Journal articles on the topic 'Social interactions in relationships'
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Huang, Tianchun. "Analysis of the Irreplaceability of Offline Relationship." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022797.
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During covid 19, traditional offline social interaction becomes difficult. Benefiting from the availability of social media, people are increasingly relying on social media to socialize. Can social media interaction replace real-life interaction? Is a social media-based relationship a sufficient substitution for a real relationship? This article divides social media interaction into reciprocal and non-reciprocal and compares two different social media interactions with real-life interactions. For the reciprocal social media interaction, The first research question distinguishes computer-mediated communication (CMC) from face-to-face (FtF) and discusses the possibility of CMC replacing FtF. Because the absence of social cues cannot be made up, CMC is not a sufficient substitute for FtF. For the non-reciprocal social media interaction, the second research question focuses on parasocial interaction-induced parasocial relationships. Because of non-reciprocality and lack of authenticity, the parasocial relationship is not a good substitute for a real relationship. In conclusion, social media relationship is not a sufficient substitute for a real relationship, but they can be used as a good supplement to a real relationship. The difference between reciprocal social media relationships and non-reciprocal social media relationships is also discussed. Reciprocal social media relationships and real relationships are interchangeable, while non-reciprocal social media relationships cannot transform into real relationships.
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Chao, Mei-Ru. "Family Interaction Relationship Types and Differences in Parent-Child Interactions." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 7 (August 1, 2011): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.7.897.
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The structure of family interaction relationship types and the differences of parent-child interactions based on parent-child samples in Taiwan were examined in this study. Eight interaction relationship types were examined; empathy, constraint, compromise, acquiescence, conflict, camouflage, indifference, and defensiveness. No significant differences were found in the family interaction relationship types between sons and daughters. Mothers were found to show more empathy than fathers in family interaction relationships; while children show more constraint, compromise, and acquiescence than parents, which all contribute to harmonious family interaction relationships.
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Wu, Chih-Lun, and Shwu-Min Horng. "Social Commerce Intention, Social Interaction, and Social Support." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.307565.
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A higher number of socially anxious users were found as more users joined social network sites. Since social commerce has become an important issue, this study investigated the effect of social anxiety on online users’ social commerce intention. Online social interactions are hypothesized to influence social commerce intention directly or indirectly through online social support. 427 effective samples were collected from Facebook users, and the results confirmed most of the causal effects. The study also tested the moderating effect of social anxiety on the causal effects. Of the eight relationships, social anxiety significantly moderates six of them. The relationships between online social interaction and emotional support and between online social interaction and social commerce intention are stronger for users with higher social anxiety. For users with lower social anxiety, the relationship between social support and the receiving of social commerce intention is stronger. The research findings lead to significant theoretical contributions and managerial implications.
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Parry, Sarah L., Jane Simpson, and Ste Weatherhead. "Changing Relationships through Interactions: Preliminary Accounts of Parent–Child Interactions after Undertaking Individual Parent Training." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 35, no. 6 (May 7, 2018): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0547-3.
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AbstractParent and child interaction training has been increasingly investigated over recent years. However, the mechanisms of change within individual training programmes are not well understood. To explore the factors that can facilitate or inhibit meaningful changes in interactions and ultimately relationships, the current study employed semi-structured interviews to obtain first person accounts from parents who had undertaken an individualised parent-training programme. Three participants provided accounts of the training programme and their perceived impact upon interactions with their children were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in three themes, which illustrate how participants adjusted their interactional style with their child to varying degrees through enhanced personal awareness, increased understanding of their child’s emotional and interactional needs, and accepting the reciprocity of interactional accountability. Changes in interactional style enabled participants to alter their perceptions of their own behaviours, their child’s behaviours, and how they influenced one another through interactions. Recommendations for future research and therapeutic practice are discussed in the context of the findings and the existing evidence base.
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Price, Heather E. "Principals’ social interactions with teachers." Journal of Educational Administration 53, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-02-2014-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to link the social interactions between principals and their teachers to teachers’ perceptions of their students’ engagement with school, empirically testing the theoretical proposition that principals influence students through their teachers in the US charter school environment. The mediating influence of latent beliefs of trust and support are tested in this process. Design/methodology/approach – By analyzing pooled network and survey data collected in 15 Indianapolis charter schools using stepwise, fixed-effects regression techniques, this study tests the association between interactions of principals and teachers, on the one hand, and teachers’ perceptions of student engagement, on the other. The extent to which latent beliefs about teachers – in particular, trust in teachers and support of teachers by the administrators – mediate this relationship is also tested. Findings – Direct relationships between principal-teacher interactions and latent beliefs of trust and support are confirmed. Direct relationships between latent beliefs and perceptions of academic and school engagement are also confirmed. There is a relationship between principal-teacher interactions and teacher perceptions of student engagement, but the mediating effect of latent beliefs of trust and support accounts for much of the direct association. The reachability of the principal remains a significant and direct influence on teachers’ perceptions of academic engagement after accounting for trust and support. Research limitations/implications – Moving beyond principals’ personality dispositions in management and turning to the social relationships that they form with teachers adds to the understanding of how principal leadership affects student learning. Empirically distinguishing between the actual interactions and social dispositions of principals helps inform practical implications. Focussing on how principals’ social interactions with teachers influence teachers’ perceptions of students’ engagement provides a theoretical link as to how principals indirectly influence student achievement. Practical implications – The relationships that principals build with teachers have real implications on the beliefs of trust and support among teachers in a school and have a ripple effect on teachers’ perceptions of student engagement. These findings therefore suggest that frequently moving principals among schools is not an ideal policy. Originality/value – This study tests the theoretical boundaries of school organization research by using a within-schools design with charter schools. It also links leadership research to outcomes typically restricted to research on school culture and climate.
