Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social exchange theory

Academic literature on the topic 'Social exchange theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Social exchange theory"

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Markovsky, Barry, and Karen S. Cook. "Social Exchange Theory." Social Forces 68, no. 2 (December 1989): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579267.

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Ward, Colleen, and Tracy Berno. "Beyond social exchange theory." Annals of Tourism Research 38, no. 4 (October 2011): 1556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.005.

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Porter, Caitlin M. "Long Live Social Exchange Theory." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 11, no. 3 (September 2018): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2018.102.

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Chernyak-Hai and Rabenu (2018) argue that social exchange theory (SET) should be revised to accommodate work relationships in the “new era” of work, characterized by a more diverse workforce with changing expectations for relationships between themselves and their organizational representatives. To account for the modern workplace, Chernyak-Hai and Rabenu introduce “new” or “modern exchange variables” that capture modern workplace conditions and employee characteristics or preferences, which they expect to indirectly influencewhetherandhowemployees develop high-quality work relationships with organizational representatives.
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Corcoran, Katie E. "Divine exchanges: Applying social exchange theory to religious behavior." Rationality and Society 25, no. 3 (July 11, 2013): 335–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463113492306.

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Cropanzano, Russell, and Marie S. Mitchell. "Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review." Journal of Management 31, no. 6 (December 2005): 874–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602.

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Lawler, Edward J. "An Affect Theory of Social Exchange." American Journal of Sociology 107, no. 2 (September 2001): 321–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/324071.

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Lawler, Edward J., and Shane R. Thye. "BRINGING EMOTIONS INTO SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY." Annual Review of Sociology 25, no. 1 (August 1999): 217–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.217.

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La Valle, Davide. "Social Exchange and Social System: A Parsonian Approach." Sociological Perspectives 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 585–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389280.

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Three problems have restricted the use by sociologists of social exchange theory. The first is the risk of utilitarianism, present in the perspective followed by Homans. The second problem is the inability of social exchange theory fully to achieve its goals: in particular, its failure to resolve the issue of money in social exchange. The third problem is social exchange theory's inability to pass from explanation of elementary behavior to that of social structures and institutions. This essay shows how these difficulties can be overcome by incorporating social exchange theory into a Parsonian framework. Development is given to Parsons's notion of influence as a generalized medium of exchange which circulates in the social system and which, for sociology, performs the same functions as money in economics. The analogies between the conceptual systems of economics and sociology go beyond the simple notion of exchange, which, in fact, constitutes a key concept with which to study the workings of the social system.
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Uehara, Edwina. "Dual Exchange Theory, Social Networks, and Informal Social Support." American Journal of Sociology 96, no. 3 (November 1990): 521–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229571.

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Shore, Lynn M., Jacqueline A.-M. Coyle-Shapiro, Xiao-Ping Chen, and Lois E. Tetrick. "Social Exchange in Work Settings: Content, Process, and Mixed Models." Management and Organization Review 5, no. 3 (November 2009): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2009.00158.x.

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Social exchange theory has provided the dominant basis for understanding exchange relationships in organizational settings. Despite its predominance within the management field, there are a number of unaddressed issues. This special issue seeks to further social exchange research in work settings. We differentiate social from economic exchange and highlight the moderating role of cultural and individual differences in explaining the outcomes associated with social exchange relationships. We introduce the ideas of content, process, and mixed models of exchange to reflect the different emphases given to the amount and type of resources exchanged, the quality of the relationship, and a combination of both. The five papers in this special issue illustrate these models. We discuss the applicability of social exchange theory across cultural contexts and present suggestions for future research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social exchange theory"

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Hagstrand, Simon. "Social Knowledge Exchange : How Individuals exchange and interpret information to recieve correct understanding." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13016.

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Micevski, Milena. "Marketing and sales interface flexibility : a social exchange theory perspective." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18023.

