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Bultena, Charles D. (Charles Dean). "Social Exchange Under Fire: Direct and Moderated Effects of Job Insecurity on Social Exchange." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278227/.
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This study is concerned with the impact of job insecurity on the vital social exchange relationship between employee and employer. Specifically, it explored the relationship between job insecurity and two important social exchange outcomes—organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, it assessed the moderating effects of individual factors (communal orientation and powerlessness) and situational factors (trust in management, procedural fairness, and organizational support) on these relationships.
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Wiseley, Philip Allen. "Social exchange and causal attributions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284126.
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This dissertation investigates the relationship between social exchange and attributions within a non-negotiated exchange setting. Two general questions are the focus of attention in this effort to understand the relationship between social exchange and attributions. The first question investigates how the structure and process of exchange influences the internal/external attributions by actors. The second question investigates the influence of the internal/external dimension of causal attributions on exchange behavior. Hypotheses are developed about the effects of exchange on attributions, as well as the effects of attributions on exchange. The first question was addressed by using existing experimental data. To address the second question a new experiment was designed and conducted. Analyses of these experimental results investigate the link between social exchange and attributions.
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Khazanchi, Shalini. "A "Social Exchange" Model of Creativity." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1115336085.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 11, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Creativity; Social Exchange; Fairness; Trust. Includes bibliographical references.
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Matthews, P. "Social epistemology and online knowledge exchange." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2015. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/25677/.
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This document summarises the submitted research which has investigated online knowledge exchange and related it to the philosophical field of social epistemology. The broad aims have been: firstly to investigate what social epistemology theory can offer in the way of guidance and evaluative frameworks for the design of knowledge systems; and secondly, to determine what the empirical study of knowledge exchange platforms can tell us about epistemology as emerging from online practice. The submitted work consists of six papers that are a mixture of review/position papers and reports of empirical investigation. These have been published in information science journals and conference proceedings. However, following the established tradition of information science, the work is positioned as being cross disciplinary in ambition. After introducing the submitted papers and the inspiration for the research, the main theoretical positions of the research are outlined and justified. These were a naturalised social epistemological position, inspired by Alvin Goldman, but widened to a situated and systems-oriented view. The naturalised view of epistemology allows for consideration of evidence from psychology, and here some key theories in social and cognitive psychology are outlined. Finally, as the subject is human-computer-human interaction, the sociotechnical setting is established. Further, the main platforms of study in the empirical work — social question answering systems — are introduced and described. The main methodology and research approaches followed are presented next. A mixed methods philosophy was deemed suitable for this area of research and — alongside the review work — the broad web science method of combining network and data investigation with qualitative methods is justified. Review work included early collaborations with an information scientist and a philosopher which helped to bring together and clarify epistemological and sociotechnical themes. The discussion section presents some of the main themes and conclusions of the submitted work, including: 1) The identification of knowledge patterns and practices online; 2) Criteria for online knowledge exchange distilled from the social epistemology literature; 3) Some triangulations where theory from philosophy and psychology seemed to corroborate and serve to explain online behaviour; 4) Socio-temporal aspects to online knowledge exchange that are perhaps under developed in philosophy but apparent in practice; 5) Credibility cues and bias, seen as crucial to a rounded study of user interaction with online sources; and finally 6) Interventions suggested by the research which would aim to raise the quality and effectiveness of social media knowledge systems. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for further work are presented. These follow on from the submitted strands of research and present possibilities for how the work may be extended and improved upon. In common with the research, these combine philosophy, modelling, interaction design and qualitative methods. Such a combination is seen as essential to developing an enhanced understanding of how the web serves and could serve as a platform for human knowledge.
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Leybman, Michelle Judith. "Social exchange styles: An evolutionary model of individual differences in exchange relationships." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116845.
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Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical perspective that is increasingly supported by empirical studies, but its potential to be applied to personality psychology remains largely unfulfilled (Buss, 1999). The current dissertation sought to bring the perspective of evolutionary psychology to bear on personality psychology. Zuroff and colleagues (2010) proposed that an evolutionary theory of personality could seek to identify individual differences in the core social domains that are postulated by evolutionary psychologists. Following this line of thinking, the Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire (SESQ) was developed to assess individual differences within the reciprocity domain (Leybman et al., 2011a). For this dissertation, the social exchange style model was further developed and explored. Article 1 presented an expanded social exchange style model, along with the revised Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire (SESQ-II), which assesses individual differences in ways that people approach and maintain exchange relationships in terms of five dimensions: Tracking, Fairness, Individualism, Benefit-Seeking, and Overinvestment. The SESQ-II showed good internal consistency, retest reliability, and construct validity. Regarding construct validity, multiple regressions demonstrated that none of the social exchange style dimensions was redundant with the Personal Norms of Reciprocity Scale (Perugini et al., 2003), nor with dimensions of adult attachment styles. Additionally, multiple regressions demonstrated that the social exchange style dimensions had predictable relationships with the five-factor traits, and with variables related to perceptions of oneself and others. Article 1 also addressed the relationship between social exchange style dimensions and perceived and received social support in a second study that used a daily diary method. Multilevel modeling showed that Tracking and Overinvestment each negatively predicted perceived support, while Fairness positively predicted perceived support. Additionally, Individualism negatively predicted received support. Social exchange style dimensions predicted social support over and above the five-factor traits.Article 2 sought to extend the social exchange style model and did this by focusing on a single social exchange dimension: Tracking. The developmental antecedents and affective consequences of Tracking were explored. Biological market theory (Noë & Hammerstein, 1994; 1995) was used to identify potential developmental antecedents to Tracking. Multiple regression analyses showed that Tracking was predicted by recalled experiences of having less access to resources than one's peers, having low control over resources, and parental overprotectiveness. Tracking was also predicted by an interaction of low parental warmth and being spoiled. To test the affective consequences of Tracking, we examined the relationship between people's Tracking levels and their emotional reactions to received social support. Using the same sample that was used in the second study of Article 1, multilevel analyses showed that people who were high in Tracking experienced more Joviality on days when they experienced particularly high levels of received support, and that they experienced high Hostility on days when they experienced less received support than usual. Similar results were not obtained with Serenity, Fear, or Guilt as the dependent variables, demonstrating the specificity of the effects to Joviality and Hostility.The results