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Rodhain, Angélique, and Philippe Aurier. "The child–brand relationship: social interactions matter." Journal of Product & Brand Management 25, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-03-2015-0835.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the child–brand relationship dynamic in interaction with the relationships children develop with their family, peers and teacher. Design/methodology/approach – In all, six classes in French primary schools are observed for six months. Among the 112 children observed, aged 10-11 years, 24 of them are interviewed twice individually and 24 others are interviewed in focus groups. Findings – A lack of coherence between parents, peers and the teacher, as well as with the child’s own desires, affects the child–brand relationship and reduces the child’s self-esteem. Based on this, this study proposes a four-case typology of child–brand relationship dynamics with two criteria: the child’s attitude toward the brand relationship (favorable and unfavorable) and the consistency of attitudes in his/her socialization spheres (peers, parents and teacher) relative to this relationship. Then, the most frequent trajectories children follow across these brand relationship cases are identified. Research limitations/implications – This study applies to branded clothes. Practical implications – From a marketer’s perspective, this study reveals that there are different qualities in child–brand relationships. The strongest one appears when the child feels free from outside pressure and when peers, parents and the teacher create a virtuous circle for brands (or at least do not contradict the child’s desires for brands). Social implications – For public policymakers, it can be useful to be aware that when peers, parents and teachers’ opinions about brands differ, this affects the child’s self-esteem. Originality/value – The study offers a dynamic approach to child–brand relationships.
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MacKINNON, CAROL E. "Influences on Sibling Relations in Families with Married and Divorced Parents." Journal of Family Issues 9, no. 4 (December 1988): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251388009004003.
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Two regression analyses were performed that tested the relationships between the amount of negative sibling interaction and the amount of positive sibling interaction and measures of relationship quality and family form. When measures of husband-wife, mother-child, and father-child relationship quality were controlled, marital status was not significantly related to either measure of sibling interactions. However, when the marital status of the parents (family form) was controlled, both the quality of husband-wife relationship and the quality of mother-child relationship were positively related to positive sibling interaction and negatively related to negative sibling interaction. Regardless of family form, the quality of other relationships in the family were important predictors of sibling interactions.
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Birditt, Kira, Angela Turkelson, Richard Gonzalez, and Toni Antonucci. "CHRONIC NEGATIVE SOCIAL TIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPOSURE AND REACTIVITY TO DAILY SOCIAL INTERACTIONS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.486.
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Abstract Negative relationships (i.e., irritating, demanding) predict poor well-being and daily processes may account for these links. This study examined longitudinal trajectories of negative ties and their links with daily social interactions and well-being. A total of 169 individuals ages 33 to 91 reported negative relationship quality (spouse/child/friend) in 1992, 2005, 2015, and 2018 and completed 4-5 days of surveys every three hours regarding positive and negative social interactions and negative affect. Latent class growth models revealed two trajectories of negative relationships (moderate-stable and low-decreasing). Individuals in the moderate-stable trajectory reported more frequent daily interpersonal tensions but no link with positive interactions. The link between negative relationship trajectories and daily negative affect was moderated by daily positive interactions such that the association was reduced when individuals had positive interactions. Thus, negative ties may increase exposure but not reactivity to daily tensions and daily positive interactions buffer the negative tie-well-being link.
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Fekete, Christine, Jan D. Reinhardt, Mohit Arora, Julia Patrick Engkasan, Mirja Gross-Hemmi, Athanasios Kyriakides, Marc Le Fort, and Hannah Tough. "Socioeconomic status and social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury from 22 countries: Does the countries’ socioeconomic development moderate associations?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): e0255448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255448.
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Background Social relationships are powerful determinants of health and inequalities in social relationships across socioeconomic status (SES) groups may contribute to social inequalities in health. This study investigates inequalities in social relationships in an international sample of persons with spinal cord injury and explores whether social gradients in relationships are moderated by the countries’ socioeconomic development (SED). Methods Data from 12,330 participants of the International SCI Community Survey (InSCI) performed in 22 countries were used. We regressed social relationships (belongingness, relationship satisfaction, social interactions) on individual SES (education, income, employment, financial hardship, subjective status) and countries’ SED (Human Development Index) using multi-level models (main effects). To test potential moderation of the SED, interaction terms between individual SES and countries’ SED were entered into multi-level models. Results Paid work, absence of financial hardship and higher subjective status were related to higher belongingness (OR, 95% CI: 1.50, 1.34–1.67; 1.76, 1.53–2.03; 1.16, 1.12–1.19, respectively), higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.15–1.42; 1.97, 1.72–2.27; 1.20, 1.17–1.24, respectively) and fewer problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95% CI: 0.96, 0.82–1.10; 1.93, 1.74–2.12; 0.26, 0.22–0.29, respectively), whereas associations with education and income were less consistent. Main effects for countries’ SED showed that persons from lower SED countries reported somewhat higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.94–0.99) and less problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95% CI: -0.04, -0.09- -0.003). Results from moderation analysis revealed that having paid work was more important for relationships in lower SED countries, while education and subjective status were more important for relationships in higher SED countries (interaction terms p<0.05). Conclusion Social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury are patterned according to individual SES and the countries’ SED and larger socioeconomic structures partly moderate associations between individual SES and social relationships.
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Andryani, Ria, Edi Surya Negara, Rezki Syaputra, and Deni Erlansyah. "Analysis of Academic Social Networks in Indonesia." Qubahan Academic Journal 3, no. 4 (December 9, 2023): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58429/qaj.v3n4a289.
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Social network analysis to detect communities in social networks is a complex problem, this is due to differences in community definitions and the complexity of social networks. One of the social networks for researchers is the academic social network (ASN). We define the relationships between nodes in ASN into two forms, namely interconnection relationships and interaction relationships. Interconnection relationships are researchers' social relationships that are formed from similarities in discipline between researchers, while interaction relationships are researchers' social relationships that are formed through interactions carried out regarding joint article publications. This research aims to measure the social interactions and social interconnections of researchers in Indonesia using the social network analysis method. The ASN data used in this research comes from the academic social network Researchgate. This research produces information on the social networks of scientific groups in Indonesia and a framework for analyzing researchers' social networks using dual identification community mode which has been able to find and understand the structure of the research community based on records of interactions and interconnections with ASN with similarity values in both forms of network connections 85.9%.
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Wascher, Claudia A. F., Ipek G. Kulahci, Ellis J. G. Langley, and Rachael C. Shaw. "How does cognition shape social relationships?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1756 (August 13, 2018): 20170293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0293.
