Dissertations / Theses: 'Social entropy'

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Gallagher, Ryan. "Disentangling Discourse: Networks, Entropy, and Social Movements." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/724.

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Our daily online conversations with friends, family, colleagues, and strangers weave an intricate network of interactions. From these networked discussions emerge themes and topics that transcend the scope of any individual conversation. In turn, these themes direct the discourse of the network and continue to ebb and flow as the interactions between individuals shape the topics themselves. This rich loop between interpersonal conversations and overarching topics is a wonderful example of a complex system: the themes of a discussion are more than just the sum of its parts. Some of the most socially relevant topics emerging from these online conversations are those pertaining to racial justice issues. Since the shooting of Black teenager Michael Brown by White police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, the protest hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has amplified critiques of extrajudicial shootings of Black Americans. In response to #BlackLivesMatter, other online users have adopted #AllLivesMatter, a counter-protest hashtag whose content argues that equal attention should be given to all lives regardless of race. Together these contentious hashtags each shape clashing narratives that echo previous civil rights battles and illustrate ongoing racial tension between police officers and Black Americans. These narratives have taken place on a massive scale with millions of online posts and articles debating the sentiments of "black lives matter" and "all lives matter." Since no one person could possibly read everything written in this debate, comprehensively understanding these conversations and their underlying networks requires us to leverage tools from data science, machine learning, and natural language processing. In Chapter 2, we utilize methodology from network science to measure to what extent #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter are "slacktivist" movements, and the effect this has on the diversity of topics discussed within these hashtags. In Chapter 3, we precisely quantify the ways in which the discourse of #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter diverge through the application of information-theoretic techniques, validating our results at the topic level from Chapter 2. These entropy-based approaches provide the foundation for powerful automated analysis of textual data, and we explore more generally how they can be used to construct a human-in-the-loop topic model in Chapter 4. Our work demonstrates that there is rich potential for weaving together social science domain knowledge with computational tools in the study of language, networks, and social movements.

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Kjörling, Andreas. "Entropi i omorganisation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-402546.

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In this study, entropy in reorganisation is investigated due to the individual co-workers being an ever more important component of his or her contemporary organisation, where change and reorganisation is undertaken continuously. Earlier research regarding entropy in reorganisation have mainly been done from a financial perspective; diversification. Hence there is room for additional research, with the individual in focus, rather than the company portfolio. This study aims at enlighten the entropy prevalent trough lost information in reorganisation. With qualitative method and phenomenological onset, five respondents in different positions from Swedish and global organisations, have been interviewed about their and their co-workers experience of reorganisation. The study shows the discrepancy between, the by the management defined finish, vs. when the co-workers sense that a reorganisation de factois finished. The study also shows how individual motivation, psychosocial health and work effort can be affected through loss of the three types of information; descriptive, operative and narrative.
I denna studien undersöks entropi i omorganisering mot bakgrund av att den individuella medarbetaren utgör en allt viktigare del av sin samtida organisation, där förändring och omorganisering sker kontinuerligt. Tidigare forskning kring entropi i omorganisering har främst gjorts ur ett finansiellt perspektiv, s.k. diversifieringsperpektiv. Således finns utrymme för ytterligare forskning med individen i fokus snarare än företagsportföljen. Studien syftar till att belysa den entropi som genom förlorad information gör sig påtaglig i samband med omorganisering. Med kvalitativ metod och fenomenologisk ansats har fem respondenter, i olika positioner från svenska och globala organisationer, intervjuats om sin och sina kollegors upplevelse av omorganisering. Studien påvisar en diskrepansen mellan det av ledningen definierade färdigställandet respektive när medarbetarna upplever att en omorganisation de factoär klar. Här påvisas även hur individens motivation, psykosociala hälsa och arbetsinsats kan påverkas genom förlust av de identifierade tre typerna av information deskriptiv, operativ och narrativ.

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Bhattacharjee, Abhishek. "Measuring Influence Across Social Media Platforms: Empirical Analysis Using Symbolic Transfer Entropy." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7745.

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Social media platforms are interconnected environments that influence each other. Information from one social media platform spreads to another. This thesis proposes a platform-independent framework to analyze information transfer across social media platforms. This thesis uses Symbolic Transfer Entropy and Statistical Significance Test to measure influence and optimize the time window of influence between different platforms. To validate the framework, the thesis analyses the temporal activity dynamics and the information transfer across three different platforms, Reddit, Twitter and GitHub. Two data driven studies are described in this thesis. The first study finds the optimum time windows of influence between the three platforms during two different cyber attack events on cryptocurrency exchanges. It finds that specific types of activities are more influential than others, and optimum time interval changes with pre, during, and post event days. The second study applies information revealed in the first study and specifically the optimal time window to link cross-platform information cascades from Twitter and Reddit. The case-study is a heuristic that, we show, can reduce the search space for connecting information cascades across different platforms.

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Lamba, Amrita. "The Effects of Uncertainty on Cooperation: using Bayesian Cognition and Entropy to Model Cooperative Heuristics." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639680.

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Cooperative heuristics have traditionally been researched through the lens of standard dual-process models of cognition and from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Despite the popularity of these approaches, research on intuitive versus extensional processing falls short in its endeavor to methodologically quantify heuristic processing and to empirically validate existing theories of social evaluation. Furthermore, several conceptualizations of the term heuristic have been proposed in the social psychology literature, leading to a lack of consensus on how cooperative heuristics function. to address these issues, the current study proposes a novel method for quantifying heuristic cognition. We propose a Bayesian cognition model of heuristics based on the free energy principle and present a framework for defining heuristics as Bayesian priors. to test our model, we ran an experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk and used a modified version of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Overall, the results of experiment supported our theoretical predictions and our quantitative model of cooperative heuristics. Additionally, we found evidence to suggest that men and women respond differently to social uncertainty in cooperative exchanges.

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Watts, Jameson K. M., and Jameson K. M. Watts. "Language Consistency and Exchange: Market Reactions to Change in the Distribution of Field-level Information." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556000.

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Markets are fluid. Over time, the dominant designs, processes and paradigms that define an industry invariably succumb to productive innovation or changes in fashion (Arthur, 2009; Schumpeter, 1942; Simmel, 1957). Take for example the recent upheaval of the cell phone market following Apple's release of the iPhone. When it was introduced in 2007, one could clearly differentiate Apple's product from all others; however, subsequent imitation of the iPhone produced a market in which nearly all cell phones look (and perform) alike. The iPhone was a harbinger of the new dominant design. These cycles of innovation and fashion are not limited to consumer markets. Business markets (often defined by longer term inter-firm relationships) are subject to similar transformations. For example, current practices in the biotechnology industry are quite distinct from those accompanying its emergence from university labs in the second half of the 20th century (Powell et al., 2005). Technologies that were once viewed as radical have undergone a process of legitimation and integration into mainstream healthcare delivery systems. Practices that were dominant in the 1980's gave way to newer business models in the 1990's and feedback from down-stream providers changed the way drugs were delivered to patients (Wolff, 2001).During periods of transition, market actors face great difficulty anticipating reactions to their behavior (practices, products, etc.). How they deal with this uncertainty is an interminable source of academic inquiry in the social sciences (see e.g. Alderson, 1965; Simon, 1957; Thompson, 1967) and, in a broad sense, it is the primary concern of the current work as well. However, I am focused specifically on the turmoil caused by transitions in technology, taste and attention over time--the disagreements which occur as market actors collectively shift their practices from one paradigm to the next (Powell and Colyvas, 2008). If innovations are assumed to arise locally and diffuse gradually (see e.g. Bass, 1969; Rogers, 2002), then transient differences in knowledge are a natural outcome. Those closest to, or most interested in an innovation will have greater knowledge than those furthest away or less involved. Thus, for a period following some shift in technology, taste or attention, market participants will vary in their knowledge and interpretation of the change. In the following chapters, I investigate the ramifications of this sort of knowledge heterogeneity on the exchange behavior and subsequent performance of market participants. It is the central argument of this thesis that this heterogeneity affects exchange by both limiting coordination and increasing quality uncertainty. The details of this argument are fleshed out in Chapters 1, 2 and 3 (summarized below), which build upon each other in a progression from abstract, to descriptive to specific tests of theory. However, each can also stand by itself as an independent examination of the knowledge-exchange relationship. The final chapter synthesizes my findings and highlights some implications for practitioners and further research. In Chapter 1, I review the history and development of Alderson's (1965) 'law of exchange' in the marketing literature and propose an extension based on insights from information theory. A concept called market entropy is introduced to describe the distribution of knowledge in a field and propositions are offered to explain the exchange behavior expected when this distribution changes. Chapter 2 investigates knowledge heterogeneity through its relation with written language. Drawing on social-constructionist theories of classification (Goldberg, 2012) and insights from research on the legitimation process (Powell and Colyvas, 2008), I argue for a measure of field-level consensus based on changes in the frequency distribution of descriptive words over time. This measure is operationalized using eleven years of trade journal articles from the biotech industry and is shown to support the propositions offered in Chapter 1. Chapter 3 builds on the arguments and evidence developed in Chapters 1 and 2 to test theory on the structural advantages of a firm's position in a network of strategic alliances. Prior work has documented returns to network centrality based on the premise that central firms have greater and more timely access to information about industry developments (Powell et al., 1996, 1999). However, other research claims that benefits to centrality accrue based on the signal that such a position provides about an actor's underlying quality (Malter, 2014; Podolny, 1993, 2005). I investigate this tension in the literature and offer new insights based on interactions between network position and the measure developed in Chapter 2.

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Gielniak, Michael Joseph. "Adaptation of task-aware, communicative variance for motion control in social humanoid robotic applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43591.

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An algorithm for generating communicative, human-like motion for social humanoid robots was developed. Anticipation, exaggeration, and secondary motion were demonstrated as examples of communication. Spatiotemporal correspondence was presented as a metric for human-like motion, and the metric was used to both synthesize and evaluate motion. An algorithm for generating an infinite number of variants from a single exemplar was established to avoid repetitive motion. The algorithm was made task-aware by including the functionality of satisfying constraints. User studies were performed with the algorithm using human participants. Results showed that communicative, human-like motion can be harnessed to direct partner attention and communicate state information. Furthermore, communicative, human-like motion for social robots produced by the algorithm allows humans partners to feel more engaged in the interaction, recognize motion earlier, label intent sooner, and remember interaction details more accurately.

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Delgado, Villanueva Kiko Alexi. "Methodological proposal for social impact assessment and environmental conflict analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/64063.

