Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social enterprises

Academic literature on the topic 'Social enterprises'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Social enterprises"

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Choi, Eunsoo, Eunji Kim, Inji Kim, and Incheol Choi. "Attitude Toward Social Enterprises: A Comparison between For-Profit and Social Enterprise Employees." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072720.

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Social enterprises, organizations that pursue social purposes while generating profits, have garnered attention recently as potential key players for a sustainable economy. However, research on the perception of social enterprises by lay people has been ignored even though positive reception of social enterprises is an important condition for their sustainability. In the present study, we compared for-profit enterprise employees (n = 200) and social enterprise employees (n = 162) and examined their differences in attitude toward the profit-making aspects of social enterprises as well as the employees working for social enterprises. The results showed that for-profit enterprises overestimated that social enterprise employees were extrinsically motivated and underestimated their prosocial intentions. In addition, for-profit enterprise employees were less favorable toward the profit-making aspects of social enterprises, including payment of high salaries for the social enterprise employees and using donations to run social enterprises. Interestingly, the difference between for-profit and social enterprise employees in their attitude toward the profit-making aspects of social enterprises was explained by lay theories of altruism called “pure altruism.” The present research makes important contributions by identifying the psychological mechanisms that underlie individuals’ perceptions and attitude toward social enterprises.
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Choi, Donwe, Keon-Hyung Lee, and Hyungjo Hur. "Social Enterprises’ Social Orientation: The Impact on the Organizational Commitment of Employees." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.6.1.44-62.

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This study investigates the relationship between social enterprises’ social orientation and the organizational commitment of their employees. The study also examines differences in organizational commitment between Millennial social enterprise employees and social enterprise employees of earlier generations. The findings from the study indicate that a social enterprise’s pursuit of social purpose, shared decision- making, and social performance are all positively associated with the organizational commitment of its employees. Additionally, the findings suggest that, in general, Millennials have a lower level of organizational commitment to their social enterprise employer than do earlier generations. Indeed, the organizational commitment of Millennials, we find, is primarily (and significantly) influenced only by shared decision-making. These findings contribute to the literature on social enterprise as well as to the literature on organizational commitment by providing insight into unseen aspects of social enterprise management from the perspective of employees. From a practical standpoint, these findings provide social entrepreneurs and managers of social enterprises with practical guidance on how to improve their employees’ organizational commitment.
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Basri, Yesi Mutia, Taufeni Taufik, Hariadi Yasni, and Rosalina Indah Putri. "Institutional Pressure And Social Entrepreneurship Orientation: Their Impact On The Performance Of Social Enterprises." Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan 12, no. 3 (December 27, 2022): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jrak.v12i3.23425.

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Social enterprises are organizations that have economic and social goals. However, the performance of the social enterprise is still not satisfactory. In this study, the researchers examined one of the social enterprises that is developing in Indonesia, namely Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). This study aim to evaluates the effect of institutional pressure and social entrepreneurial orientation on the social performance of the social enterprise. It looks at the impact of social performance on the social enterprise's financial performance. The population in this study is social enterprise BUMDes in Bengkalis Regency with a stratified random sampling technique. Respondents in this study were BUMDes managers. Data collection was carried out by sending questionnaires directly to BUMDes managers. A total of 103 respondents participated in this study. The data that has been analyzed using Warp PLS shows that institutional pressure and social entrepreneurial orientation have a positive effect on social performance, and have an effect on improving financial performance. This research has implications for supporting institutional theory and improving BUMdes performance
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Eti-Tofinga, Buriata, Gurmeet Singh, and Heather Douglas. "Facilitating cultural change in social enterprises." Journal of Organizational Change Management 31, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-12-2016-0296.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships and influences of change enablers for social enterprises in organizations undergoing cultural change. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a survey of social enterprises in two Pacific Island nations, and analyzed with Pearson and regression analyses. Findings The study finds that social enterprises are better equipped to implement cultural change when they exploit a robust entrepreneurial capability while optimizing strategic, financial and adaptive capabilities. These capabilities should be aligned with the enterprise’s culture and processes associated with transitioning the organizational culture to access resources and achieve its mission. Based on these results, a Cultural Change Enabling (CCE) Framework is proposed to help social enterprises leverage the dynamic interactions between the enterprise, its capabilities and environment, and organizational change processes. Practical implications Using the CCE Framework will benefit leaders of public benefit organizations, including social enterprises, to identify their capabilities, and develop an enabling culture to advance their trading activities and social mission so that social enterprises might operate sustainably. Originality/value As one of the first studies to examine the readiness for organizational change in social enterprises, this study provides new insights on the capabilities for organizational change, and the dynamics of organizations undergoing cultural transformation.
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Mitchell, Alex, Judith Madill, and Samia Chreim. "Marketing and social enterprises: implications for social marketing." Journal of Social Marketing 5, no. 4 (October 12, 2015): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-09-2014-0068.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to build understanding of the concept of social enterprise in the social marketing community and to report on empirical research designed to develop an understanding the perceptions and practices of marketing within social enterprises. This addresses a significant gap in the current literature base and also provides insights for social marketers seeking to pursue social change initiatives through social enterprise. Design/methodology/approach – This empirical investigation uses a qualitative investigation of 15 social enterprises informed by a grounded theory approach. Researchers conducted interviews with senior decision-makers responsible for marketing activities and strategic policy, and gathered additional data regarding the organizations in the form of archival materials, including strategic planning documents, promotional materials and firm-generated online content. Findings – Strategic marketing practices used by social enterprises are shaped by moral, pragmatic and cognitive legitimacy influences stemming from imperatives to achieve congruence with institutional norms. This study exposes the challenges social enterprises face in developing strategic marketing activities that address business needs, while balancing stakeholder interests linked to the social missions of such organizations. Research limitations/implications – This qualitative study pursues depth of understanding through focused investigation of a small, regional sample of Canadian social enterprises. The findings demonstrate that social enterprises are similar to both not-for-profit and small- and medium-sized firms in terms of their marketing approaches, but face particular institutional legitimacy challenges when developing and implementing strategic marketing activities. Practical implications – This paper highlights the influences of institutional legitimacy on marketing practices and approaches in social enterprises. Understanding these influences is crucial for social marketing practitioners, as they develop strategic activities. The findings from the research provide a baseline upon which to begin to build both our theoretical and practical understanding of the potential utilization of social marketing through social enterprises. Social implications – Understanding the challenges social enterprises face in developing their strategic marketing activities provides deeper insights into social enterprises for social marketers, who might consider using social marketing in such organizations to achieve social change. Originality/value – This paper offers empirical evidence grounded in depth investigations of 15 social enterprises operating in a Canadian context. The findings help to extend our understanding of the complex institutional influences impacting marketing practices within social enterprise organizations. These institutional influences help to attune social marketers to the potential opportunities and challenges of using social enterprise as an organizational form for launching social marketing programs.
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Ming, Wang, and Zhu Xiaohong. "An Outline of Social Enterprises*." China Nonprofit Review 3, no. 1 (2011): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187651411x566667.