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The requirements of living in social groups, and forming and maintaining social relationships are hypothesized to be one of the major drivers behind the evolution of cognitive abilities. Most empirical studies investigating the relationships between sociality and cognition compare cognitive performance between species living in systems that differ in social complexity. In this review, we ask whether and how individuals benefit from cognitive skills in their social interactions. Cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and inhibitory control, aid in forming and maintaining social relationships. We investigate whether there is evidence that individual variation in these abilities influences individual variation in social relationships. We then consider the evolutionary consequences of the interaction between sociality and cognitive ability to address whether bi-directional relationships exist between the two, such that cognition can both shape and be shaped by social interactions and the social environment. In doing so, we suggest that social network analysis is emerging as a powerful tool that can be used to test for directional causal relationships between sociality and cognition. Overall, our review highlights the importance of investigating individual variation in cognition to understand how it shapes the patterns of social relationships. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.
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Lee, Seonjeong Ally, and Minwoo Lee. "Effects of relationship types on customers’ parasocial interactions." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-09-2016-0053.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate different types of customer relationships on customers’ interaction with the brand, based on prior social media and relationship marketing research. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional, self-administered online survey was conducted to investigate the role of different types of relationships on customers’ brand-relevant responses in the context of hotel social media platforms. Findings Results identified customers’ relationships with services and brands, and how other customers influenced their parasocial interactions (PSIs). Customers’ PSIs then positively influenced their self-brand connection and their brand usage intention. Originality/value This study was the first attempt to propose a conceptual framework to explain different types of customer relationships on customers’ interactions with the brand in the context of hotel social media platforms.
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Williams, Ellen, Anne Carter, Carol Hall, and Samantha Bremner-Harrison. "Social Interactions in Zoo-Housed Elephants: Factors Affecting Social Relationships." Animals 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100747.
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Elephants have complex social systems that are predominantly driven by ecological factors in situ. Within zoos, elephants are held in relatively static social groups and the factors observed driving social relationships in the wild are largely absent. Little research has investigated the effect of social group factors in zoos on elephant social interactions. The aim of this research was to establish whether there is a relationship between social group factors and social behaviour, in order to identify factors that make elephant herds more or less likely to be compatible. Results will facilitate recommendations for optimum social groupings for zoo elephants. Behavioural data quantifying social interactions were collected between January 2016 and February 2017 at seven UK and Irish zoos and safari parks from 10 African and 22 Asian elephants. Social interactions were split into four categories: positive physical, positive non-physical, negative physical and negative non-physical. Social interactions were related to age (positive physical higher and negative non-physical lower in calves than adults), personality (elephants with higher sociability scores engaged in more positive interactions and less negative interactions), presence of calves in the herd (herds with calves had more positive non-physical), relatedness to other elephants in the herd (positive non-physical were higher when relatives were in the group and negative non-physical were higher between unrelated elephants) and species (Asian elephants engaged in more positive non-physical than African elephants). A greater understanding of factors that may contribute to the success of zoo-elephant social groups is important for individual and herd welfare as it will enable evidence-based decisions which have minimal impact on social structures to be executed. This knowledge will enable proactive management approaches to be undertaken and will thus be paramount in ensuring optimal welfare for elephant herds moving forwards.
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Chen, Yi-Chen, Su-Ling Yeh, Weijane Lin, Hsiu-Ping Yueh, and Li-Chen Fu. "The Effects of Social Presence and Familiarity on Children–Robot Interactions." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094231.
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In children–robot interactions, an impression of a robot’s “social presence” (i.e., an interactive agent that feels like a person) links positively to an improved relationship with the robot. However, building relationships takes many exposures, and there is an intellectual gap in how social presence and familiarity collaborate in modulating children–robot relationships. We investigated whether social presence altered over time, how repeated exposure and social presence affected rapport, and how social presence would modulate children’s attitudes toward the robot. Fourteen children (four female, age = 10.79 ± 1.12) interacted with a companion robot for four days in spontaneous interactions. The findings revealed that children who perceived the robot as having a higher social presence developed a stronger rapport than those who perceived a lower social presence. However, repeated encounters did not change the children’s perceptions of the robot’s social presence. Children rated higher rapport after repeated interactions regardless of social presence levels. This suggests that while a higher social presence initially elevated the positive relationship between children and the robot, it was the repeated interactions that continued solidifying the rapport. Additionally, children who perceived a higher social presence from the robot felt less relational uneasiness about their relationship with robots. These findings highlight the importance of robots’ social presence and familiarity in promoting positive relationships in children–robot interaction.
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Bernstein, Michael J., Matthew J. Zawadzki, Vanessa Juth, Jacob A. Benfield, and Joshua M. Smyth. "Social interactions in daily life." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 372–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517691366.
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It is well established that individuals who engage in more positive social interactions report a broad array of benefit relative to those with fewer positive social interactions. Yet less is known about how, within individuals, naturally occurring social interactions in daily life relate to momentary indicators of health (e.g., mood, psychological, and physiological stress). The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine these within-person relationships, as well as complementary between-person relationships, among 115 adults (75% female; Mage = 41.21). Participants completed six EMA surveys per day for 3 days to report on whether they experienced any social interactions and whether the interactions were pleasant as well as on their mood, pain, tiredness, interest, and perceived stress; they also provided a salivary cortisol sample after each EMA survey. Multilevel modeling analyses showed that individuals felt more happiness and interest, and less sadness, tiredness, and pain, during moments when they were engaged in a social interaction versus when they were not. Individuals also reported less stress during more pleasant versus less pleasant social interactions. When examining between-person effects, we found evidence that people who gave more pleasant interactions generally reported more positive outcomes. This study presents evidence for intraindividual links between social interactions and momentary health indicators in daily life.
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Quoidbach, Jordi, Maxime Taquet, Martin Desseilles, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, and James J. Gross. "Happiness and Social Behavior." Psychological Science 30, no. 8 (July 3, 2019): 1111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619849666.
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It is often assumed that there is a robust positive symmetrical relationship between happiness and social behavior: Social relationships are viewed as essential to happiness, and happiness is thought to foster social relationships. However, empirical support for this widely held view is surprisingly mixed, and this view does little to clarify which social partner a person will be motivated to interact with when happy. To address these issues, we monitored the happiness and social interactions of more than 30,000 people for a month. We found that patterns of social interaction followed the hedonic-flexibility principle, whereby people tend to engage in happiness-enhancing social relationships when they feel bad and sustain happiness-decreasing periods of solitude and less pleasant types of social relationships that might promise long-term payoff when they feel good. These findings demonstrate that links between happiness and social behavior are more complex than often assumed in the positive-emotion literature.