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[EN] Social impact assessment (SIA) is a part of environmental impact assessment (EIA), which is characterized by a high level of uncertainty and the subjective aspects that are presents in the methods used during its conduction. In addition, environmental conflict analysis (ECA) has become a key factor for the viability of projects and welfare of affected populations. In this thesis, an integrated method for SIA and ECA is proposed, by the combination of the grey clustering method and the entropy-weight method. SIA was performed using the grey clustering method, which enables qualitative information coming from a stakeholder group to be quantified. In turn, ECA was performed using the entropy-weight method, which identifies the criteria in which there is greater divergence between stakeholder groups, thus enabling to establish measures to prevent potential environmental conflicts. Then, in order to apply and test the proposed integrated method, two case studies were conducted. The first case study was a mining project in northern Peru. In this study, three stakeholder groups and seven criteria were identified. The results revealed that for the urban population group and the rural population group, the project would have a positive and negative social impact, respectively. For the group of specialists the project would have a normal social impact. It was also noted that the criteria most likely to generate environmental conflicts in order of importance were: access to drinking water, poverty, GDP per capita, and employment. The second case study considered was a hydrocarbon exploration project located in the Gulf of Valencia, Spain. In this study, four stakeholder groups and four criteria were identified. The results revealed that for the group of specialists the project would have a negative social impact, and contrary perceptions were shown between the group of those directly affected by the project and the group of citizens in favour. It was also noted that the criteria most likely to generate environmental conflict were the percentage of unemployment and GDP per capita. The proposed integrated method in this thesis showed great potential on the studied cases, and could be applied to other contexts and other projects, such as water resources management, industrial projects, construction projects, and to measure social impact and prevent conflicts during the implementation of government policies and programs.
[ES] La evaluación del impacto social (SIA) forma parte de la evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA), y está caracterizada por su alto nivel de incertidumbre, y por los aspectos subjetivos presentes en los métodos usados para su realización. Por otro lado, el análisis del conflicto ambiental (ECA) se ha convertido en un factor clave para la viabilidad de los proyectos y el bienestar de la población afectada. En esta tesis, se propone un método integrado para la SIA y el ECA, mediante la combinación de los métodos grey clustering y entropy-weight. La SIA fue desarrollada usando el método grey clustering, el cual permite cuantificar la información cualitativa recogida de los grupos de interés o stakeholders. Sucesivamente, el ECA fue realizado usando el método entropy-weight, el cual identifica los criterios en los cuales existe gran divergencia entre los grupos de interés, permitiendo así establecer medidas para prevenir potenciales conflictos ambientales. Luego, con el fin de aplicar y testear el método integrado propuesto fueron realizados dos casos de estudio. El primer caso de estudio fue un proyecto minero ubicado en el norte de Perú. En este estudio se identificaron tres grupos de interés y siete criterios. Los resultados revelaron que para el grupo población urbana y el grupo población rural, el proyecto tendría un impacto social positivo y negativo, respectivamente. Para el grupo de los especialistas el proyecto tendría un impacto social normal. También fue notado que los criterios más probables de generar conflicto ambiental en orden de importancia fueron: acceso al agua potable, pobreza, PIB per cápita, y empleo. El segundo caso de estudio considerado fue un proyecto de exploración de hidrocarburos ubicado en el Golfo de Valencia, España. En este estudio se identificaron cuatro grupos de interés y cuatro criterios. Los resultados revelaron que para el grupo de los especialistas el proyecto tendría un impacto social negativo, y contrarias percepciones se encontraron entre el grupo de los directamente afectados y el grupo de los ciudadanos a favor. También fue notado que los criterios más probables de generar conflicto ambiental fueron el porcentaje de desempleo y el PIB per cápita. El método integrado propuesto en esta tesis mostró un gran potencial sobre los casos estudiados, y podría ser aplicado a otros contextos y otros tipos de proyectos, tales como gestión de recursos hídricos, proyectos industriales, proyectos de construcción de obras públicas, y para medir el impacto social y prevenir conflictos durante la aplicación de políticas y programas gubernamentales.
[CAT] L'avaluació de l'impacte social (SIA) és una part de l'avaluació de l'impacte ambiental (EIA), la qual està caracteritzada pel seu alt nivell d'incertitud i els aspectes subjectius presents en els mètodes amprats durant la seua conducció. A més, la anàlisis del conflicte ambiental (ECA) s'ha convertit en un factor clau per a la viabilitat dels projectes i el benestar de la població afectada. En esta tesis es proposa un mètode integrat per a l'avaluació de l'impacte social i la anàlisis del conflicte ambiental, mitjançant la combinació del mètode grey clustering i el mètode entropy-weight. L'avaluació de l'impacte social ha segut realitzada usant el mètode grey clustering, el qual permet que la informació qualitativa arreplegada dels grups d'interès siga quantificada. Successivament, la anàlisis del conflicte ambiental ha segut realitzada usant el mètode entropy-weight, el qual identifica els criteris en els quals existeix gran divergència entre els grups d'interès, la qual cosa permet establir mides per a prevenir conflictes ambientals potencials. Després, amb la finalitat d'aplicar i testejar el mètode integrat proposat han segut realitzats dos casos d'estudi. El primer d'ells ha segut un projecte miner al nord de Perú. En aquest estudi, tres grups d'interès i set criteris foren identificats. Els resultats revelaren que per al grup població-urbana i el grup població-rural, el projecte experimentaria un positiu i un negatiu impacte social respectivament. Per al grup dels especialistes el projecte tindria un impacte social normal. Per altra banda també va ser reconegut que els criteris més probables de generar conflicte ambiental en orde d'importància foren: accés a l'aigua potable, pobresa, PIB per càpita, i ofici. El segon cas d'estudi considerat va ser un projecte d'exploració d'hidrocarburs ubicat al Golf de València, Espanya. En este estudi, quatre grups d'interès i quatre criteris foren identificats. Els resultats revelaren que per al grup dels especialistes el projecte tindria un impacte social negatiu, mentre que entre el grup dels directament afectats i el grup dels ciutadans a favor es mostraren percepcions contraries. Va ser també reconegut que els criteris més probables de generar conflicte ambiental foren el percentatge de desocupació i el PIB per càpita. El mètode integrat proposat en aquesta tesis mostra un gran potencial sobre els casos estudiats, i pot ser aplicat a altres contexts i altres tipus de projectes com gestió de recursos hídrics, projectes industrials i projectes de construcció d'obres públiques. A més pot fer-se servir per mesurar l'impacte social i prevenir conflictes durant l'aplicació de polítiques i programes governamentals.
Delgado Villanueva, KA. (2016). Methodological proposal for social impact assessment and environmental conflict analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64063
TESIS

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Zayani, Mohamed-Haykel. "Link prediction in dynamic and human-centered mobile wireless networks." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787564.

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During the last years, we have observed a progressive and continuous expansion of human-centered mobile wireless networks. The advent of these networks has encouraged the researchers to think about new solutions in order to ensure efficient evaluation and design of communication protocols. In fact, these networks are faced to several constraints as the lack of infrastructure, the dynamic topology, the limited resources and the deficient quality of service and security. We have been interested in the dynamicity of the network and in particular in human mobility. The human mobility has been widely studied in order to extract its intrinsic properties and to harness them to propose more accurate approaches. Among the prominent properties depicted in the literature, we have been specially attracted by the impact of the social interactions on the human mobility and consequently on the structure of the network. To grasp structural information of such networks, many metrics and techniques have been borrowed from the Social Network Analysis (SNA). The SNA can be seen as another network measurement task which extracts structural information of the network and provides useful feedback for communication protocols. In this context, the SNA has been extensively used to perform link prediction in social networks relying on their structural properties. Motivated by the importance of social ties in human-centered mobile wireless networks and by the possibilities that are brought by SNA to perform link prediction, we are interested by designing the first link prediction framework adapted for mobile wireless networks as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) and Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN). Our proposal tracks the evolution of the network through a third-order tensor over T periods and computes the sociometric Katz measure for each pair of nodes to quantify the strength of the social ties between the network entities. Such quantification gives insights about the links that are expected to occur in the period T+1 and the new links that are created in the future without being observed during the tracking time. To attest the efficiency of our framework, we apply our link prediction technique on three real traces and we compare its performance to the ones of other well-known link prediction approaches. The results prove that our method reaches the highest level of accuracy and outperforms the other techniques. One of the major contributions behind our proposal highlights that the link prediction in such networks can be made in a distributed way. In other words, the nodes can predict their future links relying on the local information (one-hop and two-hop neighbors) instead of a full knowledge about the topology of the network. Furthermore, we are keen to improve the link prediction performance of our tensor-based framework. To quantify the social closeness between the users, we take into consideration two aspects of the relationships: the recentness of the interactions and their frequency. From this perspective, we wonder if we can consider a third criterion to improve the link prediction precision. Asserting the heuristic that stipulates that persistent links are highly predictable, we take into account the stability of the relationships (link and proximity stabilities). To measure it, we opt for the entropy estimation of a time series proposed in the Lempel-Ziv data compression algorithm. As we think that our framework measurements and the stability estimations complement each other, we combine them in order to provide new link prediction metrics. The simulation results emphasize the pertinence of our intuition. Providing a tensor-based link prediction framework and proposing relative enhancements tied to stability considerations represent the main contributions of this thesis. Along the thesis, our concern was also focused on mechanisms and metrics that contribute towards improving communication protocols in these mobile networks [...]

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Rossi, Martina. "Opponent Modelling using Inverse Reinforcement Learning." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22263/.

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Un’area di ricerca particolarmente attiva ultimamente nel campo dell'intelligenza artificiale (IA) riguarda lo studio di agenti autonomi, notevolmente diffusi anche nella vita quotidiana. L'obiettivo principale è sviluppare agenti che interagiscano in modo efficiente con altri agenti o esseri umani. Di conseguenza, queste relazioni potrebbero essere notevolmente semplificate grazie alla capacità di dedurre autonomamente le preferenze di altre entità e di adattare di conseguenza la strategia dell'agente. Pertanto, lo scopo di questa tesi è implementare un agente, in grado di apprendere, che interagisce con un'altra entità nello stesso ambiente e utilizza questa esperienza per estrapolare le preferenze dell'avversario. Queste informazioni possono essere impiegate per cooperare o sfruttare l'interlocutore, a seconda dell'obiettivo dell'agente. Pertanto, i temi centrali sono il Reinforcement Learning, gli ambienti multi-agente e il Value alignment. L'agente presentato apprende tramite Deep Q-Learning e riceve una ricompensa che viene calcolata combinando i feedback dell’ambiente e il reward dell'avversario. Questi valori sono ottenuti eseguendo l'algoritmo Maximum Entropy Inverse Reinforcement Learning sulle interazioni precedenti. Il comportamento dell’agente proposto viene testato in due diversi ambienti: il gioco Centipede e il gioco Apple Picking. I risultati ottenuti sono promettenti poiché dimostrano che l'agente può dedurre correttamente le preferenze dell'avversario e utilizzare questa conoscenza per adattare la sua strategia. Tuttavia, il comportamento finale non sempre corrisponde alle aspettative; sono quindi analizzati i limiti dell'approccio attuale e i gli sviluppi futuri per migliorare l'agente.

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Vieira, Joice Melo 1980. "Transição para a vida adulta em São Paulo : cenários e tendências socio-demográficas." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280644.

