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1
Palermos, Spyridon Orestis. "Extending cognition in epistemology : towards an individualistic social epistemology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7972.
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The aim of the present thesis is to reconcile two opposing intuitions; one originating from mainstream individualistic epistemology and the other one from social epistemology. In particular, conceiving of knowledge as a cognitive phenomenon, mainstream epistemologists focus on the individual as the proper epistemic subject. Yet, clearly, knowledge-acquisition many times appears to be a social process and, sometimes, to such an extent—as in the case of scientific knowledge—that it has been argued there might be knowledge that is not possessed by any individual alone. In order to make sense of such contradictory claims, I combine virtue reliabilism in mainstream epistemology with two hypotheses from externalist philosophy of mind, viz., the extended and distributed cognition hypotheses. Reading virtue reliabilism along the lines suggested by the hypothesis of extended cognition allows for a weak anti-individualistic understanding of knowledge, which has already been suggested on the basis of considerations about testimonial knowledge: knowledge, many times, has a dual nature; it is both social and individual. Provided, however, the possibility of distributed cognition and group agency, we can go even further by making a case for a robust version of antiindividualism in mainstream epistemology. This is because knowledge may not always be the product of any individual’s cognitive ability and, thereby, not creditable to any individual alone. Knowledge, instead, might be the product of an epistemic group agent’s collective cognitive ability and, thus, attributable only to the group as a whole. Still, however, being able—on the basis of the hypothesis of distributed cognition—to recognize a group as a cognitive subject in itself allows for proponents of virtue reliabilism to legitimately apply their individualistic theory of knowledge to such extreme cases as well. Put another way, mainstream individualistic epistemologists now have the means to make sense of the claim that p is known by S, even though it is not known by any individual alone.
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Barnes, Allison. "Empathy and epistemology." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10905.
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Cordeiro, dos Santos Ana Christina. "The social epistemology of experimental economics." Rotterdam : Rotterdam : Erasmus Universiteit ; Erasmus University [Host], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/8094.
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Wright, Jack. "Pluralism and social epistemology in economics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290423.
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Economics plays a significant role in decision-making in contemporary western societies, but its role is increasingly questioned. A recurring topic among the challenges raised by critics is that economics as a discipline lacks sufficient pluralism. That is, it fails to enable, encourage, and respect the use of different ontologies, methodologies, theories, and/or schools of thought to study economic reality. Has this been a productive critique? Does talk about pluralism help identify genuine problems in the discipline? Pluralism in economics could draw support from the current consensus in philosophy that pluralism in science is a good thing. I argue, however, that the claim that economic research is insufficiently pluralist is unlikely to convince economists who believe economics is already pluralist enough and that it does not offer unambiguous recommendations for change. This is because there are too many legitimate ways to interpret how pluralism maps to practice. There are numerous variables that pluralist ideals might focus on-the things that they seek multiple rather than one of-and different interpretations of how many of those variables economics has in practice. Yet, as I go on to argue, this does not mean that talk of pluralism is entirely beside the point, since the reasons pluralists offer for their ideals do help to identify genuine problems in economics. The social epistemic strategies that arguments for pluralism recommend point us to three concrete issues in the way economic research is organised: gender imbalances, a steep internal hierarchy, and a dismissive attitude to outsiders. I show that economic research could be more progressive, representative of the interests of those in society, accepted, and legitimate and less likely to fall into bias if the discipline alleviated its gender imbalances, if it were less hierarchical, and if it had a healthier relationship with outsiders. In chapter 1, I outline the debate about pluralism in economics and explain how my thesis utilises a novel approach to social epistemology to offer a way out of the impasse in which that the debate presently resides. In chapter 2, I explain the different philosophical arguments for pluralism in science and categorise them using the variables they focus on and the reasons they give for pluralism. In chapter 3, I argue that interpreting pluralism as a particular arrangement of variables for economics to attain does not lead to unambiguous recommendations for change because it leaves too much open. Yet, I go on to argue, in chapter 4, that drawing on the reasons for pluralism can provide a set of heuristics for piecemeal evaluations of the social epistemic practices in economics. In chapters 5, 6, and 7, I apply these heuristics to economics. I provide evidence that [a] women are outnumbered in economics and face an adverse environment in the discipline, that [b] economics is steeply hierarchical, and that [c] economists form an in-group that assumes superiority and frequently dismisses outside voices. I argue that these three features of economic research block avenues for productive forms of feedback (mechanisms that help to challenge, justify, and refine scientific knowledge), block the interests of certain perspectives being heard, and block public scrutiny of the decisions made by economists.
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Matthews, P. "Social epistemology and online knowledge exchange." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2015. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/25677/.
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This document summarises the submitted research which has investigated online knowledge exchange and related it to the philosophical field of social epistemology. The broad aims have been: firstly to investigate what social epistemology theory can offer in the way of guidance and evaluative frameworks for the design of knowledge systems; and secondly, to determine what the empirical study of knowledge exchange platforms can tell us about epistemology as emerging from online practice. The submitted work consists of six papers that are a mixture of review/position papers and reports of empirical investigation. These have been published in information science journals and conference proceedings. However, following the established tradition of information science, the work is positioned as being cross disciplinary in ambition. After introducing the submitted papers and the inspiration for the research, the main theoretical positions of the research are outlined and justified. These were a naturalised social epistemological position, inspired by Alvin Goldman, but widened to a situated and systems-oriented view. The naturalised view of epistemology allows for consideration of evidence from psychology, and here some key theories in social and cognitive psychology are outlined. Finally, as the subject is human-computer-human interaction, the sociotechnical setting is established. Further, the main platforms of study in the empirical work — social question answering systems — are introduced and described. The main methodology and research approaches followed are presented next. A mixed methods philosophy was deemed suitable for this area of research and — alongside the review work — the broad web science method of combining network and data investigation with qualitative methods is justified. Review work included early collaborations with an information scientist and a philosopher which helped to bring together and clarify epistemological and sociotechnical themes. The discussion section presents some of the main themes and conclusions of the submitted work, including: 1) The identification of knowledge patterns and practices online; 2) Criteria for online knowledge exchange distilled from the social epistemology literature; 3) Some triangulations where theory from philosophy and psychology seemed to corroborate and serve to explain online behaviour; 4) Socio-temporal aspects to online knowledge exchange that are perhaps under developed in philosophy but apparent in practice; 5) Credibility cues and bias, seen as crucial to a rounded study of user interaction with online sources; and finally 6) Interventions suggested by the research which would aim to raise the quality and effectiveness of social media knowledge systems. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for further work are presented. These follow on from the submitted strands of research and present possibilities for how the work may be extended and improved upon. In common with the research, these combine philosophy, modelling, interaction design and qualitative methods. Such a combination is seen as essential to developing an enhanced understanding of how the web serves and could serve as a platform for human knowledge.
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Calvert-Minor, Christopher Lee. "Practicist epistemology and the social dimension." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Fallis, Don. "Epistemic Value Theory and Social Epistemology." University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105269.
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In order to guide the decisions of real people who want to bring about good epistemic outcomes for themselves and others, we need to understand our epistemic values. In Knowledge in a Social World, Alvin Goldman has proposed an epistemic value theory that allows us to say whether one outcome is epistemically better than another. However, it has been suggested that Goldmanâ s theory is not really an epistemic value theory at all because whether one outcome is epistemically better than another partly depends on our non-epistemic interests. In this paper, I argue that an epistemic value theory that serves the purposes of social epistemology must incorporate non-epistemic interests in much the way that Goldmanâ s theory does. In fact, I argue that Goldmanâ s theory does not go far enough in this direction. In particular, the epistemic value of having a particular true belief should actually be weighted by how interested we are in the topic.
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Roberts, Francis Charles. "Social structures, epistemology and personal identity." Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57338/.
