of institutionalization and standardization of this process.
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Perry, Susan, and Marco Smolla. "Capuchin monkey rituals: an interdisciplinary study of form and function." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1805 (June 29, 2020): 20190422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0422.
Full textAbstract:
Many white-faced capuchin monkey dyads in Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica, practise idiosyncratic interaction sequences that are not part of the species-typical behavioural repertoire. These interactions often include uncomfortable or risky elements. These interactions exhibit the following characteristics commonly featured in definitions of rituals in humans: (i) they involve an unusual intensity of focus on the partner, (ii) the behaviours have no immediate utilitarian purpose, (iii) they sometimes involve ‘sacred objects’, (iv) the distribution of these behaviours suggests that they are invented and spread via social learning, and (v) many behaviours in these rituals are repurposed from other behavioural domains (e.g. extractive foraging). However, in contrast with some definitions of ritual, capuchin rituals are not overly rigid in their form, nor do the sequences have specific opening and closing actions. In our 9260 h of observation, ritual performance rate was uncorrelated with amount of time dyads spent in proximity but (modestly) associated with higher relationship quality and rate of coalition formation across dyads. Our results suggest that capuchin rituals serve a bond-testing rather than a bond-strengthening function. Ritual interactions are exclusively dyadic, and between-dyad consistency in form is low, casting doubt on the alternative hypothesis that they enhance group-wide solidarity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.