Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social Energy Internet'

Aquesta tesi tracta de dues de les noves tecnologies relacionades amb la Internet of Things (IoT) i la seva integració amb el camp de les Smart Grids (SGs); aquestes tecnologies son la Web of Things (WoT) i la Social Internet of Things (SIoT). La WoT és una tecnologia que s’espera que proveeixi d’un entorn escalable i interoperable a la IoT usant la infraestructura web existent, els protocols web y la web semàntica. També s’espera que la SIoT contribueixi a solucionar els reptes d’escalabilitat i capacitat de descobriment creant una xarxa social d’agents (objectes i humans). Per explorar la sinergia entre aquestes tecnologies, l’objectiu és el de proporcionar evidència pràctica i empírica, generalment en forma de prototips d’implementació i experimentació empírica. En relació amb la WoT i les SGs, s’ha creat un prototip per al Web of Energy (WoE) que té com a objectiu abordar els desafiaments presents en el domini les SGs. El prototip és capaç de proporcionar interoperabilitat i homogeneïtat entre diversos protocols. El disseny d’implementació es basa en el Model d’Actors, que també proporciona escalabilitat del prototip. L’experimentació mostra que el prototip pot gestionar la transmissió de missatges per a aplicacions de les SGs que requereixen que la comunicació es realitzi sota llindars de temps crítics. També es pren una altra direcció d’investigació similar, menys centrada en les SGs, però per a una gamma més àmplia de dominis d’aplicació. S’integra la descripció dels fluxos d’execució com a màquines d’estats finits utilitzant ontologies web (Resource Description Framework (RDF)) i metodologies de la WoT (les accions es realitzen basant-se en peticions Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol/Secure (HTTP/S) a Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)). Aquest flux d’execució, que també pot ser un plantilla per a permetre una configuració flexible en temps d’execució, s’implementa i interpreta com si fos (i mitjançant) un Virtual Object (VO). L’objectiu de la plantilla és ser reutilitzable i poder-se compartir entre múltiples desplegaments de la IoT dins el mateix domini d’aplicació. A causa de les tecnologies utilitzades, la solució no és adequada per a aplicacions de temps crític (llindar de temps relativament baix i rígid). No obstant això, és adequat per a aplicacions que no demanden resposta en un temps crític i que requereixen el desplegament de VOs similars en el que fa referència al flux d’execució. Finalment, el treball s’enfoca en una altra tecnologia destinada a millorar l’escalabilitat i la capacitat de descobriment en la IoT. La SIoT està sorgint com una nova estructura de la IoT que uneix els nodes a través de relacions significatives. Aquestes relacions tenen com a objectiu millorar la capacitat de descobriment; en conseqüència, millora la escalabilitat d’una xarxa de la IoT. En aquest treball s’aplica aquest nou paradigma per optimitzar la gestió de l’energia en el costat de la demanda a les SGs. L’objectiu és aprofitar les característiques de la SIoT per ajudar a la creació de Prosumer Community Groups (PCGs) (grups d’usuaris que consumeixen o produeixen energia) amb el mateix objectiu d’optimització en l’ús de l’energia. La sinergia entre la SIoT i les SGs s’ha anomenat Social Internet of Energy (SIoE). Per tant, amb la SIoE i amb el focus en un desafiament específic, s’estableix la base conceptual per a la integració entre la SIoT i les SGs. Els experiments inicials mostren resultats prometedors i aplanen el camí per a futures investigacions i avaluacions de la proposta. Es conclou que el WoT i la SIoT són dos paradigmes complementaris que nodreixen l’evolució de la propera generació de la IoT. S’espera que la propera generació de la IoT sigui un Multi-Agent System (MAS) generalitzat. Alguns investigadors ja estan apuntant a la Web i les seves tecnologies (per exemple, Web Semàntica, HTTP/S)—i més concretamente a la WoT — com a l’entorn que nodreixi a aquests agents. La SIoT pot millorar tant l’entorn com les relacions entre els agents en aquesta fusió. Les SGs també poden beneficiar-se dels avenços de la IoT, ja que es poden considerar com una aplicació específica d’aquesta última.