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In this thesis a set of interlocking arguments is fashioned. Each argument serves a dual purpose: it contributes to the acceptability of the main theme developed In the thesis and it increases the acceptability of the other arguments. At all stages the price paid for refusing to accept the conclusions drawn is cited. There are two driving forces behind the construction of the set of arguments. The first involves a recognition that there is a need for some 'underiabouring' work to be done for the Social Sciences; the second, relatedly. that there is a need to relocate the current debate in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy on, the question of Personal Identity. The colligation of the arguments accomplishes an 'underlabouring' task for the Social Sciences. This task consists of the identification of some of the Implications of the acceptance (whether tacit or explicitly stated) of two notions: the notions of what constitutes a person and what constitutes society. it Is argued that Possible uses of the concept of a person, inherent in any Interpretation of social phenomena, will constrain the explanatory power of any social scientific theory (or even ofa common system of beliefs) In which the interpretation is embedded. If one accepts a social scientific theory (or any common system of beliefs) which subsumes a concept of a person which does not see persons as essentially subjective, essentially social and essentially knowledge-seeking then one has to pay a series of penalties. Foremost among the penalties Is the sacrifice of the possibility of the expansion of the understanding of social phenomena. There are two concepts of society, embedded in contrasting systems of beliefs, whose acceptance has the effect of reinforcing the constraint on the explanatory power of the systems. One concept Involves a view of society as an object with causal powers, the other sees only Individuals as social causal agents. Whether it is Implicit or explicitly stated, the acceptance of either concept of society will cement the constraint on the expansion of one's understanding of social phenomena. The arguments go on to show that only the acceptance of a concept of society seen as an ensemble (itself devoid of detectable causal power) of social structures with causal powers can induce a lifting of some of the restrictions on the expansion of one's understanding of social phenomena. At the core of the arguments lies a fundamental distinction. This is the distinction which needs to be made between the functions of epistemological and ontological concepts which underpin one's understanding of social phenomena. It Is argued that, while such a distinction needs to be made, the relationship between the two functions is a symbiotic one - neither can operate without the other. The differentiation between the two functions is achieved by focusing on the distinction between knowledge and being - encapsulated in Chapter 2 by the distinction made between 'cultural environments' and 'social environments'. Linked to, and sustaining, the distinction between social and cultural environments is a distinction between two aspects of cognitive interactions between Individuals. These two aspects Involve a contrast between an Individual's sense of 'Interacting with' and a sense of 'being with' other Individuals. The former involves individuals in operating 'social kinds' while the latter involves them in sustaining the operating parameters of social kinds. Operations of social kinds are needed for changes in states of understanding to occur (in other words the operations have epistemological significance); by contrast the sustaining of the operational parameters of social kinds is significant with respect to the functions of ontological concepts. The failure of many theories of Personal Identity to address the problems generated by conflating epistemology and ontology In the social sciences renders such theories Inadequate to the task of providing a comprehensive analysis of Personal Identity. The arguments In the thesis pinpoint the nature of this Inadequacy, and show how it might be avoided.
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Fallis, Don. "Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia." Wiley Periodicals, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105728.
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Wikipedia (the â free online encyclopedia that anyone can editâ ) is having a huge impact on how a great many people gather information about the world. So, it is important for epistemologists and information scientists to ask whether or not people are likely to acquire knowledge as a result of having access to this information source. In other words, is Wikipedia having good epistemic consequences? After surveying the various concerns that have been raised about the reliability of Wikipedia, this paper argues that the epistemic consequences of people using Wikipedia as a source of information are likely to be quite good. According to several empirical studies, the reliability of Wikipedia compares favorably to the reliability of traditional encyclopedias. Furthermore, the reliability of Wikipedia compares even more favorably to the reliability of those information sources that people would be likely to use if Wikipedia did not exist (viz., websites that are as freely and easily accessible as Wikipedia). In addition, Wikipedia has a number of other epistemic virtues (e.g., power, speed, and fecundity) that arguably outweigh any deficiency in terms of reliability. Even so, epistemologists and information scientists should certainly be trying to identify changes (or alternatives) to Wikipedia that will bring about even better epistemic consequences. This paper suggests that, in order to improve Wikipedia, we need to clarify what our epistemic values are and we need a better understanding of why Wikipedia works as well as it does.
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Kerr, Eric Thomson. "Engineering anti-individualism : a case study in social epistemology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9690.
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This dissertation is a contribution to two fields of study: applied social epistemology and the philosophy of technology. That is, it is a philosophical study, based on empirical fieldwork research, of social and technical knowledge. Social knowledge here is defined as knowledge acquired through the interactions between epistemic agents and social institutions. Technical knowledge is here defined as knowledge about technical artefacts (including how to design, produce, and operate them). I argue that the two must be considered collectively both in the sense that they are best considered in the light of collectivist approaches to knowledge and in the sense that they must be considered together as part of the same analysis. An analysis solely of the interactions between human epistemic agents operating within social institutions does not give adequate credit to the technological artefacts that help to produce knowledge; an analysis of technical knowledge which does not include an analysis of how that technical knowledge is generated within a rich and complex social network would be similarly incomplete. I argue that it is often inappropriate to separate analyses of technical knowledge from social knowledge and that although not all social knowledge is technical knowledge, all technical knowledge is, by definition, social. Further, the influence of technology on epistemic cultures is so pervasive that it also forms or 'envelops' what we consider to be an epistemic agent.
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Fagan, Melinda Bonnie. "Objectivity in practice integrative social epistemology of scientific inquiry /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274925.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History and Philosophy of Science, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 11, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 2974. Adviser: Elisabeth A. Lloyd.
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Ryg, Matthew A. "Toward Better Knowledge: A Social Epistemology of Pragmatic Nonviolence." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1034.
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The dissertation takes as its central problem the priority and value of nonviolent and pragmatic social epistemology. Many concede the desirability of nonviolent problem solving, but quickly and unreflectively assent to violence when the imagination fails to procure viable alternatives. Moreover, the kind and quality of knowledge gained through the use of nonviolence, it is argued, is far superior to the kind and quality of knowledge gained through the use of violence. This dissertation attempts to settle the discussion of the priority and value of nonviolence as a social epistemology by arguing for, and ultimately proving with the use of rationale and empirical evidence, that pragmatic nonviolence has more social-epistemological and/or value as knowledge than the available violent alternatives. Neither modern nor post-modern violence are able to produce knowledge with quite the same staying power, lasting effects, and high quality than that which is generated through what I call "pragmatic nonviolence." Traditionally, for a variety of biased reasons, classical American pragmatism has not taken a stand for either philosophical or methodological nonviolence. This unfortunate situation will, I hope, change with the argument in this dissertation. The issue of whether or not the social-epistemological value of pragmatic nonviolence, as a philosophical movement, has the potential to steer the course of contemporary social, political, and moral pragmatism into the 21st century, has largely been settled. The discussion and analysis offered in chapter one focuses primarily on the logic of domination, violent knowing, and violent realism. Historical context is provided to situate the central problems, compare sources of knowledge, and explore the relationship between violence and knowledge. The views of Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz, The United States Military Academy, Wendy Hamblet, Crispin Sartwell, Judith Bradford, and Aaron Fortune receive primary attention in chapter one. Chapter two focuses primarily on the development of a radically empirical social epistemology and theory of concept formation. I examine the roots of social epistemology and describe the problem of learning theory and concept formation through notions of habit, conduct, and struggle. The views of John Dewey, Paulo Freire, and Leonard Harris receive attention in this section of chapter two. I conclude this chapter by outlining concepts of peace and social justice as they demonstrate how social knowledge is created pragmatically. The views of Martin Luther King, Jr., Duane Cady, and Steven Lee receive attention in the latter section of chapter two. The analysis offered in chapter three centers on what I claim generates better knowledge: pragmatic nonviolence. The first section of chapter three describes the kind of normative epistemology I advocate and how pragmatic nonviolence offers qualitatively better knowledge than the alternatives. The views of C.S. Peirce, John Dewey, and Edgar Sheffield Brightman are considered in this section. The second section details the extent and value of uniting pragmatism and nonviolence, the need for a distinctly pragmatic conception of nonviolence, prophetic pragmatism, and American personalism. The views of Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Cornel West, and Randall Auxier are treated in this part. The third and fourth sections of chapter three applies the theories advanced in previous sections and chapters to demonstrate how pragmatic nonviolence generates better knowledge. The views of Myles Horton and Bob Moses are considered at length.
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Eck, David Alexander. "The Encultured Mind: From Cognitive Science to Social Epistemology." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5472.
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There have been monumental advances in the study of the social dimensions of knowledge in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. But it has been common within a wide variety of fields--including social philosophy, cognitive science, epistemology, and the philosophy of science--to approach the social dimensions of knowledge as simply another resource to be utilized or controlled. I call this view, in which other people's epistemic significance are only of instrumental value, manipulationism. I identify manipulationism, trace its manifestations in the aforementioned fields, and explain how to move beyond it. The principal strategy that I employ for moving beyond manipulationism consists of synthesizing enactivism and neo-Kuhnian social epistemology. Specifically, I expand the enactivist concept of participatory sense-making by linking it to recent conceptual innovations in social epistemology, such as the concept of immanent cogent argumentation.
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Gilman, Todd Nathaniel. "Communicative Action as Feminist Epistemology." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4906.