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Orientador: Maria Coleta F. A. de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A transição para a vida adulta é um momento crítico do curso de vida dos sujeitos. É uma fase que se caracteriza por importantes mudanças de status, que assinalam de diferentes formas a passagem da condição de dependente à condição de independente. Do ponto de vista sócio-demográfico, as mudanças de status mais importantes são: a conversão do indivíduo de estudante em trabalhador, de membro dependente de um domicílio em chefe de domicílio, de solteiro em pessoa em união, de filho (a) em pai ou mãe. O principal objetivo é descrever e analisar o processo de transição para a vida adulta no Estado de São Paulo em dois momentos de alargamento da coorte jovem, 1970 e 2000. Tanto em um quanto em outro se observam as chamadas ondas jovens, apesar da diferença nos cenários sócio-demográficos no país e no Estado de São Paulo. Busca-se uma apreensão integrada da passagem para a vida adulta, refletindo sobre como fatores de ordem econômica e institucional podem influenciar motivações e decisões acerca de eventos da trajetória de vida dos indivíduos. As fontes de dados utilizadas foram os censos demográficos de 1970 e 2000. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a principal inovação consiste na aplicação da análise de entropia de coortes sintéticas. Com ela é possível mensurar a (des) padronização do curso da vida, além de descrever o ritmo da passagem para a vida adulta ao longo das idades consideradas jovens. Com vistas a explorar algumas dimensões da vida juvenil no Estado de São Paulo, são utilizadas as informações da Pesquisa de Condições de Vida de 2006. A principal contribuição deste estudo consiste em explorar os diferenciais encontrados no tempo de transição para a vida adulta. Determinadas características sóciodemográficas dos sujeitos - como o sexo, a situação de domicílio, a cor/raça e a camada de renda - estão claramente associadas ao tempo de juventude e ao ritmo das transições. A duração da transição, se mais curta ou mais longa, muda de acordo com essas variáveis sócio-demográficas. Uma questão pertinente é em que medida esta diversidade no processo de transição para a vida adulta é produto de desigualdades sociais e, concomitantemente, reprodutora dessas mesmas desigualdades.
Abstract: The transition to adulthood is a critical moment in the individuals' life courses. This stage is characterized by important status changes, which may be responsible for different roots in the passage from a dependent towards an independent condition. From a sociodemographic perspective, the more important status changes are that from a student to a working condition, from a dependent to a head of a household, from a single to a married status, and from the condition of a child to that of a mother or a father. Those are the dimensions selected for the analysis of the process of transition to adulthood in the State of São Paulo, focusing on two points in time, 1970 and 2000. These where moments in which young waves have occurred, due to demographic factors affecting age structures, especially fertility changes in the past. Young cohorts have increased in volume at both moments, facing different sociodemographic contexts at the time. The aim of this analysis is to develop an integrated approach of demographic factors as well as economic and institutional ones, in a way that the timing of the transitions can be described and individuals' motivations and decisions can be understood. The main data sources used are de demographic censuses of 1970 and 2000. In addition, data from the Survey of Life Conditions (PCV) of 2006 were also used. From the methodological point of view, the principal innovation of this study is the application of the analysis of entropy of synthetic cohorts to the Brazilian census data. Entropy measures give an image of the process of standardization / de-standardization of life courses, and make it possible to describe the pace of the transition to adulthood across time. The contribution of this doctoral thesis is to revel differences in the timing of the transitions and exploring their meaning in the context were they occur. The variables taken for this endeavor are sex, household position, color/race, and income level. A shorter or longer transition depends on these sociodemographic characteristics. The results show that differentials in the pace of transition to adulthood are both a result of and an influential factor on social inequality.
Doutorado
Doutor em Demografia

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Vitória, Fernando Bilhalva. "A crise socioecológica no labirinto do capital : uma análise das relações entre humanidade e natureza a partir dos conceitos de entropia e sociometabolismo." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2016. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/2956.

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A presente tese sobre “A crise socioecológica no labirinto do capital: uma análise das relações entre humanidade e natureza a partir dos conceitos de entropia e sociometabolismo” tem como ponto de partida o cenário de crise do capitalismo atual, que, em termos históricos, espalhou-se por todas as partes do globo sob o domínio da mercadoria. Ela é perceptível tanto em temos sociais, no desemprego estrutural e na precarização do trabalho, como em termos ecológicos, indo desde a desestruturação dos solos pela agricultura industrial e homogênea até o aquecimento global, com previsões catastróficas para o presente e para o futuro. Esta relação-limite revela, de algum modo, o que Marx chamou de rachadura ou falha metabólica sob as relações produtivas e sociais, a partir do mando do modo de produção capitalista, ou o que Georgescu-Roegen chamou de processo entrópico da irreversibilidade. Com ênfase na síntese destas duas perspectivas teóricas, a tese se situa na problemática da existência de uma crise socioecológica profunda, onde o fundamento teórico-prático desta; repousa no sociometabolismo, no sentido marxista, e na noção de entropia, a partir da bioeconomia, como uma poderosa ferramenta de interpretação e compreensão qualitativa das relações sociais e ambientais no presente tempo com “Um todo manifesto”. A tese visa, assim, contribuir para o campo das ciências humanas na pretensão de propor uma visão ampla e criteriosa das relações entre a humanidade e a natureza e do papel da educação frente a este processo, para além das tramas do capital e da ideologia do desenvolvimento verde. A estrutura da tese consiste num aprofundamento do pensamento de Marx sobre a natureza e o metabolismo, e da questão da entropia em Georgescu-Roegen, bem como da evidência teórico-prática destas duas visões de mundo. Para tanto, ela propõe um todo estruturado para a análise da crise socioecológica: No primeiro capítulo, no marco teórico, recorrendo ao pensamento de Georgescu-Roegen e Marx; no segundo, a dupla visão da crise e os limites do desenvolvimento verde; no terceiro, a historicidade da crise a partir da evolução do metabolismo, até o papel dos sujeitos e da educação como uma das dimensões necessárias para outro sistema metabólico/entrópico e conciliatório entre a humanidade e a natureza no quarto capítulo, onde o metabolismo e a entropia se articulam como um salto de qualidade.
This thesis about "The socio-ecological crisis in the capital labyrinth: an analysis of the relationship between humanity and nature from the concepts of entropy and socio-metabolism" has as its starting point the crisis scenario of the current capitalism, which, in a historical sense, has spread itself all over the world under the domain of the goods. It can be noticed in two ways. The first one is in social terms in cases as structural unemployment and work precariousness, the other one is in ecological terms ranging from soil disruption by industrial and homogeneous agriculture to global warming, with catastrophic forecasts for the present and for the future. This limit relationship reveals, somehow, what Marx called metabolic failure or crack under the productive and social relationships, from the behest of the capitalist production way, or what Georgescu-Roegen called entropic process of irreversibility. Emphasizing the synthesis of these two theoretical perspectives, the thesis lies on the questioning about the existence of a deep socio-ecological crisis, where its theoretical and practical ground lies on socio-metabolism. It is in the Marxist sense, and in the notion of entropy, from the bio-economy, as a powerful tool to have a qualitative interpretation and comprehension of the social and environmental relations in this time with "A whole manifesto". Thus, the thesis aims to contribute to the field of human sciences and intends to propose a careful and wide vision of the relationships between humanity and nature as well as the role of education facing this process, beyond the capital plots and the ideology of green development. The structure of the thesis is a deepening of Marx's thought about nature and metabolism, and the entropy issue in Georgescu-Roegen, as well as the theoretical and practical evidence of these two worldviews. To do so, it proposes a whole structured to analyze the socio-ecological crisis. In the first chapter, in the theoretical framework, using the thought of Georgescu-Roegen and Marx. In the second one, the double vision of the crisis and the limits of green development. In the third chapter, the historicity of the crisis from the metabolism evolution to the role of subject and education as one of the necessary dimensions for other metabolic/entropic and conciliatory system between humanity and nature. Finally in the fourth chapter, where metabolism and entropy are articulated as a leap in quality.

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Ma, Yin-Shan. "The Correlation between Land-use Mixture and Home-based Trips (The case of the city of Richmond)." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2670.

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The city of Richmond has practiced mixed land-use policies to encourage non-private-vehicle commuting for decades based on the successful examples or the empirical evidence of other cities. However, the idea violates one of common logical fallacy—“all things are equal.” Using the indices of land-use diversity, this study explores the correlation between land-use mixture and home-based trip for the city of Richmond. This paper calculates two common indices of land-use mixture—entropy, and dissimilarity. The results indicate that although Richmond’s land-use mixture and home-based trip do have a correlation, the correlation is weak. One possible reason is that socioeconomic actors have a stronger influence on transportation than land-use mixture. However, this assumption still needs further analysis in order to be verified.

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Sayeed, Yeasmin. "Child Marriage, Human Development and Welfare : Using Public Spending, Taxation and Conditional Cash Transfers as Policy Instruments." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47122.

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The theme of this thesis is to analyze the impact of policy interventions such as financing human development (HD), tax reform and conditional cash transfer programmes, under the framework of growth and sustainable development. These policy instruments are evaluated through the application of both partial and general equilibrium models, and the last paper concentrates on developing regional social accounting matrices (SAMs) as a core database for spatial general equilibrium modelling. Essay 1: Trade-offs in Achieving Human Development Goals for Bangladesh investigates the benefits and costs associated with alternative investment financing options for achieving HD goals by applying the MAMS (Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Studies) model. We find that full achievement of these goals would have led to a GDP loss that would have been significantly larger in the domestic borrowing scenario than in the tax scenario. The tax-financing alternative is thus the better option for financing large development programs. In terms of public spending composition, we find that, under some circumstances, a trade-off arises between overall Millennium Development Goal (MDG) progress and poverty reduction. Essay 2: Welfare impact of broadening VAT by exempting Small-Scale food markets: The case of Bangladesh analyses the welfare impacts of different VAT reforms. A general and uniform VAT on all commodities is preferred as it is more efficient and less administratively costly. However, due to equity concerns, food is normally exempted from VAT. On the other hand, exemptions on food mean that an implicit subsidy is provided to high-income households. Hence, we analyze a broad-based VAT regime with a high threshold that excludes small-scale operators (where the low-income households buy their products most, including food) and the simulation result shows that welfare improves for the low-income households. Essay 3: Effect of Girls’ Secondary School Stipend on Completed Schooling and Age at Marriage: Evidence from Bangladesh estimates the effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on education and age at marriage. We apply both difference in differences (DiD) and regression discontinuity methods to evaluate the impact of the policy instrument. Our estimation results show that the girls in the treatment group who were exposed to the programme had a higher average number of completed years of schooling and also delayed their first marriage compared to the girls in the control group. We also show that the DiD approach might produce a biased result as it does not consider the convergence effect. Essay 4: Estimation of Multiregional Social Accounting Matrices using Transport Data proposes a methodology for estimating multiregional SAMs from a national SAM by applying the cross-entropy method. The methodology makes possible the construction of regional SAMs that are consistent with official regional accounts and minimize deviations from transport data.

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Wang, Chao. "Exploiting non-redundant local patterns and probabilistic models for analyzing structured and semi-structured data." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1199284713.

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Forsé, Michel. "L'ordre improbable : entropie et processus sociaux." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05H048.

