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Journal articles on the topic 'Social identity theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Stets, Jan E., and Peter J. Burke. "Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 63, no. 3 (September 2000): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2695870.

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2

Brewer, Kathryn Balstad. "Social identity theory." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 7 (1996): 1071–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc19967101.

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3

Davis, Jenny L., Tony P. Love, and Phoenicia Fares. "Collective Social Identity: Synthesizing Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory Using Digital Data." Social Psychology Quarterly 82, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 254–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519851025.

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Identity theory (IT) and social identity theory (SIT) are eminent research programs from sociology and psychology, respectively. We test collective identity as a point of convergence between the two programs. Collective identity is a subtheory of SIT that pertains to activist identification. Collective identity maps closely onto identity theory’s group/social identity, which refers to identification with socially situated identity categories. We propose conceptualizing collective identity as a type of group/social identity, integrating activist collectives into the identity theory model. We test this conceptualization by applying identity theory hypotheses to the “vegan” identity, which is both a social category and part of an active social movement. Data come from comments on two viral YouTube videos about veganism. One video negates prevailing meanings of the vegan identity. A response video brings shared vegan identity meanings back into focus. Identity theory predicts that nonverifying identity feedback elicits negative emotion and active behavioral response, while identity verification elicits positive emotion and an attenuated behavioral response. We test these tenets using sentiment analysis and word counts for comments across the two videos. Results show support for identity theory hypotheses as applied to a collective social identity. We supplement results with qualitative analysis of video comments. The findings position collective identity as a bridge between IT and SIT, demonstrate innovative digital methods, and provide theoretical scaffolding for mobilization research in light of emergent technologies and diverse modes of activist participation.
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4

Korostelina, Karina. "Intergroup Identity Insults: A Social Identity Theory Perspective." Identity 14, no. 3 (July 2014): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2014.921170.

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5

Willetts, Georgina, and David Clarke. "Constructing nurses’ professional identity through social identity theory." International Journal of Nursing Practice 20, no. 2 (June 14, 2013): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12108.

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6

Carter, Michael J. "Advancing Identity Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 76, no. 3 (August 7, 2013): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272513493095.

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7

Huddy, Leonie. "From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory." Political Psychology 22, no. 1 (March 2001): 127–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895x.00230.

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8

Ashforth, Blake E., and Fred Mael. "Social Identity Theory and the Organization." Academy of Management Review 14, no. 1 (January 1989): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258189.

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9

Ashforth, Blake E., and Fred Mael. "Social Identity Theory and the Organization." Academy of Management Review 14, no. 1 (January 1989): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999.

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10

Hogg, Michael A. "A Social Identity Theory of Leadership." Personality and Social Psychology Review 5, no. 3 (August 2001): 184–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_1.

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A social identity theory of leadership is described that views leadership as a group process generated by social categorization and prototype-based depersonalization processes associated with social identity. Group identification, as self-categorization, constructs an intragroup prototypicality gradient that invests the most prototypical member with the appearance of having influence; the appearance arises because members cognitively and behaviorally conform to the prototype. The appearance of influence becomes a reality through depersonalized social attraction processes that make followers agree and comply with the leader's ideas and suggestions. Consensual social attraction also imbues the leader with apparent status and creates a status-based structural differentiation within the group into leader(s) and followers, which has characteristics of unequal status intergroup relations. In addition, a fundamental attribution process constructs a charismatic leadership personality for the leader, which further empowers the leader and sharpens the leader-follower status differential. Empirical support for the theory is reviewed and a range of implications discussed, including intergroup dimensions, uncertainty reduction and extremism, power, and pitfalls of prototype-based leadership.
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11

Baker, Coleman A. "Social Identity Theory and Biblical Interpretation." Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 42, no. 3 (June 25, 2012): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107912452244.

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This study is intended to provide readers with an introduction to Social Identity Theory and its use as a heuristic device for biblical interpretation. After a general overview of Social Identity Theory and some important related concepts, the study summarizes some of the scholarly works that have employed this model in studies of Hebrew and Christian texts.
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12

Greene, Steven. "Social Identity Theory and Party Identification*." Social Science Quarterly 85, no. 1 (March 2004): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08501010.x.

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13

Curley, Tyler M. "Social Identity Theory and EU Expansion." International Studies Quarterly 53, no. 3 (September 2009): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00550.x.

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14

Mummendey, Amélie, Thomas Kessler, Andreas Klink, and Rosemarie Mielke. "Strategies to cope with negative social identity: Predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, no. 2 (1999): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.229.