of these studies are discussed in terms of theoretical contributions that stem from integrating evolutionary psychology with personality psychology. Additionally, avenues for future research to elaborate both the content and process components of our model of social exchange styles are identified. Finally, practical applications of social exchange styles are discussed with a focus on implications for conceptualization and treatment of disorders within clinical psychology.La psychologie évolutionniste est une perspective théorique de plus en plus consolidée par des études empiriques, mais son application potentielle à la psychologie de la personnalité demeure inassouvie (Buss, 1999). La présente thèse se veut une conciliation de la psychologie évolutionniste et la psychologie de la personnalité. Zuroff et ses collègues (2010) suggèrent qu'une théorie évolutionnaire de la personnalité pourrait permettre l'identification de différences individuelles existant dans les domaines sociaux fondamentaux postulé par la psychologie évolutionniste. Le questionnaire des styles d'échanges sociaux (Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire) fut développé dans le but d'évaluer les différences individuels dans le domaine de la réciprocité (Leybman et al., 2011a). Dans cette thèse, le modèle de style d'échange social fut développé et exploré en plus de détails. L'article 1 a présenté un modèle plus détaillé des styles d'échanges sociaux, ainsi que la version révisée du questionnaire des styles d'échanges sociaux (SESQ-II), lequel évalue les différences individuels selon 5 dimensions: Poursuite, Justice, Individualisme, Recherche de Bénéfices et Surinvestissement. Le SESQ-II a démontré une bonne cohérence interne et validité du construit. Aucune des dimensions n'étaient redondantes avec l'échelle de réciprocité de normes personnelles, ni avec les dimensions de styles d'attaches adultes. De plus, les dimensions avaient de relations prévisibles avec les cinq facteurs de trait, et avec des variables liées aux perceptions de soi et d'autrui. L'Article 1 adresse aussi le lien entre les dimensions et le support sociale reçu et perçue. La Poursuite et le Surinvestissement prédissent de façon négative la perception de support, tandis que la Justice prédit positivement la perception de support. De plus, l'Individualisme prédit négativement la réception de support. Nos dimensions prédissent le support social au-delà des cinq facteurs de trait.L'article 2 tentait d'enrichir le model d'échange social en en étudiant une seule dimension d'échange: la Poursuite. Les antécédents développementaux et conséquences affectives de la Poursuites ont été explorés. La théorie du Marcher Biologique (Noe & Hammerstein, 1994; 1995) a été utilisé pour identifier de potentiels antécédents développementaux de la Poursuite. La Poursuite pouvais être prédite par les mémoires d'instances d'avoir eu moins de ressources que ses pairs, d'avoir eu peu de control de ressources, ainsi que de surprotection parentale. La poursuite a aussi été prédite par une interaction entre peu de chaleur parentale et être gâté. Afin de tester les conséquences affectives de la Poursuite, nous avons examiné la relation entre le niveau de Poursuite des gens et leurs réactions émotionnelles face au support sociale reçu. En utilisant la même sous-population qui a été utilisé ultérieurement durant la deuxième étude de l'Article 1, des analyses a multiniveaux ont démontré que les gens qui avaient de haut niveaux de Poursuite ressenti plus de Jovialité durant les jours durant lesquels ils ont reçu des niveaux de support particulièrement élevés. Ils ont aussi ressenti de hauts niveaux d'Hostilité durant les jours ou ils rapportent d'avoir reçu de plus bas niveaux de support qu'à l'habitude. De résultats similaires n'ont pas été obtenus avec les mesures de Sérénité, de Peur, ou de Culpabilité en tant que variables dépendantes, démontrant ainsi la spécificité des effets à la Jovialité et l'Hostilité. Les résultats sont adressés en termes de contributions théorique qui surviennent de l'intégration de la psychologie évolutionniste et la psychologie de la personnalité. De plus, nous avons identifiés des pistes de recherche pour le futur. Finalement des applications pratiques de styles d'échange social sont discutées en mettant de l'emphase sur les implications pour la conceptualisation et le traitement de troubles mentaux dans le contexte de la psychologie clinique.
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Hagstrand, Simon. "Social Knowledge Exchange : How Individuals exchange and interpret information to recieve correct understanding." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13016.
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Floyd, Richard Heath. "Mediation as a form of social exchange." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30555.
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This thesis analyses the dynamics of mediation, as a dispute resolution process, from an Exchange Theory perspective. The argument is presented that the efficacy of the mediation process is a function of a triad of exchange relationships; between the disputants, and between the mediator and each of the disputants. The ability of the mediator to guide the progress of a negotiation towards settlement is determined by his or her success in manipulating the behaviours of the disputants. This is accomplished through a series of exchanges of sentiment, dispensed by the mediator, for behaviours by the disputants. The mediator seeks to gain the cooperation of the disputants by punishing or rewarding their behaviour. Rewards in the form of praise are provided in return for behaviours that the mediator perceives as conciliatory. Punishments in the form of critcism are imposed on behaviours that the mediator perceives as confrontational. Through this system of exchanges, the mediator is able to control the course of a negotiation, and ultimately, influence the probability of resolving a dispute.Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
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Beatty, Andrew W. "Exchange and social organization in Nias, Indonesia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303453.
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St, John Jeremy. "IT Offshoring Success: A Social Exchange Perspective." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9026/.
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Spending by U.S. companies in offshore IT services continues at unprecedented levels despite a high failure rate. This study fills a gap in the existing literature by examining the client-vendor offshoring relationship through the theoretical lens of social exchange theory at the organizational level of analysis from the client's perspective. Social exchange theory focuses on the exchange of activities between two parties, whether they are individuals or companies and was used as a basis for examining the client and vendor relationship. Variables were identified by a review of the literature primarily from IT outsourcing and offshoring but also from general IT, marketing, sociology and organizational science literature. Data was collected using a field survey of Fortune 500 CIOs representing a population of organizations at the forefront of the offshoring phenomenon. The survey instrument was developed based on the adaptation of previously validated scales. Hypotheses regarding the correlations between social variables such as trust, communication, dependence, power, shared values and offshoring success were tested using Spearman's rho correlation. Seven of the hypotheses were supported, four hypotheses were not supported and one hypothesis was deemed not testable due to lack of information.
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Alvarez, Ana Catarina Silva Dias. "The social stock exchange: a quantitative exploration." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10309.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsWe introduce the Social Stock Exchange (SSE), by presenting its work, structure and brief history. The main goal of the SSE is to promote accountability and transparency in the relationship between the donors (Social Investors) and NGOs, which allows for a privileged access to data and information about the projects listed. Hence, this study exploits all the information made available by the SSE and constructs two original models in order to measure the effectiveness of the projects listed in the SSE in a transparent, verified and mensurable manner. Furthermore, these two measures are a first attempt to overcome two main challenges concerning the study and the practice of NGO/NPO effectiveness: the ambiguity of the term “effectiveness” and the lack of empirical evidence.
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St, John Jeremy Guynes C. Stephen. "IT offshoring success a social exchange perspective /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9026.
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Ahrens, Fred. "Knowledge Exchange Behavior in Supply Channel Relationships:A Social Exchange and Game-theoretic Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439295990.
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Nihill, Michael. "Roads of presence : social relatedness and exchange in Anganen social structure /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn691.pdf.
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Baric, Marijana. "Undeclared work in Croatia : a social exchange perspective." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13681/.