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To be successful in today s turbulent business environment it is very important for a company to exhibit flexibility in its processes, activities and interfaces. Such a flexible approach enables firms to adapt and improvise in order to achieve the best possible outcomes. In spite of there being ample research on how to achieve flexibility in a variety of business process and activities, there remains little understanding on how flexibility in managing the use of resources reveals itself in intra-organisational interfaces. This thesis sheds more light on this issue and investigates flexibility specifically in the relational context of cross-functional interfaces. The importance of developing and investigating flexibility at the cross-functional relational interface is embedded in the recognition that the ability and willingness of departments to adapt and to accommodate deviations from original strategies through their cross-functional working is a critical factor for success. This research investigates flexibility at one such interface that is argued to be essential in achieving organisational success but that is characterised by conflict, lack of cooperation and distrust the Marketing and Sales interface. A literature review incorporating two broad literature streams; i.e., the Marketing and Sales cross-functional relationship literature and the literature on organisational flexibility helped develop a guiding definition of Marketing and Sales Interface Flexibility (MSIF). This definition was subsequently confirmed in the exploratory phase of the thesis, thereby providing a stronger conceptualisation of the MSIF phenomenon. The concept was found to be predicated on social exchange theory s view on the M&S exchange relationship as a dynamic process in which both continuously adapt to each other s needs through modification of their resources required to match those needs. Consequently, a theoretical model was developed. This model argues for an inverted U-shaped relationship between MSIF and business performance. According to this model, beyond certain optimal point MSIF may reduce business performance. Based on the empirical testing of the model via a survey of 229 UK-based business organisations no support was found for the inverted U-shaped relationship between MSIF and customer performance. Results of the empirical testing indicated that MSIF has an inverted U-shaped relationship with a firm s market performance. These results imply that a firm s market success is secured at lower levels of MSIF whereas further increases in investments in MSIF may, at some point, become detrimental to an organisation s market performance (i.e., market share and sales volume). Therefore, the findings suggest that managers should manage MSIF wisely, hold themselves from over-investing in MSIF and seek to find the optimal level which will provide the best market performance. On the other hand, MSIF was found to have a linear, positive relationship to customer performance indicating that higher levels of MSIF will secure more a satisfied and loyal customer base. The study also incorporates the contingency theory perspective and hypothesises the moderating effect of market dynamism on the MSIF - performance relationship. The results indicate that the value of MSIF for generating market performance decreases as technological turbulence in the market increases. Based on the social exchange theory the relationship between four socially constructed antecedents and MSIF are proposed. The findings highlight the positive impact of, (1) trust in the Marketing and Sales relationship, and (2) rules and norms of social exchange between Marketing and Sales as reflected in compatible goals and joint rewards on MSIF. However, resource dependence asymmetry is found to be negatively related to MSIF suggesting that a misbalanced resource dependency between the two will hamper MSIF. The theoretical and practical implications of the study findings are subsequently presented along with an acknowledgment of the study s limitations and proposed future research to further explore this important area.
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Grenda, Donn Robert. "A General Theory of Economic Flow, Social Exchange, and Hegemonic Relationship." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625722.

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Abra, Gordon. "Structural Change in Exchange Relations." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1411%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Ahrens, Fred. "Knowledge Exchange Behavior in Supply Channel Relationships:A Social Exchange and Game-theoretic Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439295990.

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Lynch, Kellie R. "Great Sexpectations: The Application of Sexual Social Exchange Theory to Date Rape." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/18.

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In a two-part study, dating sexual expectations will be evaluated and the sexual social exchange theory will be investigated in a date rape trial. In Part 1, participants (N = 100) will be presented with one of two fictional date scenarios that will differ only on the cost of the date (i.e., $30 or $175). Participants will then indicate what behaviors (sexual and not sexual) are appropriate at the end of a first date and then a fifth date. It is predicted that all participants will expect sexual intercourse more on the fifth date than the first, and that participants in the expensive date scenario will expect sexual intercourse more than participants in the inexpensive date condition. Part II will use the information gathered in Part I to investigate how sexual expectations in a dating scenario may manifest themselves as feelings of reciprocity in the sexual social exchange theory. In Part II participants (N = 160) will be presented with one of four trial summaries that differ depending on the cost of the date (i.e., $30 or $175) and the date number (i.e., first or fifth). Participants will render a verdict and then rate the defendant and alleged victim on various rating factors (e.g., credibility), in addition to completing the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale, short form. It is predicted that there will be fewer guilty verdicts and lower pro-victim judgments for both men and women when the cost of the date was high and when the couple was on their fifth date. It is also predicted that men will render fewer guilty verdicts and report lower pro-victim attitudes than women. Juror rating subscales (e.g., victim credibility) and rape myth acceptance scores are predicted to mediate the effects of the cost of date and date number on verdict. The results will be discussed in terms of how the sexual social exchange theory can explain juror perceptions in a date rape trial.
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Shang, Qingyan. "Two essays on social interactions." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148654775.

