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1
Auken, Sune. "Genre as Fictional Action : On the Use of Rhetorical Genres in Fiction." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling 2, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v2i3.25965.
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Artiklen er en interdisciplinær studie imellem den litterære og den retoriske genreforskning med udgangspunkt i den retoriske genreforsknings velfortjente dominans. Artiklen foreslår et samarbejde og angiver ét muligt startpunkt for samarbejdet, idet den bruger Carolyn Millers berømte begreb om genre som social handling som redskab til at analysere litterære figurers sociale handlinger gennem genre internt i fiktioner.
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Hansson, Finn. "Marx og det moderne arbejdsliv – en diskussion af arbejdsværditeoriens betydning for kritikken af arbejdslivet i den globale kapitalisme." Dansk Sociologi 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2009): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v20i2.2993.
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Den globale kapitalisme er eksplosiv i sin udvikling, og det har resulteret i, at den ofte beskrives ud fra en række nye synonymer, såsom vidensøkonomi, oplevelsesøkonomi eller kreativ økonomi. Denne artikel vil undersøge om de modsætninger og problemer, som denne nye kapitalisme skaber for lønarbejderne, kan analyseres fra en kritisk position med udgangspunkt i Marx’ økonomikritik. Begrundelsen for at vælge dette kritikperspektiv er, at den meget levedygtige globale kapitalisme viser sin dynamik gennem en eksplosiv udbredelse af vareliggørelsen af alle former for aktiviteter til alle dele af samfundet og hele kloden. Vareformens dominans gør det afgørende at fastholde, at kritiske nøgleindsigter i denne samfundsstruktur skal udvikles gennem en fornyet kritisk refleksion af den mest omfattende analyse af vareformen i et kapitalistisk samfund, og den finder vi hos Marx i Kapitalen. Marx’ analyse af kapitalismen er ikke først og fremmest en teori om økonomiens strukturering og udvikling, men en teori om magt og sociale relationer i arbejdslivet i det kapitalistiske samfund. Teorien er en formanalyse, forstået som en analyse af de former, vare- og værdiformen, som med Marx’ ord gennemtrænger og strukturerer de samfund, der er bygget op på en kapitalistisk vareøkonomi – hvorfor en kritik må sættes ind netop der.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Finn Hansson: Marx and Modern Working Life. A Discussion of the Labour Theory of Value’s Meaning for the Critique of Working Life in Global Capitalism
Global capitalism has often been described through a number of synonyms like knowledge economy, experience economy or creative economy. This article will show that this “new” capitalism is really not that new and that new problems in working life can be analyzed and understood by going back to Marx and his critique of the political economy. The key reason for going back to Marx is that his social criticism rests on a theory of the commodity and value form – and that modern capitalism has extended commoditization to all sectors of society. The aim of Marx’s social critique in Capital is to understand the roots of power and social dominance in work-life situations and its impact on the reproduction of labour power. His major tool is the theory of forms, commodity and value forms, permeating the whole capitalist society.
Key words: Capitalism, work life, critical sociology, Marxism.
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Tibbetts, Elizabeth A., Michelle L. Fearon, Ellery Wong, Zachary Y. Huang, and Robin M. Tinghitella. "Rapid juvenile hormone downregulation in subordinate wasp queens facilitates stable cooperation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1872 (February 7, 2018): 20172645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2645.
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In many cooperatively breeding animals, subordinate group members have lower reproductive capacity than dominant group members. Theory suggests subordinates may downregulate their reproductive capacity because dominants punish subordinates who maintain high fertility. However, there is little direct experimental evidence that dominants cause physiological suppression in subordinates. Here, we experimentally test how social interactions influence subordinate reproductive hormones in Polistes dominula paper wasps. Polistes dominula queens commonly found nests in cooperative groups where the dominant queen is more fertile than the subordinate queen. In this study, we randomly assigned wasps to cooperative groups, assessed dominance behaviour during group formation, then measured levels of juvenile hormone (JH), a hormone that mediates Polistes fertility. Within three hours, lowest ranking subordinates had less JH than dominants or solitary controls, indicating that group formation caused rapid JH reduction in low-ranking subordinates. In a second experiment, we measured the behavioural consequences of experimentally increasing subordinate JH. Subordinates with high JH-titres received significantly more aggression than control subordinates or subordinates from groups where the dominant's JH was increased. These results suggest that dominants aggressively punished subordinates who attempted to maintain high fertility. Low-ranked subordinates may rapidly downregulate reproductive capacity to reduce costly social interactions with dominants. Rapid modulation of subordinate reproductive physiology may be an important adaptation to facilitate the formation of stable, cooperative groups.
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Benhaiem, Sarah, Heribert Hofer, Martin Dehnhard, Janine Helms, and Marion L. East. "Sibling competition and hunger increase allostatic load in spotted hyaenas." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0040.
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Allostatis is the process of maintaining homeostatis through behavioural or physiological responses to challenges, and its cumulative energetic cost is termed allostatic load. The allostatic load hypothesis predicts that hunger and the mechanisms that establish and maintain social dominance should have a strong impact on allostatic load. In spotted hyaenas, dominance between twin siblings emerges during intense early competition for maternal milk and involves trained winner/loser effects . Conflict over access to teats declines with age as behavioural dominance conventions are established. In young litters, the allostatic load of subordinates measured in terms of faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGMCs) should be higher than that of dominants. When low milk provisioning threatens survival, hungry subordinates are more assertive, particularly when competing against a dominant sister. Dominants challenged by assertive subordinates should have allostatic loads and fGMCs above those of dominants with subordinates that adhere to dominance conventions. We show that in young litters, subordinates had significantly higher fGMCs than dominants, and dominant sisters had significantly higher fGMCs than dominant brothers. When hungry, both dominants and subordinates had significantly higher fGMCs than when fed. Our results provide evidence that hunger and sibling competition affect allostatic load in spotted hyaenas.
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Papageorgiou, Danai, and Damien R. Farine. "Shared decision-making allows subordinates to lead when dominants monopolize resources." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eaba5881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5881.