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This thesis proposes that feminist social and political theory adopt the epistemology inherent in Jurgen Habermas's communicative ethics in order to more coherently work toward the goal of freeing individuals from social oppression. This thesis first examines the fundamental differences that exist between the particular claims for knowledge made by the three major schools of feminist theory; the empirical feminists, the standpoint feminists, and those allied with postmodernism. After illuminating the specifics of these feminist claims, the conception of knowledge central to Habermas's thought is explored and shown to be split into three distinct realms; the objective, the social, and the subjective. It is shown that the three realms of Habermas's knowledge account for the underlying claims of the differing groups of feminist theory, and provide a basis for reconciling the differences between them. Habermas's objective realm of knowledge corresponds to the concerns of empirically oriented feminists. A need for an accurate description of the events and conditions of the actual world is shared by both, as is a trust in the human potential for grasping these objects and events accurately. Standpoint feminism's concern for interpersonal relations, accounting for the context of an individual's or group's existence, is reflected in the type of knowledge that Habermas considers social in nature. Habermas's conception of our capacity for social knowledge, which guides our actions with other human beings, is shown to be dependent upon both social existence and communication. Finally, Habermas acknowledges the human potential for critical knowledge to explain the individual's ability to differentiate herself from the group, a task which a postmodern feminism demands to avoid essentializing any aspect of women. If feminist theory is able to move beyond the entrenched differences that it now finds itself locked within, perhaps then it will be able to continue with the project shared with Habermas, that of providing a meaningful emancipation for human beings.
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Bergström, Jonathan. "Group Belief and Justification : Analyzing Collective knowledge." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-129338.
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Fallis, Don. "The Epistemic Costs and Benefits of Collaboration." University of Memphis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105562.
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In "How to Collaborate," Paul Thagard tries to explain why there is so much collaboration in science, and so little collaboration in philosophy, by giving an epistemic cost-benefit analysis. In this paper, I argue that an adequate explanation requires a more fully developed epistemic value theory than Thagard utilizes. In addition, I offer an alternative to Thagard's explanation of the lack of collaboration in philosophy. He appeals to its lack of a tradition of collaboration and to the a priori nature of much philosophical research. I claim that philosophers rarely collaborate simply because they can usually get the benefits without paying the costs of actually collaborating.
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Fallis, Don. "Attitudes Toward Epistemic Risk and the Value of Experiments." Springer, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105761.
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Several different Bayesian models of epistemic utilities (e.g., Levi 1962, Horwich 1982, Maher 1990, Oddie 1997) have been used to explain why it is rational for scientists to perform experiments. In this paper, I argue that a model--suggested independently by Patrick Maher (1990) and Graham Oddie (1997)--that assigns epistemic utility to degrees of belief in hypotheses provides the most comprehensive explanation. This is because this proper scoring rule (PSR) model captures a wider range of scientifically acceptable attitudes toward epistemic risk than the other Bayesian models that have been proposed. I also argue, however, that even the PSR model places unreasonably tight restrictions on a scientist's attitude toward epistemic risk. As a result, such Bayesian models of epistemic utilities fail as normative accounts--not just as descriptive accounts (see, e.g., Kahneman and Tversky 1972, Giere 1988)--of scientific inquiry.
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Fallis, Don. "Collective Epistemic Goals." Taylor & Francis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106289.
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We all pursue epistemic goals as individuals. But we also pursue collective epistemic goals. In the case of many groups to which we belong, we want each member of the group--and sometimes even the group itself--to have as many true beliefs as possible and as few false beliefs as possible. In this paper, I respond to the main objections to the very idea of such collective epistemic goals. Furthermore, I describe the various ways that our collective epistemic goals can come into conflict with each other. And I argue that we must appeal to pragmatic considerations in order to resolve such conflicts.
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Ferreira, Luisa Maria. "Obstáculos epistemológicos à integralização das problemáticas sócio-ambientais em Sociologia /." Marília, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88754.
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Orientador: Aluisio Almeida SchumacherBanca: Rodrigo Barbosa Ribeiro
Banca: Maria da Graça Chamma Ferraz e Ferraz
Resumo: Esta dissertação possui dois objetivos fundamentais, quais sejam, analisar as condições subjetivas do progresso científico em Sociologia, por meio do conceito de obstáculo epistemológico e aplicar esse conceito a certos postulados da Sociologia de Émile Durkheim tendo como pano de fundo sua obra Da divisão do Trabalho Social (1999). Nossa ideia central é que Sociologia deve superar certos obstáculos. Tais quais, sua concepção de homem, considerado apenas em seu âmbito moral e as explicações do social pelo social. Os quais frente à atualidade de questões como as problemáticas sócio-ambientais tem se apresentado insuficientes para a formação de um novo espírito científico em Sociologia. Na medida em que desconsideram a relação do homem com a natureza
Abstract: This dissertation has two main objectives namely to analyze the subjective conditions of scientific progress in Sociology, through the concept of epistemological obstacle and apply this concept to certain postulates of the sociology of Emile Durkheim as background with his work The Division of Labor social (1999). Our central idea is that sociology must overcome certain obstacles. As such, his conception of man, considered solely in its scope moral and social explanations of the social. The front of the current which issues such as social and environmental issues has appeared insufficient for the formation of a new scientific spirit in Sociology. To the extent that disregard the relationship between man and nature
Mestre
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Madrid, Cristina (Madrid López). "The water metabolism of socio-ecosystems. Epistemology, methods and applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285540.
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La línea de investigación presentada en esta tesis representa un primer acercamiento entre los estudios sobre Hidrología y Metabolismo Social. La línea nace de la observación de que el agua es evitada en los estudios que tratan el metabolismo y de que la ciencia del agua –si bien reconoce la necesidad de evolucionar hacia la interdisciplinariedad- todavía no ha conseguido conectar los análisis enfocados en la sociedad y en los ecosistemas. La contribución que se hace en este trabajo es precisamente la definición de un marco analítico –el Metabolismo Hídrico de los Socio-ecosistemas- donde se puede establecer esta conexión y que está formado por una propuesta conceptual y un set de herramientas metodológicas. El documento se divide en tres partes donde se discuten las novedades epistemológicas, metodológicas y formales del marco.
La Parte I cubre las reflexiones epistemológicas relacionadas con el marco analítico. Éstas comienzan en el Capítulo 1 con la explicación de los restos a los que la ciencia del agua se enfrenta y que están relacionados con la necesidad de encontrar marcos analíticos que puedan proporcionar inputs relevantes para la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos (GIRH). Al igual que para el caso de otros recursos, la GIRH requiere el establecimiento de una conexión analítica de las dinámicas sociales y de los ecosistemas. La analogía del metabolismo de la sociedad, como una de las piezas claves de la Ciencia de la Sostenibilidad, es una buena opción para establecer esta conexión. Sin embargo, el concepto de metabolismo necesita ser examinado de cerca antes de su uso combinado con otras concepciones de las relaciones entre el ser humanos y la naturaleza. Tras subrayas que el metabolismo de las sociedades y los ecosistemas son dos procesos distintos per conectados, en el Capítulo 2 se propone un esquema para la descripción de las relaciones metabólicas entre ellos. En el capítulo 3, este esquema es adaptado a las condiciones específicas del agua, usando algunos de los conceptos más relevantes en socio- y eco-hidrología. De esta forma, el metabolismo hídrico del socio-ecosistema es definido como el metabolismo del sistema agua-ser humano.
La Parte II describe el marco metodológico. Como un marco ampliamente establecido que es capaz de tratar los problemas de escala y de integrar narrativas, el Capítulo 4 presenta el Análisis Integrado Multi-Escala del Metabolismo Social y de los Ecosistemas (MuSIASEM). MuSIASEM se ha seleccionado como raíz y ha sido adaptado al análisis de sistemas complejos agua-ser humano. Dado que el agua presenta importantes diferencias con respecto a los análisis previos en energía, esta adaptación requiere la inclusión de nuevas escalas de análisis –el ‘problemshed’ y el ‘watershed’- y nuevas definiciones del agua como metabolito –como flujo y fondo. En el capítulo 5 se señalan las diferencias y sinergias ente MuSIASEM el análisis de la huella hídrica –como una de las herramientas de la GIRH.