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Young, Margaret H. "Mate Selection in Contemporary America: An Exchange Theory Perspective." DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2360.

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The use of exchange theory as it applies to human relations has escalated dramatically in the past 20 years. The present study applies exchange theory as the basis of mate selection in contemporary society. Whereas an actual barter system was used in the past and families played a major role in choosing prospective mates, participants in the mate selection process are not virtually on their own and must rely upon their own bargaining skills to present their assets on the marriage market. A number of characteristics are thought to enhance or detract from a person's "worth" on the marriage market. Over 900 college students from nine universities across the united states were surveyed in order to ascertain what they considered valuable in a potential mate, and important variables in the mate selection process were determined. Comparisons were made among gender, race, marital status, family size and configuration, socioeconomic status, religious orientation, and geographical region of the United States. The results indicate that important differences exist among the various groups concerning what characteristics enhance or detract from an individual's worth on the marriage market in contemporary America. Finally, it was determined that marital worth of individuals can theoretically be measured.
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Czekanski, William Andrew. "Social Exchange in Intercollegiate Athletics: An Exploration of Exchange Ideologies in the Coach-Student-Athlete Dyad." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1336664431.

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Jönsson, Fredrik. "Leader-Member Exchange Theory och utvecklande ledarskap i Försvarsmakten." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-10139.

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Building on previous research into the relationship between Leader-Member Exchange Theory and Transformational Leadership as well as decades’ worth of LMX-research, this study sets out to investigate the connection between high-quality leader-member exchanges and developmental leadership. The need for such a study arose from the lack of critical examination of the current leadership within the Swedish Armed Forces, as well as the central position given to the Developmental Leadership Theory. In order to examine the correlation between LMX and developmental leadership a questionnaire based on LMX-7 and the Developmental Leadership Questionnaire was constructed. Conscripts from the 1st Marine Regiment, the Artillery Regiment, the Life Guards Regiment and the Norrbotten Regiment were chosen as the study’s sample. Because of late rescheduling, ongoing field exercises and current restrictions due to the ongoing pandemic, only conscripts from the Norrbotten Regiment were able to partake in the study. Using data from 31 conscripts, this study found that there is a positive correlation between high-quality LMX-exchanges and subjection to developmental leadership. The data analysis of Pearson’s correlation coefficient resulted in r=0,66, denoting a moderate correlation. Due to the lacking response rate this result cannot be considered statistically significant, though. As a result, further studies into the relationship between Leader-Member Exchange Theory and Developmental Leadership Theory are required. The questionnaire used in the current study needs further evaluation and would benefit from being subjected to translation and back-translation procedures in order to verify its validity.
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Books on the topic "Social exchange theory"

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S, Cook Karen, and Emerson, Richard Marc, d. 1982., eds. Social exchange theory. Beverly Hills, Calif: SAGE Publications, 1987.

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David, Willer, ed. Network exchange theory. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999.

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Braun, Norman. Socially embedded exchange. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1993.

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Thomas, R. Murray. Explaining conversations: A developmental social exchange theory. Lanham: Jason Aronson, 2012.

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Social capital in organizations: An exchange theory approach. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2012.

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Kappelhoff, Peter. Soziale Tauschsysteme: Strukturelle und dynamische Erweiterungen des Marktmodells. München: R. Oldenbourg, 1993.

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1916-, Foa Uriel G., ed. Resource theory: Explorations and applications. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993.

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Seyla, Benhabib, ed. Feminist contentions: A philosophical exchange. New York: Routledge, 1995.