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The concepts of leadership and dominance are often conflated, with individuals high in the social hierarchy assumed to be decision-makers. Dominants can exclusively benefit from monopolizing food resources and, therefore, induce an intragroup conflict when leading their group to these resources. We demonstrate that shared decision-making reduces such conflicts by studying movement initiations of wild vulturine guineafowl, a species that forms large, stable social groups with a steep dominance hierarchy. When dominant individuals displace subordinates from monopolizable food patches, the excluded subordinates subsequently initiate collective movement. The dominants then abandon the patch to follow the direction of subordinates, contrasting with nonmonopolizable resources where no individuals are excluded, and dominant individuals contribute extensively to group decisions. Our results demonstrate the role of shared decision-making in maintaining the balance of influence within animal societies.
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Cant, M. A., S. English, H. K. Reeve, and J. Field. "Escalated conflict in a social hierarchy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1604 (August 31, 2006): 2977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3669.
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Animals that live in cooperative societies form hierarchies in which dominant individuals reap disproportionate benefits from group cooperation. The stability of these societies requires subordinates to accept their inferior status rather than engage in escalated conflict with dominants over rank. Applying the logic of animal contests to these cases predicts that escalated conflict is more likely where subordinates are reproductively suppressed, where group productivity is high, relatedness is low, and where subordinates are relatively strong. We tested these four predictions in the field on co-foundress associations of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus by inducing contests over dominance rank experimentally. Subordinates with lower levels of ovarian development, and those in larger, more productive groups, were more likely to escalate in conflict with their dominant, as predicted. Neither genetic relatedness nor relative body size had significant effects on the probability of escalation. The original dominant emerged as the winner in all except one escalated contest. The results provide the first evidence that reproductive suppression of subordinates increases the threat of escalated conflict, and hence that reproductive sharing can promote stability of the dominant–subordinate relationship.
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Ramsay, Scott M., and Laurene M. Ratcliffe. "Determinants of social rank in female black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-241.
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Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) mate assortatively by social rank. Previous field studies suggest that intrinsic characteristics of females may influence success at pairing with dominant males. Here we examined factors leading to dominance using dyads of captive unfamiliar females. The ownerintruder hypothesis predicts that prior residency determines dominantsubordinate relationships. The resource-value hypothesis suggests that social status is initially determined by need and the relationship persists through familiarity of the interactants. The resource holding potential hypothesis suggests that individuals win in dyadic contests because of intrinsic characteristics such as size or age. We tested the ownerintruder and resource-value hypotheses by allowing females prior residency in aviaries where dominance interactions subsequently occurred and by food depriving the intruders. Post-hoc comparisons of dominantsubordinate attributes tested the resource holding potential hypothesis. We found that owners were more likely to win interactions. Hungry individuals showed no competitive advantage. Dominants and subordinates did not differ in morphology or age. Our results agree with data from willow tits (Parus montanus) which show that captive females establish dominance independent of males and that prior residence plays a key role. These findings, together with field studies, suggest that assortative mating in chickadees results, at least in part, from intrasexual interactions among females.
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Field, Jeremy, and Michael A. Cant. "Social stability and helping in small animal societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0110.
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In primitively eusocial societies, all individuals can potentially reproduce independently. The key fact that we focus on in this paper is that individuals in such societies instead often queue to inherit breeding positions. Queuing leads to systematic differences in expected future fitness. We first discuss the implications this has for variation in behaviour. For example, because helpers nearer to the front of the queue have more to lose, they should work less hard to rear the dominant's offspring. However, higher rankers may be more aggressive than low rankers, even if they risk injury in the process, if aggression functions to maintain or enhance queue position. Second, we discuss how queuing rules may be enforced through hidden threats that rarely have to be carried out. In fishes, rule breakers face the threat of eviction from the group. In contrast, subordinate paper wasps are not injured or evicted during escalated challenges against the dominant, perhaps because they are more valuable to the dominant. We discuss evidence that paper-wasp dominants avoid escalated conflicts by ceding reproduction to subordinates. Queuing rules appear usually to be enforced by individuals adjacent in the queue rather than by dominants. Further manipulative studies are required to reveal mechanisms underlying queue stability and to elucidate what determines queue position in the first place.
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Gupta, Priyanshu, and Manish Thakur. "The Changing Rural-agrarian Dominance: A Conceptual Excursus." Sociological Bulletin 66, no. 1 (April 2017): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022916687062.
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Based on a review of extant literature, this article entreats for thorough-going empirical investigation of rural-agrarian dominance in the context of the fundamental transformation of the ‘village’ from the spatial habitat of the traditionally ‘dominant’ to the ‘waiting room’ for the aspiring and the despairing. 1 Against the backdrop of the cultural devaluation of agriculture as an unrewarding profession and the village as the dark underbelly of a shining India, it underlines the need to revisit the conventional political economy models of rural-agrarian dominance. We argue that the triad of caste, land and political power does not exhaust the emergent constituents of rural-agrarian dominance. The aspirational surge towards middle-classisation, even among the village dominants, has unleashed forces and processes whose ramifications have to be meticulously thought through. The three-class dominant social coalition model prevalent in the political economy literature largely fails to take into account the inherent dynamism of the village dominants and their deep-seated propensity for middle-classisation.
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Grant, James W. A., Gavin Lee, and Perry Comolli. "Dominant convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) grow faster than subordinates when fed an equal ration." Behaviour 148, no. 8 (2011): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x581747.
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AbstractPrevious studies indicate that dominant fish grow faster than subordinate fish when fed equal rations. It is unclear, however, whether this growth differential is caused by intrinsic differences related to their propensity to become dominant, or by the extrinsic effect of the social stress experienced by subordinates. We first tested whether dominant convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) grew faster than subordinates when fed an equal amount of food. Second, we tested whether the growth advantage of dominants occurred when only visual interactions were allowed between pairs of fish. Third, we randomly assigned social status to the fish to rule out the possibility that intrinsic differences between fish were responsible for both the establishment of dominance and the growth differences. In three separate experiments, dominant fish grew faster than size-matched subordinate convict cichlids, but the growth advantage of dominants was higher when there were direct interactions between fish compared to only visual interactions. Our results provide strong support for the hypothesis that the slower growth rate of subordinate fish was due to the physiological costs of stress.
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Macdonald, David W., Manuel Berdoy, and Pete Smith. "Stability of Social Status in Wild Rats: Age and the Role of Settled Dominance." Behaviour 132, no. 3-4 (1995): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00694.