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Conformément au point de vue de la mécanique classique, toutes les sociologies du changement social ont associe équilibre et ordre. Les apories auxquelles elles ne manquent pas de conduire peuvent être levées si l'on adopte la perspective thermodynamique qui consiste au contraire à associer équilibre et désordre. Si l'on fait l'hypothèse que les systèmes sociaux sont caractérisés par une exigence de stabilité, il est possible de démontrer que leur état de stabilité maximale correspond à leur état de plus grand désordre. Dynamiquement, ils tendent spontanément vers cet état d'équilibre ou l'entropie est élevée. On aboutit alors à une modélisation correcte des trois grandes classes de processus sociaux : ceux où il y a altération, ceux où il y a mouvement et ceux qui affectent une hiérarchie. Les applications à des séries empiriques révèlent que ce que le modèle prédit est conforme avec ce qui s'observe. Il faut néanmoins se méfier des représentations trop intuitives du chaos. S’agissant de repartir une ressource limitée entre un grand nombre d'individus, la distribution la plus stable et désordonnée possible est celle qui lie par un exponentiel inverse nombre d'individus et niveau de ressource. Inégalité et société se révèlent par la indissociables. Pourtant la loi d'entropie se traduit aussi par le fait que l’égalité tend à augmenter irréversiblement. Les sociétés ne sont donc pas, comme d'aucuns l'ont récemment prétendu, des systèmes capables de s'auto-organiser spontanément. En tant que systèmes ouverts, elles peuvent trouver la néguentropie nécessaire à une restitution d'ordre en leur sein mais cet ordre, qui est toujours beaucoup plus improbable que le désordre, n'y est jamais définitivement acquis
Theories of social change have always combined equilibrium and order, as classical mechanics states. Difficulties resulting there of cannot be solved without assuming the thermodynamical point of view which, on the contrary, associates equilibrium and disorder. If we make the hypothesis that social systems require stability, it can be prove that their maximal state of stability is also their maximal state of disorder. Dynamically, they tend spontaneously to this state of equilibrium where entropy is high. The result is a relevant medialization of the three main classes of social processes: alteration, movement and hierarchy. Applications to empirical data indicate that predictions, authorized by this model, are corrects. Nevertheless, we must be careful with intuitive representations of chaos. If a finite utility has to be shared between a great number of individuals, the highest disorganized and stable distribution is the one in which the number of individuals and the level of utilities are related with an inverse exponential function. Inequality and society cannot therefore be distinguished. Still the entropy law may also be stated as the spontaneous increase of equality. Hence societies are not, as some wrote recently, systems that are able to organize them self spontaneously. As open systems, they can find the amount of neguentropy to increase their own order ; but this order, which is always less probable than disorder, is never definitely secured

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Forsé, Michel. "L'Ordre improbable entropie et processus sociaux /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376051585.

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Jacobs, Carolyne. "Social networking as a bridge between higher education students' pre-entry expectations and post-entry experiences." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2010. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ffd41f10-b1d2-4b3e-bc3a-3e11cab1bca3.

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Students’ expectations and experiences have been the focus of attention in the literature and in research for a number of years. But despite the body of research in this area and efforts made by universities to ease students’ transition, many students are still unprepared for higher education level study, unsure what learning at university will involve and have difficulty integrating into university life.

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Lemos, Ricardo. "Internacionalização do empreendimento social: um estudo de dois empreendimentos sociais que entraram no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11850.

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The internationalization of organizations can be noticed as international transactions grow at a rapid pace. Amongst several alternatives, internationalization frameworks developed and analyzed have been mainly used, in academic studies, to portray the process of internationalization of industries; however, its application in other sectors is still very incipient. Social entrepreneurship,which can be described as the organization or person trying to meet a need or solve a problem of a social nature using business methods, gradually has also sought the internationalization process, nevertheless there are still very few studies that depict the process of internationalization of social enterprises. The aim of this study was to compare the strategies and internationalization process of social enterprises with the traditional theory of internationalization verifying if the traditional framework could be applied to the internationalization process. Social entrepreneurship in Brazil is quite significant, but remains limited to the borders of the country. For this reason, the object of our study was social enterprise internationalizing into Brazil. Here we analyzed, through the exploratory qualitative research approach based on in-depth interviews, two oragnizações who came to Brazil. The results arising from these interviews showed different patterns and processes and as a result, we present the dynamics found for the internationalization of social enterprises.
A internacionalização de organizações pode ser observada como um envolvimento crescente em transações internacionais. Dentre as diversas modalidades e alternativas de internacionalização, os modelos estudados têm sido usados principalmente para retratar o processo de internacionalização de indústrias, sendo sua aplicação em outros setores de atividade ainda muito incipientes. O empreendimento social, isto é, a organização ou pessoa que tenta atender a uma necessidade ou resolver um problema de cunho social utilizando métodos empresariais, aos poucos também tem buscado o processo de internacionalização, mas são poucos os estudos que retratam o processo de internacionalização de empreendimentos sociais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as estratégias e o processo de internacionalização de empreendimentos sociais, com a teoria tradicional de internacionalização verificando se o modelo tradicional pode ser aplicado para compreender o processo (de internacionalização). O empreendimento social no Brasil é bastante significativo, mas de maneira geral permanece limitado às fronteiras do país. Por este motivo, o objeto de nosso estudo foram empreendimentos sociais que se internacionalizaram em direção ao Brasil. Aqui analisamos, através de pesquisa qualitativa pela abordagem exploratória a partir de entrevistas em profundidade, duas organizações que vieram para o país. Os resultados oriundos dessas entrevistas demonstraram padrões e processos diferentes e, como resultado, apresentamos a dinâmica encontrada na internacionalização de empreendimentos sociais.

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LINGXIU, JIANG. "IKEA marketing entry strategy in China." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36640.

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Nowadays, with the big background of economic globalization, economic isolation became impossible, therefore,internationalization is necessary for development of enterprise. IKEA is a Swedish multinational group which wasfounded in 1943. Under the big background of economic globalization, IKEA sizes every opportunity to entryforeign markets And nowadays IKEA had already become the world wide largest furniture retailer since 2008.IKEA actually has already entered into Chinese market as early as 1998 .The success of IKEA in Chinese marketis very outstanding. But it’s not difficult to find on IKEA strategy map of China that the most retail stores areconcentrate distributed in the first-tier cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong. And there are very less retailstores in Chinese inland cities and some of areas are still the market vacancy. China as a country who has themost population on the world is never lack of purchasing power. Therefore, a reasonable marketing strategyshould be analyzed to help the expansion of IKEA in Chinese market.The research purpose of this thesis is to analyze a reasonable marketing entry strategy of IKEA for the furtherexpansion in Chinese market. This research would follow the classical foreign market entry strategies analysiswith three steps. And the research focus on answering these three questions: Where should be selected as newtarget market location of IKEA in China? Which entry mode of IKEA should be applied in the future Chinesemarket? Which factors would influence IKEA timing of entry in Chinese market? Which is through the multiresearch method.Summarizing IKEA marketing entry strategy in China is a gradual process. IKEA should firstly select the marketlocation in the areas with lower cultural distance and high level of GDP and GDP per capital, and then graduallyexpand in to the areas with relatively higher cultural distance and relatively lower level of GDP and GDP percapital. And in general, this process also could be viewed as the expansion from the eastern costal area to theinland cities of China. And the gradual “internationalization” of IKEA in Chinese market also reflected on theentry mode choice. From the “joint venture” run to the coexisting of “joint venture” and “wholly ownedsubsidiary”, and finally run to the “wholly owned subsidiary” as the only entry mode of IKEA in Chinese market.Finally, as for the timing of entry, IKEA should catch the “window of opportunity”, accumulate “near marketknowledge” and pay attention to “world-of-mouth” to remain the good reputation of IKEA in China to completethe earlier entry as a gradual process with the “stepwise internationalization” into Chinese new target market.

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Stephens, Shanda. "Latino Children's Kindergarten Entry: Views of Parents and Teachers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2001. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2651.

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This study examined parental and teacher expectations of kindergarten readiness of Latino children. The perceptions ofLatino mothers, Latino fathers, and kindergarten teachers were analyzed and compared. Specifically, parents' and teachers' responses were compared in three areas: perceptions of what parents can do to prepare children for kindergarten, priorities for requisite kindergarten entry skills, and rankings of the importance of specified skills to be emphasized in kindergarten. Differences between kindergarten teachers' expectations for nonnative English-speaking children and native English-speaking children were also examined. The parent sample consisted of 35 Latino mother/father pairs. AJI were parents of children who entered kindergarten Fall, 2000. The teacher sample consisted of 33 kindergarten teachers from two large school districts in a western state. Major findings indicate that some differences do exist between teachers' and Latino parents' priorities for requisite kindergarten entry skills as well as their rankings of the importance of specified skills to be emphasized in kindergarten. Supporting previous research, both mothers and fathers rated academic concepts such as counting, reading, and writing higher than teachers. By contrast, teachers rated more developmentally appropriate concepts higher. All groups agreed that parents could do more to prepare children for kindergarten, but parents and teachers differed in their responses of what parents could specifically do to encourage this preparation. Teachers mentioned reading to children, enriching the child 's environment, and communication more often than both mothers and fathers. Parents were more likely to mention emotional support and discussing school with their children as ways parents could foster kindergarten preparation. Teachers expected native English-speaking children to know how to follow directions upon kindergarten entry more than they expected it for nonnative English speaking children. Furthermore, teachers who had training in ESL education placed more emphasis on incorporating speaking skills in nonnative children's kindergarten curricula than did teachers without multicultural training. Also included in the study are concrete examples of concerns Latino parents have as their child enters school, challenges teachers face in having linguistic diversity in their classroom, as well as teacher suggestions for improving ESL kindergarten preparation. Implications of these findings for parents, schools, and children are discussed. Suggestions for future research are then offered.

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Brunetti, Ilaria. "Il metodo entropico nelle applicazioni della meccanica statistica alle scienze sociali." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2827/.

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Ronk, Marla J. Landau Steven E. "Peer entry behavior of boys with and without ADHD." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1390291471&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1205250904&clientId=43838.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2007.
Title from title page screen, viewed on March 11, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Steven E. Landau (chair), Alycia M. Hund, Dawn M. McBride, Glenn D. Reeder, Susan K, Sprecher. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-182) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Contreras, Eitner Alfredo. "Essays in Rational Inattention and Market Microstructure." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673962.

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En la meva dissertació, dono una explicació a diferents anomalies de preus dels actius en el mercat financer a l'caracteritzar els conjunts d'informació dels que interactuen en ell mateix. En particular, estudi dels efectes d'enfrontar una restricció en el volum d'informació que un actor pot processar. Per a això, desenvolupament una anàlisi des d'una perspectiva de la microestructura de mercat financer, on un grup d'inversors té accés a informació privilegiada sobre els actius negociats. Trobo que aquestes anomalies poden originar quan un agent racional enfronta una restricció en el volum d'informació que pot processar. La dissertació conté resultats quan els inversors i els agents de fixació de preus s'enfronten aquesta restricció.
En mi disertación, doy una explicación a diferentes anomalías de precios de los activos en el mercado financiero al caracterizar los conjuntos de información de quienes interactúan en él mismo. En particular, estudio los efectos de enfrentar una restricción en el volumen de información que un actor puede procesar. Para ello, desarrollo un análisis desde una perspectiva de la microestructura del mercado financiero, donde un grupo de inversores tiene acceso a información privilegiada sobre los activos negociados. Encuentro que estas anomalías pueden originarse cuando un agente racional enfrenta una restricción en el volumen de información que puede procesar. La disertación contiene resultados cuando los inversores y los agentes de fijación de precios enfrentan esta restricción.
In my dissertation, I explain different asset price anomalies in the financial market by characterizing the information sets of those who interact within it. In particular, I study the effects of facing a restriction on the volume of information that an actor can process. For this purpose, I construct the analysis from a financial market microstructure perspective, where a group of investors has access to inside information about the traded assets. I find that these anomalies can originate when a rational agent faces a constraint on the information volume they can process. The dissertation contains results when investors and price-setting agents face this restriction.