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Nee, Victor. Social exchange and political process in Maoist China. New York: Garland Pub., 1991.

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Nick, Kardulias P., and American Anthropological Association Meeting, eds. World-systems theory in practice: Leadership, production, and exchange. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social exchange theory"

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Cook, Karen S. "Social Exchange Theory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 5039–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1184.

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Hsieh, Alexander Lin, Clayton C. Hughes, and William E. Schult. "Social Exchange Theory." In Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy, 2698–704. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_56.

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Bosak, Janine. "Social Exchange Theory." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1999-1.

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Cook, Karen S., Coye Cheshire, Eric R. W. Rice, and Sandra Nakagawa. "Social Exchange Theory." In Handbook of Social Psychology, 61–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_3.

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Coyle-Shapiro, Jacqueline A.-M., and Marjo-Riitta Diehl. "Social Exchange Theory." In The Routledge Companion to Trust, 197–217. New York : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315745572-14.

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Hsieh, Alexander L., Clayton C. Hughes, and William E. Schult. "Social Exchange Theory." In Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15877-8_56-1.

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Cook, Karen S. "Social Exchange Theory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1184-1.

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Bosak, Janine. "Social Exchange Theory." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 7689–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1999.

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Revilla, Raquel García, and Olga Martinez Moure. "Social exchange theory." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 868–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_388.

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Stafford, Laura. "Social Exchange Theory." In Engaging Theories in Family Communication, 279–89. Second edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315204321-25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social exchange theory"

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Wikaningrum, A. T., and B. F. Mas’ud. "Value-Based Social Capital: An Overview of Social Exchange Theory." In Proceedings of the 17 th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200127.014.

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Liu, Xiaoping, and Jingsong Deng. "Development of Organizational Commitment Based on the Social Exchange Theory." In 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5997998.

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Sheng Wu, C. S. Lin, and Tung-Ching Lin. "Exploring Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Teams: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective." In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2006.177.

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Shan, Mao, Yang Wen-bo, and Mao Shan. "College Students' Interpersonal Communication from the Perspective of Social Exchange Theory." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Contemporary Education and Economic Development (CEED 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ceed-18.2018.101.

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Zhang, Chai, Xuewang Dong, Suyuan Zhang, and Jingjing Guan. "The application of Social Exchange Theory in tourism research: a critical thinking." In ICEME 2021: The 2021 12th International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3481127.3481242.

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Farias, Giovani Parente, Gracaliz Pereira Dimuro, Glenda Dimuro Peter, and Esteban de Manuel Jerez. "A BDI-Fuzzy Agent Model for Exchanges of Non-economic Services Based on the Social Exchange Theory." In 2013 Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bracis.2013.13.

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Farias, Giovani Parente, Gracaliz Pereira Dimuro, and Antonio Carlos da Rocha Costa. "A Fuzzy-BDI Agent Model for Exchanges of Non-economic Services, Based on the Social Exchange Theory." In 2011 Workshop-School on Theoretical Computer Science (WEIT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weit.2011.20.

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Yang, Jie, and Shaozong Zhang. "VaR Model Measure Exchange Rate Risk Based on GARCH Approach and EVT Theory." In 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-17.2017.186.

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Octavia, A. N., G. S. Wicaksono, D. P. Sari, and V. V. Mambay. "Empirical testing of trade off theory and pecking order theory on companies in the LQ45 index on the Indonesian stock exchange." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Economics, Business and Social Humanities, ICONEBS 2020, November 4-5, 2020, Madiun, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.4-11-2020.2304563.

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Wei, Chung-Lun, Yu-Chun Chang, Wen-Xuan Wang, Hsiao-Ming Chou, and Kuan-Jung Chen. "Factors that Influence Sharing Behaviors in Sharing Economy Based on the Theory of Social Capital and Social Exchange: Example of Taiwan-Based USPACE." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem44572.2019.8978908.

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Reports on the topic "Social exchange theory"

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Kokurina, Olga Yu. SOCIETAL-METABOLIC SYSTEM OF THE STATE: EXPERIENCE OF SYNTHETIC RESEARCH. THE ELECTRONIC MANUAL. SIB-Expertise, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0756.18122023.