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AbstractAfter a review of the main academic research and perspectives on social enterprises both in China and abroad, a framework for understanding social enterprises is offered in summary. The framework has two dimensions: the social enterprise phenomenon and social enterprises’ characteristics. We also adopt three angles ‐ the public interest, markets, and culture ‐ from which to observe them. And we analyze them on four levels: market practices, public-interest innovations, policy support, and ideals and values. Upon these foundations, social enterprises can be defined as a form of enterprise somewhere between public-interest and for-profit enterprises, a product of the organic combination of the public interest and the market economy, and a kind of social organization combining properties and characteristics of NPOs and enterprises. As they develop, social enterprises in China have formed their own characteristics and specific models.
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Mitchell, Alex, Judith Madill, and Samia Chreim. "Social enterprise dualities: implications for social marketing." Journal of Social Marketing 6, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-06-2015-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the tensions that marketing practitioners in social enterprises experience, and to explore how these tensions impact the development and implementation of marketing activities. Design/methodology/approach Using an approach informed by grounded theory, this paper reports on an investigation of the tensions facing 15 social enterprises. The primary data comprises semi-structured interviews with senior marketing decision-makers, supplemented with archival sources. Findings The analysis shows tensions and dualities inform the social and commercial strategic marketing activities of the social enterprises. These tensions and dualities are linked to how the organization obtains financial resources, the nature of the organization’s growth, working with myriad stakeholders and competitive versus cooperative pressures. A model outlining the dualities and their links to marketing activities is developed. Research limitations/implications The study provides an in-depth analysis of a small, regional sample of Canadian social enterprises. The study serves as a foundation for future research aimed at elaborating the model we propose. Practical implications The findings point to tensions and dualities that play an important role in enabling and restricting the development and implementation of strategic marketing activities in social enterprises. Understanding the nature of these dualities is crucial for social enterprise managers and social marketers as they develop strategic activities. Social implications Social enterprises engage in activities that offer substantial social benefits, yet the development of marketing activities in these organizations requires confronting tensions that must be carefully managed. Originality/value This paper highlights how dualities facing marketing practitioners in social enterprises influence the development of both social and for-profit marketing activities. The paper offers a model of these dualities. The findings help to extend our understanding of the complex environmental influences impacting marketing practices within social enterprise organizations. Understanding the nature of these environmental influences helps to attune marketers to the potential opportunities and challenges of using social enterprise as an organizational form for launching social marketing programs, as well as providing a theoretical basis for future investigations of marketing practice in social enterprise and social marketing organizations.
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Hwang, Deok Soon, Wonbong Jang, Joon-Shik Park, and Shinyang Kim. "Social enterprise in South Korea." Social Enterprise Journal 13, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-09-2017-0047.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the socio-economic background and development of social enterprises in Korea and identify representative social enterprise models. Design/methodology/approachThe typology used in this study focuses on the interaction between civil society, the state and the market in their efforts to solve social problems. As a result, the typology is mainly related with social goals, although the organizational form is also taken into consideration when selecting representative social enterprises in each type so as to present a broad array of developmental histories. FindingsThis paper identified four types of social enterprises: work integration social enterprises; social service provision social enterprises; regional regeneration social enterprises; and alter-economy social enterprises. These types are not immutable; another form of social enterprise might emerge to address a new social issue and lead to a new strand of similar social enterprises. Originality/valueThis study found that the goals of social enterprises in Korea share common characteristics with those of social enterprises in European countries. Another outstanding feature of Korean social enterprises is that most social enterprises other than work integration social enterprises also regard work integration or job creation for the disadvantaged people as one of their important social missions.
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Trivedi, Chitvan, and Daniel Stokols. "Social Enterprises and Corporate Enterprises." Journal of Entrepreneurship 20, no. 1 (January 17, 2011): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097135571002000101.