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AbstractOne way of understanding the evolution of social dominance is to establish which factors determine an animal's ability to dominate conspecifics. The dynamics of dominance between 20 adult male wild rats were investigated in a multi-generational, free-breeding colony in a large outdoor enclosure. Dominance relations between the adult males were stable and organised in a near-linear hierarchy. Dyadic interactions not fitting the social hierarchy, as well as challenges by subordinates and overt aggression by dominants were rare (< 5%) and principally occurred between animals of similar social rank. The correlates of social status within the colony show, for the first time in adult small mammals, that despite the significant role of body weight on the probability of winning contests, age was the most reliable indicator of adult dominance, with the higher ranking males being older but not necessarily heavier. Age also explained the outcome of 85% of agonistic encounters between dyads, compared with 65% for weights. The proximate mechanisms of age-related dominance fit better the 'previous outcome' hypothesis than the alternative 'fighting skill' or 'site dominance' hypotheses. The stability of dominance relations and the role of age, which in stable groups is equivalent with time spent in the colony, suggest that rats remain dominant over individuals that they have beaten in the past, long after initial body weight asymmetries have disappeared. The functional significance of the acceptance of subordinate social status is consistent with the fact that dominant individuals generally could not monopolize food resources or mates.
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Wiernik, Brenton M., Michael P. Wilmot, and Jack W. Kostal. "How Data Analysis Can Dominate Interpretations of Dominant General Factors." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, no. 3 (September 2015): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.60.
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A dominant general factor (DGF) is present when a single factor accounts for the majority of reliable variance across a set of measures (Ree, Carretta, & Teachout, 2015). In the presence of a DGF, dimension scores necessarily reflect a blend of both general and specific factors. For some constructs, specific factors contain little unique reliable variance after controlling for the general factor (Reise, 2012), whereas for others, specific factors contribute a more substantial proportion of variance (e.g., Kinicki, McKee-Ryan, Schriesheim, & Carson, 2002). We agree with Ree et al. that the presence of a DGF has implications for interpreting scores. However, we argue that the conflation of general and specific factor variances has the strongest implications for understanding how constructs relate to external variables. When dimension scales contain substantial general and specific factor variance, traditional methods of data analysis will produce ambiguous or even misleading results. In this commentary, we show how several common data analytic methods, when used with data sets containing a DGF, will substantively alter conclusions.
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Rodriguez-Santiago, Mariana, Paul Nührenberg, James Derry, Oliver Deussen, Fritz A. Francisco, Linda K. Garrison, Sylvia F. Garza, Hans A. Hofmann, and Alex Jordan. "Behavioral traits that define social dominance are the same that reduce social influence in a consensus task." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 16, 2020): 18566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000158117.
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Dominant individuals are often most influential in their social groups, affecting movement, opinion, and performance across species and contexts. Yet, behavioral traits like aggression, intimidation, and coercion, which are associated with and in many cases define dominance, can be socially aversive. The traits that make dominant individuals influential in one context may therefore reduce their influence in other contexts. Here, we examine this association between dominance and influence using the cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtoni, comparing the influence of dominant and subordinate males during normal social interactions and in a more complex group consensus association task. We find that phenotypically dominant males are aggressive, socially central, and that these males have a strong influence over normal group movement, whereas subordinate males are passive, socially peripheral, and have little influence over normal movement. However, subordinate males have the greatest influence in generating group consensus during the association task. Dominant males are spatially distant and have lower signal-to-noise ratios of informative behavior in the association task, potentially interfering with their ability to generate group consensus. In contrast, subordinate males are physically close to other group members, have a high signal-to-noise ratio of informative behavior, and equivalent visual connectedness to their group as dominant males. The behavioral traits that define effective social influence are thus highly context specific and can be dissociated with social dominance. Thus, processes of hierarchical ascension in which the most aggressive, competitive, or coercive individuals rise to positions of dominance may be counterproductive in contexts where group performance is prioritized.
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Kiefer, Amy K., and Diana T. Sanchez. "Men's Sex-Dominance Inhibition: Do Men Automatically Refrain From Sexually Dominant Behavior?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33, no. 12 (December 2007): 1617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167207305856.
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Graf, R. P. "Social organization of snowshoe hares." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-066.
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Snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, showed various stereotyped agonistic behaviours in both penned and wild populations. Male hares were involved more frequently and in more intense interactions than females. Hares displayed dominance hierarchies in pens, at feeding stations in the wild, and in a completely natural situation. Males were most dominant in the winter, but females were most dominant during the summer breeding season. It is suggested that the switch in dominance occurred because of changes in the approach behaviour of males towards females. In view of the aggression exhibited by this species, further investigation of behavioural population regulation hypotheses is warranted.
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Liu, Yuk-Chien, and Detlef Groth. "Body height, social dominance and the political climate – a comment." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 74, no. 5 (June 1, 2018): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0855.
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Nesvit, Kostyantyn. "The social potential of industry as a dominant factor in achieving economic sustainability." Social and labour relations: theory and practice 9, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/slrtp.9(1).2019.06.
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The article deals with the transformation of the role of industry’s social potential as a determinant of sustainability in the new economy. It also scientifically substantiated the social sources and the functional impact factors. The large-scale and multi-vector changes accompanying the wave-like oscillations of post-industrial economies have been investigated; the leading trends in the development of the social potential of industry have been highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the social potential of industry in the context of implementing sound structural changes and capacity building of technologically intensive industries, increased human capital productivity, renewal of economic and social infrastructure, achieving general economic and social progress.
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Vaz Serrano, Jonathan, Ivar Folstad, Geir Rudolfsen, and Lars Figenschou. "Do the fastest sperm within an ejaculate swim faster in subordinate than in dominant males of Arctic char?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-097.
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Theoretical models predict that subordinate males should have higher sperm velocity to compensate for their disadvantaged mating role and because they experience sperm competition more frequently than dominant males. Differences in mean velocity between sperm of dominants and subordinates in the predicted direction are also documented for a few species, including the Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1758). Yet, this difference in mean velocity does not imply that the fastest sperm within an ejaculate, which are those most likely to fertilize eggs, swim faster in subordinates than in dominants. We studied the 5% and 10% fastest sperm cells in ejaculates of dominant and subordinate Arctic char. Before individuals attained their status, there were no differences in velocity between the fastest sperm of males that later became dominant or subordinate. Yet, after establishment of social position, subordinates showed significantly higher sperm swimming speed of the fastest cells in the first 30 s post activation (i.e., at 15, 20, and 30 s post activation). Males that became subordinates showed no change in sperm speed of the fast cells compared with those at pre-trial levels, whereas males that became dominant reduced the speed of their sperm (15 s post activation) compared with those at pre-trial levels. Our results suggest that males which attain social dominance are unable to maintain high sperm velocity, even among the small fraction of the fastest cells.