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This electronic manual presents a number of theoretical and methodological tools based on the key concept: “societal (social) metabolism.” In summary, the synthetic concept of societal metabolism goes beyond the perspective of traditional social sciences by contextualizing the biophysical dimension of metabolic exchange between society and nature. Distancing from reductionist approaches, the interdisciplinary concept of societal metabolism recognizes the importance of mutual connections and interactions of factors of material and social exchange, within the framework of established individual and group social practices in the life of society. The electronic manual will be useful to undergraduate and graduate students studying social and political sciences, and to anyone interested in the theory and practice of applying interdisciplinary approaches to social science problems.
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Bassi, Andrea. From “Social Impact” to “Social Value”. Liège: CIRIEC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202206.

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After the financial-economic crisis of 2008 there has been an increasing diffusion of discourses by international institutions stressing the necessity towards the adoption of impact evaluation methods both by for profit and SSE organizations. This craze for impact measurement is generally led by the need of the stock exchange to find new financial markets (demand) for an increasing offer of socially or environmentally oriented financial products (such as the Social Impact Bond). This pressure had the effect to spread terms and concept typically of the financial world to other domains, such as the welfare policy (Social Investment State) and the traditional philanthropic sector (Social Return on Investment). Even the SSE has not been immune from this “epidemic” of measurement, standardization, quantification of its activities’ effects (Salathé-Beaulieu, G. in collaboration with M. J. Bouchard and M. Mendell, 2019). The paper’s main aim is to argue in favour of the adoption of a broader conceptualization of the SSE contribution to the local community (and to the society as a whole) that the one implied by the term “impact”. It proposes a conceptual framework based on the “social value” notion, which requires to consider the worth (Bouchard, M. J. ed., 2009) linked to the presence of the organization itself and not only of its activities/ programs/services. The paper will illustrate and comment the main results from an empirical research on the Social Added Value Evaluation of an umbrella recreation association in the Emilia-Romagna Region. The inquire adopts an experimental design based on qualitative methods such as: focus groups, face to face interviews and on site observations, in order to build a consensual system of social value/impact evaluation to be adopted by the local branches of the regional association.
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Giacometti, Alberto, Mari Wøien Meijer, and Hilma Salonen. Who drives green innovation in the Nordic Region? A change agency and systems perspective. Nordregio, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:101403-2503.

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In addressing the critical challenge of systemic sustainability, this report explores the need for more than a one-size-fits-all approach in the Nordic Region. It investigates the role of change agency processes and the impact of policies and framework conditions on green transition changes in business sectors. Our two case studies reveal some of the bottlenecks and drivers of innovation and explore them from a systemic perspective and in different geographic scales, both from a place-based and place-less perspective. The methodology adopted in the report is comprehensive, including a deep dive into the evolution of innovation theory and policy, following by an in-depth analysis of green innovation in two sectoral developments, including multi-storey wood construction and the so-called ‘protein shift’. It examines the roles of different stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and communities, in fostering an environment conducive to systemic change. The report relies on the academic and policy evolution of innovation theory and practice, identifying, what is argued to be, an emerging generation of innovation policies focused not only on economic but also on societal and environmental goals, which has generated a heated debate. To add nuance to this debate, our report utilised sector-based case studies relying on expert interviews to shed light on the roles of different agents in producing, not only technological but systems innovation. Against the background of systems innovations theory, this study provides some insights into the relevance of place, and proximity – not just geographic, but cognitive, institutional, organisational and social proximity. regional innovation landscape. Key findings reveal that systemic green innovations in the Nordic region happen as a result of the sum of multiple actors intentionally and unintentionally driving change in place-based and place-less settings. Several obstacles hinder setting a clear direction to innovation and path creation as these barriers are deeply entrenched in governance complexities, social institutions, and place-based industrial and structural path dependencies. Disrupting technological and systems ‘lock-ins’, is therefore, not the role of single agents but the result of multiple ones acting on a place-based or technology-based setting, and requires enhanced policy frameworks, and entrepreneurial public institutions moving beyond setting the ‘rules-of-the-game’ to actively orchestrating action, mobilising stakeholders and facilitating co-operation. The report emphasizes the significance of knowledge exchange and the creation of trust-based networks to accelerate the adoption of green innovations. It concludes by demonstrating that different green innovations develop under very different conditions and processes.
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Garrido, Isabel, and Irune Solera. Has the 2021 general SDR allocation been useful? For what and for whom? Madrid: Banco de España, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/33423.