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15

McNamara, T. F. "Language and social identity." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.2.04mcn.

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Abstract The study of language attitudes and language maintenance and shift in intergroup settings has not always been related to an explicit model of the intergroup situation itself. Such a model is available in Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory. This paper explores the potential of the model for predicting and explaining language maintenance and shift among immigrant and indigenous groups in Australia. The theory forms the basis of a study of the maintenance of modern Hebrew among immigrants from Israel in Melbourne, and is used to reinterpret the findings of several other recent Australian studies.
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16

Stryker, Sheldon. "Identity Theory and Personality Theory: Mutual Relevance." Journal of Personality 75, no. 6 (December 2007): 1083–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00468.x.

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17

TAYLOR, DAVID. "Social Identity and Social Policy: Engagements with Postmodern Theory." Journal of Social Policy 27, no. 3 (July 1998): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279498005315.

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This article argues for the centrality of the concept of social identity in contemporary analyses of social policy. It attempts to transcend arguments for or against postmodernism and argues that debates about ‘identity and difference’, when combined with an analysis of social relations, need not undermine a focus on structural inequalities and should be at the heart of theoretical considerations in social policy. It suggests that the concept of social identity is still poorly understood in recent debates and goes on to outline a provisional theory which distinguishes between ontological and categorical identity. Such a discussion, it is argued, may help suggest ways in which the role of social policy in the process of identity formation may be better understood.
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18

Campbell, Catherine M. "The social identity of township youth: Social Identity Theory and gender (Part 2)." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 3 (September 1995): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500304.

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Social Identity Theory in the Bristol tradition has been criticized for failing to pay adequate attention to the social context of identity formation. This article explores the possibility of expanding the theory to lake account of one particular dimension of social context, namely power with particular reference to gender relations. The article draws on open-ended, semi-structured interviews with working-class township youth in the Durban area, 20 women and 20 men, aged between 17 and 23 years. Interviews were analysed according to the trialogue model of identity structuring outlined in Part 1 of the article. It is argued that traditional SIT's conceptualization of gender is too limited to take account of the role played by gender in identity, and that the concept of ideology serves as a useful conceptual device for expanding SIT in this regard.
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19

Hopkins, Nick, and Steve Reicher. "Identity, Culture and Contestation: Social Identity as Cross-Cultural Theory." Psychological Studies 56, no. 1 (February 8, 2011): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0068-z.

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20

Stets, Jan E. "Examining Emotions in Identity Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 68, no. 1 (March 2005): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800104.

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In this study I develop theoretically the role of emotions in identity theory by examining individuals' emotional reactions to identity nonverification (in a positive and a negative direction) and identity verification, which occurs once versus repeatedly, and which is perpetrated by a familiar other compared with an unfamiliar other. Predictions from identity control theory (ICT) are used to guide the analysis. An experiment simulates a work situation and invokes the worker role identity. Workers either receive feedback that is expected, given their worker identity standard (identity verification); feedback that is more positive than they would expect (a lack of identity verification in a positive direction); or feedback that is more negative than they would expect (a lack of identity verification in a negative direction). The workers' emotional reactions' to each situation are investigated. Contrary to ICT, identity nonverification in a positive direction results in positive (not negative) emotions; the persistence of verifying and nonverifying feedback decreases (rather than increases) the affective response to the feedback; and feedback from a familiar other does not significantly influence actors' emotional reactions. The findings raise some questions about current thinking in ICT and suggest important extensions for emotions in identity theory.
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21

Billig, Michael, Dominic Abrams, and Michael A. Hogg. "Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 6 (November 1991): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076221.

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22

Gamson, Joshua, Craig Calhoun, Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity." Contemporary Sociology 24, no. 3 (May 1995): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076467.

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23

VANBESELCAERE, NORBERT. "Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances." British Journal of Social Psychology 33, no. 3 (September 1994): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01032.x.

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24

Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Lost in Misconceptions about Social Identity Theory." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 4 (September 11, 2019): 1189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz071.

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Abstract Dissatisfied with their relative standing in the world, China and Russia are challenging the US-dominated liberal order. Could US accommodation of their status concerns reduce conflict? The psychological rationale for status accommodation is rooted in the insights of social identity theory (SIT), which argues that persistent status denial leads lower-status groups to “lash out.” Steven Ward (2017) objects that political scientists have misinterpreted SIT. In his view, impermeable group boundaries only affect individuals and do not lead to intergroup conflict. Ward's narrow critique overlooks the larger meaning and significance of SIT, which is about how frustration and anger over status barriers and unfair treatment motivate lower-status groups to challenge the status quo. Social competition is positional and zero-sum. Given the insights of SIT, Ward's recommendation that the United States demonstrate to China and Russia the futility of status competition is likely to provoke a backlash and increase the risk of military conflict. Instead, SIT implies a continuing process of status accommodation and efforts to maintain the legitimacy and stability of US leadership.
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25

Lauring, Jakob. "Rethinking Social Identity Theory in International Encounters." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 8, no. 3 (December 2008): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595808096673.