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Rubenstein, Dustin R. "Stress hormones and sociality: integrating social and environmental stressors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1612 (January 17, 2007): 967–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0051.
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In cooperatively breeding species, reproductive decisions and breeding roles may be influenced by environmental (food resources) or social factors (reproductive suppression of subordinates by dominants). Studies of glucocorticoid stress hormones in cooperatively breeding species suggest that breeding roles and hormone levels are related to the relative costs of dominance and subordination, which are driven primarily by social interactions. Few studies, however, have considered how environmental factors affect glucocorticoid levels and breeding roles in cooperative breeders, even though environmental stressors modulate seasonal glucocorticoid release and often influence breeding roles. I examined baseline and stress-induced levels of the glucocorticoid corticosterone (CORT) across 4 years in the plural breeding superb starling, Lamprotornis superbus , to determine whether (i) environmental factors (namely rainfall) directly influence breeding roles or (ii) environmental factors influence social interactions, which in turn drive breeding roles. Chronic baseline and maximal stress-induced CORT changed significantly across years as a function of pre-breeding rainfall, but dominant and subordinate individuals responded differently. Pre-breeding rainfall was also correlated directly with breeding roles. The results are most consistent with the hypothesis that environmental conditions influenced the relative costs of dominance and subordination, which in turn affected the degree and intensity of social interactions and ultimately reproductive decisions and breeding roles.
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Askeland, Gurid Aga, and Malcolm Payne. "Social work education’s cultural hegemony." International Social Work 49, no. 6 (November 2006): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872806069079.
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English Globalization presses social work education towards post-colonial oppression of local cultures by dominant cultures, deepening economic difference and dependency. Diverse, local cultures and languages may be lost in internationalized social work education. Social work educational structures must combat cultural hegemony, allowing cultural translation of materials from dominant cultures and languages. French En matière d'enseignement du travail social, la mondialisation accentue l'oppression post-coloniale des cultures locales par les cultures dominantes, accroissant ainsi les différences économiques et la dépendance. L'internationalisation de l'enseignement du service social risque d'effacer les langues et la diversité des cultures locales. Les structures d'enseignement du travail social doivent combattre l'hégémonie culturelle en assurant que les contenus véhiculés entre les cultures dominantes et les cultures locales soient adaptés. Spanish La globalización empuja a la educación del trabajo social hacia una opresión post-colonial de culturas locales, opresión ejercida por las culturas dominantes, de modo que las diferencias económicas y situación de dependencia se ahonda aun más. Es posible que en la educación internacionalizada del trabajo social se pierdan las diversas culturas locales y las lenguas. Las estructuras educativas del trabajo social deben combatir la hegemonía cultural, permitiendo la traducción cultural de los materiales provenientes de culturas y lenguas dominantes.
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SNYDER, JEFFREY K., LEE A. KIRKPATRICK, and H. CLARK BARRETT. "The dominance dilemma: Do women really prefer dominant mates?" Personal Relationships 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00208.x.
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Watkins, Christopher D., Michelle C. Quist, Finlay G. Smith, Lisa M. DeBruine, and Benedict C. Jones. "Individual Differences in Women's Perceptions of other Women's Dominance." European Journal of Personality 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.837.
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Recent research on men's dominance perception suggests that the extent to which men perceive masculine men to be more dominant than relatively feminine men is negatively correlated with measures of their own dominance. In the current studies, we investigated the relationship between indices of women's own dominance and their perceptions of other women's facial dominance. Women's own height and scores on a dominance questionnaire were negatively correlated with the extent to which they perceived masculine women to be more dominant than relatively feminine women. In follow–up studies, we observed similar individual differences when (i) women separately judged other women's social and physical dominance, suggesting that individual differences in women's dominance perceptions generalize across two different types of dominance judgment and (ii) we assessed the perceivers’ dominance indirectly by using a questionnaire that measures the extent to which women view interactions with other women in competitive terms. These findings present new evidence that the extent to which people perceive masculine individuals to be more dominant than relatively feminine individuals is negatively correlated with measures of their own dominance and suggest that competition and conflict among women may have shaped individual differences in women's dominance perception. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Habig, Bobby, and Elizabeth A. Archie. "Social status, immune response and parasitism in males: a meta-analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1669 (May 26, 2015): 20140109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0109.
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In male vertebrates, two conflicting paradigms—the energetic costs of high dominance rank and the chronic stress of low rank—have been proposed to explain patterns of immune function and parasitism. To date, neither paradigm has provided a complete explanation for status-related differences in male health. Here, we applied meta-analyses to test for correlations between male social status, immune responses and parasitism. We used an ecoimmunological framework, which proposes that males should re-allocate investment in different immune components depending on the costs of dominance or subordination. Spanning 297 analyses, from 77 studies on several vertebrate taxa, we found that most immune responses were similar between subordinate and dominant males, and neither dominant nor subordinate males consistently invested in predictable immune components. However, subordinate males displayed significantly lower delayed-type hypersensitivity and higher levels of some inflammatory cytokines than dominant males, while dominant males exhibited relatively lower immunoglobulin responses than subordinate males. Despite few differences in immunity, dominant males exhibited consistently higher parasitism than subordinate males, including protozoan blood parasites, ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths. We discuss our results in the context of the costs of dominance and subordination and advocate future work that measures both parasitism and immune responses in wild systems.
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Rehan, Sandra M., Susan J. Bulova, and Sean O''Donnell. "Cumulative Effects of Foraging Behavior and Social Dominance on Brain Development in a Facultatively Social Bee (Ceratina australensis)." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 85, no. 2 (2015): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381414.