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Kern, Ana Paula. "O Programa Bolsa Família e impactos sobre o desenvolvimento humano." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7192.

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Esta tese tem por objetivo avaliar o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família sobre o desenvolvimento humano em saúde, educação e mercado de trabalho, respectivamente. É importante dizer que os trabalhos voltados para avaliar o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família estão basicamente apoiados nas análises dos dados da PNAD e do Censo Demográfico, que podem possuir um possível viés de representatividade. Portanto, para essa tese foi construído um painel longitudinal, no nível de indivíduo, a partir dos dados da AIBF I e AIBF II. Esse painel constitui um marco para os estudos de avaliação de impacto do Programa Bolsa Família, uma vez que é o primeiro painel que acompanha o mesmo indivíduo ao longo do tempo, e assim pode gerar resultados mais robustos. O modelo utilizado foi de diferenças em diferenças com balanceamento por entropia. Além disso, esta tese representa mais um avanço na literatura a respeito de programas de transferência de renda, por fazer todas as análises de impacto levando em consideração o plano amostral, que é outra característica importante normalmente ignorada. Em pesquisas por amostragem, ignorar características do plano amostral pode enviesar a estimação do impacto e produzir estimativas incorretas. O primeiro ensaio investiga o impacto do Bolsa Família nas condições de saúde das mulheres e das crianças de até 7 anos de idade, sendo considerada principalmente a saúde das gestantes e vacinação das crianças. No segundo ensaio avalia-se o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a educação das crianças de 6 a 17 anos, com enfoque sobre a participação, progressão, repetência e abandono escolar. O terceiro ensaio avalia o impacto do programa sobre o mercado de trabalho, mais especificamente na oferta de trabalho dos indivíduos. No primeiro ensaio, os principais resultados mostram que o Bolsa Família aumenta o status de imunização das crianças de 2005 para 2009, mas não o suficiente para manter o calendário vacinal em dia. Para o segundo ensaio, os resultados obtidos indicam que o PBF não afetou a matricula escolar das crianças de 2005 para 2009, quando separadas por gênero. No entanto, o Bolsa Família aumentou a probabilidade das crianças se matricularem, especialmente para crianças mais velhas, residentes na área urbana na região Nordeste. Para progressão, repetência e evasão, o Bolsa Família não apresentou impacto. Para o terceiro ensaio, os resultados indicam que não há efeito do PBF sobre a probabilidade de trabalhar dos homens ou das mulheres, e que o impacto de redução nas horas de trabalho, se concentra nas mulheres residentes em áreas rurais. Com isso, não é pertinente a crítica de que o PBF seria responsável por gerar dependência dos benefícios do programa.
This thesis is made up of three essays that aim to evaluate the impact of the Bolsa Família Program on human development in health, education and the labor market, respectively. It is important to say that the work aimed at evaluating the impact of the Bolsa Família Program is basically supported by the analysis of PNAD and Demographic Census data, which may have a representative bias. Therefore, for this thesis a longitudinal panel, at the individual level, was constructed from the data of AIBF I and AIBF II. This panel constitutes a milestone for impact assessment studies of the Bolsa Família Program, since it is the first panel that accompanies the same individual over time, and thus can generate more robust results. The model used was of differences in differences. In addition, this thesis represents a further advance in the literature regarding income transfer programs, for making all impact analyzes taking into consideration the sampling design, which is another important characteristic usually ignored. In sampling design, ignoring characteristics of the sampling plan may bias the impact estimation and produce incorrect estimates. The first essay evaluates the impact of the Bolsa Família Program on the education of children aged 6 to 17 years, with a focus on participation, progression, repetition and drop-out. The second essay investigates the impact of Bolsa Família on the health conditions of women and children up to 7 years of age, mainly considering the health of pregnant women, vaccination of children and health expenses. The third essay assesses the impact of the program on the labor market, more specifically on the labor supply of individuals. For the first trial, the preliminary results obtained indicate that the PBF has a positive and significant impact only for school dropout for female children residing in rural areas, from 6 to 14 years of age. For urban children, the PBF had no impact. In the second trial, it is examined whether the PBF generates an increase in the likelihood of children aged 0 to 7 years having a vaccination card and a decrease in monthly health care expenses for all individuals. For the third test, a positive relation between hours worked is expected.

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Marin, Anicama Mónica Giuliana. "Consulting report - Bigmond mexican market entry business plan." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/12735.

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Bigmond is a Peruvian company dedicated to the search of top executives offering a superior value proposition in the market. Given the great acceptance in Peru, the firm is keen to expand its commercial activities to Mexico to become a multinational company. The objective of the project is to develop a viable business plan for Bigmond's entry into the Mexican Executive search market. An external market analysis was carried out to identify opportunities and threats that could influence the success of the project. In addition, an industry analysis to assess Porter’s Five Forces was carried out. After identifying the key factors, a qualitative and quantitative study of the Mexican market was conducted to define the target market of the project in which Bigmond should focus. The historical development of Mexico's industries, the growth forecast, the demand for talent by sector, the provision for outsourcing services in companies, the concentration of potential companies at the regional level and the main market trends were taken into consideration for the assessment. Results showed that the target market should focus on the central region of Mexico and on the development of the technology industry in each of these four main economic sectors: Marketing and Communications, Manufacturing, and Financial Services and Construction. Within a next step opening a branch in Mexico City has been identified as the most suitable entry strategy for Bigmond. Then, the implementation plan included the marketing mix, which showed that one of the key success factors will be the development of brand equity. Finally, the financial analysis indicated a resulting economic TIR of 102.5% and a NPV of US $ 309,000. In addition, a sensitivity analysis assessed the expected market share. Findings of the nine scenarios showed an expected minimum IRR above 15% and a NPV greater than zero. This leads to the conclusion that establishing a commercial activity in the Mexican market is a feasible option with a promising outlook for Bigmond.
Bigmond es una empresa peruana dedicada a la búsqueda de altos ejecutivos con una gran propuesta de valor en el mercado. Dada la gran aceptación en el Perú, la firma tiene mucho interés en extender sus horizontes y llevar su propuesta de valor a México. El objetivo del proyecto es desarrollar un plan de negocio viable para la entrada de Bigmond al mercado de Executive search en México. Para ello, se realizó un macro análisis de mercado para identificar oportunidades y amenazas que podrían influenciar el éxito del proyecto. Además, se realizó un análisis de la industria a través de las cinco fuerzas de Porter. Luego de identificar los factores claves, se realizó un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo del mercado mexicano para definir el mercado objetivo del proyecto en el cual Bigmond debe enfocarse. Se tomó en consideración el desarrollo histórico de las industrias de México, el pronóstico de crecimiento, la demanda de talento por sector, la disposición por los servicios outsourcing en las empresas, la concentración de potenciales empresas a nivel regional y las principales tendencias del mercado. El resultado definió que el mercado objetivo se ubica en la región central de México y debe enfocarse en cuatro principales sectores económicos: Marketing y comunicaciones, Manufactura, Servicios Financieros y Construcción, con un gran enfoque en el desarrollo de la industria tecnológica en cada uno de los sectores. A continuación, se desarrolló la estrategia de entrada que tuvo como resultado crear una sucursal en la ciudad de México. Luego, se llevó a cabo el plan de implementación través del marketing mix el cual desplegó que el principal factor clave de éxito será el desarrollo del valor de marca. Finalmente, el estudio financiero dio como resultado un TIR económico de 102.5% y un VAN de 309 mil dólares americanos, además se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad con la cuota de mercado y el crecimiento del negocio, los nueve escenarios desplegaron un TIR superior al 15% y un VAN mayor a cero. Lo cual permite concluir que el proyecto de entrada al mercado mexicano es viable y factible.
Tesis

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Lott, Donalyn L. "Perceptions of College Readiness and Social Capital of GED completers in entry-level college courses." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1460.

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Abstract Examining the efficacy of literacy improvement, general education development (GED) completion, and GED completers’ perceptions of college readiness and social capital was the purpose of this study. The participant sample (n=321), derived from the target population (N=1050), consisted of former participants of Adult Literacy Education (ALE)/GED programs in the Greater New Orleans area (GNO), who have earned the GED credential, and, are currently enrolled in entry-level courses at two community colleges in Southeast Louisiana; specifically, in Orleans and St. Bernard parishes. The study was framed by the social capital theoretical perspective. The study used quantitative methodology, with a descriptive, cross-sectional research design. Specific quantitative analyses were employed including; descriptive statistics which were used to characterize the sample and to describe the features of the data; preliminary analysis using principal axis factoring (PAF), to determine survey items that cluster together and to identify relevant factors that influence perceptions of college readiness and social capital; Cronbach’s alpha, to test internal consistency and reliability of the survey instrument; regression analysis, to investigate the relationships between GED completers’ perceptions of college readiness and social capital and their literacy level; and finally, a one-way ANOVA, to compare the means of groups within literacy levels. Using a researcher-created survey instrument with a Likert scale rating of 1-4, perceptions of college readiness and social capital of GED completers were assessed. A field test of 10 participants and an expert panel review ensured validity and reliability of the instrument. The results of this study could serve as a framework for strategic planning of ALE/GED programs, ALE/GED curriculum alignment with high school content and entry-level introductory or developmental college courses, and post-secondary (community college) recruitment endeavors.

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SOBERANES, MARTIN FABIAN 551989, and MARTIN FABIAN SOBERANES. "Entropías de las información cuántica de dos sistemas cuánticos y su comparación." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/49968.

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La computaci on es la ciencia encargada del estudio de los sistemas computacio-nales, m as en concreto de las computadoras, las cuales manejan la informaci onde manera autom atica. El concepto computaci on proviene del lat n computatio,que se re ere al c omputo como cuenta. La teor a de la computaci on es una delas areas que m as se distingue dentro de la ciencia de la computaci on, en ella seclasi can los problemas seg un el origen de los algoritmos,los cuales pueden sersimples, complejos, o muy complejos, lo que genera consumo de recursos compu-tacionales. Otro sector de estudio importante es el de la estructura de los datos,en esta area el an alisis matem atico resulta elemental para poder obtener datos ymanipularlos adecuadamente, ya que si no se hace de forma correcta la informa-ci on obtenida no ser a relevante (30).No se puede dejar de mencionar a los sistemas operativos, los cuales sonla parte de la computadora que interact ua con el usuario. La arquitectura decomputadoras es el area de la ciencia de la computaci on que se encarga de loscomponentes f sicos, en los componentes que la atenci on es centrada suele serlas memorias, unidad central de procesamiento (CPU) y los perif ericos, tanto deentrada como de salida, otra area elemental en el estudio de la computaci on sonlos lenguajes de programaci on, el objetivo es crear nuevos lenguajes de progra-maci on, que sean m as e caces y veloces.
Conacyt

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Bäckström, Emil, Tim Fhager, and Manfred Klint. "Den flyktiga ljudbilden : En marknadsföringsretorisk analys av svensk radioreklams dramaturgi och struktur." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för studier av samhällsutveckling och kultur, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56775.