En la Parte III se presentan cuatro casos de estudio con dos objetivos. En primer lugar, el Capítulo 6 analiza a sostenibilidad de los patrones metabólicos en el uso del agua en Punjab y Mauricio para testear la aplicación de MuSIASEM a los estudios de agua y para mostrar cómo este tipo de análisis de formaliza. En segundo lugar, el Capítulo 7 muestra como los métodos de contabilidad del agua del análisis de la huella hídrica complementan el análisis de flujos de agua en MuSIASEM, encontrando además una referencia para su contextualización.The research line presented in this dissertation is a first attempt to provide a bridge for the communication between Hydrological studies and Social Metabolism. It was born from the observation that water is neglected in Social Metabolism and that current water science, while certain about the need of evolving towards a more interdisciplinary field, still faces challenges in the connection of social and ecosystem analyses. The contribution made here is the definition of an analytical framework –the Water Metabolism of Socioecosystems- where this connection can be established and which is formed by a conceptual proposal and a methodological toolkit. The document is divided in three parts where the epistemological, the methodological and the formal novelties of the framework are discussed. Part I covers the epistemological reflections related to the analytical framework. It begins in Chapter 1 with the explanation of the challenges faced by current water science and that relate to the need of finding analytical frameworks that contribute useful inputs to integrated management of the water resources (IWRM). As with the case of other resources, IWRM requires the analytical connection of the social and ecosystem dynamics. As a key piece within Sustainability Science the analogy of the metabolism of societies can be used to establish this connection. However, the metabolism concept needs a close examination before its joint use with other conceptions of the relations between humans and nature. After highlighting the need of considering the societal and ecosystem metabolism of socio-ecosystems as two separate but connected processes, a conceptual scheme is proposed in Chapter 2 to describe the metabolic relations between them. In Chapter 3, this scheme is adapted to the specifics of water using some of the most relevant concepts in socio- and eco-hydrology. In this way the water metabolism of socio-ecosystems is defined as the metabolism of the coupled water-human systems. Part II describes the methodological framework. In Chapter 4 the Multi-Scale Assessment of the Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) is presented as an established framework able to deal with the scale issues and the integration of narratives. MuSIASEM is selected as a root and adapted to the analyses of coupled water-human systems. Since water presents some differences with the previous energy-focus analyses, its adaptation requires the inclusion of new scales of analysis –problemshed and watershed- and new definitions of water as a metabolite –as flow and fund. In Chapter 5 the differences and synergies between MuSIASEM and the water footprint analysis –as one of the tools of the IWRM- are highlighted. In part III four case studies are presented with two objectives. First, Chapter 6 assesses the sustainability of the metabolic patterns I Punjab and Mauritius in order to test the adaptation of MuSIASEM to water and to show how this type of analyses is made functional. Second, Chapter 7 shows how the water footprint accounting methods can complement the analysis of the water flows in MuSIASEM and how MuSIASEM, in turn an provide a space for their contextualization. Keywords: Agriculture, Complex Systems, Integrated Water Resources Management, Flow/Fund Model, Grammar, Multilevel Matrixes, MuSIASEM, Scale Issues, Socio-Ecological System, Social Metabolism, Virtual Water, Water, Water Footprint, New Water Culture.
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Fernandez, Juan Carlos Aneiros. "Promoção da saúde e dinâmica social: o lugar dos sujeitos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6135/tde-05042011-095524/.
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RESUMO Há uma polêmica em torno da produção de conhecimentos em promoção da saúde, seja quanto a sua natureza, sua finalidade ou seu alcance, que expressa sintomas de um problema cuja etiologia ainda está por ser mais bem apreendida. O objeto desta pesquisa foi a identificação das bases teóricas e filosóficas dessa produção, as relações que esta estabelece com a experiência social contemporânea e, por fim, o lugar que reserva aos sujeitos na produção de saúde. Um estudo do pormenor epistemológico explorou as noções de dinâmica social presentes no material de pesquisa composto de uma amostra de Teses de Doutorado e Dissertações de Mestrado sobre promoção da saúde. Verificase que existem modelos de compreensão da dinâmica social elaborados há mais de um século que influenciam no momento presente a produção de conhecimentos na área da promoção da saúde. Existem também modelos elaborados contemporaneamente que aproveitam os desenvolvimentos científicos mais recentes, tanto quanto as críticas ao cientificismo. Em todos os casos, a noção de dinâmica social revela paradigmas, sendo sensível às variações das racionalidades empregadas na produção de conhecimentos e às variações dos quadros mentais das culturas no que diz respeito ao projeto da modernidade. Realizou-se uma análise objetiva das razões e progressão dos argumentos apresentados nas teses e dissertações o seu tempo lógico , que foi sobreposta por uma análise genetico-etiológica que apreende as implicações contextuais dessas argumentações o seu tempo histórico. Tais análises permitiram a elaboração de perfis epistemológicos da noção de dinâmica social, em uma adaptação ao modelo proposto por Gaston Bachelard, que sugerem a existência de um processo em curso de tensão e transição paradigmáticas na produção de conhecimentos dessa área. Permitiram também verificar que as racionalidades empregadas e as visões da contemporaneidade condicionam a noção de dinâmica social e esta, por sua vez, condiciona o entendimento a respeito do lugar que ocupam ou devem ocupar os sujeitos na produção de saúde. Tais análises permitiram, por fim, constatar que nessa amostra prevalece o entendimento acerca de uma hipossuficiência do sujeito, o que parece um problema a ser enfrentado pela promoção da saúdeABSTRACT There is a controversy surrounding the production of knowledge in health promotion, be around nature, its purpose or scope, which expressed symptoms of a problem whose etiology is still to be better understood. The object of this research was to identify the theoretical and philosophical bases of production, the relations it establishes with the contemporary social experience and, finally, the place reserved for subjects in the production of health. A study of the \"epistemological detail\" explored the notions of social dynamics present in the research material consists of a sample of Thesis and Masters Dissertations. It appears that there are models of understanding of social dynamics developed over a century that currently influence the production of knowledge in the area of health promotion. There are also models developed contemporaneously that leverage the latest scientific developments as far as the criticism of scientism. In all cases, the notion of social dynamics reveals paradigms, being sensitive to variations of the rationalities used to produce knowledge and to changes in mindsets of cultures in relation to the project of modernity. We carried out an \"objective\" analysis of reasons and progression of the arguments presented in the theses and dissertations - their \"logical time\" - which has been superimposed by a genetic-etiological analysis that captures the contextual implications of these arguments - their \"historical time. Such analysis allowed the development of \"epistemological profiles\" of the concept of social dynamic in adapting the model proposed by Gaston Bachelard, suggesting the existence of an ongoing process of tension and paradigmatic transition in the production of knowledge in this area. They also check that the rationalities employed and the visions of the contemporary condition the notion of social dynamics and this in turn affects the understanding about the role does or should take the subjects in the production of health. Such analysis allowed finally, note that this sample the prevailing understanding of a subject\'s hypo-sufficiency, therefore, a problem be faced by health promotion. Keywords: Health Promotion. Social Dynamic. Rationalities. Epistemology
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Webb, Rebecca K. Strickland Ronald. "A conflict of paradigms social epistemology and the collapse of literary education /." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3196657.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2005.Title from title page screen, viewed September 27, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Ronald Strickland (chair), Victoria Harris, Janice Neuleib. Table of contents page gives incorrect page numbers. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-138) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Iannacci, Federico. "The social epistemology of open source software development : the Linux case study." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421791.
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Rutter, Lynne. "Professional education and personal epistemology : a post qualifying social work case study." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2011. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/20614/.
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The overall aim of this professional doctorate is to inform improved methods of educational practice for preparing and developing learners to deal with the complex and constructed nature of professional learning and knowledge. The primary concern is to understand notions of knowledge and knowing for professional education and the nature of personal epistemology for post qualifying (PQ) social work students. The main purpose is to facilitate these students’ awareness of personal epistemology and enable them to validly articulate their own knowledge in this context. The thesis adopts an overall pragmatic perspective, undertaking an empirical case study which encompasses a documentary analysis, questionnaires and interviews within a qualitative and interpretive methodology. The findings from the case study provide an understanding of a PQ social work programme’s epistemology and the nature of the students’ experiences, views and assumptions concerning professional knowledge and knowing. Overall, it can be seen that the hegemonic privileging of academic knowledge over practice-based knowledge creates particular epistemological tensions and misalignments in respect of posttechnocratic reflective models. Such privileging impacts negatively on the authority and articulation of PQ students’ professional knowledge, and highlights the necessity to more fully acknowledge a professional perspective within a reflective epistemology. The findings are used to inform a series of practice development initiatives with PQ social work students. The initiatives help develop epistemological awareness and enable a re-alignment to post-technocratic reflective models with the development of a Practical Reasoning Framework. The Framework acknowledges the types of knowledge and ways of knowing associated with professional reasoning and judgment, and helps establish the validity, justification and authority of a professional perspective within a reflective epistemology. The recognition of the need to more fully acknowledge a professional perspective within a reflective epistemology, and the development of the Framework to address this need can be identified as the thesis’ contribution to knowledge. With recent national reports emphasising reasoning and judgment as necessary components of professional development, their authentic and legitimate inclusion within an academic context is now more important than ever.