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In social insects, both task performance (foraging) and dominance are associated with increased brain investment, particularly in the mushroom bodies. Whether and how these factors interact is unknown. Here we present data on a system where task performance and social behavior can be analyzed simultaneously: the small carpenter bee Ceratina australensis. We show that foraging and dominance have separate and combined cumulative effects on mushroom body calyx investment. Female C. australensis nest solitarily and socially in the same populations at the same time. Social colonies comprise two sisters: the social primary, which monopolizes foraging and reproduction, and the social secondary, which is neither a forager nor reproductive but rather remains at the nest as a guard. We compare the brains of solitary females that forage and reproduce but do not engage in social interactions with those of social individuals while controlling for age, reproductive status, and foraging experience. Mushroom body calyx volume was positively correlated with wing wear, a proxy for foraging experience. We also found that, although total brain volume did not vary among reproductive strategies (solitary vs. social nesters), socially dominant primaries had larger mushroom body calyx volumes (corrected for both brain and body size variation) than solitary females; socially subordinate secondaries (that are neither dominant nor foragers) had the least-developed mushroom body calyces. These data demonstrate that sociality itself does not explain mushroom body volume; however, achieving and maintaining dominance status in a group was associated with mushroom body calyx enlargement. Dominance and foraging effects were cumulative; dominant social primary foragers had larger mushroom body volumes than solitary foragers, and solitary foragers had larger mushroom body volumes than nonforaging social secondary guards. This is the first evidence for cumulative effects on brain development by dominance and task performance.
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Berger, Vérane, Jean-François Lemaître, Dominique Allainé, Jean-Michel Gaillard, and Aurélie Cohas. "Early and adult social environments have independent effects on individual fitness in a social vertebrate." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20151167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1167.
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Evidence that the social environment at critical stages of life-history shapes individual trajectories is accumulating. Previous studies have identified either current or delayed effects of social environments on fitness components, but no study has yet analysed fitness consequences of social environments at different life stages simultaneously. To fill the gap, we use an extensive dataset collected during a 24-year intensive monitoring of a population of Alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota ), a long-lived social rodent. We test whether the number of helpers in early life and over the dominance tenure length has an impact on litter size at weaning, juvenile survival, longevity and lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of dominant females. Dominant females, who were born into a group containing many helpers and experiencing a high number of accumulated helpers over dominance tenure length showed an increased LRS through an increased longevity. We provide evidence that in a wild vertebrate, both early and adult social environments influence individual fitness, acting additionally and independently. These findings demonstrate that helpers have both short- and long-term effects on dominant female Alpine marmots and that the social environment at the time of birth can play a key role in shaping individual fitness in social vertebrates.
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Faleiros, Vicente de Paula. "Lutas sociais e perspectiva histórico-crítica no serviço social latinoamericano." Libertas 19, no. 02 (December 8, 2019): 298–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/1980-8518.2019.v19.28788.
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O objeto deste artigo é a discussão sobre a relação do serviço social com a luta de classes e a reprodução do capital e das classes trabalhadoras, questionando a tese de uma linearidade nessa relação. O objetivo é de analisar o processo histórico da construção da profissão a partir de sua protoforma e de sua organização diversificada na sociedade capitalista. A metodologia pressupõe o desenvolvimento da profissão relacionado à hegemonia e à contrahegemonia dos blocos dominantes e dominados. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a questão em pauta com referências a textos icônicos sobre o contexto e influentes no serviço social de cada momento, sendo objeto de uma reflexão epistemológica. A reflexão e interpretação dos resultados apontam para uma relação profunda do serviço social com a estrutura socioeconômica e a superestrutura juridicopolítica na dinâmica das lutas de classes concernente às contradições de manutenção dos pobres, benefícios sociais e controle/legitimação por parte das classes dominantes e a organização política, a autonomia, o protagonismo das classes dominadas numa correlação de forças, embora com hegemonia do poder estabelecido.
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Craig, J. V. "Measuring Social Behavior: Social Dominance." Journal of Animal Science 62, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 1120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6241120x.
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Richards, M. H., and C. Course. "Ergonomic skew and reproductive queuing based on social and seasonal variation in foraging activity of eastern carpenter bees (Xylocopa virginica)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 8 (August 2015): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0330.
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Reproductive division of labour in social carpenter bees differs from that in classically eusocial insects because reproductive output and ergonomic inputs are positively correlated—dominant females monopolize both foraging and reproduction. We quantified ergonomic skew in the facultatively social bee Xylocopa virginica (L., 1771) (eastern carpenter bee) based on detailed observations of foraging activity by individually marked females in 2009. Unusually for a univoltine bee, this species exhibits a spring foraging phase during which females feed pollen to other adults, probably as part of behavioural interactions to establish dominance hierarchies. During brood-provisioning, foraging in social nests was dominated by one female at a time, with replacement by a succession of foragers as dominants disappeared and were succeeded by a subordinate. The principal foragers (individuals that did the largest share of foraging in each colony) did 85%–100% of all pollen trips, so contributions to pollen-provisioning by female nest mates were highly uneven. Individual foraging rate was unaffected by group size and total colony foraging effort was a function of the number of foragers per group. Transient females that moved to new nests were as successful in achieving dominant forager status as females resident in their natal nests. This evidence indicates that colony social organisation is based on reproductive queues, whereby the first-ranked bee is the dominant forager and subordinates queue for opportunities to replace her.
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Perry, Ryan, and Chris G. Sibley. "Social Dominance Orientation." Journal of Individual Differences 32, no. 2 (January 2011): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000042.
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There has been considerable debate regarding the extent to which prejudice results from individual differences versus situational factors affecting self-categorization. We provide evidence for a stable baseline level of association between one individual difference index of prejudice proneness, that of social dominance orientation (SDO), and generalized racist attitudes. Consistent with an individual difference perspective, SDO retained a baseline level of association with racism across conditions invoking ethnic versus personal identity (N = 179 European/white undergraduates). Consistent with a self-categorization theory perspective, however, this association was heightened when ethnic (vs. personal) identity was made salient prior to (but not after) the assessment of SDO. Although the salience of different social identities moderated the association between SDO and prejudice, manipulating identity salience did not entirely remove or alter the direction of the effect. This supports our argument that there exists a baseline level or individual difference component of SDO that predicts prejudice and that cannot be accounted for by the manipulation of social identification as an individual versus a member of the ethnic majority in New Zealand.
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Ho, Arnold K., Jim Sidanius, Felicia Pratto, Shana Levin, Lotte Thomsen, Nour Kteily, and Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington. "Social Dominance Orientation." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 5 (January 3, 2012): 583–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211432765.
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Toscano, Hugo, Thomas W. Schubert, Ron Dotsch, Virginia Falvello, and Alexander Todorov. "Physical Strength as a Cue to Dominance." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, no. 12 (October 7, 2016): 1603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216666266.