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Denna studie förklarar hur de tre bästa respektive tre sämsta reklamerna av totalt 20 som en enkätgrupp har utsett, förhåller sig till olika teorier om kommunikation, ljudlandskap, retorik och dramaturgi. I de reklamer som av enkätgruppen ansågs vara de bästa har producenterna med hjälp av retorik och dramaturgi bättre lyckats med att skapa ett förtroende hos lyssnaren, något som i analysen visar sig vara avgörande för hur reklamerna mottas. Vidare förefaller konstruerade ljudlandskap löpa större risk att skapa en egen bruskälla vilket komplicerar framförandet av budskapet. På samma sätt verkar reklamer med lågt eller otydligt informationsinnehåll ha svårare att förmedla en verklighetsbild som stämmer överens med den tänkta mottagarens och därför även svårare att skapa en förtroendeingivande karaktär till reklamen.

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Berton, Marie, and Pauliina Matteinen. ""Alla borde få en chans till..." : En kvalitativ studie om före detta intagnas upplevelser." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39042.

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Syftet med denna studie var att få insikt i före detta intagnas upplevelse av sitt fängelsestraff samt sin återgång till det fria samhället. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar som lydde; hur påverkas individen av sitt fängelsestraff och hur har individen återanpassats i samhället efter fängelsevistelsen, delades resultatet upp i två avsnitt som rör tiden i fängelset och tiden efter fängelset. Urvalet bestod av sex män som har avtjänat ett fängelsestraff i Sverige, de var mellan 25-60 år. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att fängelsestraff påverkar individerna både psykiskt och fysiskt på ett negativt vis. Resultatet visar även att individens inre motivation är av stor vikt när det gäller återanpassning till samhället. För att återanpassning ska ske på ett tillfredsställande vis är det av vikt att samhällsstödet erbjuds i rätt tid.
This study aimed to get insight in former inmates’ experiences, about their imprisonment and their re-entry into the free society. To answer the aim, the following questions were formulated; how does imprisonment affect the individual and how has the individual re-entered the society after imprisonment. The studies result was divided in two larger themes that concerned the time in prison and the time after. The selection for the study was six men that have been imprisoned in Sweden; they were between 25-60 years. Data was collected through semistructured interviews. The results show that imprisonment affect the individual in a negative way, both physical and psychological. The results also show that individuals inner motivation is very important when they re-entry the society and social support needs to be available to the former inmates in the right time.

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Grahn, Robert. "Treatment repeaters : re-entry in care for clients with substance use disorder within the Swedish addiction treatment system." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-141601.

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According to the regulations contained in the Social Services Act (SFS 2001:453), Swedish social services have a legal responsibility to provide support, care, and treatment for individuals with substance use problems. This law mandate those who are responsible to provide treatment to motivate drug users to actively seek treatment on a voluntary basis, ensuring an end to their dependence on drugs. Studies have shown that although the treatment system largely focuses on promoting abstinence, about two-thirds of client’s relapse into substance use within one year after completing treatment. This dissertation focuses broadly on clients who repeatedly enter and use treatment for substance use disorders in the Swedish addiction treatment system. The aim of this thesis is to examine and identify the population groups who are repeated treatment users of the Swedish treatment system for substance use disorder, including both the voluntary treatment and compulsory care. This thesis was based on three national level databases. The results showed that clients with a higher degree of problems and problems in different areas of life also had an increased risk of having treatment for substance use disorder repeatedly. Clients who were older, men, reported more years of polydrug and alcohol use to intoxication, reported more compulsory care episodes for substance use, had ever been charged with crime, had ever been in inpatient mental health treatment, and had a higher ASI mental health symptom composite score, were significantly more likely to report more voluntary addiction treatment episodes. The strongest significant association with the number of treatment episodes was the number of compulsory treatment episodes for alcohol and drugs. Individuals who experienced prior compulsory care including mandatory treatment through LVU (law (1990:52)), been in prison, and had children mandated to out-of-home care, were more likely to have two or more entries in the compulsory care system for substance use disorder. In addition, this analysis showed that 59% of clients mandated to compulsory care dropped-out during their compulsory care episode, and that younger clients were significantly more likely to drop-out. Those who drop-out were significantly more likely to experience negative outcomes, i.e. additional sentence to compulsory care and higher risk of mortality. A hierarchal logistic regression model also identified that individuals with riskier childhood conditions were more likely to have had repeated entries to compulsory care for substance use disorder. The indirect effects showed that a family history of substance use disorder and psychiatric problems are both associated with higher probability of institutional care as a child i.e. LVU, and that in turn, mandated childhood institutional care is related to repeated compulsory care intakes as an adult. Individuals who use treatment for substance use disorder repeatedly have a higher degree of problems i.e. an exposed and problematic group of individuals characterized by problem in several different areas of life. Growing up in a home environment with unfavorable conditions, mandated care before the age of 18 (LVU), compulsory care for substance use disorder as an adult, children taken into out-of-home care, and crime are the factors that are primarily associated with repeated treatment for substance use. A change in the view of treatment for clients in need of repeated use of treatment seems important, and access to adapted continuous care efforts are crucial to counteract the risk of relapse after a treatment episode of voluntary or compulsory care. Further, it seems important to motivate the client to complete the compulsory care without any deviation, since this seems to have positive effects on their substance use disorder.

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Zheng, Jianya. "Modelagem de influência de sócios das redes sociais pelos PageRank e Índice W-Entropia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/11061.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2012.
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As redes sociais desempenham um papel cada vez mais importante na comunicação das pessoas, e devido a este fato é necessário que sejamos capazes de medir a influência das pessoas nas redes sociais. Cada plataforma possui a sua lista de classificação para mostrar quem são os membros mais populares, mas esta medida é muito incompleta e unidimensional e a variação dos resultados entre as diferentes listas são sempre discrepantes. Da mesma forma, alguns pesquisadores têm proposto algoritmos computacionais diferentes para avaliar e medir esta influência, mas estes estudos são geralmente muito simples para expressar as características da transmissão de informações. Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa a respeito de como medir a influência dos membros das redes sociais, aplicando o PageRank e a W-Entropia, mais precisamente. Dada uma única rede social, o algoritmo PageRank calcula a importância de cada pessoa com base na ligação intrínseca entre os membros, esse algoritmo é justo e dificilmente os resultados serão manipulados. Dadas diversas redes sociais, a W-Entropia, que utiliza a teoria de Shannon, pode medir o desequilíbrio entre plataformas diferentes durante a transmissão de informações, alcançando assim um resultado mais preciso. Seguindo essa metodologia, o trabalho desenvolveu o Sistema W-Entropia para medir a influência das pessoas. Este sistema consiste de três partes: a parte do crawler, encarregada de coletar os dados e convertê-los para o formato exigido, a parte de cálculo, responsável por calcular a influência da pessoa e a parte de exibição, que exibe a lista de classificação na internet. De acordo com o experimento, o algoritmo PageRank apresentou uma boa performance dentro de uma única plataforma, já que ele pode efetivamente eliminar a interferência de usuários inativos e obter um valor mais justo de influência. A W-Entropia obtida responde ao desequilíbrio entre plataformas diferentes durante a transmissão das informações. Com a utilização da entropia, o resultado coincidiu melhor com a lei de propagação de informações. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
As social networks play more and more important role in people’s daily communication, it is necessary to measure a person’s influence in social networks. Currently, every platform has its ranking list to show who the most popular member is. But this measurement is inaccurate and the results between different lists are always different. Similarly, some researchers have proposed various computation algorithms, but these studies are usually too simply to express the features of transmission of information. This work presents a research that applied PageRank algorithm and W-Entropy index which is based on the theory of information to measure influence more precisely. For a single social network, PageRank calculates the importance of each person with the intrinsic link between members, this algorithm is fair and not easily manipulated. For multi-social networks, Shannon’s theory can measure the unbalance between different platforms during the transmission of information, thus achieving the accurate result. According to the methodology, this work developed W-Entropy system to measure people’s influence. This system consists of three parts: the crawler part is in charge of collecting the data and converting them to the requirement format; the computation part is responsible for calculating the people’s influence; the display part is for displaying the ranking list in the Internet. With the experiment result, PageRank algorithm is with a good performance for a single platform, it can effectively remove the interference of inactive users and get a fair influence value. The W-Entropy index obtained from Shannon’s entropy responses to unbalance between different platforms during the transmission of information. With the entropy, the result more coincided with the law of information propagation.

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Johansson, Jessica. "Procurement after the entry of the Lisbon Treaty : Will social economical market have an impact on procurment?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12311.

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As of 1 December 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon came into force. The Treaty brings along several changes for the physical structure of the EU. There are no changes aimed directly towards procurement, however the Treaty of Lisbon might prove to include changes of major impact. Article 3 (3) NEU includes a change to how the inner market shall be achieved. The Treaty text has gone from an inner market based on competition to include a “social economic market”, however there is no indication of what this means from a procurement perspective. The inner market and procurement had difficulties already before the entry of the Lisbon Treaty. There was arguments as regards to how fair a state could intervene trough public procurement to achieve positive social effects. The CJEU has persistently held that the inner market shall be built by the help of the inner market and competition. The Commission has during the last years started to express a different opinion than the CJEU with regards to low value procurements. The legislators has also shown a great interest for the SME’s and ensured more leeway for these companies to receive help form the member states. The ECJ has however made it difficult to support further than the actual startup phase of an SME. The European Parliament is critical to the Commissions work with regards to measures supporting the member states and ignoring the CJEU. The EU Parliament fears the consequences a more protectionist approach might have on the development of a free inner market and express concern for the legal uncertainty developed trough the lack of attention to the procurement market when introducing the “social market economy” with the Treaty of Lisbon.

The EU Parliament and the CJEU might have to adjust their opinion on competition within the inner market towards the Commissions opinion. The thesis does however conclude that an inclusion of the de minis principle in the test for equality of suppliers might be all that will be done to clarify this legal uncertainty.

No formal opposition.

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Engel, Michael [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Ihl. "Social Influence, status, and entrepreneurial entry: evidence from the comic book industry / Michael Engel ; Betreuer: Christoph Ihl." Hamburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1192861329/34.

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Sinclair, Dana Alexandra. "The effects of postnatal depression on the social behaviour of children during the transition to schools entry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337306.

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Gu, Donghui. "Shanghai xia gang zhi gong yan jiu she hui zhi chi xi tong, ge ren hui ying yu zai jiu ye = A study of the unemployed in Shanghai : social support systems, individual responses & reemployment /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 2000. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9984698.

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Bradley, Kathy Denise. "Group entry strategies of socially excluded children as a function of sex, ethnicity, and sociometric status /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008284.

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Yao, Lan. "Experimental Studies on Market Entry under Uncertainty and on Coordination." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4083.