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Bae, Bosco Byungeun. "The textures of 'belief' : an interdisciplinary study towards a social scientific epistemology." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11289/.
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This thesis develops an interdisciplinary dialogue between philosophy and the social sciences through an investigation of ‘belief.’ Drawing on anthropology, epistemology, and social psychology, the thesis argues that epistemology can assist social science through its analytic utility and capacity for clarification in distinguishing the textures of ‘belief’ while social science challenges epistemology to develop a more descriptive, interactive, and multidimensional account of ‘belief.’ The thesis further argues that ‘beliefs’ bind society and individual together and serve as the units of embodiment and cultural history. Beginning with the anthropology of religion, the problematization of ‘belief’ is first addressed through critiques from Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rodney Needham, Talal Asad, and Malcolm Ruel. In continuation, contemporary anthropological proposals are outlined and an initial set of characteristics are presented to launch the interdisciplinary dialogue. The thesis then introduces an epistemological distinction between belief and acceptance as a conversational partner, which not only provides nuance and texture but situates ‘belief’ within the paradigm of embodiment. Noting the observation of inconsistent ‘beliefs,’ the thesis engages with the theory of cognitive dissonance to provide additional insight. This exchange between philosophy and the social sciences produces a more sophisticated and dynamic epistemology as well as a sharper focus for discerning ‘belief.’ This discussion is then brought into methodological focus through the themes of ‘crisis’ and ‘conversion.’ After discussing the literature on these themes, the thesis applies the combined treatment of philosophy and social science to three case studies: When Prophecy Fails (1956), Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England (1997), and Divinity and Experience: Religion of the Dinka (1961). The thesis concludes with a discussion of the respective contributions epistemology and the social sciences make to each other as well as future possibilities for research.
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Belli, Rodrigo Bischoff. "Os descaminhos da bem-aventurança : um estudo sobre a origem e os desdobramentos da concepção de crise paradigmática de Boaventura de Sousa Santos /." Marília : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88728.
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Orientador: Fátima Aparecida CabralBanca: Pedro Jorge de Freitas
Banca: Terezinha Ferrari
Resumo: Uma das opiniões mais respeitadas no debate sobre a crise paradigmática é a de Boaventura de Sousa Santos. O sociólogo português afirma que a crise paradigmática teria sua origem no modelo de racionalidade da modernidade e que seria profunda e irreversível, não se limitando a ciência e estendendo-se por todo o conjunto de instituições da modernidade. O objetivo central desta pesquisa é avaliar a concepção de Santos sobre a crise paradigmática sociológica enquanto ideologia, isto é, enquanto ação orientada para a resolução de conflitos sociais. Isto exige uma análise que, além do aspecto gnosiológico, trate de maneira articulada os parâmetros socioeconômicos e dos principais movimentos políticos e científicos envolvidos no momento histórico de sua produção e reprodução, apurando, assim, o seu grau de compreensão da realidade. Neste sentido, caracterizando preliminarmente a teoria de Santos, é possível avaliar alguns pontos importantes. O primeiro deles é o destacado idealismo contido em suas formulações, entendendo por isso a importância que o autor atribui a certas formulações sobre o real em detrimento da própria realidade que ele pretende demonstrar. Santos propunha, desde o início, uma avaliação crítica da realidade, especialmente sobre os desdobramentos da ciência no período entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, tentando constituir uma linha de estudos que tratasse desse campo específico sem deixar de considerar os aspectos e fatores exteriores à sua constituição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: One of the most respected opinions on the paradigmatic crisis debate is the one of Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The Portuguese sociologist affirms which the paradigmatic crisis would have your origin in the model of modern rationality and that it would be deep and irreversible, if not limiting the science and extending for the whole group of institutions of the modernity. The central objective of this research is evaluate the conception of Santos on the paradigmatic crisis while ideology, that is, while action guided for the resolution of social conflicts. This demands analyses which, besides the gnosiologic aspect, treat in an articulate way the socioeconomic parameters and the main political and scientific movements involved in the historical moment of your production and reproduction, thickening, like this, your degree of understanding of the reality. In this sense, characterizing preliminarily Santos theory, it is possible to evaluate some important points. The first of them is the outstanding idealism contained in their formulations, understanding for that the importance which the author attributes to certain formulations on the real to the detriment of the own reality that he intends to demonstrate. Santos proposed, since the beginning, a critical evaluation of the reality, especially on the unfolding of the science in the period among the decades of 1960 and 1970, trying to constitute a line of studies to treat of that specific field without leaving of considering the aspects and external factors in your intern constitution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Hyde, Krista. "A Virtue-Theoretic Account of the Epistemic Effects of Social Location." Thesis, Saint Louis University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10640630.
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My dissertation aims to provide a virtue reliabilist account of the epistemic effects of social location. I use a reliabilist theory of virtue epistemology as a framework for understanding the epistemic effects of social marginalization and privilege.
To do so, I describe how marginalization and privilege affect social cognition. I argue that social cognition is underwritten by various social cognitive capacities, some of which can and do qualify as intellectual virtues. Understanding these capacities as virtues elucidates how epistemic benefits and harms accrue to agents as a result of identity and associated social status.
Additionally, I argue that drawing on an information economy framework illuminates the epistemic effects of social location on groups. Specifically, I use John Greco’s distinction between transmission and generation, two functions of knowledge with distinct epistemic norms, to explain how structural marginalization and privilege work to influence the movement of knowledge into, within, and among marginalized and privileged epistemic communities.
Finally, I describe the relationship of the virtues to knowledge justification. In simplified terms, I argue that knowledge demands both reliability and responsibility. Responsibility involves those dispositions an agent manifests when sensitive to the reliability of the evidence for her beliefs. Such sensitivity takes environment into account, and for humans, that environment is generally social. So, I argue that responsibility involves sensitivity to the social nature of human knowledge. I explain what the relationship between types of virtues means for the epistemic effects of social location, and how that relationship suggests potential correctives to some epistemic harms.
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Byrne-Armstrong, Hilary. "Dead certainties and local knowledge : postculturalism, conflict and narrative practices in radical/experiential education." Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Social Inquiry, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/563.
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This thesis documents the development of a narrative epistemology and an associated pedagogic practice around the conflicts that occur in experiential learning settings. The thesis traces a progressive shift away from individualistic accounts of conflicts and dilemmas in learning being primarily embedded in psychological spaces, to a recognition of the importance of the social space - the cultural discourses that shape our everyday activity and interactions. This recognises that conflict is not simply a consequence of difference arising from personality, or other psychological factors, but a consequence of prevailing cultural narratives that instruct/construct us into the identities that we are. This pedagogic practice involves a change from internalising conversations to externalising conversations, thus keeping the discursive space open to the different stories, which are usually silenced by prevailing taken-for-granted explanations. For me, it is this refusal of what we are (i.e. our culturally bestowed identities), and a critique of the forces that shape us, that opens spaces within the social fabric to enable different stories to be heard and appreciated and creates opportunites for new, radical learning to occur.
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Byrne-Armstrong, Hilary, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Social Inquiry. "Dead certainties and local knowledge : postculturalism, conflict and narrative practices in radical/experiential education." THESIS_FSI_XXX_Byrne-Armstrong_H.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/563.
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This thesis documents the development of a narrative epistemology and an associated pedagogic practice around the conflicts that occur in experiential learning settings. The thesis traces a progressive shift away from individualistic accounts of conflicts and dilemmas in learning being primarily embedded in psychological spaces, to a recognition of the importance of the social space - the cultural discourses that shape our everyday activity and interactions. This recognises that conflict is not simply a consequence of difference arising from personality, or other psychological factors, but a consequence of prevailing cultural narratives that instruct/construct us into the identities that we are. This pedagogic practice involves a change from internalising conversations to externalising conversations, thus keeping the discursive space open to the different stories, which are usually silenced by prevailing taken-for-granted explanations. For me, it is this refusal of what we are (i.e. our culturally bestowed identities), and a critique of the forces that shape us, that opens spaces within the social fabric to enable different stories to be heard and appreciated and creates opportunites for new, radical learning to occur.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Rankin, James Edwin Jr. "The conspiracy theory meme as a tool of cultural hegemony| A critical discourse analysis." Thesis, Fielding Graduate University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10260497.