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In the face of the COVID-19 crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), other multilateral institutions and countries took unprecedented measures. Inter alia, the IMF agreed on an historical SDR allocation that more than tripled the volume of SDRs to cover long-term global reserve needs and ultimately support vulnerable countries. Member countries can keep SDRs to boost their reserves or use them in other ways, including to cancel their debts with the IMF, lend to the IMF or exchange SDRs for currencies. This document evaluates how members have used the 2021 SDR allocation. The findings show that most of the allocation has been used to increase reserves, although 40% of emerging economies and more than 60% of low-income countries have used SDRs to service their debts with the IMF or to exchange for currency, mainly for budgetary purposes in relation to social and health policies. Furthermore, in line with the G20’s objective to channel USD 100 bn of SDRs to countries in need, members with sound economic positions have voluntarily lent some of their SDRs to IMF trusts that finance vulnerable countries in affordable terms.
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Mayne, Alison, Christina Noble, Paula Duffy, Kirsten Gow, Alexander Glasgow, Kevin O’Neill, Jeni Reid, and Diana Valero. Navigating Digital Ethics for Rural Research: Guidelines and recommendations for researchers and administrators of social media groups. DigiEthics: Navigating Digital Ethics for Rural Research, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22326.

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Social media creates new spaces for connecting people digitally and provides a forum for the exchange of information and discussion. Online spaces such as Facebook groups (FGs) have become part of the fabric of social interaction in many rural areas, with both residents and others living away from the community maintaining a connection in the virtual space. Community FGs are routinely used to share place-based information about resources, events or issues, and to discuss topics of shared interest. In research, these groups allow researchers to connect directly with people who have an interest in what happens within specific communities and offer rich opportunities for participants to likewise engage with research. We can reflect on how FGs in rural communities have the potential to enhance and/or complement existing approaches by making research with dispersed communities more accessible and affordable, while considering challenges around confidentiality and digital inclusion given the characteristics and size of the population. Social media has developed at pace during the last decade, and digital ethics is a shifting methods sub-field that poses challenges to social sciences and humanities researchers. Apart from platforms’ changing terms and conditions, research with and on social media groups has specific ethical challenges (e.g. around anonymity, confidentiality, and data access) that require tailored consideration. In particular, when approaching netnography and similar methods with social media groups, dialogic approaches which aim to engage, respect and protect participants are critical. There is consensus on the need to agree the access conditions with the group administrator as a first step, but there is no guidance on good practice on developing these conditions. To create these guidelines, we have worked collaboratively across disciplines and with administrators of Facebook groups to explore what such process could look like: aspects to address, pros and cons of potential approaches, and potential challenges and solutions.
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Wendt-Lucas, Nicola, and Ana de Jesus. The Role of 5G in the Transition to a Digital and Green Economy in the Nordic and Baltic Countries: Analytic Report. Nordregio, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:7.1403-2503.