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Across the world, studies of undeclared work have largely focused on measurements of its size rather than unearthing the nature and motives of those engaged in the undeclared economy, which is required if undeclared work is to be tackled. The aim of this thesis is to use social exchange theory (SET) to develop a theoretically informed framework for understanding participation in undeclared work. This framework views an understanding of both vertical (government-citizen) and horizontal (amongst citizens) relations as crucial when explaining participation in undeclared work. When analysing the former, social contract and elements of trust and justice are considered, whereas the latter considers the level of tolerance of undeclared work and influence of social norms. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to use a study of Croatia to evaluate not only the validity of current theorisations of undeclared work, but also the validity of SET as a conceptual framework to explain participation in undeclared work. In doing so, this thesis provides not only the first contemporary study of undeclared work in Croatia, but also the first known attempt to use SET to understand this phenomenon. To achieve this, 300 face-to-face interviews have been conducted in the city of Split, along with 20 in-depth follow-up interviews in 2012. The findings reveal not only the multifarious character of undeclared work and diverse motives underpinning the decision to participate in this realm, but also how SET provides a useful framework for explaining such engagement. The level of trust in the state and social norms are shown to explain to a significant extent engagement in the undeclared economy. This thesis then unpacks how citizens conceptualise the social contract with the state, as well as the complex formation of social norms surrounding undeclared activities. Having established the applicability and usefulness of social exchange theory as an underpinning framework for understanding undeclared work, the wider policy implications are then drawn out. This reveals that in populations where tax morale is low and the social contract weak, there is a need to focus upon indirect policy measures that seek to improve the vertical relations, as well as change the social norms embedded in the horizontal relations that currently normalise undeclared work.
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North, Peter. "Local exchange trading systems : a social movement approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361077.
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Keough, Shawn Michael. "A social exchange perspective of intention to quit." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
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Pedler, Elizabeth Ruth. "Participatory Exchange: Generating Critique in Social Practice Art." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/69407.
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In my practice-led thesis I approach socially engaged art as both a theorist and practitioner to understand how exchange is employed by artists to generate critique. Through a study of the literature and fellow artists’ methodologies, I examine how exchange functions as a model, consider the effects of their methods, and adapt selected strategies for use in my own practice. I produced four socially engaged artworks, to examine how exchange facilitates participation and critique.
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Abra, Gordon. "Structural Change in Exchange Relations." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1411%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Irmer, Bernd Erhard. "Knowledge sharing in organisations : the role of social identity and social exchange processes /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17892.pdf.
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Czekanski, William Andrew. "Social Exchange in Intercollegiate Athletics: An Exploration of Exchange Ideologies in the Coach-Student-Athlete Dyad." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1336664431.
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Griffin, Deborah, and N/A. "Social Issue Exchange: An Exploration of Determinants and Outcomes." Griffith University. Department of Marketing, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070910.111229.
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It has been argued that marketing contributes to society by finding solutions to a diverse range of social issues. Importantly, research within the (social) marketing domain recognises that the concept of exchange is a fundamental aspect of influencing people to take on positive social issue behaviours (Andreasen, 1995; Rothschild, 1999). However, regardless of the influence of social marketing, ultimately the behavioural exchange resides with the individual. This infers that exchange can be considered from the individuals (i.e., consumers) point of view, of intrapersonal or self-exchange (Gould, 1994). Furthermore, the conditions that facilitate or constrain this form of exchange are found within the individual and relate to for example, individual differences. However, in recent years there has been limited interest in exchange theory within the marketing domain and, in particular, exchange as a fundamental consumer behaviour phenomenon (Anderson et al, 1999; Gould, 1994). This study seeks to extend current consumer behaviour and social marketing knowledge in the areas of exchange theory and personality. Based on an examination of the extant literature, a model of determinants and outcomes of Social Issue Exchange was developed and empirically tested. The Social Issue Exchange Model proposed in this study accounts for a number of associations which includes a representation of personality termed pro-social orientation along with social issue involvement, attitude toward social issues, subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The determinants of social issue exchange included the multi-component variable pro-social orientation comprising the traits risk aversion, locus of control, consideration of future consequences, susceptibility to normative influence and social responsibility along with the variables social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues. The outcomes of social issue exchange include the variables of subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using an Internet administered questionnaire that allowed for the measurement of the determinants and outcomes of social issue exchange. The construction of the questionnaire followed a sequential process which involved developing new measures, utilising and adapting existing measures and then pre-testing these measures to ensure the development of a psychometrically sound and respondent-friendly survey instrument. The final survey used Excess Alcohol Consumption and Speeding social issues as stimuli for the study. Data collection resulted in 1146 (comprising 559 for Speeding social issue, and 587 for Excess Alcohol Consumption social issue) useable surveys for subsequent analysis. Analysis included a number of statistical procedures including correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and tests of the model via Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Overall, the findings provided support for the proposed Social Issue Exchange Model. In terms of the measurement model, the findings show that pro-social orientation accounted for different amounts of variance in the five traits, with consideration for further consequences accounting for the most variance and susceptibility to normative influence accounting for the least. In terms of the inner model, all the hypothesised paths were supported with the exception of attitude towards social issues and social issue exchange. A comparison of the smaller models (i.e., Speeding and Excess Alcohol Consumption) with the overall model indicated that largely the relationships were consistent, with the exception of social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues which was not supported in the Excess Alcohol Consumption model. The findings provide a number of theoretical and practical implications for research. From a theoretical perspective, broadening the concept of exchange to account for self-exchange in the context of social issue behaviours contributes to the body of knowledge on exchange. Moreover, aggregating traits to form the multi-component construct pro-social orientation takes a holistic approach to personality and thereby, provides greater clarification of the psychological processes that drive individuals to respond positively or negatively to social issues and associated behaviours. From a practical perspective, this study may lead to a better understanding of how personal characteristics can shape an individuals response to social issues as well as their behaviours. In summary, the importance of understanding the processes that influence individuals social issue behaviours provides a justification for this study. Accordingly, this study offers valuable insights into how exchange is an integral feature of individual behaviour change, as well as positive social change for society.
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Darby, Frances. "Managing child health : the network dynamics of social exchange." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437626.
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Popaitoon, Patchara. "HR-performance linkages through the lens of social exchange." Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.545341.
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This research explores the linkages between HR practices and business sales performance in a retail bank branch network. Whilst previous research in the last two decades has generally supported the notion that when appropriately designed HR practices can help enhance organizational outcomes, there is still ongoing debate regarding how such practices can actually influence business results. In particular, academics have highlighted the importance of the quality of HR implementation, because this can affect employee day-to-day experiences of and reactions to the HR practices which can impact on variance in the business results. In effect, it is crucial for research to take up the employee lens of the implemented practices and their reactions to these, if the HR-performance relationship is to be clearly understood. This thesis contributes to this research agenda by adopting the social exchange lens to shed light on the nature of the aforementioned relationship. A multidisciplinary and multilevel HR-performance model was employed for conducting empirical tests. Specifically, the empirical model was constructed from the literature in three different fields: strategic human resources management, social exchange theory and psychological contract, with the aim of eliciting the nature of employer-employee exchange relationships in the HR process. Subsequently, the model was tested using the data obtained from 1,286 employees in 149 bank branches and analysed so as to assess the multilevel process through which HR practices can influence business sales performance. The empirical results indicate that an organization can improve branch sales performance by paying careful attention to several processes pertaining to the implementation of HR practices. That is, through the psychological contract process, employees, based on their perceptions of the quality of the received practices (i.e. HR level and breach), reciprocate the organization with their discretionary performance, i.e. commitment attitudes and organizational citizenship behaviours and these outcomes have an impact on business results. Moreover, the findings also point to a boundary condition, whereby the HR-performance relationship can be enhanced by stressing the role of the key constituencies responsible for delivering these practices, namely: senior management and the line manager. That is, respectively, through the affective and relational processes, these agents can have an impact on employee perceptions of HR level and whether there has been a breach of the psychological contract, which in turn influence employee reactions in the causal chain. In summary, having applied the social exchange perspective to elicit the employee interaction with the different quality of HR implementation across bank branches, this study has contributed to the literature by identifying the key processes including psychological contract, relational and affective processes through which HR practices can impact on business sales performance, thereby illustrating how an organization’s human resources can serve as the source of sustained business competitive advantage.