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We investigate both similarities and differences between dominance and strength judgments using a data-driven approach. First, we created statistical face shape models of judgments of both dominance and physical strength. The resulting faces representing dominance and strength were highly similar, and participants were at chance in discriminating faces generated by the two models. Second, although the models are highly correlated, it is possible to create a model that captures their differences. This model generates faces that vary from dominant-yet-physically weak to nondominant-yet-physically strong. Participants were able to identify the difference in strength between the physically strong-yet-nondominant faces and the physically weak-yet-dominant faces. However, this was not the case for identifying dominance. These results suggest that representations of social dominance and physical strength are highly similar, and that strength is used as a cue for dominance more than dominance is used as a cue for strength.
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Górecki, Marcin T., and Bożena Błaszczyk. "Social dominance and wheel running in females of Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0007.
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AbstractWheel running is a behaviour that has a rewarding effect on animals. There are not numerous papers investigating potential relationships between social rank and wheel running in mammals kept in groups, and the majority of published researches were conducted on male house mice (Mus musculus). The aim of our study was to investigate if social dominance and wheel running are related in female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Hamsters were kept in groups, and social position of every animal was expressed as dominance index calculated on the basis of agonistic behaviour. We found significant positive correlation between dominance index and wheel running (rs = 0.809, n = 18, P < 0.0001), thus dominants used wheel more often than subordinates. Our results are consistent with those published on male mice. In conclusion, we claim that in majority of mammals (independent of their sex) kept in groups with restricted possibility of wheel running, dominants use wheel more often (or in optimal time) than subordinates, what is consistent with the fact that dominants have priority of access to resources.
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Shi, Jiaxin, Zhansheng Chen, Xijing Wang, Fei Teng, Ying Yang, and Hao Chen. "Dominate others, hurt self: Social dominance orientation predicts depression during the COVID-19 pandemic." Personality and Individual Differences 175 (June 2021): 110710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110710.
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Larson, Earl T., and Cliff H. Summers. "Serotonin reverses dominant social status." Behavioural Brain Research 121, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00393-4.
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Meng, Xianwei, Yo Nakawake, Hiroshi Nitta, Kazuhide Hashiya, and Yusuke Moriguchi. "Space and rank: infants expect agents in higher position to be socially dominant." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1674.
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Social hierarchies exist throughout the animal kingdom, including among humans. Our daily interactions inevitably reflect social dominance relationships between individuals. How do we mentally represent such concepts? Studies show that social dominance is represented as vertical space (i.e. high = dominant) by adults and preschool children, suggesting a space-dominance representational link in social cognition. However, little is known about its early development. Here, we present experimental evidence that 12- to 16-month-old infants expect agents presented in a higher spatial position to be more socially dominant than agents in a lower spatial position. After infants repeatedly watched the higher and lower agents being presented simultaneously, they looked longer at the screen when the lower agent subsequently outcompeted the higher agent in securing a reward object, suggesting that this outcome violated their higher-is-dominant expectation. We first manipulated agents' positions by presenting them on a podium (experiment 1). Then we presented the agents on a double-decker stand to make their spatial positions directly above or below each other (experiment 2), and we replicated the results (experiment 3). This research demonstrates that infants expect spatially higher-positioned agents to be socially dominant, suggesting deep roots of the space-dominance link in ontogeny.
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Schwarz, Michael P., Simon M. Tierney, Sandra M. Rehan, Luke B. Chenoweth, and Steven J. B. Cooper. "The evolution of eusociality in allodapine bees: workers began by waiting." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (October 13, 2010): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0757.
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Understanding how sterile worker castes in social insects first evolved is one of the supreme puzzles in social evolution. Here, we show that in the bee tribe Allodapini, the earliest societies did not entail a foraging worker caste, but instead comprised females sharing a nest with supersedure of dominance. Subordinates delayed foraging until they became reproductively active, whereupon they provided food for their own brood as well as for those of previously dominant females. The earliest allodapine societies are, therefore, not consistent with an ‘evo-devo’ paradigm, where decoupling of foraging and reproductive tasks is proposed as a key early step in social evolution. Important features of these ancestral societies were insurance benefits for dominants, headstart benefits for subordinates and direct reproduction for both. The two lineages where morphologically distinct foraging worker castes evolved both occur in ecosystems with severe constraints on independent nesting and where brood rearing periods are very seasonally restricted. These conditions would have strongly curtailed dispersal options and increased the likelihood that dominance supersedure occurred after brood rearing opportunities were largely degraded. The origins of foraging castes, therefore, represented a shift towards assured fitness gains by subordinates, mediated by the dual constraints of social hierarchies and environmental harshness.
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Wantia, Jan, Marc Dätwyler, and Charlotte Hemelrijk. "Female Co-Dominance in a Virtual World: Ecological, Cognitive, Social and Sexual Causes." Behaviour 140, no. 10 (2003): 1247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903771980585.
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AbstractIn male-dominant primate species, females are sometimes dominant to some or all males of a group. In this paper, we show a number of variables that increase female dominance over males in a model called DomWorld. This model is relevant, because its results have shown to resemble those of typical egalitarian and despotic macaques. Variables that increase female co-dominance are intensity of aggression, group cohesion, a clumped distribution of food, a similar diet for the sexes and sexual attraction (by one sex to the other, but not mutually). We explain that in these cases female co-dominance increases due to more interactions between the sexes (under certain conditions), and as a consequence of all factors that increase the development of the hierarchy (i.e. a higher number of interactions, more interactions per sex, a higher intensity of aggression and a clearer spatial structure). We suggest model-guided studies of female dominance in real animals.
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Woodside, Sarah J. "Dominant logics." Social Enterprise Journal 14, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-01-2016-0001.
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Purpose Work integration social enterprises (WISEs) address the chronic unemployment of disadvantaged populations. However, WISEs face challenges, in part, because they embody both social mission and market logics which potentially contradict one another. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the founders of WISEs perceive the relationship between logics and how they manage any resulting tensions, to help determine if they are effective vehicles for alleviating unemployment. Design/methodology/approach This study used in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs in nationally recognized WISEs to assess how they perceived and managed logic tensions. Findings A total of eight out of the ten WISEs emphasized one dominant logic and did not perceive significant internal conflict. Only two cases experienced prolonged and ultimately irreconcilable tensions between their social mission and market goals, when social entrepreneurs were guided by the blended logics of providing training and services to disadvantaged populations within a for-profit legal form. Research limitations/implications Future research is required to determine the generalizability of these findings due to small sample size, an exclusive focus on the founder’s perspective and an exclusive focus on WISEs. Practical implications Findings contribute to greater understanding of logic tensions in WISEs and the opportunities and limitations that result from aligning dominant logic(s) and organizational form. Originality/value This research suggests that the founders of WISEs perceive market and social mission logics as options to be selected, and that WISEs struggle to succeed as organizations with two dominant logics. The market appears as yet unprepared to support singlehandedly organizations with a social mission of work integration.