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Kudrnova, Vanessa, Elizabeth S. Spelke, and Ashley J. Thomas. "Infants Infer Social Relationships Between Individuals Who Engage in Imitative Social Interactions." Open Mind 8 (2024): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00124.
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Abstract Infants are born into rich social networks and are faced with the challenge of learning about them. When infants observe social interactions, they make predictions about future behavior, but it is not clear whether these predictions are based on social dispositions, social relationships, or both. The current studies (N = 188, N = 90 males) address this question in 12-month-old infants and 16- to 18-month-old toddlers who observe social interactions involving imitation. In Studies 1 and 3, infants and toddlers expected that imitators, compared to non-imitators, would respond to their social partners’ distress. Likewise, they expected the targets of imitation, compared to non-targets, to respond to their partner’s distress. In Study 2, these expectations did not generalize to interactions with a new partner, providing evidence that infants learned about the relationships between individuals as opposed to their dispositions. In Study 3, infants did not make predictions about responses to laughter, suggesting that infants see imitation as indicative of a specific kind of social relationship. Together, these results provide evidence that imitative interactions support infants’ and toddlers’ learning about the social relationships connecting unknown individuals.
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Trail, Thomas E., J. Nicole Shelton, and Tessa V. West. "Interracial Roommate Relationships: Negotiating Daily Interactions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35, no. 6 (March 12, 2009): 671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167209332741.
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Levy, Jonathan, and Ruth Feldman. "Synchronous Interactions Foster Empathy." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 13 (January 2019): 117906951986579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069519865799.
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Despite growing interest in the neuroscience of empathy, very little is known about the developmental processes that foster the neural maturation of an empathic response. Here, we suggest that the synchronous interaction shapes and fosters the ability to empathize with others. We argue that this intriguing relationship between synchrony and empathy expands beyond the mother-child relationship to social relationships in general. It will be important to further explore this relationship in more social settings and to probe the biological mechanisms, which may underlie it. Advancing research on the relationship between these two social processes may support the work of practitioners, psychologists, and educators in moderating the devastating outcomes of mental disorders and promoting social maturity and growth.
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Wanberg, Connie, Huiyuan Jia, Yukun Liu, Qin Su, and Jingxian Yao. "Socialization through Interactions: Exploring Roles of Social Relationships." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 13566. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.13566symposium.
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Freeberg, Todd M. "Familiarity—The bridge from social interactions to relationships?" Journal of Comparative Psychology 134, no. 2 (May 2020): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/com0000224.
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Liu, Weiwei, Wenqing Xu, and Monica (Shu-Fen) Wu. "The Effect of Tourist-to-Tourist Interaction on Life Satisfaction: A Mediation Role of Social Connectedness." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316257.
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This study examines the general relationship between tourists’ park visits and life satisfaction. Specifically, the article focuses on relationships between verbal and nonverbal and positive and negative tourist-to-tourist interactions, social connectedness, and life satisfaction. Results show that friendly conversation has significant positive relationships with life satisfaction and social connectedness, whereas unfriendly behavior is negatively related to social connectedness. Social connectedness has a significant positive relationship with life satisfaction and plays a mediating role between tourist-to-tourist interaction and life satisfaction. By exploring several types of tourist-to-tourist interaction, this study offers insights into tourist-to-tourist interaction and life satisfaction under a pandemic context.
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Levin, Iris I., David M. Zonana, Bailey K. Fosdick, Se Jin Song, Rob Knight, and Rebecca J. Safran. "Stress response, gut microbial diversity and sexual signals correlate with social interactions." Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 20160352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0352.
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Theory predicts that social interactions are dynamically linked to phenotype. Yet because social interactions are difficult to quantify, little is known about the precise details on how interactivity is linked to phenotype. Here, we deployed proximity loggers on North American barn swallows ( Hirundo rustica erythrogaster ) to examine intercorrelations among social interactions, morphology and features of the phenotype that are sensitive to the social context: stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) and gut microbial diversity. We analysed relationships at two spatial scales of interaction: (i) body contact and (ii) social interactions occurring between 0.1 and 5 m. Network analysis revealed that relationships between social interactions, morphology, CORT and gut microbial diversity varied depending on the sexes of the individuals interacting and the spatial scale of interaction proximity. We found evidence that body contact interactions were related to diversity of socially transmitted microbes and that looser social interactions were related to signalling traits and CORT.
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الصميدعي, منيرة. "Social Interaction of Kindergarten Children." International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts 2, no. 4 (2023): 10–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijesa.2023.v2n4p1.
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Human beings are social creatures, and their existence is tied to their interactions with others, whether these interactions are positive or negative. One can devote much of their life to helping others, or live selfishly and prioritize their personal interests. Social interaction in any society is influenced by the psychological, social, and political conditions that the society experiences. The more a climate of warmth, empathy, and stability prevails, the more positive the relationships between individuals will be, and the opposite leads to negative relationships. Today, our Iraqi society needs social cohesion and positive relationships between its members more than ever, due to the unjust economic blockade that the country suffers from, which has led to negative behavior and attitudes among its youth. Ethics are the guardian of the individual and the foundation of a civilized society. It is not enough for the teacher to guide individuals on virtues, as a good education requires a long process of continuous commitment, and depends largely on a good family environment. The current research aims to identify the aspects of social interaction among preschool children and to clarify the importance of social interaction. Children begin interacting from the earliest days of their lives, and this interaction grows until the preschool stage, where they acquire the ability to communicate effectively.
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Choi, Minje, David Jurgens, and Daniel M. Romero. "Analyzing the Engagement of Social Relationships during Life Event Shocks in Social Media." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 17 (June 2, 2023): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22134.