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Bimpikis, Kostas. "Strategic delay and information exchange in endogenous social networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62405.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Operations Research Center, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-165).
This thesis studies optimal stopping problems for strategic agents in the context of two economic applications: experimentation in a competitive market and information exchange in social networks. The economic agents (firms in the first application, individuals in the second) take actions, whose payoffs depend on an unknown underlying state. Our framework is characterized by the following key feature: agents time their actions to take advantage of either the outcome of the actions of others (experimentation model) or information obtained over time by their peers (information exchange model). Equilibria in both environments are typically inefficient, since information is imperfect and, thus, there is a benefit in being a late mover, but delaying is costly. More specifically, in the first part of the thesis, we develop a model of experimentation and innovation in a competitive multi-firm environment. Each firm receives a private signal on the success probability of a research project and decides when and which project to implement. A successful innovation can be copied by other firms. We start the analysis by considering the symmetric environment, where the signal quality is the same for all firms. Symmetric equilibria (where actions do not depend on the identity of the firm) always involve delayed and staggered experimentation, whereas the optimal allocation never involves delays and may involve simultaneous rather than staggered experimentation. The social cost of insufficient experimentation can be arbitrarily large. Then, we study the role of simple instruments in improving over equilibrium outcomes. We show that appropriately-designed patents can implement the socially optimal allocation (in all equilibria) by encouraging rapid experimentation and efficient ex post transfer of knowledge across firms. In contrast to patents, subsidies to experimentation, research, or innovation cannot typically achieve this objective. We also discuss the case when signal quality is private information and differs across firms. We show that in this more general environment patents again encourage experimentation and reduce delays. In the second part, we study a model of information exchange among rational individuals through communication and investigate its implications for information aggregation in large societies. An underlying state (of the world) determines which action has higher payoff. Agents receive a private signal correlated with the underlying state. They then exchange information over their social network until taking an (irreversible) action. We define asymptotic learning as the fraction of agents taking an action that is close to optimal converging to one in probability as a society grows large. Under truthful communication, we show that asymptotic learning occurs if (and under some additional conditions, also only if) in the social network most agents are a short distance away from "information hubs", which receive and distribute a large amount of information. Asymptotic learning therefore requires information to be aggregated in the hands of a few agents. We also show that while truthful communication is not always optimal, when the communication network induces asymptotic learning (in a large society), truthful communication is an equilibrium. Then, we discuss the welfare implications of equilibrium behavior. In particular, we compare the aggregate welfare at equilibrium with that of the optimal allocation, which is defined as the strategy profile a social planner would choose, so as to maximize the expected aggregate welfare. We show that when asymptotic learning occurs all equilibria are efficient. A partial converse is also true: if asymptotic learning does not occur at the optimal allocation and an additional mild condition holds at an equilibrium, then the equilibrium is inefficient. Furthermore, we discuss how our learning results can be applied to several commonly studied random graph models, such as preferential attachment and Erdos-Renyi graphs. In the final part, we study strategic network formation in the context of information exchange. In particular, we relax the assumption that the social network over which agents communicate is fixed, and we let agents decide which agents to form a communication link with incurring an associated cost. We provide a systematic investigation of what types of cost structures and associated social cliques (consisting of groups of individuals linked to each other at zero cost, such as friendship networks) ensure the emergence of communication networks that lead to asymptotic learning. Our result shows that societies with too many and sufficiently large social cliques do not induce asymptotic learning, because each social clique would have sufficient information by itself, making communication with others relatively unattractive. Asymptotic learning results if social cliques are neither too numerous nor too large, in which case communication across cliques is encouraged.
by Kostas Bimpikis.
Ph.D.
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Breazeal, Cynthia L. (Cynthia Lynn) 1967. "Sociable machines : expressive social exchange between humans and robots." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9303.
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Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-264).
Sociable humanoid robots are natural and intuitive for people to communicate with and to teach. We present recent advances in building an autonomous humanoid robot, Kismet, that can engage humans in expressive social interaction. We outline a set of design issues and a framework that we have found to be of particular importance for sociable robots. Having a human-in-the-loop places significant social constraints on how the robot aesthetically appears, how its sensors are configured, its quality of movement, and its behavior. Inspired by infant social development, psychology, ethology, and evolutionary perspectives, this work integrates theories and concepts from these diverse viewpoints to enable Kismet to enter into natural and intuitive social interaction with a human caregiver, reminiscent of parent-infant exchanges. Kismet perceives a variety of natural social cues from visual and auditory channels, and delivers social signals to people through gaze direction, facial expression, body posture, and vocalizations. We present the implementation of Kismet's social competencies and evaluate each with respect to: 1) the ability of naive subjects to read and interpret the robot's social cues, 2) the robot's ability to perceive and appropriately respond to naturally offered social cues, 3) the robot's ability to elicit interaction scenarios that afford rich learning potential, and 4) how this produces a rich, flexible, dynamic interaction that is physical, affective, and social. Numerous studies with naive human subjects are described that provide the data upon which we base our evaluations.
by Cynthia L. Breazeal.
Sc.D.
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Griffin, Deborah. "Social Issue Exchange: An Exploration of Determinants and Outcomes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367920.