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Those rejecting the official accounts of significant suspicious and impactful events are often labeled conspiracy theorists and the alternative explanations they propose are often referred to as conspiracy theories. These labels are often used to dismiss the beliefs of those individuals who question potentially hegemonic control of what people believe. The conspiracy theory concept functions as an impediment to legitimate discursive examination of conspiracy suspicions. The effect of the label appears to constrain even the most respected thinkers. This impediment is particularly problematic in academia, where thorough, objective analysis of information is critical to uncovering truth, and where members of the academy are typically considered among the most important of epistemic authorities. This dissertation tracked the development and use of such terms as pejoratives used to shut down critical thinking, analysis, and challenges to authority. This was accomplished using critical discourse analysis as a research methodology. Evidence suggesting government agents were instrumental in creating the pejorative meme conspiracy theorist was found in contemporary media. Tracing the evolution of the conspiracy theory meme and its use as a pejorative silencer may heighten awareness of its use in this manner and diminish its impact.
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Byrne-Armstrong, Hilary. "Dead certainties and local knowledge : poststructuralism, conflict & narrative practices in radical/experiential education /." [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Social Inquiry, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030527.123920/index.html.
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Fallis, Don. "What Do Mathematicians Want? Probabilistic Proofs and the Epistemic Goals of Mathematicians." National Centre for Logical Investigation (Belgium), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105046.
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Several philosophers have used the framework of means/ends reasoning to explain the methodological choices made by scientists and mathematicians (see, e.g., Goldman 1999, Levi 1962, Maddy 1997). In particular, they have tried to identify the epistemic objectives of scientists and mathematicians that will explain these choices. In this paper, the framework of means/ends reasoning is used to study an important methodological choice made by mathematicians. Namely, mathematicians will only use deductive proofs to establish the truth of mathematical claims. In this paper, I argue that none of the epistemic objectives of mathematicians that are currently on the table provide a satisfactory explanation of this rejection of probabilistic proofs.
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Fallis, Don. "Goldman on Probabilistic Inference." Springer, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105286.
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In his latest book, Knowledge in a Social World, Alvin Goldman claims to have established that if a reasoner starts with accurate estimates of the reliability of new evidence and conditionalizes on this evidence, then this reasoner is objectively likely to end up closer to the truth. In this paper, I argue that Goldmanâ s result is not nearly as philosophically significant as he would have us believe. First, accurately estimating the reliability of evidenceâ in the sense that Goldman requiresâ is not quite as easy as it might sound. Second, being objectively likely to end up closer to the truthâ in the sense that Goldman establishesâ is not quite as valuable as it might sound.
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Fallis, Don, and Martin Fricke. "Indicators of Accuracy of Consumer Health Information on the Internet." American Medical Informatics Association, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105437.
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Objectives: To identify indicators of accuracy for consumer health information on the Internet. The results will help lay people distinguish accurate from inaccurate health information on the Internet.
Design: Several popular search engines (Yahoo, AltaVista, and Google) were used to find Web pages on the treatment of
fever in children. The accuracy and completeness of these Web pages was determined by comparing their content with that of an instrument developed from authoritative sources on treating fever in children. The presence on these Web pages of a number of proposed indicators of accuracy, taken from published guidelines for evaluating the quality of health information on the Internet, was noted.
Main Outcome Measures: Correlation between the accuracy of Web pages on treating fever in children and the presence of proposed indicators of accuracy on these pages. Likelihood ratios for the presence (and absence) of these proposed indicators.
Results: One hundred Web pages were identified and characterized as "more accurate" or "less accurate." Three indicators correlated with accuracy: displaying the HONcode logo, having an organization domain, and displaying a copyright. Many proposed indicators taken from published guidelines did not correlate with accuracy (e.g., the author being identified and the author having medical credentials) or inaccuracy (e.g., lack of currency and advertising).
Conclusions: This method provides a systematic way of identifying indicators that are correlated with the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of health information on the Internet. Three such indicators have been identified in this study. Identifying such indicators and informing the providers and consumers of health information about them would be valuable for public health care.
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Fallis, Don. "Epistemic Value Theory and Judgment Aggregation." University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106275.
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The doctrinal paradox shows that aggregating individual judgments by taking a majority vote does not always yield a consistent set of collective judgments. Philip Pettit, Luc Bovens, and Wlodek Rabinowicz have recently argued for the epistemic superiority of an aggregation procedure that always yields a consistent set of judgments. This paper identifies several additional epistemic advantages of their consistency maintaining procedure. However, this paper also shows that there are some circumstances where the majority vote procedure is epistemically superior. The epistemic value of maintaining consistency does not always outweigh the epistemic value of making true judgments.
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Johnson, Christopher Michael. "Philosophical Ends to Scientific Means: Diagnosis and the Epistemology of Psychology." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1540821236348954.
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Belli, Rodrigo Bischoff [UNESP]. "Os descaminhos da bem-aventurança: um estudo sobre a origem e os desdobramentos da concepção de crise paradigmática de Boaventura de Sousa Santos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88728.
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Uma das opiniões mais respeitadas no debate sobre a crise paradigmática é a de Boaventura de Sousa Santos. O sociólogo português afirma que a crise paradigmática teria sua origem no modelo de racionalidade da modernidade e que seria profunda e irreversível, não se limitando a ciência e estendendo-se por todo o conjunto de instituições da modernidade. O objetivo central desta pesquisa é avaliar a concepção de Santos sobre a crise paradigmática sociológica enquanto ideologia, isto é, enquanto ação orientada para a resolução de conflitos sociais. Isto exige uma análise que, além do aspecto gnosiológico, trate de maneira articulada os parâmetros socioeconômicos e dos principais movimentos políticos e científicos envolvidos no momento histórico de sua produção e reprodução, apurando, assim, o seu grau de compreensão da realidade. Neste sentido, caracterizando preliminarmente a teoria de Santos, é possível avaliar alguns pontos importantes. O primeiro deles é o destacado idealismo contido em suas formulações, entendendo por isso a importância que o autor atribui a certas formulações sobre o real em detrimento da própria realidade que ele pretende demonstrar. Santos propunha, desde o início, uma avaliação crítica da realidade, especialmente sobre os desdobramentos da ciência no período entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, tentando constituir uma linha de estudos que tratasse desse campo específico sem deixar de considerar os aspectos e fatores exteriores à sua constituição...
One of the most respected opinions on the paradigmatic crisis debate is the one of Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The Portuguese sociologist affirms which the paradigmatic crisis would have your origin in the model of modern rationality and that it would be deep and irreversible, if not limiting the science and extending for the whole group of institutions of the modernity. The central objective of this research is evaluate the conception of Santos on the paradigmatic crisis while ideology, that is, while action guided for the resolution of social conflicts. This demands analyses which, besides the gnosiologic aspect, treat in an articulate way the socioeconomic parameters and the main political and scientific movements involved in the historical moment of your production and reproduction, thickening, like this, your degree of understanding of the reality. In this sense, characterizing preliminarily Santos theory, it is possible to evaluate some important points. The first of them is the outstanding idealism contained in their formulations, understanding for that the importance which the author attributes to certain formulations on the real to the detriment of the own reality that he intends to demonstrate. Santos proposed, since the beginning, a critical evaluation of the reality, especially on the unfolding of the science in the period among the decades of 1960 and 1970, trying to constitute a line of studies to treat of that specific field without leaving of considering the aspects and external factors in your intern constitution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Farias, Manoel Raimundo Santana. "Desenvolvimento científico da contabilidade: uma análise baseada na epistemologia realista da ciência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-02052012-205410/.