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26

Kanzola, Anna-Maria, Konstantina Papaioannou, and Panagiotis E. Petrakis. "Social identity, rationality, creativity." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 28, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2021-0405.

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PurposeThis study examines the relationship between rationality and creativity by means of social identity theory for the Greek society (2019–2020).Design/methodology/approachThe outline of the social identity was given through self-categorization via a distributed questionnaire. The types of behavior (rational, nonrational and loss-averse) were determined by using questions based on the Allais paradox. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to extract the causal relationships.FindingsThe study findings demonstrate that rational individuals are more prompt to creative personality than nonrational individuals. Rational individuals are motivated to pursue creativity through life-improvement goals. Loss-averse individuals are driven through the contradictive incentive of adventure-seeking behavior without, however, being willing to easily give up their established assets.Originality/valueThis article contributes by explaining creativity among rational, nonrational and loss-averse individuals as a product of social identity theory. This contributes to the literature, by proposing that the application of social theories in economics could constitute a different foundation for economics. This refers to the notion of the social microfoundations of the political economy and macroeconomics.
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27

Campbell, Catherine M. "The Social Identity of Township Youth: An Extension of Social Identity Theory (Part 1)." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 3 (September 1995): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500303.

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Social Identity Theory in the Bristol tradition has been criticized for paying too little attention to the way in identity is shaped and constrained by a dynamically changing social context. The article develops an extension of Social Identity Theory which aims to address this criticism. Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with working-class township residents in the Durban area, 20 women and 20 men, aged between 17 and 23 years. Interviews were analysed by means of a coding frame within which identity construction was conceptualized in terms of a trialogue amongst Life Challenges, Group Memberships and Behavioural Options. Twenty key Life Challenges facing township youth are identified, as are the eleven most important Group Memberships providing youth with raw materials with which to construct their identities.
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28

Niens, Ulrike, Ed Cairns, Gillian Finchilescu, Don Foster, and Colin Tredoux. "Social Identity Theory and the Authoritarian Personality Theory in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychology 33, no. 2 (May 2003): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300206.

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Social identity theory assumes that individuals and collectives apply identity management strategies in order to cope with threatened social identities. It is argued here that an integration of social identity theory and the authoritarian personality theory may help to investigate identity management strategies for minority and majority groups. It was intended to investigate predictors of identity management strategies applied by students at the University of Cape Town. Analyses are based on a questionnaire survey of 457 university students. Results only partially confirmed assumptions derived from social identity theory. Group identification and perceptions of legitimacy were related to the individual identity management strategy, “individualisation”, while the collective strategy “social competition” was associated with collective efficacy and authoritarianism. Perceptions of instability and authoritarianism predicted preferences for “temporal comparisons”. ‘Superordinate recategorisation’ was only very weakly predicted by group identification. The study indicated that social identity theory and the authoritarian personality theory might play different roles in preferences for identity management strategies. While social identity theory appears better in explaining individual identity management strategies, the authoritarian personality theory might be better in explaining collective strategies.
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29

Hornsey, Matthew J. "Social Identity Theory and Self-categorization Theory: A Historical Review." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 1 (January 2008): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x.

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30

Guan, Mengfei, and Jiyeon So. "Influence of Social Identity on Self-Efficacy Beliefs Through Perceived Social Support: A Social Identity Theory Perspective." Communication Studies 67, no. 5 (October 19, 2016): 588–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2016.1239645.

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31

Duncan, Kathleen B. "Invisible Social Identity Exercise." Management Teaching Review 5, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2379298118815249.

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Diversity courses cover a variety of relevant topics, but it is difficult to convey the dilemmas those with stigmatized, invisible social identities may encounter in the workplace. This exercise attempts to situate students in the perspective of both the person with the invisible identity and those who may unintentionally place that person in a difficult situation. Five role-plays with scenarios that reflect real-world situations allow students to heighten their sensitivity and understanding in workplace situations that may involve invisible social identities. The learning builds on the students’ lived experience and links stigma and invisible social identity theory to their workplace environment.
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32

Hogg, Michael A., Deborah J. Terry, and Katherine M. White. "A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 1995): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2787127.