Full textAbstract:
It has been argued that marketing contributes to society by finding solutions to a diverse range of social issues. Importantly, research within the (social) marketing domain recognises that the concept of exchange is a fundamental aspect of influencing people to take on positive social issue behaviours (Andreasen, 1995; Rothschild, 1999). However, regardless of the influence of social marketing, ultimately the behavioural exchange resides with the individual. This infers that exchange can be considered from the individual’s (i.e., consumer’s) point of view, of intrapersonal or self-exchange (Gould, 1994). Furthermore, the conditions that facilitate or constrain this form of exchange are found within the individual – and relate to for example, individual differences. However, in recent years there has been limited interest in exchange theory within the marketing domain and, in particular, exchange as a fundamental consumer behaviour phenomenon (Anderson et al, 1999; Gould, 1994). This study seeks to extend current consumer behaviour and social marketing knowledge in the areas of exchange theory and personality. Based on an examination of the extant literature, a model of determinants and outcomes of Social Issue Exchange was developed and empirically tested. The Social Issue Exchange Model proposed in this study accounts for a number of associations which includes a representation of personality termed pro-social orientation along with social issue involvement, attitude toward social issues, subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The determinants of social issue exchange included the multi-component variable pro-social orientation comprising the traits risk aversion, locus of control, consideration of future consequences, susceptibility to normative influence and social responsibility along with the variables social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues. The outcomes of social issue exchange include the variables of subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using an Internet administered questionnaire that allowed for the measurement of the determinants and outcomes of social issue exchange. The construction of the questionnaire followed a sequential process which involved developing new measures, utilising and adapting existing measures and then pre-testing these measures to ensure the development of a psychometrically sound and respondent-friendly survey instrument. The final survey used Excess Alcohol Consumption and Speeding social issues as stimuli for the study. Data collection resulted in 1146 (comprising 559 for Speeding social issue, and 587 for Excess Alcohol Consumption social issue) useable surveys for subsequent analysis. Analysis included a number of statistical procedures including correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and tests of the model via Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Overall, the findings provided support for the proposed Social Issue Exchange Model. In terms of the measurement model, the findings show that pro-social orientation accounted for different amounts of variance in the five traits, with consideration for further consequences accounting for the most variance and susceptibility to normative influence accounting for the least. In terms of the inner model, all the hypothesised paths were supported with the exception of attitude towards social issues and social issue exchange. A comparison of the smaller models (i.e., Speeding and Excess Alcohol Consumption) with the overall model indicated that largely the relationships were consistent, with the exception of social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues which was not supported in the Excess Alcohol Consumption model. The findings provide a number of theoretical and practical implications for research. From a theoretical perspective, broadening the concept of exchange to account for self-exchange in the context of social issue behaviours contributes to the body of knowledge on exchange. Moreover, aggregating traits to form the multi-component construct pro-social orientation takes a holistic approach to personality and thereby, provides greater clarification of the psychological processes that drive individuals to respond positively or negatively to social issues and associated behaviours. From a practical perspective, this study may lead to a better understanding of how personal characteristics can shape an individual’s response to social issues as well as their behaviours. In summary, the importance of understanding the processes that influence individuals’ social issue behaviours provides a justification for this study. Accordingly, this study offers valuable insights into how ‘exchange’ is an integral feature of individual behaviour change, as well as positive social change for society.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department of Marketing
Griffith Business School
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Dalley, Jeffrey Brian. "The Seesaw of Organisational Social Capital Flows: Inside the "Black Box" of Social Exchange." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6001.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to develop deeper understanding of the informal contributions of employees to organisational success; more specifically, the exchange ‘mechanism’ by which resources accrue to organisations through the social relationships of their members. The second purpose is to explore the influence of organisational contextual factors on this exchange mechanism; more specifically, the influence – if any – of contingent employment practices.
Through the use of a qualitative research design, I have gained an in-depth understanding of the cognitive mechanism employed by organisational actors to arrive at a decision on whether or not to initiate social exchange, in order to facilitate the flow of organisational social capital.
Data was analysed using Dimensional Analysis method. This analysis draws on the theoretical perspectives of interpretivism and symbolic interactionism, both of which are underpinned by a social construction epistemology. This provides the necessary link for understanding the connections between macro- and micro-level social action of social exchange in organisational settings.
My findings identify a complex cognitive process employed by actors for the purpose of reaching a decision with respect to initiating social exchange in organisational settings. This process is termed Social Exchange Transaction Analysis. It is undertaken at the individual level and ultimately controls the flow of organisational social capital through a social network to the organisation. This complexity is a reflection of both the many dimensions of the phenomenon, and the interconnectedness and interactions between them. Social Exchange Transaction Analysis builds an ‘analytical’ picture of the potential social exchange transaction, to enable the organisational actor to arrive at a decision on whether or not to initiate social exchange – and thereby facilitate the flow of organisational social capital.
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Löhndorf, Birgit, and Adamantios Diamantopoulos. "Internal branding: social identity and social exchange perspectives on turning employees into brand champions." Sage, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670514522098.
Full textAbstract:
Prior research acknowledges employees' crucial role in building strong service brands, yet
empirical research on how to turn employees into brand champions remains scarce and has been
largely approached from an internal branding perspective. Drawing on social identity and social
exchange theories, this study takes a broader organizational perspective to link internal branding
outcomes (employee-brand fit, brand knowledge, and belief in the brand) and employees'
perceptions of organizational support to a range of employee brand-building behaviors, with
organizational identification as the key mediating mechanism. Both cross-sectional and
longitudinal analyses of employee data from a major retail bank reveal organizational
identification as a strong motivational force for employees to become brand champions, largely
mediating the effects of internal branding outcomes. When organizational identification is low,
perceived organizational support (as a quality indicator of employees' exchange-based
relationship with the organization) constitutes an alternative, external motivator of on-the-job
brand building behaviors; when organizational identification is high, perceived organizational
support boosts employees' voluntary participation in brand development and positive word-ofmouth.
These findings highlight the managerial relevance of the employee-organization
relationship for turning employees into brand champions and show how organizational
identification can be stimulated by means of internal branding. (authors' abstract)
29
Cloeren, Nicole Birgit. "Acts of reciprocity: Analyzing social exchange in a university theater for social change project." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550154040.
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30
Andersen, Jan D. "Financial Problems as Predictors of Divorce: A Social Exchange Perspective." DigitalCommons@USU, 2000. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2685.
Full textAbstract:
By using a conceptual framework derived from social exchange theory, this study examined the relationship between financial problems and divorce. Nationally representative data from the " Marital Instability Over the Life Course" panel study was used to determine if financial problems reported at one interview could predict those who would divorce by the subsequent interview. A self-replicating design allowed data analyses for three separate time periods: 1980-1983 , 1983- 1988, and 1988-1992.
The sample used in this study consisted of l,620 married men and women under the age of 55. Additionally, the participants were in their first marriages.
Divorce was the only dependent variable. The independent variables inc luded eight financial problems: (a) husband's job interferes with family life, (b) husband 's job satisfaction, (c) wife's job satisfaction, (d) wife's work preference, (e) sat isfaction with spouse as breadwinner, (f) satisfaction with financial situation, (g) spending money
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Kizelshteyn, Boris G. (Boris Grigory). "REACH : the local social favor exchange : a proximal messaging system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70806.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-142).
We define proximal messaging as that category of information transaction that takes into account the physical, social and temporal proximity between the sender and recipient as it relates to the content of the message. We undertake an analysis of the social factors powering the widespread adoption of social, locative and collaborative systems and assert that their evolution is driven by natural human communication instincts that tend towards increasingly personal and real world interactions. We go on to present Reach, a proximal messaging system realized as a local social favor exchange that leverages users' existing social and mobility network activity to match them with people they can help and who can help them. In prototyping this system we explore how best to work with these dimensions of articulated real-time personal information and validate our work by conducting a user study on the experience of requesting favors and being called to serve by Reach.
by Boris G. Kizelshteyn.
S.M.