Esta tesis trata de dos de las novedosas tecnologías relacionadas con la Internet of Things (IoT) y su integración con el campo de las Smart Grids (SGs); estas tecnologías son laWeb of Things (WoT) y la Social Internet of Things (SIoT). La WoT es una tecnología que se espera que provea de un entorno escalable e interoperable a la IoT usando la infraestructura web existente, los protocolos web y la web semántica. También se espera que la SIoT contribuya a solucionar los retos de escalabilidad y capacidad de descubrimiento creando una red social de agentes (objetos y humanos). Para explorar la sinergia entre estas tecnologías, el objetivo es el de proporcionar evidencia práctica y empírica, generalmente en forma de prototipos de implementación y experimentación empírica. En relación con la WoT y las SGs, se ha creado un prototipo para la Web of Energy (WoE) que tiene como objetivo abordar los desafíos presentes en el dominio las SGs. El prototipo es capaz de proporcionar interoperabilidad y homogeneidad entre diversos protocolos. El diseño de implementación se basa en el Modelo de Actores, que también proporciona escalabilidad del prototipo. La experimentación muestra que el prototipo puede manejar la transmisión de mensajes para aplicaciones de las SGs que requieran que la comunicación se realice bajo umbrales de tiempo críticos. También se toma otra dirección de investigación similar, menos centrada en las SGs, pero para una gama más amplia de dominios de aplicación. Se integra la descripción de los flujos de ejecución como máquinas de estados finitos utilizando ontologías web (Resource Description Framework (RDF)) y metodologías de la WoT (las acciones se realizan basándose en peticiones Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol/Secure (HTTP/S) a Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)). Este flujo de ejecución, que también puede ser una plantilla para permitir una configuración flexible en tiempo de ejecución, se implementa e interpreta como si fuera (y a través de) un Virtual Object (VO). El objetivo de la plantilla es que sea reutilizable y se pueda compartir entre múltiples despliegues de la IoT dentro del mismo dominio de aplicación. Debido a las tecnologías utilizadas, la solución no es adecuada para aplicaciones de tiempo crítico (umbral de tiempo relativamente bajo y rígido). Sin embargo, es adecuado para aplicaciones que no demandan respuesta en un tiempo crítico y que requieren el despliegue de VOs similares en cuanto al flujo de ejecución. Finalmente, el trabajo se enfoca en otra tecnología destinada a mejorar la escalabilidad y la capacidad de descubrimiento en la IoT. La SIoT está emergiendo como una nueva estructura de la IoT que une los nodos a través de relaciones significativas. Estas relaciones tienen como objetivo mejorar la capacidad de descubrimiento; en consecuencia, mejora la escalabilidad de una red de la IoT. En este trabajo se aplica este nuevo paradigma para optimizar la gestión de la energía en el lado de la demanda en las SGs. El objetivo es aprovechar las características de la SIoT para ayudar en la creación de Prosumer Community Groups (PCGs) (grupos de usuarios que consumen o producen energía) con el mismo objetivo de optimización en el uso de la energía. La sinergia entre la SIoT y las SGs ha sido denominada Social Internet of Energy (SIoE). Por lo tanto, con la SIoE y con el foco en un desafío específico, se establece la base conceptual para la integración entre la SIoT y las SG. Los experimentos iniciales muestran resultados prometedores y allanan el camino para futuras investigaciones y evaluaciones de la propuesta. Se concluye que la WoT y la SIoT son dos paradigmas complementarios que nutren la evolución de la próxima generación de la IoT. Se espera que la próxima generación de la IoT sea un Multi-Agent System (MAS) generalizado. Algunos investigadores ya están apuntando a la Web y sus tecnologías (por ejemplo,Web Semántica, HTTP/S)—y más concretamente a la WoT — como el entorno que nutra a estos agentes. La SIoT puede mejorar tanto el entorno como las relaciones entre los agentes en esta fusión. Como un campo específico de la IoT, las SGs también pueden beneficiarse de los avances de la IoT.
This thesis deals with two novel Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and their integration to the field of the Smart Grid (SG); these technologies are the Web of Things (WoT) and the Social Internet of Things (SIoT). The WoT is an enabling technology expected to provide a scalable and interoperable environment to the IoT using the existing web infrastructure, web protocols and the semantic web. The SIoT is expected to expand further and contribute to scalability and discoverability challenges by creating a social network of agents (objects and humans). When exploring the synergy between those technologies, we aim at providing practical and empirical evidence, usually in the form of prototype implementations and empirical experimentation. In relation to the WoT and SG, we create a prototype for the Web of Energy (WoE), that aims at addressing challenges present in the SG domain. The prototype is capable of providing interoperability and homogeneity among diverse protocols. The implementation design is based on the Actor Model, which also provides scalability in regards to the prototype. Experimentation shows that the prototype can handle the transmission of messages for time-critical SG applications. We also take another similar research direction less focused on the SG, but for a broader range of application domains. We integrate the description of flows of execution as Finite-State Machines (FSMs) using web ontologies (Resource Description Framework (RDF)) and WoT methodologies (actions are performed on the basis of calls Hyper Text Transfer Protocol/ Secure (HTTP/S) to a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)). This execution flow, which can also be a template to allow flexible configuration at runtime, is deployed and interpreted as (and through) a Virtual Object (VO). The template aims to be reusable and shareable among multiple IoT deployments within the same application domain. Due to the technologies used, the solution is not suitable for time-critical applications. Nevertheless, it is suitable for non-time-critical applications that require the deployment of similar VOs. Finally, we focus on another technology aimed at improving scalability and discoverability in IoT. The SIoT is emerging as a new IoT structure that links nodes through meaningful relationships. These relationships aim at improving discoverability; consequently, improving the scalability of an IoT network. We apply this new paradigm to optimize energy management at the demand side in a SG. Our objective is to harness the features of the SIoT to aid in the creation of Prosumer Community Group (PCG) (groups of energy users that consume or produce energy) with the same Demand Side Management (DSM) goal. We refer to the synergy between SIoT and SG as Social Internet of Energy (SIoE). Therefore, with the SIoE and focusing on a specific challenge, we set the conceptual basis for the integration between SIoT and SG. Initial experiments show promising results and pave the way for further research and evaluation of the proposal. We conclude that the WoT and the SIoT are two complementary paradigms that nourish the evolution of the next generation IoT. The next generation IoT is expected to be a pervasive Multi-Agent System (MAS). Some researchers are already pointing at the Web and its technologies (e.g. Semantic Web, HTTP/S) — and more concretely at the WoT — as the environment nourishing the agents. The SIoT can enhance both the environment and the relationships between agents in this fusion. As a specific field of the IoT, the SG can also benefit from IoT advancements.