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Xu, Siqi, and Youmin Xi. "A study on the process and mechanism of social enterprise’s legitimation." Nankai Business Review International 11, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 217–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-08-2019-0042.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the complete process and underlying mechanism that social enterprises obtain legitimacy during interactions with stakeholders from theoretical integration of institutional theory and organization ecology perspective. Design/methodology/approach Based on theoretical classification, this paper selects six typical Chinese social enterprises and conducts a multi-case analysis. Findings The study finds that social enterprises aim at legitimizing single entity or industry and shaping stakeholders’ cognitive boundary simultaneously. Therefore, by adopting constrained cooperation and competition activities, social enterprises use normative isomorphism to achieve personal legitimation and combining ecological niche construction, social enterprises achieve organizational legitimation. By adopting fragmented cooperation-dominant or competition-dominant activities, social enterprises use mimic isomorphism supplemented by competitive isomorphism or population structure creation to obtain industry legitimation. By adopting dynamically integrated coopetition activities, social enterprises use mimic isomorphism and reflexive isomorphism to reach field legitimation. Originality/value This paper proposes a mechanism model that the coopetition with stakeholders influences the legitimation process, identifies four stages of social enterprise’s legitimation process and the types of legitimacy obtained in each stage and fills the gap of Chinese indigenous social enterprise research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social enterprises"

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Millner, Reinhard. "Social Enterprises und Social Entrepreneurship. Konzepte und Begrifflichkeiten." Beirat für gesellschafts-, wirtschafts- und umweltpolitische Alternativen (BEIGEWUM), 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5258/1/Social%2DEnterprises%2Dand%2DSocial%2DEntrepreneur.pdf.

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Granados, Ortiz Maria Luisa. "Knowledge management capabilities in social enterprises." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2014. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/8yqqx/knowledge-management-capabilities-in-social-enterprises.

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Many studies have researched how organisations can benefit from Knowledge Management (KM). Critical factors, models and frameworks for successful implementations of KM have informed practitioners in different industries and countries. However, there is still a need for exploring other dimensions of KM as well as its application in different contexts. Further empirical evidence and operationalisation, which assure successful implementations, is also needed to improve not only companies but also society in general. Building on that observation, this study presents conceptual and empirical evidence to support the view that KM, understood as an organisational capability, improves organisational performance of the under-researched and increasingly important Social Enterprises (SEs). These, normally micro and small organisations, are gaining worldwide attention and importance as they address, following business principles, crucial social and environmental problems and provide more sustainable solutions. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of empirical evidence of how these organisations operate, perform and scale up. The study supports this view by developing and empirically testing a model named Knowledge Management Capabilities in Social Enterprises (KMC-SE), which is the main contribution to knowledge of this study. The model describes the organisational pre-conditions and the knowledge activities that can develop Knowledge Management Capabilities (KMCs), which then have an impact on SEs’ performance. A sequential, explanatory, mixed methods’ research design was followed to test the model with empirical evidence from 432 SEs in the UK. The evidence suggests that current KMCs account for up to 20% of overall improvements in SEs’ performance, based on a year-to-year comparison. Moreover, the KMC-SE Model proposes new insights in the traditional way of approaching KM and KMC development, highlighting (a) the important role of human and cultural factors, giving less emphasis to extrinsic motivations and technology, (b) the importance of studying informal KM practices, and (c) the essential inclusion of external dimensions into the equation. Because of the limited research in organisational characteristics of SEs, and more specifically, their KM practices, the KMC-SE Model may have omitted other important elements that were particular to these organisations in their development of KMCs, as well as their performance measures. Therefore, the obtained KMC-SE Model needs to be considered as only a starting point in the study of KM in SEs.
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Kee, Chi Hing. "Developing social workers to run social enterprises." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33473/.

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Purpose: To explore the variables associated with the adaptation of social worker to the role of social entrepreneur. Literature: Literature on the conflict inherent in institutional logics in hybrid organisations mostly focuses on the organisation level. The current research fills a gap in the literature by studying the conflict within the individual and identifying problematic competencies. Educators in SE programs can then design the curriculum to address these competencies. Method: The financial performance of the social enterprise (SE) is used as an indicator of the adaptation. A quantitative survey was conducted among 42 social enterprise managers. Findings: Years of SE experience and supportiveness for the practice of dismissing employees were associated with the adaptation. Moreover, the pace of adaptation slowed around the end of the third year of SE experience. In those novice participants with less than three years of SE experience, both the year of SE experience and leadership skills were associated with the adaptation. In those experienced participants with three or more years of experience, only their supportiveness for the practice of reviewing productivity was associated with the adaptation. Finally, when comparing the novice group and the experienced group, the mean of the leading skills changed significantly, but no significant change was found in the level of support for the three practices of dismissing employees, leadership skills, and reviewing productivity. Research limitations: The association of these four variables (years of SE experience, dismissing employees, leadership skills, and reviewing productivity) with the adaptation to the role of social entrepreneur may not be generalized to situations outside Hong Kong.
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van, Rijn Micha, and David Jansen. "Performance Measurements for Social Enterprises : With focus on Small and Medium sized Social Enterprises." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26999.