32
Riley, James Whitcomb. "Social exchange and valuations in the market for contemporary art." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126977.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, May, 2020Page 115 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The first essay draws on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork to examine the puzzle of why galleries discipline collectors --
who provide much-needed financial capital - for appearing too motivated by profit. Whilst art worlds have strong norms that enjoin artists to avoid the naked pursuit of profit and instead affect an air of "disinterestedness" (that is, a concern only for universal virtues and aesthetic qualities such as truth and beauty), why might art dealers demand that collectors similarly conform to such norms? This study addresses how (and why) galleries enforce conformity to the art-world norm of disinterestedness among collectors as part of an array of tactics they deploy to "protect" their artists from price volatility that could depress demand for the artist's work. The findings suggests a paradoxical resolution. Although galleries framed such discipline as a moral imperative, a key implication of this study is that enforcing a norm that disavows extrinsic rewards such as fortune and fame ultimately supports a profitable business and investment strategy.
The second essay (coauthored with Ezra W. Zuckerman Sivan) also draws on an 18-month ethnographic investigation examining the rise and proliferation of International Art Fairs (IAFs) in the global art market. This study contributes to our understanding of how the construction and extension of market platforms shapes market dynamics. On the surface, the explosive growth of IAFs in the contemporary art market reflects the greater efficiency that market platforms typically offer, both for facilitating exchange and for expanding access. But past research on market construction does not prepare us for either of the two main findings of this paper. The first is that market participants (and especially the mid-size galleries that dominate the fairs) are deeply ambivalent about the fairs' value relative to the cost of participation. The second main finding -- that galleries (and others) believe they must participate in order to be visible in the market --
affords insight into how markets vary in their visibility and opacity; how such variation shapes status competition; and how markets that are designed to increase efficiency may
by James Whitcomb Riley.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
33
Micevski, Milena. "Marketing and sales interface flexibility : a social exchange theory perspective." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18023.
Full textAbstract:
To be successful in today s turbulent business environment it is very important for a company to exhibit flexibility in its processes, activities and interfaces. Such a flexible approach enables firms to adapt and improvise in order to achieve the best possible outcomes. In spite of there being ample research on how to achieve flexibility in a variety of business process and activities, there remains little understanding on how flexibility in managing the use of resources reveals itself in intra-organisational interfaces. This thesis sheds more light on this issue and investigates flexibility specifically in the relational context of cross-functional interfaces. The importance of developing and investigating flexibility at the cross-functional relational interface is embedded in the recognition that the ability and willingness of departments to adapt and to accommodate deviations from original strategies through their cross-functional working is a critical factor for success. This research investigates flexibility at one such interface that is argued to be essential in achieving organisational success but that is characterised by conflict, lack of cooperation and distrust the Marketing and Sales interface. A literature review incorporating two broad literature streams; i.e., the Marketing and Sales cross-functional relationship literature and the literature on organisational flexibility helped develop a guiding definition of Marketing and Sales Interface Flexibility (MSIF). This definition was subsequently confirmed in the exploratory phase of the thesis, thereby providing a stronger conceptualisation of the MSIF phenomenon. The concept was found to be predicated on social exchange theory s view on the M&S exchange relationship as a dynamic process in which both continuously adapt to each other s needs through modification of their resources required to match those needs. Consequently, a theoretical model was developed. This model argues for an inverted U-shaped relationship between MSIF and business performance. According to this model, beyond certain optimal point MSIF may reduce business performance. Based on the empirical testing of the model via a survey of 229 UK-based business organisations no support was found for the inverted U-shaped relationship between MSIF and customer performance. Results of the empirical testing indicated that MSIF has an inverted U-shaped relationship with a firm s market performance. These results imply that a firm s market success is secured at lower levels of MSIF whereas further increases in investments in MSIF may, at some point, become detrimental to an organisation s market performance (i.e., market share and sales volume). Therefore, the findings suggest that managers should manage MSIF wisely, hold themselves from over-investing in MSIF and seek to find the optimal level which will provide the best market performance. On the other hand, MSIF was found to have a linear, positive relationship to customer performance indicating that higher levels of MSIF will secure more a satisfied and loyal customer base. The study also incorporates the contingency theory perspective and hypothesises the moderating effect of market dynamism on the MSIF - performance relationship. The results indicate that the value of MSIF for generating market performance decreases as technological turbulence in the market increases. Based on the social exchange theory the relationship between four socially constructed antecedents and MSIF are proposed. The findings highlight the positive impact of, (1) trust in the Marketing and Sales relationship, and (2) rules and norms of social exchange between Marketing and Sales as reflected in compatible goals and joint rewards on MSIF. However, resource dependence asymmetry is found to be negatively related to MSIF suggesting that a misbalanced resource dependency between the two will hamper MSIF. The theoretical and practical implications of the study findings are subsequently presented along with an acknowledgment of the study s limitations and proposed future research to further explore this important area.
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Suprise, Malinda. "SOCIAL EXCHANGE IN MENTORING, PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT, AND EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2406.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this applied study was to examine the role of mentoring relationships in shaping employees’ views of how supportive the organization is of the employee and how engaged the employee is in their job duties. The extent to which employees perceive the organization as supportive was also examined as a mediator between mentoring functions and employee engagement. Employee engagement encompasses how much employees are absorbed with, excited by, and dedicated to their work. Previous research suggests that leaders and other high-status employees can increase employees’ perceptions of organizational support (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchinson, & Sowa, 1986; Kurtessessi et al., 2017; Orpen, 1997; Park, Newman, Zhang, Wu, & Hook, 2016; Rhoades & Eisenberger, 2002). Likewise, perceived organizational support (POS) has been shown to increase employee engagement (Biswas & Bhatnagar, 2013; Gupta, Argarwal, & Khatri, 2016; Saks, 2006). However, there is little research that considers mentoring as a mechanism to increase both POS and employee engagement. Surveys including instruments measuring perceptions of mentoring functions (i.e., Academic Mentoring Behavior Scale), POS (i.e, the Scale of Perceived Organizational Support), and employee engagement (i.e., Utretch Work Engagement Scale-9) were completed by 2,326 participants across nine universities in the state of Illinois. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess the differences in POS and employee engagement between mentored and non-mentored individuals and to assess the impact of gender and racial/ ethnic background on perceptions of mentoring functions. Lastly, a mediation analysis with POS mediating the relationship between employee engagement and mentoring was conducted. Results showed that mentored individuals had significantly higher levels of POS and employee engagement than non-mentored individuals regardless of their job positions. However, neither gender nor racial/ethnic background significantly predicted participants’ perceptions of mentoring functions. Finally, POS partially mediated the relationship between employee engagement and mentoring. These results suggest that mentoring can increase employees' perceptions of being appreciated, noticed, and cared for by employers and this could partially explain why employees may be more inspired by, enthusiastic about, and proud of their work when involved in mentoring relationships.
35
Stroub, Kori James. "Trust and Cheater Detection: Evolved Cognitive Mechanisms for Social Exchange." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626577.