This thesis addresses new security challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). The current transition from legacy Internet to Internet of Things leads to multiple changes in its communication paradigms. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) initiated this transition by introducing unattended wireless topologies, mostly made of resource constrained nodes, in which radio spectrum therefore ceased to be the only resource worthy of optimization. Today's Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things architectures further accentuated this trend, not only by involving wider architectures but also by adding heterogeneity, resource capabilities inconstancy and autonomy to once uniform and deterministic systems. The heterogeneous nature of IoT communications and imbalance in resources capabilities between IoT entities make it challenging to provide the required end-to-end secured connections. Unlike Internet servers, most of IoT components are characterized by low capabilities in terms of both energy and computing resources, and thus, are unable to support complex security schemes. The setup of a secure end-to-end communication channel requires the establishment of a common secret key between both peers, which would be negotiated relying on standard security key exchange protocols such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) Handshake or Internet Key Exchange (IKE). Nevertheless, a direct use of existing key establishment protocols to initiate connections between two IoT entities may be impractical because of the technological gap between them and the resulting inconsistencies in their cryptographic primitives. The issue of adapting existing security protocols to fulfil these new challenges has recently been raised in the international research community but the first proposed solutions failed to satisfy the needs of resource-constrained nodes. In this thesis, we propose novel collaborative approaches for key establishment designed to reduce the requirements of existing security protocols, in order to be supported by resource-constrained devices. We particularly retained TLS handshake, Internet key Exchange and HIP BEX protocols as the best keying candidates fitting the end-to-end security requirements of the IoT. Then we redesigned them so that the constrained peer may delegate its heavy cryptographic load to less constrained nodes in neighbourhood exploiting the spatial heterogeneity of IoT nodes. Formal security verifications and performance analyses were also conducted to ensure the security effectiveness and energy efficiency of our collaborative protocols. However, allowing collaboration between nodes may open the way to a new class of threats, known as internal attacks that conventional cryptographic mechanisms fail to deal with. This introduces the concept of trustworthiness within a collaborative group. The trustworthiness level of a node has to be assessed by a dedicated security mechanism known as a trust management system. This system aims to track nodes behaviours to detect untrustworthy elements and select reliable ones for collaborative services assistance. In turn, a trust management system is instantiated on a collaborative basis, wherein multiple nodes share their evidences about one another's trustworthiness. Based on an extensive analysis of prior trust management systems, we have identified a set of best practices that provided us guidance to design an effective trust management system for our collaborative keying protocols. This effectiveness was assessed by considering how the trust management system could fulfil specific requirements of our proposed approaches for key establishment in the context of the IoT. Performance analysis results show the proper functioning and effectiveness of the proposed system as compared with its counterparts that exist in the literature

This thesis aims to analyze oil as a security challenge for the European Union. The energy security policy is getting more and more important with the decrease of energy sources, which holds and shapes the balance of power in the world. Especially in the future, energy sources will be the key to political strategies. The European nations have created energy security policies in order to protect their benefits. The central argument of this thesis is that although the EU has attempted to create a common EU energy policy throughout its history, it could not escape from the impact of the national energy policy of the member states. The main focus is on the oil policy of the community. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to explore the policies created for oil security, especially in the Middle East, and why the EU could not implement these policies it created.