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O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o estágio de desenvolvimento científico da contabilidade permite afirmar que a área possui o status de ciência social. A hipótese avaliada foi que a área atende parcialmente as condições para ser uma ciência, o que sugere a tese de que a contabilidade é uma semiciência, o primeiro de três estágios de evolução científica de uma disciplina. O segundo e terceiro estágios são, respectivamente, ciência emergente e ciência madura. O estudo foi baseado na epistemologia realista da ciência. Para fundamentar a hipótese, a tese e a caracterização das condições necessárias para que uma área possua o status de ciência foi utilizado um quadro teórico com as seguintes variáveis: comunidade de pesquisa; suporte da sociedade; domínio do discurso; visão filosófica realista; conhecimento formal; conhecimento obtido de outras ciências; natureza cognitiva dos problemas de pesquisa; conhecimento acumulado; busca de leis e regularidades; e método científico. O desenvolvimento científico foi avaliado a partir da análise dos 299 artigos mais influentes da pesquisa contábil em âmbito internacional, em 42 anos, no período de 1968 a 2009, de acordo com o Social Science Citation Index - SSCI do banco de dados Web of Science do Institute for Scientific Information - ISI/Web of Knowledge. Como apoio na análise do conteúdo dos artigos foi utilizado o software de análise de dados NVIVO 9.2 da QSR International. Os resultados gerais obtidos na análise dos artigos indicaram que das 21 universidades com mais de 10 artigos, as 20 primeiras são dos Estados Unidos e a 21ª é da Inglaterra. Os autores mais influentes, sem considerar participação como coautor, são respectivamente, Ray BALL; Patrícia M. DECHOW; Jennifer FRANCIS; Mark L. DEFOND; e Mark LANG. Do total dos artigos, 142 foram pesquisas empíricas envolvendo testes de hipóteses; 16 avaliaram os métodos e objetivos das pesquisas; 94 desenvolveram e testaram novas hipóteses; 7 construíram quadros teóricos; 13 construíram modelos teóricos. As teorias que fundamentaram as pesquisas foram amplamente oriundas da economia. Também tiveram teorias da Psicologia; do Direito; da Sociologia e da Administração, entre outras. Foram identificadas 12 linhas e temas de pesquisa. Na avaliação das variáveis do referido quadro teórico constatou-se que as pesquisas contábeis não às atenderam totalmente, mas parcialmente. Tais evidências levaram a conclusão de que o status científico da contabilidade vai além de uma disciplina voltada apenas a objetivos tecnológicos em que as pesquisas servem para avaliar a eficácia de certos procedimentos ou meios para obterem-se determinados fins. Isso sugere que a área está evoluindo cientificamente rumo a uma ciência social, mas ainda em estágio semicientífico. Como pesquisas futuras sugerem-se, entre outras: a realização de pesquisas aprofundadas sobre a influência isolada de cada variável, antes referenciadas, na evolução ou na estagnação científica da contabilidade; e pesquisas sobre a influência de variáveis psicológicas, sociológicas e históricas no desenvolvimento científico da área.The main objective of this study was to evaluate if the stage of accounting scientific development allows us to assert that the area has a social science status. The hypothesis evaluated was that the area partially attends the conditions to be a science, what suggests the thesis that accounting is a \"semiscience\", the first of three stages of a subject scientific evolution. The second and the third stages are, respectively emerging science and mature science. The study was based on realistic epistemology of science. To stablish the hypothesis, the thesis and the characterization of the necessary conditions to consider an area to have a science status, it was used a theoretical frame with the following variables: research community, social support, discourse dominion, realistic philosophical view, formal knowledge, knowledge obtained from other sciences, cognitive nature of research problems, accumulated knowledge, search for laws and regularities, and scientific method. The scientific development was evaluated from the analysis of the 229 most influent international accounting research articles in 42 years, in the period of 1968 to 2009, according to the Social Science Citation Index - SSCI Web of Science do Institute for Scientific Information - ISI/Web of Knowledge database. As a support to the analysis of the articles content NVIVO 9.2 da QSR International data analysis software was used. The general results indicate that 20 out of the 21 universities which have more than 10 articles are from the Unites States, and the 21st is from England. The most influent authors, excluding the participation as co-author, are respectively, Ray BALL; Patrícia M. DECHOW; Jennifer FRANCIS; Mark L. DEFOND; and Mark LANG. From all the articles investigated, 142 were empirical research involving hypothesis tests; 16 evaluated the methods and objectives of the researches; 94 developed and tested new hypothesis; 7 constructed theoretical frames; 13 constructed theoretical models. The theories which grounded the researches came from economy. There had also been theories from Psychology, Law, Sociology and Administration, among others. Twelve (12) research lines and themes had been identified. The evaluation of the variables from the theoretical frame, it was noted that accounting research do not fully attend them, but only partially. These evidences drove to the conclusion that accounting scientific stage goes beyond a discipline that deals with technological objectives in which the research is used to evaluate the efficiency of certain proceedings or ways to obtain certain ends. It suggests that the area is still in scientific development towards a social science, but in a \"semiscientific\" stage yet. As future research, we suggest, among others: the deep investigations about the isolated influence of each variable; and investigations on the influence of psychological, sociological and historical variables on the area\'s scientific development.
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Bochenek, Nicholas S. "Knowing in the Face of Power." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1587379793812042.
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Hoover, Katherine McKibben. "Women's social constructions of everyday life an epistemology of food preparation and practical knowledge /." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000120.
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Downs, Samuel David. "Levinas, Meaning, and Philosophy of Social Science: From Ethical Metaphysics to Ontology and Epistemology." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2569.
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The current approach to science for mainstream psychology relies on the philosophical foundation of positivism that cannot account for meaning as humans experience it. Phenomenology provides an alternative scientific approach in which meaning is constituted by acting toward objects in the world that is more consistent with how humans experience meaning. Immanuel Levinas argues that the phenomenological approach, while more consistent with human experience, does not provide a grounding for meaning. Rather, Levinas argues that meaning is grounded in the ethical encounter with the Other, or other person, such that meaning is given by the Other in rupture. For Levinas, the physical world, or elemental, and the I provide constraints for the meaning given by the Other but the Other is logically prior to all other experience. This alternative to the mainstream scientific approach in psychology of positivism has implications for the epistemology, methodology, and scientific community of psychology. The Levinasian perspective advocates an epistemology that is open to the rupture of the Other as a way to provide new knowledge. This emphasis on openness to rupture produces a methodology in which the scientist must allow object of study to influence the method used in research. Finally, the Levinasian perspective implies a scientific community that is sensitive to the rupture occasioned by the encounter with the Other.
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Ferrador, Tiago Mathyas. "Prospectos do empirismo atual: uma análise crítica dos empirismos construtivo, estrutural, contextual e social, e a defesa de uma proposta empirista para a teoria social." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-25022019-115902/.
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A princípio, esta investigação versa sobre as teorias empiristas contemporâneas a partir do programa empirista estabelecido pelo filósofo da ciência Bas van Fraassen, a partir da década de 1980. Assim, o nosso problema de pesquisa parte do referido autor, em seus pontos fortes e fracos, para realizarmos um diálogo com concepções empiristas atualmente em desenvolvimento: o empirismo contextual crítico de Helen Longino e empirismo social de Miriam Solomon. Depois, traçamos um panorama da discussão entre filósofos e sociólogos da ciência, abrangendo o empirismo lógico e as várias propostas dentro da sociologia da ciência: o funcionalismo de Robert K. Merton, o Programa Forte, e as teorias microssociológicas de Karin Knorr-Cetina e Bruno Latour. Tal painel possibilita uma visão mais ampla dos fundamentos teóricos tanto do programa empirista de van Fraassen como das teorias empiristas de Longino e de Solomon. No mais, o exame da sociologia da ciência foi de grande valia pelos argumentos arregimentados em favor do caráter social do conhecimento: ponto este que é crucial na nossa defesa empirista. Em seguida, examinamos criticamente o projeto empirista de van Fraassen, para podermos cotejá-lo com as novas teorias empiristas de Longino e de Solomon, as quais também são analisadas nos seus pormenores. Então, com base nas questões específicas do empirismo de van Fraassen, verificamos de que forma as mencionadas teorias empiristas contribuem, ou até resolvem flancos teóricos do filósofo em tela. Por fim, elaboramos uma proposta empirista que tentou reunir de modo harmonioso e competente as teses mais importantes dos/as autores/as em questão, visando a construção de uma teoria da ciência empirista aplicada às ciências sociais, no caso, à teoria social atual.Initially, this research deals with contemporary empiricist theories since the program established by the philosopher of science Bas van Fraassen, from the 1980s: constructive empiricism, empiricism as stance and structural empiricism. Thus, our research problem grounds on the author\'s strengths and weaknesses, to engage in a dialogue with empiricist conceptions currently under development: Helen Longino\'s critical contextual empiricism and Miriam Solomon\'s social empiricism. Then we draw an overview of the discussion between philosophers and sociologists of science, encompassing logical empiricism and the various proposals within the sociology of science: Robert K. Merton\'s functionalism, the Strong Program, and the micro-sociological theories of Karin Knorr-Cetina and Bruno Latour. Such a panel provides a broader view of the theoretical foundations of both the empiricist program of van Fraassen and the empiricist theories of Longino and Solomon. In addition, the examination of the sociology of science was of great value for the arguments put forward in favor of the social character of knowledge: this is a crucial point in our empiricist defense. Next, we critically examine van Fraassen\'s empiricist project so that we can compare it with the new empiricist theories of Longino and Solomon, which we analyze in detail. Then, based on the specific questions of van Fraassen\'s empiricism, we see how the aforementioned empiricist theories contribute, or even resolve the theoretical shortcomings in his views. Finally, we elaborated an empiricist proposal that tried to gather in a harmonious and competent way the most important theses of these philosophers, aiming at the construction of a theory of science applied to the social sciences, in this case, to the current social theory.
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Dunst, Brian W. "Embodying Social Practice: Dynamically Co-Constituting Social Agency." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4473.