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Esta tesis es dividida en tres capítulos que se refieren a dos temas diferentes. El segundo capítulo se concentra en los efectos incentivos de bajar salarios llanos y su papel en la ayuda del fracaso de coordinación vencido. Los resultados débilmente apoyan los efectos positivos de bajar salarios llanos. Los dos papeles en los terceros y cuartos capítulos relacionan los estudios de la incertidumbre de información de riesgo y ambigüedad en juegos de entrada de mercado. Estudiamos experimentalmente decisiones bajo la incertidumbre de riesgo y ambigüedad en juegos de entrada de mercado, que captura los rasgos básicos de los fenómenos sobre la entrada en el mercado. La tarea importante es averiguar si la participación excesiva está relacionada con los tipos de información de riesgo y ambigüedad, y si las decisiones son diferentes en riesgo y ambigüedad en ambientes estratégicos. Encontramos la ambigüedad que busca en un ajuste de mercado de un ambiente relativo del mercado de información arriesgado y ambiguo en la correspondencia fija. Sin embargo, en un ambiente no relativo del mercado de información arriesgado y ambiguo, la busca de ambigüedad es saliente en la correspondencia arbitraria, pero no en la correspondencia fija. Encontramos que los efectos de ambigüedad en juegos estratégicos no dependen de si el riesgo y la ambigüedad son puestos en contextos relativos o no relativos, pero en la complejidad estratégica en los juegos. Más fuerte la complejidad estratégica es, más saliente la ambigüedad efectúa.
This thesis is divided into three chapters that refer to two different topics. The second chapter focuses on the incentive effects of lowering flat wages and its role in helping overcome coordination failure. The results weakly support the positive effects of lowering flat wages. The two papers in the third and fourth chapters relate the studies of information uncertainty of risk and ambiguity in market entry games. We study experimentally decisions under uncertainty of risk and ambiguity in market entry games, which captures the basic features of the phenomena over entry in the market. The important task is to find out whether the excessive participation is related to the information types of risk and ambiguity, and whether decisions are different in risk and ambiguity in strategic environments. We find ambiguity seeking in a market setting of a comparative environment of risky and ambiguous information market in fixed matching. However, in a non-comparative environment of risky and ambiguous information market, ambiguity seeking is salient in random matching, but not in fixed matching. We find that ambiguity effects in strategic games do not depend on whether risk and ambiguity are put in comparative or non-comparative contexts, but on the strategic complexity in the games. The stronger the strategic complexity is, the more salient the ambiguity effects.

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38

Comino, Stefano. "Entry decisions and the governance form of strategic alliances." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4023.

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La tesis se compone de dos partes. En la primera (capítulo dos) se presenta una extensión de un modelo de entrada "à la Dixit". Se considera un marco en el que las decisiones de entrada del líder pueden revelar información acerca de la rentabilidad de los mercados a un seguidor. En este contexto se caracteriza el comportamiento estratégico del líder. Asimismo, se demuestra que cuando la rentabilidad esperada de los mercados se situa a un nivel intermedio el líder opta por una estrategia de introducción secuencial con el fin de retrasar la entrada del competidor. Por el contrario, cuando la rentabilidad esperada de los mercados es menor, el líder tiende a introducirse en todos ellos al mismo tiempo, con el fin de evitar la entrada de la otra empresa.

En la segunda parte de la tesis (capítulos 3 a 6) se estudia la manera en que las empresas organizan sus acuerdos de cooperación. En el capítulo 3 se proporciona una introducción al tema. En los capítulos 4 y 5 se presentan dos modelos teóricos. En el primero se utiliza un marco de contratos incompletos y se analiza el rol que el aprendizaje del know-how del partner juega en el desarrollo de dos modos de organización de alianzas estratégicas, esto es, Joint Ventures y acuerdos de contratos. Se demuestra que cuanto mayor es la asimetría en la capacidad de aprendizaje de las empresas, mejor es la Joint Venture. El modelo presentado en el capítulo 5 combina las herramientas y métodos de dos áreas de la literatura económica: inversión bajo incertidumbre y teoría de la búsqueda. El objetivo principal del modelo consiste en relacionar la forma de gobierno elegida por las empresas involucradas en la alianza con las características del sector en el que la alianza tiene lugar. Se demuestra que cuanto mayor es la incertidumbre a la que se enfrentan las empresas, mayor es la probabilidad de que elijan formas de gobierno más flexibles, como los acuerdos de contratos. El último capítulo se dedica a la investigación empírica del tema. Se contrastan algunas de las predicciones que pueden ser derivadas de los modelos presentados en los capítulos 4 y 5, así como aquellas que han sido destacadas en otros trabajos teóricos.
The thesis is composed of two distinct parts. In the first one (chapter 2), I present an extension of an entry model "à la Dixit". I consider a setting in which the entry decisions of the first mover might reveal information about the markets' profitability to a second entrant. In this context, I characterize the first mover's strategic behavior. I show that when priors about markets profitability are at an intermediate level, then the first mover enters them sequentially trying to delay the competitor's entry. On the contrary, when priors are lower, the first mover tends to enter all the markets at the same time trying to preempt the other firm.

In the second part of the thesis (chapters 3,4,5,6), I consider the issue of the governance form of strategic alliances. That is, I study the way in which firms organize their cooperative arrangements. In chapter 3, there is a brief introduction to the topic. In chapters 4 and 5, I present two theoretical models. In the first one, I employ an incomplete contracts setting and I analyze the role of learning the partner's know-how on the performances of two typical modes of organizing strategic alliances, namely Joint Ventures and Contractual Agreements. I show that the more asymmetric firms' absorptive capacities are, the better a Joint Venture performs. The model of chapter 5 combines the tools and methods of two strands of economic literature: investment under uncertainty and search theory. The main objective of the model is that of relating the form of governance that partners choose for their alliance to the typology of the project undertaken and to the characteristics of the sector in which the alliance takes place. It is proved that the larger the uncertainty that partners face, the more likely that they choose more flexible forms of cooperation such as Contractual Agreements. The last chapter is devoted to an empirical assessment of the topic. I test some of the predictions that can be derived from the models of chapters 4 and 5 as well as those that have been put forward by other theoretical studies dealing with the same issue.

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39

Dalton, Tony Lynn. "Entry Age and Reading Level by the End of Third Grade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1361.

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This study was conducted to see if a difference exists in the mean Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills: Oral Reading Fluency scores of students who entered kindergarten as 4 year olds, 5 year olds, and 6 year olds inclusively. Specifically, this dissertation considered the possibility that holding children out of kindergarten an extra year increased their reading level, while sending children to school too young delayed their ability to read and comprehend. A quantitative study was used to find differences between the mean reading levels at the end of 3rd grade for students who entered kindergarten on or after the age of 4 but before 5, those who entered between the ages of 5 and 6 and those who entered kindergarten after turning 6 years old. A quasi-experimental design was selected because preexisting data were collected on 1,384 third grade students in an East Tennessee school system. The scores from the Dynamic Indicator of Basic Early Literacy Skills assessment (DIBELS) were collected for each of the students in the study. The population included students who were enrolled in 3rd grade beginning with the 2003 school year and ending with students enrolled in the 3rd grade during the 2009 school year. This study found a significant difference in the means of the DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) scores for students who entered kindergarten on or after turning 5 years old and those that entered kindergarten on or after their 6th birthday. No differences were found between males and females of any entry age. Students who started kindergarten on or after the age of 5 but before 6 years read more words in 1 minute than students who started kindergarten on or after the age of 6 years. There were no significant differences for the Oral Reading Fluency scores among the students who entered kindergarten on or after their 4th birthday but before their 5th birthday and the other age groups.

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Speerschneider, Kimberly K. "The Differentiated Impact of Early Entry Into Head Start on Social Competence and Literacy| An Applied Propensity Score Analysis." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10815702.

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Family poverty is associated with children’s health, achievement, and behavior (Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997). Less than half, 48%, of children from low income homes are considered school ready by the age of five compared with 75% of their peers from middle to high income homes (Isaacs, 2012). Researchers have linked school readiness to long-term outcomes like success in grade school, lower drop-out rates in high school, and higher earned income as adults (Duncan et al., 2007). Although children in poverty experience greater deficits in areas of school readiness, participation in a quality childhood education can serve as a protective buffer and has been shown to be associated with improved academic, social and health outcomes (Caughy, DiPietro, & Strobino, 1994; Love et al., 2003; Karoly, Kilburn, & Cannon, 2005). School readiness has been an aim of Head Start since its conception (Raver & Zigler, 1997).

More research has been dedicated to aspects of early childhood education programming to ascertain which aspects are most beneficial to children and thus there is a growing body of literature for which researchers have assessed the impact of early entry into Head Start, which in turn provides children with two years versus one year of Head Start programming (Moiduddin, Aikens, Tarullo, & West, 2010; Tarullo, Aikens, Moiduddin, & West, 2010). Due to the limited program capacity, children who enter Head Start at three instead of four-years-old, tend to have more extreme risk factors that afford them priority for enrollment. While randomization of a treatment such as early entry into Head Start is not often feasible nor ethical, a quasi- experimental design like propensity score analysis can help mitigate the effects of selection bias by controlling for confounding variables (Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1983).

Researchers who have applied this methodology to learn more about the impact of early entry into Head Start, have found that the additional year of Head Start programming tends to lead to gains in social competence and literacy outcomes. This study sought to replicate these findings with a new sample and extend this work by assessing possible differentiated treatment effects by propensity score strata. Further, this study sought to assess the nature of the relationship between social competence and literacy.

Early Entry into Head Start was associated with significant gains in literacy throughout the four-year-old year for children in the treatment compared to those in the control. This treatment effect was consistent across all propensity score strata. There were no significant treatment effects of early entry on social competence, including social skills and problem behavior. Significant gains in social skills were observed throughout the academic year for both the treatment and control groups, but no changes were observed in problem behavior. The treatment effect on social competence was distinct for children with low propensity scores who were therefore least likely to be in the treatment group. Ad-hoc analyses of the low propensity score group identified some possible areas for future research. Finally, data here established a small positive correlation between social skills and literacy but found no correlation between problem behavior and literacy.

Collectively, the findings suggested that early entry into Head Start was significantly associated with improved early literacy outcomes that were sustained throughout the pre- Kindergarten year. Head Start, regardless of the age of entry, was associated with significant gains in literacy and social skills. Recommendations are made to improve program efficacy regarding problem behavior outcomes and assess program characteristics. Recommendations are made for future research to address the Head Start selection criteria and enrollment process to identify areas of opportunity for outreach and advocacy.

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Papero, Anna L. "Developmental outcome in preschoolers: Interrelations among maternal depression, perceived social support, and child's age of entry into Head Start." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11143.

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This study tested a mediated-moderator model that was developed to explore whether age of entry into a Head Start Program moderated the relationship between maternal depressive symptomology and child cognitive and social outcome. In addition, the mediating role of maternal social support was examined. The study sample included 43 low-income mothers and their pre-school aged children who were enrolled in a large Head Start program in Southwest Virginia. Maternal depressive symptomology was measured using the CES-D and perceived social support was measured using the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS). Child cognitive data included scores on two working memory tasks and the PPVT. Child social outcomes were assessed using the Social Skills Scale and the Classroom Conduct Scale developed for use with Head Start Populations. Results of the study did not support a moderating role for age of entry to Head Start. Level of maternal education was found to predict both child working memory skill and receptive language ability, and high levels of maternal depressive symptomology were found to predict child social skills. In addition, exploratory analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in the relations between variables when girls and boys were analyzed separately. A significant interaction effect was found for gender and maternal education in predicting preschool receptive language ability. Preliminary data suggests that boys may be more highly impacted by maternal factors than are girls. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Ph. D.