In this article, we analyse the factors influencing homeowners' plans to renovate their houses in the near future. We also examine their interest in the idea of a one-stop shop where a single actor provides services and all necessary information required for energy efficiency renovations. Our analysis is based on the content of an online survey questionnaire of 12194 homeowners in Sweden. Approximately 83% of the respondents intend to renovate in the near future, with around 55% opting for energy-efficient renovation of their dwelling. Environmental concerns, past energy-saving measures taken by the respondents, and education positively influenced their renovation plans. While 28% of respondents expressed their interest in a one-stop shop, work guarantee, environmental concerns and renovation plans were the main elements affecting interest in the one-stop shop.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O tema da responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE) à crescentemente relevante no contexto contemporÃneo em que as empresas sÃo pressionadas a prestar conta de suas atividades a uma ampla gama de stakeholders. Genericamente, a RSE à estudada no que concerne a seus reflexos para a empresa, como, por exemplo, sua imagem para o mercado, sem que seja, contudo, atribuÃda ao tema a devida relevÃncia para o pÃblico interno, inclusive quanto ao seu engajamento. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as relaÃÃes entre a percepÃÃo das prÃticas de responsabilidade social empresarial interna e o comprometimento organizacional. Como parÃmetro para as prÃticas de responsabilidade social internas, foram adotados os indicadores propostos pelo Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social, referentes ao tema pÃblico interno, que à composto pelos subtemas: diÃlogo e participaÃÃo, respeito ao indivÃduo e trabalho decente (INSTITUTO ETHOS, 2012). No que se refere ao tema da responsabilidade social empresarial, o trabalho apoia-se, ainda, em Melo Neto e Froes (1999; 2001), Furtado e Pena (2006) e TenÃrio (2006). Em relaÃÃo ao tema do comprometimento organizacional, foram consideradas as dimensÃes afetiva, normativa e instrumental, propostas por Meyer, Allen e Smith (1993). No tocante a esse tema, utilizaram-se ainda, como referÃncias Bastos (1993), Borges-Andrade (2002), Tomei (1994) e Leite (2008). Este trabalho classifica-se, metodologicamente, como um estudo exploratÃrio e descritivo, de natureza quali-quantitativa. Ã, tambÃm, uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso, em uma empresa do setor de energia eÃlica do CearÃ. Os instrumentos de coleta utilizados foram documentos, entrevista semiestruturada e questionÃrio fechado. As tÃcnicas de anÃlise de dados empregadas foram a da categorizaÃÃo e da anÃlise de conteÃdo, na fase qualitativa, e, para a fase quantitativa, fez-se uso da estatÃstica descritiva para a aferiÃÃo da percepÃÃo das prÃticas de RSI e das dimensÃes do comprometimento organizacional, bem como, um teste de correlaÃÃo, para aferir a existÃncia de correlaÃÃo significativa entre os dois temas, utilizando, para tanto, o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados apontam que a empresa pesquisada encontra-se em um estÃgio bÃsico de aÃÃes de Responsabilidade Social Interna. Ou seja, a empresa encontra-se apenas em nÃvel reativo quanto Ãs exigÃncias legais. Verificou-se ainda, a predominÃncia da dimensÃo afetiva do comprometimento organizacional. Esse resultado à bastante positivo, tendo em vista que demonstra que os funcionÃrios sentem orgulho e desejo de continuar na empresa, bem como se identificam e estÃo envolvidos na organizaÃÃo. Por fim, verificou-se que prÃticas de Responsabilidade Social Interna, no que se refere ao Trabalho Decente, influenciam positivamente na geraÃÃo do comprometimento instrumental na empresa pesquisada. Isto Ã, as aÃÃes no tocante à polÃtica de remuneraÃÃo; benefÃcios e carreira; cuidados com saÃde, seguranÃa e condiÃÃes de trabalho; compromisso com o desenvolvimento profissional e a empregabilidade; comportamento nas demissÃes; e, preparaÃÃo para a aposentadoria podem fazer os funcionÃrios perceberem que em outras empresas nÃo encontrariam emprego melhor, em termos do que se define como trabalho decente.

This thesis tries to answer the question of whether there is a single electricity market in the European Union. Although some further steps were taken in terms of market integration, this study shows that it is still not possible to talk about a single electricity market. The attempts to create a single electricity market demonstrate the tensions between supranational and national decision making in a vital issue area of energy. States have been reluctant to transfer their sovereignty in energy policy making as they deemed this area vital to their economic and security interests. This study argues that intergovernmental premises, still explain the reluctance of the member states in this context better. The thesis incorporates two case studies
United Kingdom and Turkey. The first case illustrates that though UK is at the forefront of the other member states in adopting the EU electricity directives, it has still resisted transferring its right of control over its sector to the supranational authorities. Also, the British Case shows that the liberalisation process has some negative consequences. Turkish case will be an evidence for that the model of UK is not appropriate for Turkey in the restructuring process due to the differences between the two states in terms of laws and regulations, institutional capabilities and domestic market conditions. This thesis proposes that Turkey shouldn&rsquo
t disregard its conditions for the sake of EU membership while developing policies in a strategically important area where member states abstain from devolving their rights to the supranational authorities.