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Individuals experiencing unexpected distressing events, shocks, often rely on their social network for support. While prior work has shown how social networks respond to shocks, these studies usually treat all ties equally, despite differences in the support provided by different social relationships. Here, we conduct a computational analysis on Twitter that examines how responses to online shocks differ by the relationship type of a user dyad. We introduce a new dataset of over 13K instances of individuals' self-reporting shock events on Twitter and construct networks of relationship-labeled dyadic interactions around these events. By examining behaviors across 110K replies to shocked users in a pseudo-causal analysis, we demonstrate relationship-specific patterns in response levels and topic shifts. We also show that while well-established social dimensions of closeness such as tie strength and structural embeddedness contribute to shock responsiveness, the degree of impact is highly dependent on relationship and shock types. Our findings indicate that social relationships contain highly distinctive characteristics in network interactions, and that relationship-specific behaviors in online shock responses are unique from those of offline settings.
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Achen, Rebecca M. "Re-examining a model for measuring Facebook interaction and relationship quality." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 9, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2018-0082.
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Purpose Research in sport has examined the use of social media by organizations and athletes, but little research has assessed the effectiveness of social media marketing, especially in terms of relationship-building. When relationship marketing is used as a framework for using social media, it should also be used to guide assessment. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine a model for measuring the impact of fans’ Facebook interactions with their favorite sport team on relationship quality, purchase intentions and referral intentions. Design/methodology/approach After conducting a survey of professional sport fans through Amazon Mechanical Turk, data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The total sample size was 425. Findings Results indicated the more a fan interacts with their favorite team on Facebook, the higher their relationship quality and intentions to purchase. There was no significant effect on referral intentions. Additionally, the indirect effect of Facebook interaction on purchase intention as mediated by relationship quality was positive and significant. Research limitations/implications Based on results, it appears that relationship marketing can be used as a framework for assessing social media marketing effectiveness in sport, and that as suggested by relationship marketing theory, social media interaction does improve relationships between fans and teams. Researchers should continue to explore this model and include other variables, such as team identification, to gain a thorough understanding of social media marketing effectiveness. Practical implications Sport marketers should focus strategy on Facebook on building relationships through content that encourages interactions between the team and fans. Originality/value While research in sport has suggested social media be used to build relationships, little research measuring whether it actually does so exists. This study extends social media research in sport by modeling and testing the relationships between social media interaction, relationship quality and consumer behavioral intentions.
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Aw, Eugene Cheng-Xi, and Lauren I. Labrecque. "Celebrity endorsement in social media contexts: understanding the role of parasocial interactions and the need to belong." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 7 (September 14, 2020): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2019-3474.
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Purpose As celebrity endorsements have extended from traditional media to social media, the role of celebrities has been amplified and celebrities have been able to establish unprecedentedly close relationships through interacting with consumers. This study, grounded in the theory of parasocial interactions and celebrity endorsement, aims to propose a framework of antecedents and outcomes of parasocial interactions with celebrities on social media. Design/methodology/approach Using an experimental survey-based approach, this study collected 270 usable responses, and data were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling. Findings The study found that parasocial interactions fully mediate the relationship between social media interaction and celebrity attachment, celebrity attachment influences purchase intention directly and indirectly through both cognitive (brand credibility) and affective (brand attractiveness) elements, the need to belong moderates the relationship between social media interaction and parasocial interactions and the need to belong moderates the relationship between celebrity attachment and brand attractiveness. An exploratory analysis uncovers whether different types of social platforms may be more conducive to establishing parasocial interactions. Originality/value This study explores the mechanisms by which celebrity interactions on social media can impact the brands they endorse and the role that parasocial interactions and the need to belong play in these interactions and outcomes.
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Wei, Dawei, Huansheng Ning, Yuke Qian, and Tao Zhu. "Social relationship for physical objects." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 155014771875496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718754968.
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To apply the algorithms in Internet of Things for physical world objects, the relationship between physical objects is becoming more and more complicated. As we know, social relationship is widely used in human world and social Internet of Things to solve the multiple object problems. Thus, a way via combining social relationship with physical object to solve the problem with a huge number of objects or complicated interactions among objects has been analyzed. This article proposes a new concept of “Physical Objects’ Social Relationship” for describing, managing, and predicting the relationships between physical objects in Internet of Things. The classification method for physical objects’ social relationships is proposed using the spatial-temporal attribute of social relationships. Moreover, the logical expression method for physical objects’ social relationships is discussed.
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Syukurman, M. "SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE ASSYRIA FISHING POND." Dinasti International Journal of Education Management And Social Science 1, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v1i1.33.
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The purpose of this research was to describe the siocial interactions that occur in the Assyria fishing pond. This research done by qualitative research methods, which resulted in descriptive data. Therefore the key instruments was the researcher. The data sources were owners of ponds, pool guards, and anglers. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found: the form of social interaction that has been on the fishing pond of the Assyria family is associative social interactions and social interactions dissociative. Relationships that occur mutually supportive relationships, no disputes, converge in one fishing culture by not releasing their respective cultures. Competence and contraversi are still happening, but do not break the surface. The benefits that can be learned from the fishing of Assyria with the occurrence of soial interactions was the creation of patience, training optimism, and enjoying enjoyment, which can only be felt by anglers, how beautiful fishing. The lesson and wisdom that can be taken is that there was the philosophical business by having a high patience and attitude.
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Growney, Claire, and Tammy English. "Positive Peripheral Social Network Members in Older Age: Global and Daily Appraisals of Social Partners." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 914–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3316.
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Abstract Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests older adults maintain relationships with close social partners with whom they experience positive emotions. It is unclear how age and closeness predict social partner appraisals in different contexts. We examine semantic and experiential appraisals of positivity, as well as emotional outcomes. Participants (N = 258) aged 25-85 (M = 52.05, SD = 16.31) reported their general experience of enjoyment and conflict with social partners of varying closeness. In an experience sampling procedure (6x/day for 10 days), participants reported their current experience of emotions and information about their most recent social interaction: pleasure, discomfort, and relationship closeness with their social partner. Semantic (global) appraisals of relationships positively predicted experiential (daily) appraisals, and this association was stronger among relatively older adults. Results revealed older adults gave less negative appraisals compared to younger adults, regardless of closeness. Older adults reported more positive appraisals than younger adults for non-close relationships, whereas close relationships were evaluated positively regardless of age. For younger adults, interaction pleasure with non-close partners was less strongly linked to subsequent positive emotions than pleasure with close partners. For older adults, however, interaction pleasure predicted greater subsequent positive emotions regardless of relationship closeness. Overall, these findings suggest older adults’ positive appraisals of partners are not simply the result of emotionally gratifying memory distortions. Older adults may be able to derive emotional benefits from a wider variety of social interactions than younger adults, suggesting peripheral social network members can be leveraged to enhance emotional well-being in later adulthood.