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Young, Andrew J., and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Infanticide by subordinates influences reproductive sharing in cooperatively breeding meerkats." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (March 14, 2006): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0463.
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In cooperative animal societies, dominant females typically show higher breeding success than subordinates, and are commonly believed to control the extent of reproductive sharing. However, studies of social insect societies reveal that subordinates too can interfere with the breeding attempts of others, with important implications for the distribution of fitness within colonies. Here, we show that subordinate females in a high-skew vertebrate (the meerkat, Suricata suricatta ), also exert a substantial influence over the reproductive attempts of others. In meerkat societies, pregnant dominants are known to kill subordinate litters, but we show that pregnant subordinates also kill pups; not only those of other subordinates but the dominant's as well. Litters born to females of any rank were half as likely to survive their first 4 days if a subordinate was pregnant. However, dominant females were more likely than subordinates to give birth when no other females were pregnant, and so lost fewer litters to infanticide than subordinates. This is probably due in part to dominants employing counter-tactics to reduce the incidence of subordinate pregnancy. We discuss the broad implications of subordinates having a degree of control over reproductive sharing for future attempts to understand the distribution of reproduction in animal societies.
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Fitzpatrick, J. L., J. K. Desjardins, N. Milligan, K. A. Stiver, R. Montgomerie, and S. Balshine. "Female-mediated causes and consequences of status change in a social fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1637 (January 29, 2008): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1449.
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In highly social species, dominant individuals often monopolize reproduction, resulting in reproductive investment that is status dependent. Yet, for subordinates, who typically invest less in reproduction, social status can change and opportunities to ascend to dominant social positions are presented suddenly, requiring abrupt changes in behaviour and physiology. In this study, we examined male reproductive anatomy, physiology and behaviour following experimental manipulations of social status in the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher . This unusual fish species lives in permanent social groups composed of a dominant breeding pair and 1–20 subordinates that form a linear social dominance hierarchy. By removing male breeders, we created 18 breeding vacancies and thus provided an opportunity for subordinate males to ascend in status. Dominant females play an important role in regulating status change, as males successfully ascended to breeder status only when they were slightly larger than the female breeder in their social group. Ascending males rapidly assumed behavioural dominance, demonstrated elevated gonadal investment and androgen concentrations compared with males remaining socially subordinate. Interestingly, to increase gonadal investment ascending males appeared to temporarily restrain somatic growth. These results highlight the complex interactions between social status, reproductive physiology and group dynamics, and underscore a convergent pattern of reproductive investment among highly social, cooperative species.
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Bell, M. B. V., H. J. Nichols, J. S. Gilchrist, M. A. Cant, and S. J. Hodge. "The cost of dominance: suppressing subordinate reproduction affects the reproductive success of dominant female banded mongooses." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1728 (July 13, 2011): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1093.
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Social species show considerable variation in the extent to which dominant females suppress subordinate reproduction. Much of this variation may be influenced by the cost of active suppression to dominants, who may be selected to balance the need to maximize the resources available for their own offspring against the costs of interfering with subordinate reproduction. To date, the cost of reproductive suppression has received little attention, despite its potential to influence the outcome of conflict over the distribution of reproduction in social species. Here, we investigate possible costs of reproductive suppression in banded mongooses, where dominant females evict subordinates from their groups, thereby inducing subordinate abortion. We show that evicting subordinate females is associated with substantial costs to dominant females: pups born to females who evicted subordinates while pregnant were lighter than those born after undisturbed gestations; pups whose dependent period was disrupted by an eviction attained a lower weight at independence; and the proportion of a litter that survived to independence was reduced if there was an eviction during the dependent period. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study indicating a possible cost to dominants in attempting to suppress subordinate breeding, and we argue that much of the variation in reproductive skew both within and between social species may be influenced by adaptive variation in the effort invested in suppression by dominants.
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Øverli, Øyvind, Svante Winberg, Børge Damsård, and Malcolm Jobling. "Food intake and spontaneous swimming activity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus): role of brain serotonergic activity and social interactions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-050.
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We investigated the relationship between social interactions, brain serotonergic activity, and two behavioural patterns in juvenile Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus): feeding and spontaneous swimming activity. Dominant and subordinate individuals were observed during rearing in pairs, followed by rearing in isolation. Throughout the experiment, levels of both food intake and swimming activity remained high in dominant fish. When they were in pairs, food intake was completely inhibited in subordinate fish; thus, dominant fish were able to monopolise food. At the same time, brain serotonergic activity, as indexed by the ratio of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was elevated in the hypothalamus and brain stem of subordinate fish compared with dominants. During subsequent rearing in isolation, food intake, but not spontaneous locomotor activity, gradually increased in previously subordinate fish, while serotonergic activity fell to near that of dominants. Thus, appetite inhibition in subordinate fish can be reversed by rearing in isolation, an effect that may be related to the reversal of a stress-induced activation of brain serotonergic neurones accompanying social subordination. Reduced swimming activity is either a long-lasting response to social subordination or reflects permanently different behavioural strategies of subordinate and dominant individuals.
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Creel, Scott, Nancy MarushaCreel, and Steven L. Monfort. "Social stress and dominance." Nature 379, no. 6562 (January 1996): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379212a0.
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Cook, Jennifer Louise, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden, Cecilia M. Heyes, and Roshan Cools. "The Social Dominance Paradox." Current Biology 24, no. 23 (December 2014): 2812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.014.
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Haaker, Jan, Tanaz Molapour, and Andreas Olsson. "Conditioned social dominance threat: observation of others’ social dominance biases threat learning." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11, no. 10 (May 20, 2016): 1627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw074.
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Khoruzha, Liudmyla, and Olha Melnychenko. "ACADEMIC STAFF’S SOCIAL-PERSONAL DOMINANT ACTIVITY." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 20, 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol1.4824.