In this thesis I analyze access problems to basic services like water and energy in developing countries. The objective of the thesis is to show how to improve access to water services and clean energies in rural communities of developing countries. In this regard, this tesis is composed by three papers. Two focused on analyzing the water sector in developing countries and one paper focused on analyzing the implementation of a program aimed to ease the substitution of wood by LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) as a cooking fuel. In the first paper, the regulation of water provision in developing countries: coverage quality and prices, I develop a theoretical model aimed to analyze the optimal product line of a regulated utility facing competition from water vendors. The existence of water vendors forces the utility to release standpipes increasing the population with access to the service but reduces coverage. Regulation can mitigate this situation. In addition universal service policies for standpipes or the delegation of standpipes´ management to a different firm can reduce the coverage of the utility. Also, regulation can mitigate this situations. In the second paper, Community managed water systems: the case of Peru, I make a descriptive analysis of communal organizations providing water services in rural areas of Peru. In addition, I analyze empirically which are the determinants of their presence in Peru. I show that JASS (Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento) are an efficient mechanism to provide water services in rural areas, but they need support. My result show that homogeneous communities, in terms of maintaining the Minka tradition of the Inca Empìre and also in linguistic terms, are more prone to create JASS. In the third paper, LPG cook stoves in Peru: evaluation of the FISE program, I analyse the implementation of the FISE (Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético) program in Peru. I also analyze empirically its performance in terms of use of LPG stoves and its health benefits associated. In this sense, I show that discount vouchers are an efficient policy to increase the use of LPG, avoiding cross-subsidies, to increase the use of LPG stoves but this policy alone cannot reduce respiratory problems among beneficiaries. On the other hand, this policy reduces diarrhoeal problems. The main contributions, summarized by paper were: in the first paper I analyzed a theoretical model supposing that the water utility can use two technologies to provide water and faces competition from water resellers. I analyzed how the utility uses coverage, prices and quality to increase its profits. The main contribution of the second paper has been the analysis of JASS. As far as I know this is the first paper doing so. It is interesting to remark that municipalities lower than 2.000 population have to be served by JASS, but not all municipalities have created JASS. I analyzed the determinants for the creation of JASS in Peru. Finally, in the third paper I analyzed a policy aimed to increase the use of LPG as fuel for cooking purposes via offering discount vouchers for low income households. As far as I know this is an innovative policy in Latin American countries. In the paper, I have analyzed the implementation of the program, the problems faced during its implementation and also I analyzed empirically its performance.
En esta tesis se analizan los problemas de acceso a los servicios básicos como el agua y la energía en los países en desarrollo. El objetivo de la tesis es mostrar cómo mejorar el acceso a los servicios de agua y energías limpias en las comunidades rurales de los países en desarrollo. En este sentido, esta tesis se compone de tres papeles. Dos centrado en el análisis del sector del agua en los países en desarrollo y uno de papel centrado en el análisis de la implementación de un programa destinado a facilitar la sustitución de la madera por GLP (Gas Licuado de Petróleo) como combustible para cocinar. En el primer documento, la regulación del suministro de agua en los países en desarrollo: la calidad de la cobertura y los precios, se desarrolla un modelo teórico tuvo como objetivo analizar la línea de productos óptima de un servicio público regulado frente a la competencia de los vendedores de agua. La existencia de los vendedores de agua obliga a la energía para dar tomas de agua cada vez mayores de la población con acceso al servicio, pero reduce la cobertura. La regulación puede mitigar esta situación. Además políticas de servicio universal para tomas de agua o la delegación de la gestión standpipes' a una empresa diferente pueden reducir la cobertura de la utilidad. Además, la regulación puede mitigar estas situaciones. En el segundo artículo, los sistemas de agua comunitaria logró: el caso de Perú, hago un análisis descriptivo de las organizaciones comunales que prestan los servicios de agua en las zonas rurales de Perú. Además se analizan empíricamente cuáles son los factores determinantes de su presencia en Perú. Muestro que JASS (Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento) son un mecanismo eficiente para proporcionar servicios de agua en las zonas rurales, pero que necesitan apoyo. Mi resultado muestra que las comunidades homogéneas, en cuanto al mantenimiento de la tradición Minka del Imperio Inca y también en términos lingüísticos, son más propensos a crear JASS. En el tercer artículo, estufas de cocción GLP en Perú: evaluación del programa FISE, que analizan la ejecución del programa FISE (Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético) en el Perú. También se analizan empíricamente su desempeño en términos de uso de cocinas de GLP y sus beneficios para la salud asociados. En este sentido, se muestra que los vales de descuento son una política eficiente para aumentar el uso de GLP, evitarán las subvenciones cruzadas, para aumentar el uso de estufas de LPG pero esta política por sí sola no puede reducir los problemas respiratorios entre los beneficiarios. Por otra parte, esta política reduce los problemas de diarrea. Las principales contribuciones, resumidas por el papel son: en el primer documento analizaba un modelo teórico suponiendo que la empresa de agua se puede utilizar dos tecnologías para proporcionar agua y se enfrenta a la competencia de los distribuidores de agua. He analizado cómo la utilidad utiliza cobertura, precios y calidad para aumentar sus beneficios. La principal contribución del segundo documento ha sido el análisis de JASS. Por lo que yo sé que este es el primer documento de hacerlo. Es interesante destacar que los municipios menores de 2.000 habitantes tienen que ser servido por JASS, pero no todos los municipios han creado JASS. He analizado los factores determinantes para la creación de JASS en el Perú. Por último, en el tercer artículo analizaba una política destinada a incrementar el uso de GLP como combustible para cocinar a través de ofrecer cupones de descuento para los hogares de bajos ingresos. Por lo que yo sé que esto es una política innovadora en los países latinoamericanos. En el trabajo he analizado la ejecución del programa, los problemas que enfrentan durante su ejecución y también analizan empíricamente su rendimiento.