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As the field of Social Enterprises has strongly grown over two decades, the importance of Social Enterprises for the society has also grown and still developing, more and more to a third economic segment between the private and public economy. Within this study we explain how “Small and Medium sized Social Enterprises” (SMSEs) can face the increasing pressure to measure and demonstrate their impact to society and their stakeholders. We especially address the limitations in skill and resource endowment, which SMSEs most commonly face. We execute this research based on a practical and outcome-oriented method and therefore apply an overall pragmatic research philosophy. The research is further designed around a narrative strategy, with an exploratory mono method cross-sectional study. For the collection of empirical data, six semi-structured interviews were conducted with (Social) Entrepreneurs and their stakeholders. This study finds a language barrier between SMSEs and their commercial stakeholders, caused by low willingness from the Social Entrepreneurs’ side to adapt to a commercial business language. The findings of this study further imply that SMSEs are capable of using surveys to measure their performance quantitatively, in terms of in- and output. More importantly, our results suggest that these measurements, completed with additional “soft” measurements to “qualified narratives”, are sufficient to prove the SMSEs’ performance to their stakeholders. Finally, this study takes up an existing contingency model and enriches it with the revealed discoveries, to a more comprehensive measurement approach for SMSEs. It thereby contributes to the field of Social Enterprises and lays valuable foundations for further research.
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Jug, Ales. "Social Enterprises in Supply Chains." Digital WPI, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/574.

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Fire prevention is a critical component in achieving social welfare and prosperity. The lack of worldwide fire prevention leads to an increasing number of fires, as well as to a greater number of fire-related deaths, injuries, and fire-related property damage. Traditionally, fire prevention has been the responsibility of individual governments, while fire prevention duties are usually carried out by local fire departments. Such an approach is very common and is observed globally. Until now, the above response has been successful. For example, due to fire prevention measures applied in the 1990s, the number of fires caused by open flames (such as candles) was significantly reduced. Since 2014, the number of fires in some Western countries (e.g., the US and the UK) shows an increasing trend. In March 2019,11, people have died in fires across Connecticut (O’Neill 2019). From 2017 to 2018, the number of people who died in fires in Mississippi grew by more than 40 percent (Moore 2019). Among the main reasons for this growth are new combustible materials, reduced fire prevention funds, and more dynamic lifestyles. Lack of fire prevention consequently increases fire risks, and, as a result, health inequalities. According to Whitehead and Dahlgren (2007), health inequalities are health differences that are avoidable, unjust, unfair, and unacceptable. The question arises: do current fire prevention services allow sufficient support for people to be safe from fire, specifically in domestic environments? Can social enterprises play a role and how do they fit into the fire prevention supply chain. The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of social enterprises and their influence on supply chains, in general, and specifically for fire prevention supply chains. This phenomenon is evaluated through the lenses of social capital theory and institutional theory. Research (Rothstein and Stolle 2008) has shown the effects that social capital has on institutions, or simply how can it be used as a strategic resource (Gulati and Gargiulo 1999). Institutional and Social Capital Theories set the foundation of how social enterprises transform and contribute to sustainable supply chains, plus how they solve social problems, specifically fire safety (Patuelli and Savioli 2016). According to Wallace and Wallace (1997), social capital provides a collective resource that can be mobilized by individuals to enable communities to develop resilience against severe threats to public health, such as social exclusion or even unemployment. By identifying three dimensions of sustainable development: techno-economic, ecological and social (Clift 2003; Hutchins and Sutherland 2008; Yakovleva and Sarkis 2010), there are various social capital diffusion mechanisms for building sustainability within supply chains through social enterprise involvement. Transforming supply chains by building social legitimacy and by altering institutional norms, are examples of providing competitive advantages to supply chains and supply chain partners of social enterprises. This research seeks to understand social enterprises and entrepreneurship capabilities transform institutions to strengthen supply chain sustainability. Ideally, these institutions should provide solutions to the problem of decreased awareness of sustainable fire prevention, as well as available resources for fire prevention. This research focus is primarily on social sustainability and safety through fire prevention. The importance of this study lies in our contributions to help diffuse socially sustainable solutions and practices across supply chains. In this case, similar to other social concerns, the problem of fire prevention is a critical one within supply chains and society. Understanding the role of social enterprise to help diffuse these norms and practices help to understand general supply chain sustainability concerns for competitive and social reasons. Methodologically, a qualitative, exploratory method was applied. To analyze the data collected for this research, we used a Thematic Analysis. Three supply chains with social enterprises as a focal firm were investigated. This research contributes by furthering the theory of sustainable supply chains with the involvement of social enterprise; or hybrid organizations - that have both a social and a strategic financial outlook. The research involves the utilization of Thematic Analysis, and semi-structured interviews of three fire prevention-focused supply chains. This study is the first that investigates fire prevention from the perspective of supply chains and social enterprises. The results will inform other types of sustainability and social enterprises, which include humanitarian, environmental, educational, and poverty-based foci.
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Bota, Erica, Viola Tschendel, and Christian Zavala Hernández. "Social Sustainability : Exploring the Role of Social Enterprises." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2544.

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The degradation of the ecological and social systems has largely resulted from human activities that deplete natural resources and undermine human needs in society. Traditional business culture, driven mainly by profit maximization, is a factor that has worsened this sustainability challenge. Social enterprises (SEs) are a form of business that hold the potential to help make the transition towards a sustainable society. The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, it explores SE contributions to creating a sustainable social system. Second, it examines how SEs exhibit the dimensions of trustworthiness, leading to trusting relationships in society. Social sustainability principles (SSPs) define social sustainability and are drawn from the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. They are used as a foundation for identifying SE contributions. The researchers draw on experiences from social entrepreneurs and experts in the field of social entrepreneurship. SEs contribute at two levels: the individual level and the societal level. They break down barriers to the SSPs and provide opportunities to individuals with respect to the five principles. SEs operate based on a culture of impartiality and create opportunities for meaning for individuals in their target groups. They consistently take leaps of faith, believing in the trustworthiness of those who are otherwise deemed untrustworthy.
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Kohonen, Matti. "Actor-network theory as an approach to social enterprise and social value : a case study of Ghanaian social enterprises." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/650/.