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Carruthers, Evalyn Parker. "Use of the Lasswell social process model in the analysis of the American nurses' association's entry into practice resolution." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302627470.

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Carruthers, Evalyn P. "Use of the Lasswell Social Process model in the analysis of the American Nurses' Association's entry into practice resolution /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487676847114457.

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44

Tang, Felix Motekah. "The BOP Energy Challenge and Pro-Poor Responses: Strategic Entry Pathways for Entrepreneurs." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2179.

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Many large multinational energy company leaders lack strategies to successfully enter and thrive in bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets. The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies using a purposeful selection of 7 senior managers from a U. S. based global multinational energy leader with experience in BOP markets in the Republic of Cameroon. The BOP concept served as the conceptual framework for the study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with senior managers, relevant websites, and government publications. Several themes emerged that were narrowed through categorical aggregation to identify strategies. Major themes included BOP readiness for social entrepreneurship, field knowledge to facilitate partnerships, and customer service. Findings suggest multinational energy company leaders seeking BOP opportunities should create internal corporate structures dedicated to the BOP markets. Leaders should know how businesses operate and thrive in the BOP, especially when working with BOP governments and a poorly informed population. Equally important is product choice, quality, and reliability for the BOP market. Customer service and satisfaction metrics are necessary to support brands. Participants highlighted the need for positive social change to improve lives, which could occur through capacity building, entrepreneurship, job creation, enhanced governance, increased wealth, and improved quality of life for local people.

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Nobre, Lucas Soares. "Model of entry in applied to concentrated market sector brazilian air." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9340.

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nÃo hÃ
According to the board of the National Agency of Civil Aviation, Brazil was the country that experienced the largest growth in the number of passengers carried worldwide in 2010, rising to the rank of the seventh market in civil aviation. Due to the growth of the industry and also the demand for air tickets, this scenario seems favorable for the consolidation and spread of the Brazilian airlines with lower market share. This work shows that economists can make inferences about entry, even when prices and firm's costs are unobservable. Through the model proposed by Bresnahan and Reiss (1990,1991), based on game theory, this work seeks to analyze the entry effect of smaller airlines companies in 26 Brazilian capitals. The main results shows an increase in competition with entry, reducing the entry thresholds ratio between firms from the the third to the second firm, and it also suggests that investments in airport infrastructure and efficiency are good measures of public policy for the sector.
De acordo com a diretoria da AgÃncia Nacional de AviaÃÃo Civil, o Brasil foi o paÃs que apresentou o maior crescimento no nÃmero de passageiros transportados no mundo em 2010, elevando-o ao posto de sÃtimo mercado em aviaÃÃo civil. Frente ao crescimento do setor e da demanda por tickets aÃreos, este cenÃrio Ã favorÃvel ao crescimento e consolidaÃÃo das companhias aÃreas brasileiras de menor participaÃÃo no mercado. Este trabalho mostra que economistas podem fazer inferÃncia sobre entrada mesmo quando os preÃos e custos das firmas nÃo sÃo observÃveis. AtravÃs do modelo proposto por Bresnahan e Reiss (1990, 1991), baseado em Teoria dos Jogos, busca-se analisar o efeito de entrada das companhias aÃreas de menor poder de mercado em 26 capitais brasileiras. Os principais resultados mostram que entrada aumenta de forma significativa a competiÃÃo, reduzindo a taxa do limiar de entrada das com a entrada da segunda para terceira firma, alÃm de sugerirem que investimentos em eficiÃncia e infraestrutura aeroportuÃria sÃo boas medidas de polÃticas pÃblicas para o setor.

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46

Medlock, Erica Leigh 1979. "Preparing inmates for community re-entry: An employment preparation intervention." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10323.

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xi, 87 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
The purpose of this dissertation study was to adapt, deliver, and experimentally test the effectiveness of a research-based, employment-focused group counseling intervention (OPTIONS) that was designed to improve male inmates' ability to secure employment upon release from prison. The intervention curriculum and study were modeled after similar interventions with battered (Chronister & McWhirter, 2006) and incarcerated women (Chartrand & Rose, 1996). The OPTIONS program was grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000) and comprised of all critical intervention components identified as contributing to positive career intervention outcomes (Brown & Krane, 2000). In addition, the OPTIONS intervention consisted of 5 weekly group sessions, which lasted 120 minutes, and each group was comprised of 6-7 male inmates. The intervention focused on various aspects of the job preparation process such as identifying necessary skills, obtaining information about different types of jobs, practicing for job interviews, and learning how to utilize social support. Study participants included 77 (n = 38 treatment, n = 39 control) adult male inmates housed at the Oregon Department of Corrections medium security release facility, the Oregon State Correctional Institute (OSCI) in Salem, OR. This study utilized a randomized block design, with between subjects and within subjects measurements at pretest, posttest, and one month follow-up. Participants were blocked based upon age and release date, and then randomly assigned to a wait-list treatment as usual control group or the OPTIONS treatment intervention group. Outcomes measured were job search self-efficacy (Career Search Self-Efficacy Scale, Solberg, Good, & Nord, 1994), perceived problem solving ability (Problem Solving Inventory, Heppner, 1988), and hopefulness (Hope Scale, Snyder et al., 1991). Data were analyzed using 2 (experimental group) x 2 (time) analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Results indicated that participants in the OPTIONS treatment intervention had higher career-search self-efficacy, problem solving, and hopefulness scores at posttest and follow-up than participants in the treatment as usual control group. This dissertation study was the first time a manualized, theory based employment preparation treatment intervention was adapted specifically for inmates preparing to release back to the community.
Committee in charge: Linda Forrest, Chairperson, Counseling Psychology and Human Services; Krista Chronister, Member, Counseling Psychology and Human Services; Deanne Unruh, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Robert 0 Brien, Outside Member, Sociology

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Patt, Jacky Linn, and Gloria Ann Stickler. "A comparison of re-entry and traditional students needs and issues." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1863.

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48

Gatley, David Alan. "The influence of social-class origins on the choice of course, career preferences, and entry to employment of CNAA graduates." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1988. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2602/.

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The aim of the thesis is to explore the social-class origins and destinations of CNAA graduates. The thesis begins with a discussion of social class, its meaning and conceptualization, and social-class schemas are devised for analysing the origins and destinations of graduates. Social class, however, is defined in a broad sense to include the dimensions of gender and ethnicity. Polytechnics and colleges are shown to have a higher proportion of working-class and black students than the universities. But despite their commitment to expanding educational opportunities public sector institutions remain socially exclusive in so far as they draw the bulk of their students from more middle-class backgrounds. Likewise, although public sector institutions appear to have expanded opportunities for women, female students are found to be concentrated in a limited number of courses. The career destinations of graduates are examined next. Significant differences were found relating to social-class or1g1ns with a tendency for men from manual backgrounds, women and black graduates to enter lower-status occupations. These differences appear only partly to arise from differences in career aspirations. It is suggested that black and women graduates may be subject to some discrimination. Significant differences are found in the destinations of graduates according to their courses of study, and once allowance is made for this, the existing relationship between the social-class origins and destinations of graduates becomes much less marked. An attempt is made to explain the relationship between the social-class or1g1ns and destinations of graduates and their courses of study using the models of contest and sponsored mobility devised by Turner. Using a four-fold categorization of school curriculums, it was shown that those graduates who had undertaken a 'utilitarian' school curriculum were constrained as regards their choice of course, whilst those who had undertaken an 'academic' curriculum and had been sponsored through secondary education enjoyed a greater choice of degree subject. Graduates from working-class or1g1ns were found to be more likely than their middle-class peers to have undertaken a 'utilitarian' curriculum.

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Jackson, Ildiko. "De muslimska kvinnornas etablering i det svenska arbetslivet - Muslim women´s entry into the Swedish labour market." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-28883.

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Denna 10-poängsuppsats är mitt examensarbete på studie- och yrkesvägledarprogrammet våren 2005, som jag har läst på Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen. Arbetet är ett studium om de muslimska kvinnornas situation på den svenska arbetsmarknaden och ska resultera i en granskning av de omständigheter som försvårar deras etablering i arbetslivet. De kommer från olika länder, från landsbygden och från städer. De är analfabeter och högutbildade, fattiga och rika, och de har kommit till Sverige vid olika tidpunkter och av olika anledningar. Det finns de som flytt på grund av politisk förföljelse, de som är krigets offer och de som kommit för att arbeta. Det kom många kvinnor på eget initiativ men i huvudsak kom de tillsammans med sina män. Ordet invandrarkvinna fylls med stereotyper konstruerade av samhället. Ofta benämner man invandrarkvinnor oberoende av bakgrund och erfarenhet till den anonyma ”invandrarkvinnan”, tyngd av sina traditioner och kvinnoroller, med stora familjer och förtryckande män, låg eller ingen utbildning och utan arbetslivserfarenhet. Den muslimska kvinnans svårigheter att ta sig in på den svenska arbetsmarknaden är ett problem som förknippas med många olika orsaker. Det kan bero på allt från kulturkrockar till språkproblem, religiösa och kulturella traditioner, som har försvårat invandrarnas anpassning och integrering i samhället och deras inträde på arbetsmarknaden. Kvinnornas arbetslöshet kan bero på ren diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden, men även på den traditionella synen på kvinnor och förvärvsarbeten inom kvinnornas kultur. Högutbildade muslimska kvinnor har en sämre position på arbetsmarknaden än personer som är födda i Sverige. Detta resulterar i att det främst är högre positioner på arbetsmarknaden, som är svåra att nå för dessa kvinnor. De som arbetar, verkar oftast inom de tyngsta och sämst betalda yrkena, nämligen städbranschen och vården. De här kvinnorna diskrimineras både som invandrare och som kvinnor, samtidigt som de utsätts för traditionella och mansdominerade värderingar och påtryckningar från den inhemska gruppen, eller familjen. Många av dessa individer i Sverige hamnar i samma situation: de utgör den lägsta sociala gruppen i samhället.
This is a study about muslim women´s entry into the Swedish labour market.

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50

Huntington, Scott. "Integrated and Reducing Re-Entry into the Criminal Justice System." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2547.

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Numerous studies have focused on the effectiveness of integrated treatment services for people with cooccurring disorders (CODs) within the criminal justice system (CJS). However, there has been a paucity of research on the effectiveness of community-integrated treatment services with CODs and influences on decreasing their interaction within the CJS. This study quantitatively examined the possible relationships between integrated treatment services and CODs and their effect on decreasing interactions within the CJS. The sample (N = 320) consisted of people with CODs from a community-based facility. The statistical analysis was a 2-way (2 x 2) and 3-way (2 x 2 x 2) mixed factorial analysis of variance. Results indicated a statistically significant difference in the number of interactions within the CJS between integrated treatment services and single treatment services, as well as a statistically nonsignificant difference between male and female. Future studies are recommended to examine the predictive value of the long-term effects of integrated treatment services in decreasing interactions within the CJS. The social implications of the study could be integral to community behavioral health care agencies and administrators of correctional institutions in demonstrating how pertinent integrated treatment services can be in decreasing the overrepresentation of people with CODs within the CJS. Furthermore, it will contribute to the continuous need for developing evidence-based programming and practices for CODs within community-based programs, increasing public safety to communities, and the tremendous cost-effectiveness to correctional programs.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social entropy'

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