The internationalisation of conflicts has made the study of the effects of external support a prominent subfield within peace and conflict studies. How supporting states affect conflict strategies and changes the conflict dynamic has been the prime concern of this thesis. I have argued that when a government actor is supported by an external state with high soft power, in the form of political and economic capital, the government is less inclined to use one-sided violence as a conflict strategy. By using the principal- agent theory as a model to explain the relationship between the supporter and the supported state, I have found support for my argument. The government of the Central African Republic has conducted low levels of one-sided violence when supported by the soft power France. The government of South Sudan, on the other hand, has conducted high levels of one-sided violence when supported by the non-soft power Uganda. By coming to this conclusion, this paper has introduced soft power as an important concept in peace and conflict studies while also helping to elucidate the role of external supporters in conflict strategies. Future research should develop on the findings in this thesis by controlling for other possible explanations to why one-sided violence decreases depending on the characteristics of the support and include a greater number of cases.

博士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系所
107
With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) on chips, social internet of things (SIoT) has drawn increasing attention because a group of devices with social relationships can collaborate to directly identify and handle local events without the help of servers. In order to cope with local SIoT data and enhance the robustness of SIoT, mobile edge computing and wireless power transfer are two of the most important paradigms. With mobile edge computing, SIoT data can be locally managed to alleviate data transmission and computation in the backhaul networks, whereas wireless power transfer can prolong the network lifetime to enhance the robustness and coverage of SIoT such that SIoT services can be widely deployed. Meanwhile, optimizing energy efficiency is important due to the explosive growth of information and communication technology. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the energy-efficiency SIoT and proposes some optimization and approximation algorithms to minimize allocated resources and energy consumption in the networks. Firstly, this dissertation explores the uplink resource allocation problem for multi-camera surveillance systems in cellular networks. The objective is to minimize the number of allocated resource blocks (RBs), while simultaneously ensuring the coverage requirement for the surveillance system and coping with the wireless communication limitation in cellular networks. An approximation algorithm is designed for the general case and optimal solutions for the camera deployments in the Manhattan street map are proposed to find the intrinsic properties of camera selections. Simulation results, based on two real surveillance maps and synthetic datasets, show that the number of allocated RBs can be effectively reduced compared to the existing approaches for cellular networks. Secondly, this dissertation investigates the SIoT group construction and device selection problem, where the IoT devices encompass AI-on-chips technologies such that the devices are able to automatically build social groups to make decisions. An approximation algorithm is proposed to minimize the overall energy consumption by exploring communication and computation trade-off, cross-layer design in an SIoT, and forwarding and aggregation trade-off in mobile edge computing networks. Simulations on two real networks show that the overall energy consumption can be effectively reduced by more than 50%. To enhance the robustness of SIoT, this dissertation finally explores the health-aware beamforming to charge the selected IoT devices under the energy harvesting and human safety constraints. An approximation algorithm is proposed to minimize radiation exposure and maximize IoT coverage and simulation results manifest that it significantly outperforms the previous energy harvesting approaches by more than 200%. It is worth noting that the above algorithms can jointly provide the total solution to SIoT. The resource allocation algorithm is used to allocate RBs to the selected devices and collaborative groups of SIoT. On the other hand, the health-aware beamforming safely charges the selected IoT devices.

碩士
南臺科技大學
企業管理系
106
In the era of Internet, traditional marketing has turned into social media community marketing for promoting the effectiveness of marketing and attaining more attention or discussion. The marketing of short film has been the main stream in social media community. The way of figuring out the key group, the right channel for more effective internet advertisement and fans’ attention to adhere in the community has been the essential issue in the process of marketing plan. The research analyzed internet public opinion and data from social media community and went further by data minging, analysis, and presented the result by visualized format. It worked out with the marketing effectiveness of promo film, Icecream. The result indicated as follows: 1. The promo film has attracted 2,385 pieces of discussion, 103,268 likes from Facebook, 2,270 messages, 26,922 sharing and 3,948,181 watches. 2. The sources of internet public opinions were mainly from the public sector’s, News and NGOs community in Facebook. 3. Out of the feedbacks from the internet, 54.48% were from social media community, and the major feedbacks except the official promo site were mostly from Facebook. 4. The on line communities of “Save your own power”, “Facebook” and “Ministry of Economy Affairs” remain the trend of internet volume till the end of each month. 5. By analyzing the internet public opinion to learn the publics’ understanding of the promo film, 32% internet community members would tag their friend for watching; 16% internet community members gave positive comments; 15% internet community members reflected themselves from the film after watching. 6. From the analysis of emotion, 44.21% internet community members are positive. 7. By the data of marketing effectiveness of social community media, it is conducive to learn whom to work with and what strategy to implement for the future. It also helps to adjust the strategy of marketing and event by applying internet public opinion analysis. It is expected to pinpoint the exact strategy for the public in the future.