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This thesis assesses the potential of actor-network theory (ANT) for conceptualising social enterprise by applying the concepts of assemblage and translation to the production of social values through three fieldsites studied in Ghana. Social enterprises are companies that use market-based revenues to generate social value while maintaining financial viability. Social entrepreneurship involves using and combining resources, expertise and networks in an innovative way to achieve social value. Finally, social value makes it possible to explore well-being and common good in ways that cannot be reduced merely to individual needs and wants or to monetary quantities. The present study examines social enterprises and social entrepreneurship through three case-studies and draws lessons from nine months of fieldwork in Ghana in 2004-2005. Using actor-network theory allows us to trace and follow the three social enterprises and social entrepreneurs beyond the conventional understanding of an enterprise or an economy. Measuring and evaluating the qualities of interactions aimed at enhancing social value, social enterprises create new identified objects and realities by involving the stakeholders, users and customers in the process, not just experts, economists and accountants. These pluralistic socio-technical objects are considered in this study as assemblages. The production of social values is studied through the notion of ‘translation’ where values are gradually articulated through different stages. These propositions are studied by way of a ‘test’ in all three cases, in which various assemblages are identified according to three themes. The first theme discusses information assemblages, which is seen as a source of problematisations; the second relates to spatial assemblages and how they facilitate new associations to emerge; the third theme is credit and money; and how actors use them to enrol new resources. Finally, these resources are evaluated using either internal or external measuring tools developed for the social enterprise sector. Social values emerge through the cyclical process.
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Mwaniki, Joy Muthanje. "The impact of social enterprise on labor market structure: A case study of social enterprises in Nairobi." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6596.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
Social entrepreneurship has spread worldwide, as social entrepreneurs seek the solutions to developmental challenges. This is especially true in Nairobi, Kenya, as social entrepreneurship has established itself in the labor market. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of social enterprises in African countries, especially with regards to the labor market. It is for this reason that this study aims at highlighting the impact of social enterprises on the labor market in Nairobi, Kenya. It also provides an outline of the labor market structure in Nairobi. The study employed a mixed methods approach, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, collected concurrently as part of a concurrent triangulation design. Five social enterprises located in Nairobi were involved in the study, and were chosen through snowball sampling. These social enterprises offered direct employment, training programmes or support for beneficiaries to start their own businesses. The research instruments used in this study were as follows; 10 interviews (5 interviews with beneficiaries and 5 with social entrepreneurs), 50 questionnaires distributed to beneficiaries through random sampling, field work observations and a literature review. The results of this study were that social enterprises in Nairobi have a significant impact on the livelihoods of beneficiaries by directly employing them, providing necessary skills for later employment or supporting them to start their own businesses. However, these increases in income are often either inadequate or inconsistent as most beneficiaries are forced to diversify their livelihoods. Social enterprises also fail to reduce the gender wage gap among their beneficiaries. Social enterprises also increase market access among their beneficiaries by providing them with advice and training, as well as, direct access to customers. In the same vein, they increase the level of training of beneficiaries. This helps beneficiaries improve their relations with customers, produce high quality goods, hone their skills, gain employment, gain experience, build a repertoire, earn profits and start businesses. The subject of training also affects the income levels of beneficiaries, as many of those who study entrepreneurship, quality training and customer service earn above minimum wage. Additionally, social enterprises impact formalization among their beneficiaries. However, once beneficiaries leave, they often return to the informal sector. Therefore, the impact on formalization is only significant while beneficiaries are participating in the social enterprise. Social enterprises also influence the attitudes of beneficiaries, creating a more positive outlook on their contribution to the labor market. Likewise, social enterprises shift perceptions about formal qualifications as beneficiaries feel that they can still secure employment by showing their level of experience or body of work. Lastly, social enterprises have limited impact on fair trade ideals as majority of the social enterprises in Nairobi are not knowledgeable about fair trade, and therefore do not aim towards it. For those that do adopt the fair trade model, it is unclear if they have influenced their beneficiaries to actually believe in these ideals or just simply require them to comply with fair trade regulations. In conclusion, the study determined that social enterprises do have significant impact in the labor market structure, increasing livelihoods, improving educational qualifications, and influencing formalization and attitudinal structures in Nairobi. However, social enterprises must also focus on improving their impact with regards to strengthening livelihoods, especially among their female beneficiaries and creating permanent change in formalization among their beneficiaries even after they leave the enterprise. Likewise, social enterprises should consider the importance of fair trade ideals in their daily practice, and the value of imparting these to their beneficiaries.
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Nilsson, Andreas. "Financing of Nonprofits and Social Enterprises." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Finansiell ekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-2165.

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This doctoral thesis contains three research papers in social finance, a field concerned with the financing issues of organizations aiming to solve social problems. Intertemporal Preferences of Nonprofit Organizations This paper studies the intertemporal preferences that govern the spending decision of nonprofit organizations. I estimate the subjective discount rate and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution based on an extension of the consumption Euler model that allows for heterogeneous parameter estimates with regards to donation dependency and size. Biting the Hand That Feeds You: Effects of Embezzlement in Nonprofits This paper studies how newspaper reports on embezzlement affect donations received by nonprofit organizations. Based on a unique data set on wrongdoings by top managers in nonprofits between 1995 and 2002, I provide evidence that the cost of weak governance in nonprofits is very high. What is the Business of Business? This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the emergence of new organizational forms, such as socially responsible firms and social enterprises, which embody the private sector’s efforts to resolve problems that typically have been within the purview of government and traditional charities. The framework yields an optimal investment policy, which typically Pareto-dominates many common social investment principles, such as break-even conditions, social screening and SROI. About the author Andreas Nilsson pursued his PhD in the Department of Finance at the Stockholm School of Economics. During this time, he was affiliated with the Swedish House of Finance and SIFR and spent two years as a visiting fellow at Harvard University. He is the founder of Sonanz, an asset management firm focused on social investments.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2014. Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser

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Kah, S. "An investigation into social impact practice in social enterprises." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9290/.