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The report provides an overview of the status of 5G roll-out and its industrial uptake in the Nordic-Baltic region. The aim is not only to present the roll-out status across the region but also to put these insights into a broader political and technological context. The report describes some of the most relevant testbeds and policy initiatives, provides examples of successful and promising use cases, and highlights existing strengths and ongoing challenges in the Nordic-Baltic region. Juxtaposing these against established goals emphasises areas for possible future cooperation and knowledge exchange between the Nordic and Baltic actors to encourage sustainable innovation and competitiveness across the region. The report reveals notable variations in the progress of 5G coverage among the Nordic-Baltic countries. Denmark and Finland have made significant strides and surpassed the European Union average regarding 5G coverage, while other countries still face challenges in catching up. Despite the presence of numerous 5G activities, such as testbeds and innovation hubs, a considerable number of initiatives remain in the testing and prototyping stage. The report indicates that the full potential of 5G for innovation and competitiveness in the Nordic-Baltic region has yet to be fully realised. With the accelerated digitalisation brought by 5G, the importance of cyber security considerations increases. As 5G networks increase electricity demand, it is essential to consider the environmental footprint and societal effects of their rollout. While 5G has immense potential, it necessitates significant adjustments in various areas, including network infrastructure, systems, applications, data ethics, privacy, and workforce implications. Challenges related to social inclusion further underscore the importance of cooperation and synergy across the region. The report highlights the need for increased knowledge exchange, the formulation of common roadmaps, and the establishment of guidelines to promote harmonised 5G deployment. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are crucial for maximising the benefits of 5G technology in the Nordic and Baltic countries.
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Iatsyshyn, Anna V., Iryna H. Hubeladze, Valeriia O. Kovach, Valentyna V. Kovalenko, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Maryna S. Dvornyk, Oleksandr O. Popov, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, and Arnold E. Kiv. Applying digital technologies for work management of young scientists' councils. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4434.

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The publication explores the features of the digital technologies’ usage to organize the work of the Young Scientists’ Councils and describes the best practices. The digital transformation of society and the quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have forced the use of various digital technologies for scientific communication, the organization of work for youth associations, and the training of students and Ph.D. students. An important role in increasing the prestige of scientific activity and encouraging talented young people to participate in scientific projects belongs to the Young Scientists’ Councils, which are created at scientific institutions and higher education institutions. It is determined that the peculiarities of the work of Young Scientists’ Councils are in providing conditions for further staff development of the institution in which they operate; contribution to the social, psychological and material support of young scientists and Ph.D. students; creating an environment for teamwork and collaborative partnership; development of leadership and organizational qualities; contribution to the development of digital competence. The advantages of using electronic social networks in higher education and research institutions are analyzed, namely: general popularity and free of charge; prompt exchange of messages and multimedia data; user-friendly interface; availability of event planning functions, sending invitations, setting reminders; support of synchronous and asynchronous communication between network participants; possibility of access from various devices; a powerful tool for organizing the learning process; possibility of organization and work of closed and open groups; advertising of various events, etc. Peculiarities of managing the activity of the Young Scientists’ Council with the use of digital technologies are determined. The Young Scientists’ Council is a social system, and therefore the management of this system refers to social management. The effectiveness of the digital technologies’ usage to manage the activities of the Young Scientists’ Council depends on the intensity and need for their use to implement organizational, presentation functions and to ensure constant communication. The areas to apply digital technologies for the work managing of Young Scientists’ Councils are sorted as the presentation of activity; distribution of various information for young scientists; conducting questionnaires, surveys; organization and holding of scientific mass events; managing of thematic workgroups, holding of work meetings. It is generalized and described the experience of electronic social networks usage for organizing and conducting of scientific mass events.
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McFadden, Alison, Camila Biazus-Dalcin, and Nicole Vidal. Evaluation of a Gypsy/Traveller Community Health Worker service: Final Report. University of Dundee, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001300.

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This report evaluates the two-year Community Health Worker (CHW) service in Scotland delivered by a third sector organisation, Minority Ethnic Carers of People Project (MECOPP), which provided training to Gypsy/Travellers to advocate for their community on health and social care issues. The service, which was created as part of the Scottish Government and COSLA's joint action plan to address inequalities faced by Gypsy/Travellers , was designed with the intention to improve their health and wellbeing. Funding for the service was secured by The Scottish Public Health Network and the Directorate for Chief Medical Officer. The evaluation was conducted by the Mother and Infant Research Unit (MIRU) at the School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, and covered the initial two-year period from August 2021 to August 2023. There has been extensive evidence showing that Gypsy/Travellers residing in the UK tend to face significant health disparities, resulting in outcomes that are not as favourable as those of the general population and other similarly disadvantaged groups. Gypsy/Travellers face high rates of homelessness, inadequate education, unemployment, poverty, and regular experiences of racism and discrimination . This profoundly affects their mental health and overall well-being. Additionally, the potential for lack of trust between Gypsy/Travellers and healthcare professionals impacts health seeking behaviour and health service provision, as there are also barriers in accessing responsive health services and preventative care interventions. Evidence indicates that community-based lay roles can improve healthcare access, reduce costs, and promote knowledge exchange between communities and health services through trusted individuals . This project aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Gypsy/Traveller CHW service, including barriers and facilitators, and make recommendations for its future scale-up. Objectives included describing the roles and activities of the CHWs, exploring the acceptability and feasibility of the service, identifying implementation barriers and facilitators, describing any modifications made, and examining the perceived benefits and disadvantages of the CHW service.
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Estevadeordal, Antoni, and Ekaterina Krivonos. Negotiating Market Access between the European Union and MERCOSUR: Issues and Prospects. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008654.