This study focuses on business opportunities of Internet of Things based products and services that enhance energy efficiency in buildings. The circumstance that leads to these opportunities is the German Energy Transition and its ambitious goals for cutting down energy consumption in buildings to a minimum. Central values the Internet of Things can deliver for buildings in the context of energy efficiency are energy transparency in real time, control over devices, automation and social interaction of users. However, creating business cases with these added values remains a challenge for actors in the building sector. This is mainly because many parties with different interest are involved in the life-cycle of real estate. Additionally, high installation and maintenance costs present a barrier. Despite all challenges that often hinder scalable business models the findings of this dissertation show that the market environment for products and services based on Internet of Things technology that are improving energy efficiency in buildings is likely to become more attractive. Better business opportunities arise through further technological development and standardization of Internet of Things solutions as well as through external influences such as a pricing of CO2 emissions.
Este estudo centra-se nas oportunidades de negócio de produtos e serviços baseados na Internet das Coisas que melhoram a eficiência energética em edifícios. A circunstância que leva a estas oportunidades é a transição energética alemã e seus objetivos ambiciosos para reduzir ao mínimo o consumo de energia em edifícios. Os valores centrais que a Internet das Coisas pode proporcionar aos edifícios no contexto da eficiência energética são a transparência energética em tempo real, o controlo sobre dispositivos, a automação e a interacção social dos utilizadores. No entanto, a criação de oportunidades de negócio com valor acrescentado continua a ser um desafio para os intervenientes no sector da construção. Isto deve-se principalmente ao facto de muitas partes com interesses diferentes estarem envolvidas no ciclo de vida dos bens imobiliários. Além disso, os elevados custos de instalação e manutenção constituem uma barreira. Apesar de todos os desafios que muitas vezes dificultam modelos de negócios escaláveis, os resultados desta dissertação mostram que o ambiente de mercado para produtos e serviços baseados na tecnologia da Internet das Coisas que estão a melhorar a eficiência energética em edifícios provavelmente se tornará mais atraente. Melhores oportunidades de negócios surgem através de um maior desenvolvimento tecnológico e padronização das soluções da Internet das Coisas, bem como através de influências externas, como o preço das emissões de CO2.

Presentemente as organizações são compreendidas como sistemas abertos em constante interacção com o meio externo e com o meio interno. Deste modo, para além de ser importante comunicar com o exterior da empresa é igualmente determinante para o sucesso das organizações saber comunicar internamente, com e para os seus colaboradores. Se outrora os aspectos e rácios meramente produtivos foram suficientes para fazer as organizações funcionar, actualmente as organizações e os seus lideres devem contemplar, no momento de tomada de decisão, aspectos como o bem-estar, satisfação e o engagement no trabalho. Podemos afirmar que na era industrial o foco estava no problema e que actualmente as organizações atuam ao nível da raiz do problema. Assim sendo, as organizações contemporâneas não consideram apenas os factores de produção e os rácios de desempenho dos colaboradores, mas antes, procuram determinar as causas que impactam nos níveis de desempenho dos colaboradores e, com isso, no sucesso da organização. Consequentemente, temáticas como engagement, motivação, capital psicológico e intelectual e toda a envolvência das organizações constituem matéria de interesse. No mesmo sentido, nas últimas décadas assistimos a um crescente número de estudos e investigações neste âmbito. A presente dissertação possui como objectivo geral compreender se o modo como os quadros médios superiores da Galp Energia, percepcionam se a comunicação interna manifesta influencia nos seus níveis de engagement no trabalho. Neste sentido, a revisão da literatura encontra-se sustentada em dois grandes níveis de reflexão, primeiramente debateremos quanto à comunicação organizacional, detalhando, quanto à comunicação interna das organizações. De seguida, abordaremos a temática do engagement no trabalho, procurando recorrer aos modelos teóricos mais relevantes para compreendermos o conceito, os seus impactos no dia-a-dia organizacional, e como forma de explorar as suas potencialidades enquanto ferramenta estratégica para a obtenção de níveis de desempenho superiores e de maior compromisso. Após a explicitação das duas temáticas pretendemos determinar se as práticas de comunicação interna revelam impacto nos níveis de engagement no trabalho. Para tal, realizámos um estudo de caso na empresa Galp Energia onde, por via da realização de inquéritos por questionário, tentaremos obter resultados de resposta às duas seguintes hipóteses de estudo: (1) a percepção positiva da comunicação interna conduz a maiores níveis de engagement no trabalho na Galp Energia; (2) os colaboradores com maiores níveis de satisfação para com a comunicação interna existente na Galp Energia manifestam níveis mais elevados de engagement no trabalho.