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33

Blount-Hill, Kwan-Lamar. "Proposing a social identity theory of interspecies dominance." Biological Conservation 254 (February 2021): 108969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108969.

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34

Giarratana, Marco S., Martina Pasquini, and Konstantina Valogianni. "Social Identity Theory and Abduction in Management Research." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 16850. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.16850abstract.

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35

Sergeeva, Natalya. "Labeling Projects as Innovative: A Social Identity Theory." Project Management Journal 48, no. 1 (February 2017): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875697281704800104.

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The notion of ‘innovative projects’ is popular and often taken for granted. This article challenges this taken for granted concept and attempts to provide detailed insights into what constitutes an ‘innovative project.’ Specifically, the article focuses on three main questions: (1) What kinds of projects are considered innovative? (2) How do projects become recognized as innovative and by whom? And (3) Why are projects recognized as innovative? This research follows the ‘linguistic turn’ occurring in project management studies, showing that social identity theory is a useful and insightful way of understanding discursively constructed labels chosen by practitioners to identify projects as innovative. Labeling projects as innovative has implications for practice as playing an important strategic role in bolstering the reputations of organizations and attracting customers; such labels are often used meaningfully, but also purposefully in project-based organizations.
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36

Mangum, Maruice, and Ray Block. "Social Identity Theory and Public Opinion towards Immigration." Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030041.

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37

William, Idowu W. "Social History, African Identity and the Memory Theory." Anthropologist 5, no. 4 (October 2003): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2003.11890815.

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38

Woods, Michael. "Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales." Journal of Rural Studies 16, no. 4 (October 2000): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-0167(00)00007-3.

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39

Jones, Rhys. "Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales;." Political Geography 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(00)00044-5.

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40

Crane, Andrew, and Trish Ruebottom. "Stakeholder Theory and Social Identity: Rethinking Stakeholder Identification." Journal of Business Ethics 102, S1 (March 2011): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1191-4.

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41

Farmer, Aaron, and Charlie Magee. "Social Identity Theory Guides Junior Leader to Excellence." Military Medicine 185, no. 5-6 (October 17, 2019): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz274.

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Abstract Junior Medical Corps officers are often thrust directly into leadership roles following training. Although their clinical skills may be finely tuned, they often face a steep learning curve related to leadership responsibilities. This scenario highlights a junior officer making a policy change and how Social Identity Theory relates to leadership.
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42

Scheepers, Daan, and Belle Derks. "Revisiting social identity theory from a neuroscience perspective." Current Opinion in Psychology 11 (October 2016): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.006.

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43

GREENWOOD, JOHN D. "A Sense of Identity: Prolegomena to a Social Theory of Personal Identity." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 24, no. 1 (March 1994): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00245.x.

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44

Terry, Deborah J., Michael A. Hogg, and Katherine M. White. "The theory of planned behaviour: Self-identity, social identity and group norms." British Journal of Social Psychology 38, no. 3 (September 1999): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466699164149.

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45

Nason, Robert S., Sophie Bacq, and David Gras. "A Behavioral Theory of Social Performance: Social Identity and Stakeholder Expectations." Academy of Management Review 43, no. 2 (April 2018): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2015.0081.

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46

Zakiryanova, Irina, and Lyudmila Redkina. "Research on ethnocultural identity in H. Tajfel’s social identity theory and J.C. Turner’s self-categorization theory." SHS Web of Conferences 87 (2020): 00103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208700103.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of ethnocultural identity from the point of view of representatives of the cognitive approach. Ethno-cultural identity is represented as a hierarchy of models that includes social and individual characteristics, Self-images. Categorization and social comparison are recognized as the main mechanisms for the formation of ethno-cultural identity in this area. In the article special attention is paid to the personal factor, namely, personal autonomy and individual peculiarities of the personality development.
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47

Kim, Ann Y., Gale M. Sinatra, and Viviane Seyranian. "Developing a STEM Identity Among Young Women: A Social Identity Perspective." Review of Educational Research 88, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 589–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654318779957.

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We conducted a systematic review of empirical research focused on the experiences of female students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) during middle and high school. Drawing on social identity theory, recent research was synthesized to explore how aspects of the social environment influence STEM identity development. Findings indicate that young women experience challenges to their participation and inclusion when they are in STEM settings. Additionally, we found that perceptions regarding who is part of the ingroup or outgroup of STEM fields can be changed through intervention and educational programs. We conclude with recommendations for theory, research, programs, and policy for STEM identity development among young women, informed by a social identity perspective.
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48

Zhang, Shaoke, Hao Jiang, and John M. Carroll. "Social Identity in Facebook Community Life." International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking 2, no. 4 (October 2010): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jvcsn.2010100105.