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The article deals with the social-personal competences of a modern academic staff, the content of which varies in the conditions of the modern world’s transformations. The peculiarities of such teacher competences are characterized as socio-cultural, professional and personal responsibility, leadership, and civil. The results of such formations for the academic staff of 4 countries (Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia) who are participants of the international project “High school teacher competence in change" No. 21720008 were presented. The project was carried out in 2018 with the financial support of the Visegrad Fund and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. The problem of developing socio-personal competences of academic staff’s is connected with their ability to solve complex issues in various spheres independently and other spheres of activity on the basis of the creative usage of their own, social experience, solving cognitive, philosophical, moral, and communicative tasks. The article gives recommendations for improving the socio-personal dominant activity of academic staff.
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Kunrath Silva, Marcelo, and Matheus Mazzilli Pereira. "Movimentos e contramovimentos sociais: o caráter relacional da conflitualidade social / Social movements and countermovements: The relational character of social conflict." Revista Brasileira de Sociologia - RBS 8, no. 20 (September 24, 2020): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20336/rbs.647.
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O campo de estudos de movimentos sociais tem-se caracterizado pela adoção de uma perspectiva analítica movimentocêntrica, que concentra seu foco de análise em características e processos internos aos movimentos sociais e suas organizações, bem como tem privilegiado como objetos de investigação os atores coletivos progressistas ou dominados, secundarizando a análise da mobilização coletiva de setores conservadores ou dominantes da sociedade. Desenvolvido no âmbito de perspectivas relacionais de análise dos movimentos sociais, o conceito de “contramovimentos” oferece ferramentas para superar essas lacunas, ao propor um deslocamento do foco analítico para as relações de conflito entre organizações de movimentos sociais de perfis ideológicos ou de segmentos da população distintos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar esse conceito a partir de uma revisão da literatura a respeito: a) de sua apropriação pela literatura nacional e internacional; b) dos debates teóricos em torno de sua definição e explicação; c) e das principais temáticas que têm sido investigadas empiricamente a partir desse conceito.AbstractThe literature on social movements has tended to adopt a “movement-centric” perspective, which concentrates its analytical focus on the internal characteristics and processes of social movements and their organizations. It has also tended to define as its objects of study the progressive or subaltern collective actors, neglecting the mobilization of dominant or conservative social groups. Developed under relational approaches to social movements, the concept of “countermovements” offers tools to overcome those gaps by moving the analytical focus to the contentious relations between social movement organizations of different ideological orientations or from different social groups. This paper seeks to present this concept by reviewing the literature regarding: a) its appropriation by the national and international literature; b) the theoretical debate over its definition and explanation; and c) the main topics of empirical investigation related to this concept.
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Cech, Erin A., Anneke Metz, Jessi L. Smith, and Karen deVries. "Epistemological Dominance and Social Inequality." Science, Technology, & Human Values 42, no. 5 (January 4, 2017): 743–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243916687037.
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Can epistemologies anchor processes of social inequality? In this paper, we consider how epistemological dominance in science, engineering, and health (SE&H) fields perpetuates disadvantages for students who enter higher education with alternative epistemologies. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Native American students enrolled at two US research universities who adhere to or revere indigenous epistemologies, we find that epistemological dominance in SE&H degree programs disadvantages students through three processes. First, it delegitimizes Native epistemologies and marginalizes and silences students who value them. Second, in the process of imparting these dominant scientific epistemologies, SE&H courses sometimes require students to participate in pedagogical practices that challenge indigenous ways of knowing. Third, students encounter epistemological imperialism: most students in the sample are working to earn SE&H degrees in order to return to tribal communities to “give back,” yet, because the US laws regulating the practice of SE&H extend onto tribal lands, students must earn credentials in epistemologies that devalue, delegitimate, and threaten indigenous knowledge ways to practice on tribal lands. We examine how students navigate these experiences, discuss the implications of these findings for SE&H education, and describe how epistemological dominance may serve as a mechanism of inequality reproduction more broadly.
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Senior, C., J. Barnes, R. Jenkins, S. Landau, M. L. Phillips, and A. S. David. "ATTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL DOMINANCE AND MALENESS TO SCHEMATIC FACES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.331.
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We report findings which suggest perception of ‘higher order’ attributes such as gender and social dominance are perceived from a schematic face. To investigate a large population, the first two experiments were carried out in both the traditional manner and on the Internet. Results obtained from both were not significantly different so the data sets were combined. Lowered eyebrow position was a strong indicator of both social dominance and the male gender. A schematic face with a sad mouth resulted in the face's being viewed as less dominant and less male. Eyegaze direction also was investigated and discussed in terms of dyadic influence. Evidence supported the assumption that both social dominance and the male gender are perceived through similar facial configurations on a schematic face. Limitations include the use of schematic face pairs, and the presentation of single faces in research is discussed.
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Smyth, Kendra N., Nicholas M. Caruso, Charli S. Davies, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, and Christine M. Drea. "Social and endocrine correlates of immune function in meerkats: implications for the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180435.
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Social status can mediate effects on the immune system, with profound consequences for individual health; nevertheless, most investigators of status-related disparities in free-ranging animals have used faecal parasite burdens to proxy immune function in the males of male-dominant species. We instead use direct measures of innate immune function (complement and natural antibodies) to examine status-related immunocompetence in both sexes of a female-dominant species. The meerkat is a unique model for such a study because it is a cooperatively breeding species in which status-related differences are extreme, evident in reproductive skew, morphology, behaviour, communication and physiology, including that dominant females naturally express the greatest total androgen (androstenedione plus testosterone) concentrations. We found that, relative to subordinates, dominant animals had reduced serum bacteria-killing abilities; also, relative to subordinate females, dominant females had reduced haemolytic complement activities. Irrespective of an individual's sex or social status, androstenedione concentrations (but not body condition, age or reproductive activity) negatively predicted concurrent immunocompetence. Thus, dominant meerkats of both sexes are immunocompromised. Moreover, in female meerkats, androstenedione perhaps acting directly or via local conversion, may exert a double-edged effect of promoting dominance and reproductive success at the cost of increased parasitism and reduced immune function. Given the prominent signalling of dominance in female meerkats, these findings may relate to the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH); however, our data would suggest that the endocrine mechanism underlying the ICHH need not be mediated solely by testosterone and might explain trade-offs in females, as well as in males.