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This study aims to investigate social impact practice in social enterprises in the UK. It explores the drivers and implementation of social impact, how social impact is assessed, the barriers to social impact assessment. This study adopts a qualitative case study approach. Specifically, multiple case studies of social enterprises. The approach to data collection was semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals with expert knowledge of social impact. This study found that internal mechanisms and external institutions drive social impact. The organisations reviewed their culture and structure to understand the norms and identify capabilities. Stakeholder engagement was paramount to social impact captured. Social impact is captured for accountability, social investment readiness, and to build trust with stakeholders. However, they face barriers such as resource constraints and capturing indirect social impact. The study uncovered that the council for voluntary service legal structure impedes access to social investment. This study contributes to normative isomorphism and the micro-context of institutional theory by presenting an in-depth understanding of internal mechanisms agenda for social impact. It also contributes to the intra-organisational development of social enterprises through the review of organisational culture and structure. This investigation provides an in-depth understanding of the rationale and process to social impact assessment. It provides six stages to social impact assessment based on social enterprises operating in the financial support and service sector. Also, it presents practical implications for senior management, board of directors, funders, and policy-makers due to their influence on social impact. Providing the extensive experiences of the boards in the social sector, they should capitalise on their networks by encouraging cross-sector collaborations. Funders need to take into consideration the organisational size and needs of the region in the funding criteria. Policy-makers could remove barriers on the council for voluntary service and community interest company legal structures to encourage cross-sectoral engagement.
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Books on the topic "Social enterprises"

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Gidron, Benjamin, and Yeheskel Hasenfeld, eds. Social Enterprises. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301.

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Vaccaro, Antonino, and Tommaso Ramus, eds. Social Innovation and Social Enterprises. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96596-9.

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Grieco, Cecilia. Assessing Social Impact of Social Enterprises. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15314-8.

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Managing and measuring social enterprises. London: Sage Publications, 2002.

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Social enterprises: An organizational perspective. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Paton, Rob. Managing and measuring social enterprises. London: Sage Publications, 2003.

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Antonella, Noya, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., eds. The changing boundaries of social enterprises. Paris: OECD, 2009.

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Antonella, Noya, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., eds. The changing boundaries of social enterprises. Paris: OECD, 2009.

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Guide for analysis of social economy enterprises. Montreal: Reseau d'investissement social du Quebec, 2005.

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Centre for Co-operation with Economies in Transition., ed. The changing social benefits in Russian enterprises. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social enterprises"

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Gutterman, Alan S. "Social Enterprises." In Sustainability and Corporate Governance, 150–61. New York City : Taylor and Francis, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003091622-13.

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Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Sondra N. Barringer. "Social Enterprises and Social Categories." In Social Enterprises, 47–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_3.

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Gidron, Benjamin, and Yeheskel Hasenfeld. "Introduction." In Social Enterprises, 1–15. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_1.

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Cooney, Kate. "Mission Control: Examining the Institutionalization of New Legal Forms of Social Enterprise in Different Strategic Action Fields." In Social Enterprises, 198–221. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_10.

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Nicholls, Alex. "Postscript: The Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship: Reflexive Isomorphism in a Pre-paradigmatic Field." In Social Enterprises, 222–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_11.

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Young, Dennis R. "The State of Theory and Research on Social Enterprises." In Social Enterprises, 19–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_2.

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Defourny, Jacques, and Marthe Nyssens. "Conceptions of Social Enterprise in Europe: A Comparative Perspective with the United States." In Social Enterprises, 71–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_4.

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Kerlin, Janelle A. "Defining Social Enterprise across Different Contexts: A Conceptual Framework Based on Institutional Factors." In Social Enterprises, 91–117. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_5.

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Garrow, Eve, and Yeheskel Hasenfeld. "Managing Conflicting Institutional Logics: Social Service versus Market." In Social Enterprises, 121–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_6.

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Gidron, Benjamin, and Inbal Abbou. "The Phenomenon of Social Businesses: Some Insights from Israel." In Social Enterprises, 144–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137035301_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social enterprises"

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Gintere, Dana, and Lasma Licite-Kurbe. "Social enterprise profile in the Latvia regions." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.029.

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As social entrepreneurs address various socio-economic problems in society, there has also been an increased interest in how social enterprises can support specific regions. In Latvia, social enterprises have been operating for a long time, but only recently the Social Enterprise Law was adopted, which regulates the tasks of social entrepreneurship and the support possibilities. This study highlights the level of entrepreneurship activity in the country as a whole (the number of enterprises and the number of newly established enterprises) and within individual statistical regions in the period from 2018 till 2020, analysing the structure of enterprises and indicators representative of entrepreneurship in Latvia and its regions: the dynamics of the number of enterprises per 100 000 inhabitants. The following hypothesis was made: Social entrepreneurship in the regions of Latvia has a disproportionate impact on socio-economic problems. It was found that social enterprises operate twice as much in Riga region as in any other region of Latvia, which has the lowest poverty index. However, the highest poverty index is found in Latgale region, where proportionally the lowest number of social enterprises operates. Social entrepreneurship can be a successful tool for addressing socio-economic problems in the regions and for regional development. For this development to take place, it would be necessary to develop instruments to support social entrepreneurship with the aim of improving the well-being of all regions, not only the region where the social enterprise operates.
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Kráľová, Katarína. "The State and Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic." In 8th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2022.37.