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Social identity is a key construct to understand online community life. While existing online identity studies present a relatively static conception of identity, grounded in user profiles and other personal information, in this paper the authors investigate more dynamic aspects of identity, grounded in patterns of social interaction in Facebook community life, drawing on social science research on identity theory and social identity theory. The authors examine the tensions experienced by people between assimilation and differentiation with respect to group identities and role identities. The study provides a framework for understanding how users construct self-presentations in different online social interactions, actively managing identity, rather than merely declaring it in a relatively static profile. The authors speculate on how social computing environments could more effectively support identity presentation.
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49

Jaspal, Rusi, and Marco Cinnirella. "The construction of ethnic identity: Insights from identity process theory." Ethnicities 12, no. 5 (January 4, 2012): 503–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796811432689.

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Ethnicity has received much empirical and theoretical attention in the social sciences. Yet, it has scarcely been explored in terms of its relationship with the motivational principles of identity. Here it is argued that there is much heuristic and predictive value in applying identity process theory (IPT), a socio-psychological model of identity threat, to the substantive literature on ethnicity. The paper explores the potential psychological benefits of ethnic identification. Key theoretical strands from anthropology and sociology, such as the ‘relational self’ in ethnic identification, are discussed in relation to IPT. The intergroup dimension of ethnic identification is explored through the discussion of ethnic ‘boundaries’. Finally, the paper discusses the construct of ‘hybridization’ in relation to social psychology. This paper attempts to reconcile psychological and sociological perspectives on ethnic identification, advocating a multi-methodological approach. Key theoretical points are outlined in the form of testable hypotheses which are open to empirical exploration.
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50

Sitaraman, Srini. "Globalization, State, Identity/Difference." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 3 (October 1, 1998): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i3.2161.

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What is reality? Is reality what we see? How do we tell what is real, and how do wedifferentiate “real” from “false” or uncover the truth in an objective fashion? The searchfor reality or understanding the dynamics of human interaction in an institutionalized settinghas resulted in a vibrant debate in international relations (IR) theory over the metatheoreticalfoundations of knowledge production. Positivists and realists claim that truth andreality can be and have been uncovered by thorough and patient research. Truth is, after all,“out there” somewhere in the real world, and it is the task of social scientists to uncover it.Critical social theorists, however, argue that social science is not akin to physical or evennatural sciences, for human behavior is dynamic and varies both spatially and temporally.“Reality” or “truth” can never be discovered or known completely because of the nature ofsocial activity. Furthermore, there are no fixed foundations for judging what is “real,”“true,” or “false.” Hence, the attention of critical social inquiry has focused predominantlyon the epistemological and ontological foundations of social scientific methods.By concentrating on epistemology and ontology, critical social theorists have shownthe structural weakness of positivist and realist theories. Furthermore, the inability of positivesocial science to go beyond surface structures to explore deep structures of knowledgealso has been exposed by critical social theorists. The unequivocal outcome of critical socialtheory is that knowledge, interest, and preference matter and, therefore, cannot be assumed.The critical social theorist does not focus on the cognitive manifestations of knowledge,interests, and preferences, but rather on how they are formed, created, or constructed.However, despite its ombudsman-like value and importance, critical social theoryhas yet to emerge as an effective alternative to positive social science. Critical social theoryhas remained true to its name and has continued to play the role of a harsh but valuablecritic. Keyman seeks to buck this trend by providing a basis for using critical socialtheory not just as an epistemological critique to challenge the extant theoretical hegemony,but also to deploy it as a “first-order theorizing tool”-an ambitious goal indeed. Hisbook is an attempt to bridge the theory-metatheory gap found in IR theory and, at the sametime, elevate critical social theory to the level of such first-order theories as the muchmaligned Waltzian theory of international relations. The challenge of deploying criticalsocial theory not just as a captious force, but rather as a constructive theory, is a difficultand slippery task. Critical social theory should be able to criticize and dismantle withoutrelying on foundational support (i.e., without relying on positivistic moments). In addition,it also should resist succumbing to the temptation of assuming the discourse of thehegemon, in which the “other” becomes the subject.Keyman attempts to traverse these intellectual minefields by emphasizing the need fordialogical interaction between discourse (object) and subject. The object and subject should ...
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