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Astagini, Nuria, Veronica Kaihatu, and Yugo Dwi Prasetyo. "INTERAKSI DAN HUBUNGAN PARASOSIAL DALAM AKUN MEDIA SOSIAL SELEBRITI INDONESIA." Communicology: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 5, no. 1 (July 20, 2017): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/communicology.051.05.
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Interaction and parasocial relationships are one-way relationships formed through the media. This type of relationship can be seen through various social media accounts owned by celebrities. Fans interactions with their idol celebrities in social media will lead to the formation of positive and negative parasocial relationships. This study was conducted to see how the relationship and parasocial relationship that exists between the fans with the celebrities in social media. Through observation on social media accounts owned by several celebrities in Indonesia, and in-depth interviews conducted with informants; It is known that various comments given by fans is a description of a parasocial interaction. Fans who always comments on every updated information uploaded by their idol, shows a parasocial relationship. This relationship is a picture of emotional attachment from the fans. The interaction and parasocial relationship in social media are closely related to the concept of hyperreality. All things related to a particular celebrity may be rendered artificially, so the fans will eventually form identification of the celebrity with hyperrealitas or reality that is different from the actual reality.
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Standlee, Alecea. "Technology and Making-Meaning in College Relationships: Understanding Hyper-Connection." Qualitative Sociology Review 12, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.12.2.01.
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This article explores how the use of communication technology has transformed social interactions and the sense of self that is derived from such interactions by considering the role of presence and absence in relationships among college students. Analyzing interviews with 38 participants, I explore how they construct understandings of presence, absence, connection, and disconnection within peer social groups and intimate relationships, indicating the emergence of a culture of hyper-connection. I suggest that technological developments have enabled forms of interaction that encourage frequent connection and the idealization of constant communication among participants. These findings further indicate that the normalization of hyper-connection may have impacts on relationship practices and constructions of identity among participants.
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Cheek, Patrick P., and Catherine Solheim. "The Facilitating Role of Communication Technology in Nonresident Father–Teen Relationships." Family Journal 26, no. 3 (July 2018): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480718795707.
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The goal of this study was to understand communication technology’s role in nonresident father–teen relationships. A qualitative study explored the meanings teens attributed to technology-mediated interactions with their nonresident fathers. The study found that teens’ interactions mediated by contemporary communication technologies helped maintain connections with their fathers in multiple ways, increased intimacy, helped them feel part of the same world, facilitated family interaction, and allowed teens to control access to parts of their lives. Results and implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Pruitt-Britton, Tiffini, Anne Garrison Wilhelm, and Jonee Wilson. "Nurturing students through social interactions." Phi Delta Kappan 103, no. 5 (February 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00317217221079974.
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Student interaction with teachers is crucial to developing caring relationships. Research suggests that when teachers work to build nurturing learning environments, there are substantial benefits for students, especially those from historically marginalized groups. Tiffini Pruitt-Britton, Anne Garrison Wilhelm, and Jonee Wilson share examples from their research that show how using humor, sharing personal stories, and disclosing rationales and mistakes humanize teachers and cultivate an inviting environment that supports student learning.
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Kim, Jihyoung. "Relationships among Teacher-Child Interaction, Peer Play Behaviors, and Preschoolers’ Social Competence." Korea Association of Yeolin Education 31, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18230/tjye.2023.31.3.29.
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This study aimed to examine the structural relationships among teacher-child interactions, peer play behaviors, and preschoolers’ social competencies. Also, this study tested the mediating role of peer play behaviors in the relationships between teacher-child interaction and social competencies. The participants were 1,620 preschoolers and their teachers from the Panel Study on Korean Children. The data was analyzed using Mplus 7. Results of path analysis indicated that teacher-child interaction was positively associated with peer play behaviors and social competence. Also, preschoolers’ peer play behaviors were positively associated with their social competence. Tests of the mediation supported the hypothesized model, such that better teacher-child interactions predicted higher levels of preschoolers’ social competence, and this association was partially mediated through children’s positive peer play behaviors. Findings highlight the importance of teachers’ interaction with preschoolers and positive peer play behaviors to improve preschoolers’ overall social competence.
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Lee, Sun Kyong, Pavitra Kavya, and Sarah C. Lasser. "Social interactions and relationships with an intelligent virtual agent." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 150 (June 2021): 102608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102608.
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Lesniak, Robert J., and Carol L. Hodes. "Social Relationships: Learner Perceptions of Interactions in Distance Learning." Journal of General Education 49, no. 1 (2000): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jge.2000.0004.
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Zhang, Xingyu, Jing Liu, Xiying Li, Hongjuan Ling, Jingjin Shao, and Huamao Peng. "Does Social Interaction Improve Emotional Experience Across Different Relationships? A Study Using Experience Sampling in Older Chinese Adults." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 39, no. 3 (October 13, 2021): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02654075211044120.
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Social interaction is an important way that we as humans connect with others. Socioemotional selectivity theory emphasizes the importance of close relationships, and Chinese culture attaches great importance to family members. As such, this study aimed to examine the differences in the quality of interactions that older Chinese adults have with close partners (e.g., children, friends, and relatives) as well as with other partners (e.g., neighbors, colleagues, and strangers) and to examine the association between interaction quality and emotional experience across these interactions. We collected data from 213 older adults over the course of 14 days. Results indicate that (1) compared to other partners, interactions with close partners are considered to be of higher quality; (2) in interactions with children and relatives, interaction quality is positively associated with positive affect (PA) and negatively associated with negative affect (NA); in interactions with friends and neighbors, interaction quality is only associated with PA; in interactions with colleagues and strangers, interaction quality is not associated with either PA or NA. Overall, interactions with close partners were shown to be considered to be of higher quality, and that the quality of interactions with family members was closely associated with emotional experience.