Nowadays we understood the organizations as an open system in constant interaction with the external and internal environment. In that sense, beyond the importance of communicates outside of the organization, its equal important to the success of the organizations knows how to communicate internally, with their own employee. If once the merely productive aspects were enough to make the organizations works, currently the organizations as they leaders must contemplate, at the decision making moment, aspects such as the well-being, satisfaction and engagement at work. We can affirm that in the «industrial era» the focus was on the problems and currently the organizations acts at the root of the problem. In that sense, the nowadays organizations do not consider exclusively the production characteristics, instead, they search to determinate the causes that manifest impact in terms of the employees performances and in the general success of the organization. Consequently, themes such as the engagement, motivations, psychological and intellectual capital and the environment surround the organizations are relevant subjects. Thus, in the last decades we assist at the rising number of studies and investigations in these areas. The dissertation has the main purpose understand if the perception, of the employees at Galp Energia, about the internal communication manifests influence in the levels of work engagement. With this say, the literature revision it will be sustain in two big themes, first we will debate organizational communication, detailing, about the internal communication within the organizations. Secondly, we will address the work engagement theme, to do so; we will use the main theoretical models and the most relevant ones in order to understand the concept, they impacts in the organizational day-to-day, and as a way to explore its potential as a strategic tool for achieving better performance levels and greater commitment. After explain and explore both themes we aim to determinate if the internal communication politics revealed impact in the levels of engagement at work. For this effect, we realized a case study at Galp Energia company where, across the application of a questionnaire survey, we will try to obtain results to respond to the following assumptions: (1) the positive perception of the internal communication leads to bigger levels of work engagement in Galp Energia; (2) the employee with higher levels of satisfaction with the existent internal communication manifest higher levels of work engagement.

The thesis deals with the question about necessary conditions to achieve the objective of a high level of consumer protection in the context of the ongoing internal electricity market taking into account the grid-bound electricity supply, which is characterized by the natural monopoly of regulated networks as well as by competition for the homogeneous product electricity. It evaluates the relationship between effective competition and energy sector-specific consumer protection taking into account the energy-specific regulatory law and examines in detail the regulations of the Directive 2009/72/EC concerning consumer protection under the perspective of enabling the responsible and informed consumer to operate as a self-determined market participant and so shape the market actively towards its completion. After art. 114 TFEU as the existing central norm concerning the alignment of the internal energy market is distinguished from other possible competence rules like the new energy sector-specific competence title of art. 194 TFEU the requirements developed by the ECJ case law concerning art. 114 TFEU from the point of view of the energy sector-specific consumer protection are presented. The thesis clarifies both to what extent in Directive 2009/72/EC codified consumer rights are suitable to achieve...

Este relatório tem como base a realização de um estágio de mestrado em Migrações, Inter-etnicidades e Transnacionalismo, desenvolvido na Colômbia, no Comité Minero Energético - CME. O estágio permitiu ter acesso e estudar o quinto ponto dos Acordos de Paz, referente à reparação das vítimas de migração forçada provocada pelo conflito armado colombiano, ou seja, os deslocados internos. Permitiu, também, auxiliar na construção do mapeamento de oportunidades, riscos e impatos – OIR – que promoveu o entendimento entre os diferentes participantes do CME nos referidos Acordos, que têm como eixo principal e transversal a todos os pontos a reparação das vítimas. Ao longo deste trabalho efetua-se uma análise paralela entre dois casos de países que assinaram este tipo de acordos no passado, um bem e outro mal sucedido, com o fim de prever como funcionarão na Colômbia, partindo do pressuposto de que os acordos colombianos se construiram com base noutros já assinados anteriormente em diferentes pontos do globo. Realiza-se, também, uma pesquisa de campo, entrevistando vítimas do conflito, com o fim de conhecer a sua historia e perceber o seu entendimento relativamente ao proceso de reparação integral em curso.
This work is part of a master's degree in Migrations, Inter-ethnicities and Transnationalism, developed in Colombia, in the Energy Mining Committee - CME. The internship allowed access to study and understand the fifth point of the Peace Agreements, regarding the reparation of the victims of forced migration caused by the Colombian armed conflict, in other words, internally displaced persons. It also helped to build the mapping of opportunities, risks and impacts - OIR - that promoted the understanding among the different participants of the Committee in the aforementioned Agreements, which have as main axis and transversal to all points the reparation of the victims. Throughout this work a parallel analysis is carried out between two cases of countries that have signed such agreements in the past, one successful and the other unsuccessful, in order to predict how they will work in Colombia, assuming that the Colombian agreements were built on the basis of others already signed in different parts of the world. A fieldwork is also carried out, interviewing victims of the conflict, in order to know their history and understand their perception of the ongoing full reparation process given by the Agreements