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The European Union (EU) and MERCOSUR are the largest and most influential regions, both by population and in terms of size of the economy, of their respective continents. The renewed priority given to biregional cooperation launched by the Inter-Regional Framework Agreement signed in 1995 is based on deep historical, political, economic and cultural links between the two regions. The potential advantages of an agreement that will foster a process of dynamic cooperation are enormous, ranging from political influence to economic returns, including the gains from comparative advantage, expanding markets, improved environment for investments, and positive spillovers on human and social capital, democracy, and justice. A free trade agreement between the two regions should also be evaluated in the context of the new regionalism initiatives taking place around the world, in particular the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) negotiations and the process of enlargement and deepening of the two regional blocs. The objective of this paper is to offer an X-ray of the current status of existing market access provisions both in MERCOSUR and the EU. This is an important and necessary first step to identify the key issues facing market access negotiators from the very outset of the negotiations. As has already been agreed during the first meeting of the European Union - Mercosur Biregional Negotiations Committee, one of the first tasks of the Technical Group charged with market access issues will be the exchange of information in the areas of tariff and non-tariff measures. This initial exchange of information among negotiating parties usually plays a key role in the overall formulation of each party's negotiating strategy. This paper attempts, using mostly secondary sources and data compiled by international agencies, to take a seat at the negotiating table and provide the best snapshot possible of the situation. In this regard, it is important to stress that the information used and analyzed in this paper should not be taken in any way as the official picture of the market access profiles of each region.
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Barreix, Alberto Daniel, Jerónimo Roca, and Fernando Velayos. Quo Vadis Income Tax?: Towards the PIT-CA. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007979.

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The income tax system has prevailed for more than 200 years. Its capacity to adapt to cultural, economic, political, and social change has made it the greatest raiser of revenue in human history. The 2008 financial crisis and its consequent fiscal crises brought about fundamental administrative changes, notably a greater impulse toward tax transparency. Those changes offer a challenge and an opportunity for the modification of income tax’s design. Financial systems in the developed countries, which needed huge bailouts in a context of widespread insecurity (intervention in banks and insurance companies, plunges in stock markets), ran the risk of losing the competitive advantages stemming from their institutional and regulatory stability. Sovereign debt thus grew dizzyingly as fiscal stimulus initiatives sought to recapitalize capital markets, matched by mounting social disquiet about high unemployment and the acceleration of income concentration. Thus, there was a convergence of interests among States and civil society to put an end to tax opacity. International cooperation commitments on automatic information exchange, more precise determination of business profits in each of the countries involved in the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project, and knowledge of the beneficial owner, not only help curb tax evasion and avoidance but also make possible changes in tax policy. This study proposes a new form of income tax based on such administrative changes. It suggests a comprehensive personal income tax that covers all of a taxpayer’s worldwide income on an accrual basis (PIT-CA), with the corporate income tax that complements it in its functions as a policy instrument, tax control, and revenue advance (withholding) of the PIT-CA itself. The proposed tax covers a taxpayer’s entire global income, without exception, which is levied on an accrual basis and is fully integrated with corporate income tax. An individual’s final tax treatment will be that of the taxpayer’s country of residence, and therefore any moves designed to secure a lower tax at source will serve little. In our view, this architecture will make it possible to boost the tax’s revenue, efficiency, equity, simplicity, and “coordinability” relative to current models. There is no doubt that the structure of income tax must be modernized in the new circumstances, and this study seeks to contribute to that process.
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