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Ilany, Amiyaal, Kay E. Holekamp, and Erol Akçay. "Rank-dependent social inheritance determines social network structure in spotted hyenas." Science 373, no. 6552 (July 15, 2021): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1966.
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The structure of animal social networks influences survival and reproductive success, as well as pathogen and information transmission. However, the general mechanisms determining social structure remain unclear. Using data from 73,767 social interactions among wild spotted hyenas collected over 27 years, we show that the process of social inheritance determines how offspring relationships are formed and maintained. Relationships between offspring and other hyenas bear resemblance to those of their mothers for as long as 6 years, and the degree of similarity increases with maternal social rank. Mother-offspring relationship strength affects social inheritance and is positively correlated with offspring longevity. These results support the hypothesis that social inheritance of relationships can structure animal social networks and be subject to adaptive tradeoffs.
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CHAU, CHUNKIT. "From the Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism -Understanding Reciprocal Relationships in Car Boot Markets." Communications in Humanities Research 13, no. 1 (November 20, 2023): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/13/20230240.
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This research study explores the emergence and development of reciprocal relationships within the car boot market in Guangzhou. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Symbolic Interactionism, the motivation behind these relationships is examined. The study uses field research, including in-depth interviews and observations, to gather data on the motivations, interactions, and reciprocal exchanges among market participants. The research objectives include understanding the background and characteristics of the car boot market, exploring the establishment of reciprocal relationships from the perspective of Symbolic Interactionism, and investigating the implications of these relationships for social identities. The research methodology encompasses qualitative methods, such as participant observation and interviews, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the car boot market and its reciprocal dynamics. The research findings indicate that in the car boot market, reciprocal relationships are formed through the exchange of symbols and meaningful interactions among vendors and customers. These relationships contribute to the construction of social identities and foster economic development within the market. Through direct and indirect reciprocity, vendors build networks and expand their social identities beyond their existing relationships. The conclusions drawn from this study underscore the significance of interactional behaviors and symbolic exchanges in the car boot market. The research highlights the applicability of Symbolic Interactionism in analyzing and understanding the nuanced dynamics of reciprocal relationships within informal economies. It offers valuable insights for the development and management of the car boot market and recommends strategies for fostering and sustaining reciprocal relationships.
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Alboji, Muhannad, Sabri Öz, Bahattin Gökhan Topal, and Turgut Gökçek. "Building relationships on Instagram: Enhancing customer engagement and visit intentions in restaurant." International Journal of Data and Network Science 8, no. 4 (2024): 2351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2024.5.021.
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The study examines how Instagram interactions impact customer response in the restaurant context using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework. It explores how interactions on Instagram influence customers' intention to visit a restaurant, online engagement (OEG), and customer involvement (CI). The study highlights the significance of Instagram as a platform for effective interaction and relationship-building with customers, emphasizing its role in the hospitality industry. The study focuses on restaurant pages on Instagram, utilizing structural equation modeling to analyze data from a sample of 242 Instagram users in Turkey who are restaurant customers. The findings reveal that social media (SM) interactions are positively and significantly related to OEG, CI, and visit intention (VI). Furthermore, the results suggest that OEG and CI mediate the relationship between social media interactions (SMI) and VI, supporting the hypotheses concerning the indirect relationships between these variables. This research contributes to understanding SM dynamics and provides insights for restaurant marketers to enhance customer engagement and drive business growth.
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Kabir, Muhammad Ashad, Jun Han, Alan Colman, and Jian Yu. "Social Context as a Service: Managing Adaptation in Collaborative Pervasive Applications." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 24, no. 01 (March 2015): 1540001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843015400018.
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We present a social context as a service (SCaaS) platform for managing adaptations in collaborative pervasive applications that support interactions among a dynamic group of actors such as users, stakeholders, infrastructure services, businesses and so on. Such interactions are based on predefined agreements and constraints that characterize the relationships between the actors and are modeled with the notion of social context. In complex and changing environments, such interaction relationships, and thus social contexts, are also subject to change. In existing approaches, the relationships among actors are not modeled explicitly, and instead are often hard-coded into the application. Furthermore, these approaches do not provide adequate adaptation support for such relationships as the changes occur in user requirements and environments. In our approach, inter-actor relationships in an application are modeled explicitly using social contexts, and their execution environment is generated and adaptations are managed by the SCaaS platform. The key features of our approach include externalization of the interaction relationships from the applications, representation and modeling of such relationships from the domain and actor perspectives, their implementation using a service oriented paradigm, and support for their runtime adaptation. We quantify the platform's adaptation overhead and demonstrate its feasibility and applicability by developing a telematics application that supports cooperative convoy.
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Aziz, Ghafiruna Al, Chumi Zahroul Fitriyah, and Zetti Finali. "Tayangan Video Animasi “Si Nopal” Untuk Mendukung Interaksi Sosial Siswa Sekolah Dasar." Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 10, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2020.v10.i3.p207-216.
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Social interaction is a dynamic social relationship that involves relationships between individuals, between groups, and between individuals and groups. The purpose of this research is to analyse an animated film "Si Nopal" in supporting social interaction of the elementary students. The type and design of the study used in this study is descriptive research. The data collection methods are documentation and interviews. Qualitative data analysis used in this study consisted of three activity processes, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results and discussion it can be seen that the Nopal's animated video can support students' social interactions. The social interactions in the Nopal animated video include the communication process, social contact, and associative processes. Students who are given the animated video show "Si Nopal" have the motivation to imitate the aspects of social interaction in the video shown.
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Clark, Jenna L., and Melanie C. Green. "Making “Real” Connections." International Journal of Interactive Communication Systems and Technologies 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicst.2013010101.
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Examining the subjective aspects of online social interaction can help explain contradictory results about the consequences of such interaction. The authors posit a new theoretical construct, the perceived reality of online interactions, defined as the extent to which an individual believes online interactions are suitable for the maintenance and formation of close relationships. Higher perceived reality of online interactions is theorized to lead to more investment and effort in computer-mediated communication, thus increasing benefits such as perceived social support from online relationships. An experiment using an Amazon Mechanical Turk sample (n = 169) and undergraduate students (n = 88) found correlational evidence that perceived reality of online relationships predicted perceived social support from online sources. Additionally, patterns of correlations between perceived reality, personality traits, and general attitudes toward the Internet point at differential implications of this variable between samples.