Full text
36
Anderson, Jan D. "Financial Problems as Predictors of Divorce: A Social Exchange Perspective." DigitalCommons@USU, 2000. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2445.
Full textAbstract:
By using a conceptual framework derived from social exchange theory, this study examined the relationship between financial problems and divorce. Nationally representative data from the " Maritallnstability Over the Life Course" panel study was used to determine if financial problems reported at one interview could predict those who would divorce by the subsequent interview. A self-replicating design allowed data analyses for three separate time periods: 1980-1983 , 1983- 1988, and 1988-1992.
The sample used in this study consisted of l ,620 married men and women under the age of 55. Additionally, the participants were in their first marriages.
Divorce was the only dependent variable. The independent variables included eight financial problems: (a) husband's job interferes with family life, (b) husband 's job satisfaction, (c) wife's job satisfaction, (d) wife's work preference, (e) satisfaction with spouse as breadwinner, (f) satisfaction with financial situation, (g) spending money foolishly/unwisely, and (h) financial situation getting better or worse. Additionally, total number of financial problems, age at marriage, gender, income, and presence of children under age 6 were used as independent variables in the analyses. Bivariate correlation and discriminant analysis procedures were used to analyze the data.
The results indicated statistically significant relationships between financial problems and divorce for all independent variables except wife's job satisfaction, gender, and income. However, none of the independent variables (singularly or in combination) explained more than 5% of the variance in divorce;·financial problems were inadequate predictors of divorce.
Although the results of this investigation did not provide substantive support for the popular belief that money problems are a major cause of divorce, this research filled a gap in the divorce literature, posited a clearer definition of financial problems, and provided a more complete conceptual model of the relationships between marital problems and divorce. Finally, the unanswered questions raised by this study indicate the need for continued investigation of the impact that financial issues have on marital relationships.
37
Karanges, Emma Ruth. "Optimising employee engagement with internal communication : a social exchange perspective." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/71024/1/Emma_Karanges_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on principles of social exchange this thesis employs mediated regression to investigate the relationship between internal communication and employee engagement in the Australian workforce. Findings suggest organisations and supervisors should focus internal communication efforts toward building greater perceptions of support and stronger identification among employees in order to foster optimal engagement. This research contributes to public relations and management scholarship through understanding how perceived support and identification act as mediating mechanisms in the relationship between internal communication and employee engagement at the organisational and supervisory level.
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Abbassi, Zeinab. "On efficient recommendations for online exchange markets." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3961.
Full textAbstract:
Motivated by the popularity of marketplace applications over social net
works, we study optimal recommendation algorithms for online exchange
markets. Examples of such markets include peerflix. corn and readitswapit.co.uk.
We model these markets as a social network in which each user has two as
sociated lists: The item list, i.e, the set of items the user is willing to give
away, and the wish list, i.e., the set of items the user is interested in receiv
ing. A transaction involves a user giving an item to another user. Users are
motivated to engage in transactions in expectation of realizing their wishes.
Wishes may be realized by a pair of users swapping items corresponding to
each otherâs wishes, but more generally by means of users exchanging items
through a cycle, where each user gives an item to the next user in a cycle,
in accordance with the receiving userâs wishes.
In this thesis, we first consider the problem of how to efficiently gener
ate recommendations for item exchange cycles in an online market social
network. We consider deterministic and probabilistic models and show that
under both models, the problem of determining an optimal set of recommen
dations that maximizes the expected value of items exchanged is NP-hard
and develop efficient approximation algorithms for both models. Next, we
study exchange markets over time and try to optimize usersâ waiting times,
and fairness whereby fairness we mean: give higher priority to users who
contribute more to the system in addition to maximizing expected value. We
show that by introducing the concept of points, average waiting time can be
improved by a large factor. By designing a credit system, we try to maxi
mize fairness in the system. We show not only is the fairness optimization
problem NP-hard, but also inapproximable within any multiplicative factor.
We propose two heuristic algorithms, one of which is based on rounding
the solution to a linear programming relaxation and the other is a greedy
algorithm. For both the one-shot market and the overtime market studied
in this thesis, we conduct a comprehensive set of experiments, and explore
the performance and also scalability of the proposed algorithms. Our experiments suggest that the performance of our algorithms in practice could
be much better than the worst-case performance guarantee factors.
39
Mitchell, I. "Outsourcing to trusts : a social exchange analysis of the employee experience." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/bd4762bc-97ef-44c4-84f8-826cf36cf0f8/1/.
Full textAbstract:
The outsourcing of public services often involves public sector workers transferring their employment to a private or non-profit company, yet little is known about what this transition is like for the employees themselves. This thesis investigates the employee experience of ‘being outsourced’ in the public leisure sector, which is an under-researched area, and concentrates attention toward the implications for the employment relationship. The research draws on social exchange theory as way of conceptualising the employment relationship and henceforth explores changes to it during the process of outsourcing. The research is primarily based on three longitudinal case studies (leisure services outsourced to Leisure Trusts) which includes the collection of 85 semi-structured interviews. In general, the findings suggest that the pre-transfer experience of outsourcing is likely to be a difficult emotional process to go through, with post-transfer implications including the worsening of terms and conditions and less than expected developmental opportunities. Yet, despite the difficulties of the transition, the findings also challenge the notion that the longer-term post-transfer implications are ‘all negative’ for employees, especially with regards to the quality and socioemotional side of the employment relationship – however these latter outcomes seem to be heavily dependent on the values and managerial style of the Leisure Trust managers, as well as any changes made to terms and conditions.
40
Grenda, Donn Robert. "A General Theory of Economic Flow, Social Exchange, and Hegemonic Relationship." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625722.
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Ali, Md Borak. "Social Exchange Process in Ecotourism: Realizing Benefits for the Local Community." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/68368.
Full textAbstract:
This study addresses the exchange relationships among ecotourism stakeholders in Bangladesh. A mix-method research design of QUAL-QUAN is adopted for this research. On the theoretical side social exchange theory is blended with the theory of planned behaviour to study the impact of various social exchange relationships and community’s attitude and behaviour on improved standard of living due to ecotourism. Findings indicate that community intention and participation in ecotourism improves standard of living in ecotourism destinations.
42
Lamertz, Kai. "The social network structure and social exchange of inter-personal help in co-acting work groups." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0016/NQ41202.pdf.
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Koçak, Özgecan. "Social orders of exchange : effects and origins of social order in exchange markets /." 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/557900344.pdf.
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TSENG, YU-CHANG, and 曾昱彰. "Social Capital, Social Exchange and Value Creation in Crowdfunding." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5nbhmc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東大學
商業自動化與管理學系碩士班
106
Crowdfunding has become a valuable alternative source of funding for entrepreneurs seeking external financing. Crowdfunding platforms have been used to post creative projects seeking funding in return for a reward, often in the form of a tangible product or experience. This study contributes by exploring what and how value is created in crowdfunding process. The results provide insight into different crowdfunding types and different value creation. Further, Crowdfunding is often associated with community-based experiences that generate “community benefits” for participants. This study extends the prior effort that examines the effect of social networks. Based on social capital theory and social exchange theory, this study develops a research model and conducted a multiple case study to explore how an entrepreneur’s social capital impact crowdfunding value.