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A social enterprise, which is part of the social economy, provides goods and services to the market in an entrepreneurial and innovative way and uses its profits primarily to achieve its social objectives. Social enterpris­es are also important for the national economy in terms of regional devel­opment. Through social enterprises and other social economy actors, the employment of disadvantaged and vulnerable people is promoted, there­by strengthening social, economic and territorial cohesion. The paper is de­voted to a quantitative assessment of the state and development of social entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic. It also focuses on the analysis of the development of a number of indicators in the field of unemployment, which reinforce the importance and need for social enterprises in the econ­omy. Then, the paper deals with SWOT analysis, which allows for identifying the basic prerequisites for further development of social entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic
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Chreneková, Marcela, Adriána Klapková, and Veronika Svetlíková. "Potenciál rozvoja sociálneho podnikania v treťom sektore na Slovensku." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-56.

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The development of social entrepreneurship in Slovakia was accelerated by the adoption of a new law on its support in 2018. Most of the 123 registered social enterprises have the legal form of a business company, they are of integration enterprises type and the founders are mainly municipalities. Third sector organizations are not active enough in setting up social enterprises. The aim of the paper is to find out what are the barriers and potential for the development of social entrepreneurship in the third sector. Primary and secondary data sources were used in the work. The survey method was used for characteristic of social entrepreneurship, the awareness of municipalities and third sector organizations about the social economy and barriers to the establishment of social enterprises in third sector organizations. The biggest barrier to the development of social entrepreneurship in the third sector is unsystematic funding, the complexity of compliance with rules and regulations and the absence of mapping the needs of disadvantaged groups. There are 2 types of entities with the potential to establish a social enterprise, namely non-profit organizations providing services of general interest and civic associations. They are prerequisites for the establishment of a social enterprise because they employ a relatively high number of disadvantaged and vulnerable persons and are engaged in public benefit activities that can be the subject of generating profits in social enterprise. The awareness of third sector organizations about social entrepreneurship is much higher compared to municipalities, but they feel barriers to the establishment of a social enterprise.
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Staiculescu, Oana. "Yesterday CSR Initiatives, Tomorrow Social Enterprises." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.147.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has left an overwhelming impact on socio-economic life around the world. In the current context, in which we are still facing a new coronavirus pandemic wave, the negative impact is becoming difficult to quantify. Therefore, it can be said that the world is in a moment of reflection, in which new opportunities must be identified in or­der to accelerate social and economic recovery. If in the past CSR initiatives were considered a breath of fresh air, today we look with confidence to a future in which there is a whole range of opportunities due to the activities of social enterprises. Therefore, this article aims to highlight the possibility of defining the social economy through social enterprises that offer a new way of doing business.
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Matyja, Małgorzata, and Krystian Ulbin. "Hierarchical Challenges in Social Enterprises." In Hradec Economic Days 2019, edited by Petra Maresova, Pavel Jedlicka, and Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2019-02-009.

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Bartha, Zoltan. "FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences ISCSS 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscss.2019.2/s05.092.

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Atanasova, Irina. "GLOBAL LEGISLATION TRENDS IN SOCIAL ENTERPRISES." In 6th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2019v/1.1/s02.017.

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Dang, XiaoLi. "Resource Superiority of University-enterprise Cooperation of Investment-oriented Enterprises." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemaess-15.2016.9.

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Yang, Yuguo, Yaer Ba, and Yushan Chen. "Equity Incentive and Enterprise Performance in High-Tech Enterprises." In 2020 International Conference on Modern Education Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Social Science (MEMIESS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210206.027.

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Hrinchenko, Raisa, and Oleksandr Litvinov. "Change management at enterprises: basic elements for ukrainian enterprises." In Sustainable Business Development Perspectives 2022. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0197-2022-6.

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Military actions on the territory of Ukraine, the consequences of limiting the activities of economic entities in wartime require a new approach to enterprise management, which would be able to respond flexibly and adapt to changes in operating conditions, seek ways and sources of resumption to meet the urgent needs of the state and further accelerating the recovery of the national economy. This paper examines the theoretical approaches to change management in enterprises and considers the basic elements of change management. Drawing on a mixed-methods design, the paper examines algorithm of the change management formation. The paper explains basic elements and goals of the change management for Ukrainians` enterprises. The paper contributes to change management by explicating the components of the change management system. It is proposed to present the general management system of adaptation of the enterprise as a cyclical movement. The management system of enterprise adaptation to change is a combination, of a system of principles, functions, tools, methods and tools of the most successful, effective management concepts, formed separately for each of the four components: organizational and economic, legal, technological and social, based on analysis and assessment of the preconditions for the formation of such a system using an integrated approach to analysis and evaluation. The change management system is based on a combination of elements of system, functional and process approaches, which allows the company to combine techniques and management methods for the components of the components of the change management system.
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Reports on the topic "Social enterprises"

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Costantini, Anastasia, and Alessia Sebillo. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in Social Economy Enterprises. Liège: CIRIEC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202202.