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Theories of cognition and theories of social practices and institutions have often each separately acknowledged the relevance of the other; but seldom have there been consistent and sustained attempts to synthesize these two areas within one explanatory framework. This is precisely what my dissertation aims to remedy. I propose that certain recent developments and themes in philosophy of mind and cognitive science, when understood in the right way, can explain the emergence and dynamics of social practices and institutions. Likewise, the view I construct explains how social practices and institutions shape the character of cognition of their constituent agents. Moreover, I explain both cognitive and social agency under the single explanatory framework provided by Dynamic Systems Theory.
Drawing upon the phenomenological tradition, "embodied, "extended", "embedded", "enactive", and "ecological" approaches to cognition, as well as the conceptual resources of Dynamic Systems Theory, I construct a theory of agency that sees cognitive and social agents as far-from-equilibrium, open, recursively self-maintenant dynamic systems. Depending on the specifics of concrete circumstances, such systems, which I call "Dynamic Embodied Agents" (or DEAs), may develop and possess emergent capacities for error-detection, flexible learning, normative behavior, representation, self-reflection, various modes of pattern-recognition, a temporal sense of self, and even moral responsibility. Some such systems are also sensitive to perceived social influences (practices and institutions); while reciprocally constituting and causally affecting them.
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Gouveia, Gleidson. "Philosophy and No child left behind: an epistemological analysis of the effects of educational policy on knowledge development." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1844.
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The purpose of the study was to identify teacher perception regarding the effects of NCLB on the development of knowledge among elementary school students in two school districts in a Midwestern state. I applied a case-study design to address the research questions, with data obtained from interviews with eight experienced school teachers, who reported on the state of the cognitive development of their students. Epistemology, specifically social and virtue epistemology, served as the theoretical framework for the analysis of the data, thus filling a gap in the literature for an epistemological study of the effects of NCLB. The hypothesis for the study was that NCLB is detrimental to the development of knowledge among elementary students by placing too much emphasis on mandated standardized testing, and by limiting the curriculum to the subjects that are under the requirements for Adequate Yearly Progress (YAP). The analysis of teacher input indicates that NCLB hinders the development of knowledge among elementary school students. This is because educators are constrained by excessive testing requirements, and are thus not able to foster in their students the intellectual virtues necessary for the development of the lifelong learner, the student who is capable of and understands that learning continuous throughout one’s life. Future research is needed to link the scholarship on intellectual virtues to the education of school children, making of the virtues a central and intrinsic part of the educational effort.
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Ferreira, Luisa Maria [UNESP]. "Obstáculos epistemológicos à integralização das problemáticas sócio-ambientais em Sociologia." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88754.
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ferreira_lm_me_mar.pdf: 542129 bytes, checksum: bfe0a2f7b1f116da253a9dd672306727 (MD5)Esta dissertação possui dois objetivos fundamentais, quais sejam, analisar as condições subjetivas do progresso científico em Sociologia, por meio do conceito de obstáculo epistemológico e aplicar esse conceito a certos postulados da Sociologia de Émile Durkheim tendo como pano de fundo sua obra Da divisão do Trabalho Social (1999). Nossa ideia central é que Sociologia deve superar certos obstáculos. Tais quais, sua concepção de homem, considerado apenas em seu âmbito moral e as explicações do social pelo social. Os quais frente à atualidade de questões como as problemáticas sócio-ambientais tem se apresentado insuficientes para a formação de um novo espírito científico em Sociologia. Na medida em que desconsideram a relação do homem com a natureza
This dissertation has two main objectives namely to analyze the subjective conditions of scientific progress in Sociology, through the concept of epistemological obstacle and apply this concept to certain postulates of the sociology of Emile Durkheim as background with his work The Division of Labor social (1999). Our central idea is that sociology must overcome certain obstacles. As such, his conception of man, considered solely in its scope moral and social explanations of the social. The front of the current which issues such as social and environmental issues has appeared insufficient for the formation of a new scientific spirit in Sociology. To the extent that disregard the relationship between man and nature
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Ibrahimhakkioglu, Fulden. "The Politics of Paranoia: Affect, Temporality, and the Epistemology of Securitization." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20685.
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The concept of “national security” has been an essential part of the political lexicon of the United States since the aftermath of World War II. Although it could be said that security in one way or another has always been a concern for societies, and a central political concern for the western world at least since the seventeenth century, it took its full-fledged official form in the United States with the 1947 National Security Act which established the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency, as well as shaping the direction of the post-World War II foreign policy. National security constitutes the frame through which many political practices attain their meaning and justification today. My dissertation is devoted to understanding precisely this process wherein there is a particular political rationality at work that not only renders certain kinds of political practices preferable, but also insists on their necessity and inevitability. I call this the politics of paranoia. I argue that the concept of paranoia has explanatory power in relation to an array of political decisions, processes, and practices. It is descriptive of a diagram of power that is operative in contemporary practices of securitization. It is not only that these decisions, processes, and practices produce paranoid effects (or affects), but that they themselves entail a paranoiac logic. To this end, I rethink Melanie Klein's account of paranoia through a Foucaultian decolonial feminist lens. I examine this paranoiac logic in four layers: expulsions, anticipatory temporality, masculinist politics, and paranoid affects.
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Fallis, Don. "On Verifying the Accuracy of Information: Philosophical Perspectives." University of Illinois, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106211.
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How can one verify the accuracy of recorded information (e.g., information found in books, newspapers, and on Web sites)? In this paper, I argue that work in the epistemology of testimony (especially that of philosophers David Hume and Alvin Goldman) can help with this important practical problem in library and information science. This work suggests that there are four important areas to consider when verifying the accuracy of information: (i) authority, (ii) independent corroboration, (iii) plausibility and support, and (iv) presentation. I show how philosophical research in these areas can improve how information professionals go about teaching people how to evaluate information. Finally, I discuss several further techniques that information professionals can and should use to make it easier for people to verify the accuracy of information.
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Wilke, William Walter. "Individualizing the writing process through a genre-based, social-process pedagogy." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/wilke/WilkeW0506.pdf.
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Souza, Rafael Britto de. "Identidade e Epistemologia Narrativa." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2700.
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nÃo hÃPartindo da hipÃtese de que o paradigma narrativo em psicologia abre perspectivas promissoras e consistentes para os estudos psicolÃgicos, nosso trabalho tem por objetivo arrolar argumentos lÃgicos, epistemolÃgicos e psicolÃgicos que fundamentem esta hipÃtese. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa divide-se em dois momentos. No primeiro capÃtulo, investiga-se as bases epistemolÃgicas deste paradigma, desnudando sua vinculaÃÃo com o pÃs-fundacionalismo e com a filosofia analÃtica da linguagem ordinÃria. Defendemos que o conceito de narrativa tem muito a se beneficiar e enriquecer caso seja lido como uma, dentre as inÃmeras, formas possÃveis de Jogo de Linguagem. No segundo capÃtulo, buscamos exemplificar a proficuidade desta abordagem psicolÃgica valendo-nos dela para abordar o conceito de identidade, que à central para a psicologia social. A abordagem narrativa do conceito de identidade, tal como a compreendemos, divide-se em trÃs grupos de questÃes. Essas questÃes gravitam em torno da unicidade, da persistÃncia e da substÃncia. A utilizaÃÃo da abordagem narrativa para enfrentar as dificuldades teÃrico-metodolÃgicas e conceituais impostas pelas problemÃticas envolvidas na questÃo da identidade pessoal mostrou-se, ao mesmo tempo simples e abrangente, apontando para as vantagens inerentes à adoÃÃo do conceito narrativo de identidade.
This dissertation begins with the premise that the Narrative Psychology paradigm opens new and promising perspectives to the study of Psychology in general. Our work aims to enumerate logical, epistemological and psychological arguments that can back this premise up. Methodologically this research is divided in two sections. In the first one, we investigate the epistemological ground of this paradigm. The relation with both the post-foundationalist approach and the analytic philosophy of ordinary language is disclosed. We defend also that the narrative concept has much to gain when it is read as a language game, among a myriad of others. In the second chapter we intended to exemplify the advantage of this approach over other traditional ways to treat the problem of psychological identity. Given its complexity, the concept of narrative identity has to be treated in at least three levels, comprising three great groups of questions. These questions are: the persistence of identity along time, the question of the unity and the question of substance. The use of narrative concept showed to be, at the same time, a simple and a broad way to solve the problems raised by these questions. Such a result points to a sample of the benefits that can be reaped from the adoption of this paradigm.
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Holiday, Jana. "Towards a social virtue epistemology dialoging with Stanley Hauerwas on knowing as the church community /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1535.
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