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Wang, Yuqi. "Authenticity and Performance: An Analysis of the Influence of Strong and Weak Relationships on Users' Self-Presentation in Social Media." Communications in Humanities Research 9, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/9/20231125.
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The rise of online social media has led to a shift in peoples social interactions from offline to online platforms. Online social interaction has become an integral part of societal interactions. Platforms like WeChat Moments and Tik Tok offer distinctive social channels, providing a platform with a more diverse audience. As a result, individuals can present their performances to audiences with different levels of relationship strength. This paper aims to explore the differences in self-presentation motivations and strategies when facing audiences with different levels of relationship strength on WeChat Moments and Tik Tok. This paper analyzes the impact of relationship strength on self-presentation, exploring the influence of strong and weak relationships on college students self-presentation in social media. Based on the survey and interview results, the paper compares the differences and connections in self-presentation of college students on WeChat Moments and Tik Tok. The findings indicate that the images users present on social media are closely related to their relationship with the audience. Users adjust their self-presentation strategies based on the composition ratio of strong and weak relationships in the social platform. Furthermore, users perform different degrees of impression management, presenting different levels of authenticity. Users also assign different levels of importance to different audiences and adopt different image correction strategies based on the level of importance. Moreover, in response to the findings of the study, the paper highlights the problems that exist in social media interaction and makes targeted recommendations for the development of online social interaction.
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Stern, Steven E., and Benjamin E. Grounds. "Cellular Telephones and Social Interactions." International Journal of Technoethics 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2011010104.
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Changes in technology often affect patterns of social interaction. In the current study, the authors examined how cellular telephones have made it possible for members of romantically involved couples to keep track of each other. The authors surveyed 69 undergraduates on their use of cellular telephones as well as their relationships and their level of sexual jealously. Results find that nearly a quarter of romantically involved cellular telephone users report tracking their significant other, and evidence shows that tracking behavior correlates with jealousy. Furthermore, participants frequently reported using countermeasures such as turning off their cellular telephones in order to avoid being tracked by others. In conclusion, newer communication technologies afford users to act upon protectiveness and jealousy more readily than before these technologies were available to the general public.
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Ramos, Ritta Dianne, and Dolorosa Pasia. "So Close: Measuring Social Distance in Virtual Relationships." Plaridel 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52518/2007.4.2-02rmsdps.
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The objective of the study is to create a measure for social distance in virtual relationships developed through online interaction. The researchers patterned their scale from the Bogardus Social Distance Scale, incorporating the recommendations of Michael Heraghty (2002). The researchers used quantitative and qualitative methods in determining the concepts and variables that could be included in their social distance scale for virtual relationships. Selection of informants and respondents was done using the purposive method of non-probability sampling. Focus group discussions and online interviews were first conducted to determine the important variables and appropriate arrangement of items in the social distance scale. Subsequently, social distances toward different kinds of people and the validity and reliability of the variables in the scale were examined through surveys, the primary quantitative research method of this study. Generally, survey results showed that respondents were most likely to interact with females, people within their age bracket, and people residing within their city or municipality. In contrast, they were unlikely to pursue any interaction with gays and lesbians. Survey findings also showed that online interactions start with including a person in someone’s messenger account; conversations – even those about non-personal topics – can only take place after the respondents have added a person in their messenger list.
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Harada, Ken, Hidehiro Sugisawa, Yoko Sugihara, Shizuko Yanagisawa, and Masaya Shimmei. "Social Support, Negative Interactions, and Mental Health: Evidence of Cross-Domain Buffering Effects Among Older Adults in Japan." Research on Aging 40, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 388–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027517701446.
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This study examined the additive effects of social support and negative interactions in various relationship domains and the cross-domain buffering effects of social support on the detrimental impact of negative interactions on mental health among older adults in Japan. Data were obtained from a survey of residents of 30 municipalities in the Tokyo metropolitan area ( N = 1,592). The results indicated that family members living together may share ambivalent social ties, anchored in positive sentiments and serving as sources of support but where criticism and excessive demands may occur. We found that negative interactions had a more potent additive effect on mental health. Moreover, the interaction effects of negative interactions with family and social support from other relatives suggested reverse buffering. Our findings suggest that interventions might be more necessary to cope with the negative social exchanges of close kin relationships among the elderly Japanese.
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Policarpo, Verónica. "The personal life of Facebook: managing friendships with social media." Families, Relationships and Societies 8, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204674318x15313160549810.
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How are social media used to manage personal and intimate relations, in particular, friendships? Can these interactions be better understood through the dynamics of personal life? This article aims to answer these questions through the lens of personal life, together with concepts such as relationality, memory, biography and imaginary. Drawing on qualitative data from 30 in-depth interviews, in which Portuguese men and women were invited to describe their personal communities, it explores how relationships with friends are managed with the help of Facebook. Findings show, on a first level, many commonalities with what has been reported in the literature about social media uses, namely, the importance of social and interactional contexts in understanding the relationship between people and the media. However, a deeper level of analysis reveals that these Facebook interactions are also rooted in important features of contemporary personal life, such as an imperative of a relational continuum, [i.e.], a norm that pushes individuals to be in permanent relationships with others, with social media and social networking sites (SNS) providing up-to-date technological affordances to make that possible.
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Thomas, Ashley J., Brandon Woo, Daniel Nettle, Elizabeth Spelke, and Rebecca Saxe. "Early concepts of intimacy: Young humans use saliva sharing to infer close relationships." Science 375, no. 6578 (January 21, 2022): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abh1054.
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Across human societies, people form “thick” relationships characterized by strong attachments, obligations, and mutual responsiveness. People in thick relationships share food utensils, kiss, or engage in other distinctive interactions that involve sharing saliva. We found that children, toddlers, and infants infer that dyads who share saliva (as opposed to other positive social interactions) have a distinct relationship. Children expect saliva sharing to happen in nuclear families. Toddlers and infants expect that people who share saliva will respond to one another in distress. Parents confirm that saliva sharing is a valid cue of relationship thickness in their children’s social environments. The ability to use distinctive interactions to infer categories of relationships thus emerges early in life, without explicit teaching; this enables young humans to rapidly identify close relationships, both within and beyond families.