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Women remain underrepresented in the labour market. In the EU, they earn 14,1% less than men, and they still experience barriers to access and remain at the labour market (Eurostat, 2021a). Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the gender dimension of social and economic inequalities, producing a severe gender impact and the risk of economic marginalisation of women. Why do we expect the social and solidarity economy to improve gender equality at work? Therefore, the paper will discuss the potential and limits of the SEEs in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. The analysis has referenced existing literature and available information on the sector, including interviews with experts and illustrative cases within Diesis Network, one of the broadest European networks supporting the social economy and social enterprise development. The aim is to show impactful solutions of SEEs and bring social and solidarity economy closer to the gender perspective to increase their impact in supporting inclusive and sustainable growth.
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Battakhov, P. P. MAIN PROVISIONS OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISE IN RUSSIA. DOICODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2276-6598-2020-58823.

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This article discusses the concept of the social orientation of activity and the entrepreneurial approach at the level of the Russian Federation, including a number of aspects of the legal regulation of public relations between organizations of state power and social entrepreneurs. The main problem of the study is the study of the sequence of the assignment of the status of a social enterprise by the authorities Russia at the federal level. Currently, the question is being raised about the adoption of a separate federal legislative act "On the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation." The introduction of the relevant law is necessary, since the reasons are the basis for the inevitability of consideration of public problems and the adoption of relevant official documents in all regions of the Russian Federation.
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Saget, Catherine, Tahmina Karimova, Trang Luu, Nicolas Maitre, and Sévane Ananian. Greening enterprises: transforming processes and workplaces. ILO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54394/xvvb655.

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The conduct of enterprises is crucial to the natural environment’s well-being and to a just transition. Most enterprises, including small ones, are implementing measures to reduce waste and carbon emissions; in the majority of cases this entails no cost or even a reduction in production costs. Measures to green the places where people carry out their work are an integral part of the greening of enterprises and are important to both workers and employers. But more needs to be done to help enterprises and workplaces become green and be productive in environmentally sustainable ways. Innovative tools and solutions to make enterprises greener are highlighted in this report, including measures for small enterprises in developing countries as well as the role of social dialogue.
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Баттахов, Петр Петрович. ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В РОССИИ. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1815-1337-2021-51857.

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The article discusses the history of social entrepreneurship development in Russia. The concept and activities of a new social project in the country are being studied, legal regulation of entrepreneurial, social legal relations of subjects of law is being studied. Particular attention is paid to the requirements for the establishment of separate legal regulations for social enterprises. In the future, the author identifies a change in the vector of development of social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation and assistance from the state in various priority areas in order to develop economic entities. It is proposed to improve some articles of the current legislation and, at best, to adopt a separate federal law "On Social Entrepreneurship of the Russian Federation."
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Li, Yin, and William Lazonick. China’s Development Path: Government, Business, and Globalization in an Innovating Economy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp190.

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We employ the “social conditions of innovative enterprise” framework to analyze the key determinants of China’s development path from the economic reforms of 1978 to the present. First, we focus on how government investments in human capabilities and physical infrastructure provided foundational support for the emergence of Chinese enterprises capable of technological learning. Second, we delve into the main modes by which Chinese firms engaged in technological learning from abroad—joint ventures with foreign multinationals, global value chains, and experienced high-tech returnees—that have contributed to industrial development in China. Third, we provide evidence on achievements in indigenous innovation—by which we mean improvements in national productive capabilities that build on learning from abroad and enable the innovating firms to engage in global competition—in the computer, automobile, communication-technology, and semiconductor-fabrication industries. Finally, we sketch out the implications of our approach for current debates on the role of innovation in China’s development path as it continues to unfold.
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Bock, Geoffrey. Social Searching within Enterprise-Wide Discovery Networks. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/tr1-3-02cc.

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Casasnovas, Guillermo, María Sánchez, and Maria Viñas. European Social Enterprise Monitor - Informe sobre España 2021-2022. Esade. Center for Social Impact, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56269/esem202210.

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Las empresas sociales, en tanto que organizaciones que abordan retos sociales o medioambientales a través de las prácticas empresariales, son actores cada vez más relevantes en nuestro sistema socioeconómico. En un contexto en que muchos de los problemas que afrontamos como sociedad parecen enquistados, ya sea por fallos del sistema de mercado o por la ineficiencia de las respuestas centralizadas, los emprendedores sociales experimentan con soluciones innovadoras que nos permiten entender qué modelos de actuación funcionan mejor, y ello genera unos aprendizajes imprescindibles para abordar los retos de manera eficaz y sostenible. En las próximas páginas, podréis ver las principales conclusiones del estudio, en el cual han participado 80 empresas sociales españolas.
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Kuznetsova, Y. A. Social enterprise site as a tool for disseminating successful experience in solving social problems. Institute of Social and Economic Research Publishing House Ufa Federal Research Center RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/kuznetcova-socialnoe-predpriyatie-2018.

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Баттахов, П. П. Договоры о передаче исключительных прав на объекты промышленной собственности с участием социальных предприятий. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1818-1538-2021-55669.

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The article considers contractual designs aimed at transferring exclusive rights to industrial property. The problem of the contractual process was identified when concluding a contract on the transfer of a set of exclusive rights. Based on the study, a number of changes to Russian laws have been proposed. First of all, this applies to a commercial concession contract. The author proposes to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by supplementing the article on commercial concession with the right of organizations that do not conduct commercial activities to conclude the same contracts on a general basis. The appropriateness of applying the classification of transactions into real and consensual ones in relation to this contract is justified. The peculiarities of transfer of the complex of exclusive rights to objects of industrial property with participation of social enterprises under the legislation of the Russian Federation are studied.
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Damm, Chris, Ioannis Prinos, and Elizabeth Sanderson. Bolton State of the Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise Sector 2017. Sheffield Hallam University, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/cresr.2017.2843928293.

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