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Chen, Ying Chen, and 陳瑩貞. "Time-Space, Social Exchange, and Discipline." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44196646549343843033.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
地理學系
98
A great number of single male engineers in Science Industry Park have caused the prevalence of matchmaking activities. This study begins with the situation of single male engineers in Hsinchu Science Industry Park, and presents the matchmaking activities from three aspects: the formation of matchmaking companies, the form of matchmaking activities, and the creation of matchmaking space for activities. The study aims to investigate the matchmaking phenomenon with Structuration Theory. The focus is on how matchmaking industry becomes present by both external and internal agency. The findings are as follows. First, the matchmakers are the agents shaped by technologies and engineers. They also comply with the social context of the Hsinchu Science Industry Park, which in this case stands for the external agency. Second, through social exchanges, matchmakers and engineers form the matchmaking activities. Whilst matchmakers provide engineers with the short cut to marriage, engineers provide social opportunities for matchmakers to make friends. Such activities also lead to some side benefits, such as job stability at work. Last, in order to match the engineers efficiently, matchmakers create disciplined space to maximize matching success. Matchmakers in this study are agents. They can decide the forms of matchmaking activities. However, they are also structure that regulates the forms of matchmaking and the diversity of participants. Engineers also can affect matchmakers’ decisions by their own agency and power. The matchmakers in this study are different from the transnational marriage agencies between Taiwan and Southeast Asia in the balance of power, and the relation between matchmakers and the engineers.
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Li, Pei-Ni, and 李佩霓. "SaaS continuance - the perspective of social exchange." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t5f4j8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
資訊管理系企業電子化碩士班
102
SaaS (Software as a Service, SaaS) is a network software and application service by the service providers, provide the software and hardware resource that the user needs. Now, more and more people use SaaS services that can self-management and improve performance, it also can help reduce costs and improve efficiency. In this study, we used trust in Social Exchange Theory (SET). To analyze SasS Service Quality how to improve user confidence in SaaS service providers, and thus enhance the user''s continued use of SaaS services intention. The research model combined the service quality (Environment Quality & Outcome Quality) and the trust(Competence-based trust & Openness-based trust). To investigate the interaction between users and between SaaS service providers in order to enhance the continued use of the intention. The study use Questionnaire Survey, The study use Questionnaire Survey, by the social networking sites, to take the personnel of use SaaS service as a questionnaire to issue object. Respondents filled in the questionnaire, that in regard to the experience in the use of SaaS services, towards the service providers for trust, and continued use of the intention. Used of the partial least squares (PLS) to analysis the impact of SaaS services quality, trust and the intention. Our effective questionnaires is 205. The results showed that: (1) Service quality will increase the users in toward SaaS service providers for trust; (2) SaaS service providers trust can be increased the intention of users use of SaaS services.
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Kun-Chih, Yang, and 楊棍智. "Research on Knowledge Sharing - Social Exchange Perspective." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61144185327028241435.
Full textAbstract:
碩士義守大學
管理科學研究所
90
Knowledge is one of the most important resources to sustain the competitive advantages for modern corporations. However, the competition among enterprises does not emphasize on physical assets any more. More and more attention is paid to the importance of intellectual assets. Consequently, knowledge sharing turns out to be a significant factor for knowledge creation. The increasingly specialized knowledge, along with the factors of external environment and personal characteristics, build up a barrier to prevent from knowledge sharing, and thus the optimal utilization of corporate knowledge becomes impossible. This study, based on the theoretical framework of Social Exchange Theory (SET), adopts constructs such as trust, cooperation, reciprocity, altruism, and organizational factor to develop a knowledge sharing model. Then discusses the employees’ willingness of sharing knowledge and how knowledge actually being shared within organizations. We designed a “knowledge sharing” questionnaire for this study. The subjects include the employees in electronic-related industries. 500 questionnaires were sent out and 279 were returned. Data were analysed by SPSS, and the results show that all the factors such as trust, cooperation, reciprocity, and altruism are positively correlated with employees’ behavior of knowledge sharing. In summary, the factors such as trust, cooperation, reciprocity, altruism, organizational factor etc. are all positively correlated with the behaviour of knowledge sharing. It shows that the employees in electronic-related industries are prone to contribute and share their personal knowledge with each other. Keywords: knowledge sharing, social exchange
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Wu, Chen-Hui, and 吳承徽. "Exploring the effect of social comparison on the social exchange behavior." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pd4w74.
Full textAbstract:
博士元智大學
管理學院博士班
105
In the past, scholars indicated that the knowledge sharing is increased in organizations in terms of information system of knowledge sharing. However, it didn’t have the consistent results. We argued that individuals are the real carriers of knowledge whose knowledge sharing is evaluated in both aspects of the positive relationship (e.g. friendship and trust) and negative relationship (e.g. competition and envy). Among the relationship of duality, negative relationship to the knowledge sharing is more influential to the result of knowledge sharing due to individual’s strong perceptions to the negative feelings. Thus, the theories of social comparison are employed to explore the social exchange behavior-- knowledge sharing among individuals, to indicate the various possible results led by the negative relationship to knowledge sharing in various conditions. Moreover, questionnaires are designed for its data-collection in this paper. The survey on the employees in a unit of A insurance company is a sample in November of 2015. There are totally 40 questionnaires received; excluding 6 incomplete or ineffective questionnaires, there are 34 effective questionnaires as a result. The social network analysis is used to analyze the results of 1156 pair data in terms of the pair data as the unit of analysis. According to the results of analysis, values trust, ability trust as well as common language were positive-significantly related to knowledge sharing. The relationship between ability trust and knowledge sharing was negative moderated by competition. Envy is a negative factor moderating the relationship between the ability trust and common language respectively to knowledge sharing. However, it is worthy to note that individuals are highly possible giving knowledge sharing to others due to keen competition and envy, even if the values trust, ability trust and common language are perceived low. Therefore, that is to say, the results of negative relation- competition and envy may fill in the gap of the theories of social comparison and shed light on future research of negative research.
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Nowita and 甘慧霞. "Leader-Member Exchange, Goal Orientation, and Employee Performance: An Applicationof the Social Exchange Theory." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33276997356955541211.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
國際經營管理研究所
102
The study integrates the social exchange and the goal orientations theories to examine the effects of leader-member exchange(LMX) on employee performance through the mediation of goal orientations. Analytical data collected from Indonesia show that LMX indeed can advance both learning and performance goal orientations. Although performance goal orientation can improve both employee task and innovative performance, learning goal orientation can promote task performance only. Moreover, performance goal orientation partially mediates the relationship between LMX and employee task performance. The study contributes to the social exchange theory by identifying critical mediators that help convert the social relationships between a leader and his/her subordinates into effective performance outcomes.
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Sohn, Dongyoung Leckenby John D. "Interactive media and social exchange of market information." 2005. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/1732/sohnd18210.pdf.
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