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Journal articles on the topic 'Social disadvantage'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Stutzin Donoso, Francisca. "Chronic disease as risk multiplier for disadvantage." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 6 (March 6, 2018): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104321.

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This paper starts by establishing a prima facie case that disadvantaged groups or individuals are more likely to get a chronic disease and are in a disadvantaged position to adhere to chronic treatment despite access through Universal Health Coverage. However, the main aim of this paper is to explore the normative implications of this claim by examining two different but intertwined argumentative lines that might contribute to a better understanding of the ethical challenges faced by chronic disease health policy. The paper develops the argument that certain disadvantages which may predispose to illness might overlap with disadvantages that may hinder self-management, potentially becoming disadvantageous in handling chronic disease. If so, chronic diseases may be seen as disadvantages in themselves, describing a reproduction of disadvantage among the chronically ill and a vicious circle of disadvantage that could both predict and shed light on the catastrophic health outcomes among disadvantaged groups—or individuals—dealing with chronic disease.

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2

Wikström, Per-Olof H., and Kyle Treiber. "Social Disadvantage and Crime." American Behavioral Scientist 60, no. 10 (April 27, 2016): 1232–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216643134.

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3

Ryan, Chris. "Social Disadvantage and Education." Australian Economic Review 50, no. 3 (July 2017): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12233.

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4

Drukker, Marjan, Lydia Krabbendam, Ger Driessen, and Jim van Os. "Social disadvantage and schizophrenia." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, no. 8 (June 2, 2006): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0081-z.

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5

Stárek, Lukáš, and Eliška Buchtová. "Inclusion in Kindergarten, with An Aspect on Social Disadvantage." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 59 (December 15, 2020): 311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2020.59.19.

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Social disadvantage is a construct that captures various dimensions of social position, such as economic status, educational attainment, as well as ethnicity. There is considerable evidence that social disadvantage is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children (Bergin & Bergin, 2015). Nowadays, the theme of inclusion is accurate hence the issue of social disadvantages is not topic just for the pedagogy and pedagogical workers. At the same level, the authors focus on social disadvantages children in kindergartens. A challenge for intervention includes that social disadvantage is often structural in nature and, as a result, is largely impervious to change. It has been found that much of the association of low family income with adverse child development is indirect, through more proximal processes such as parental mental health and the home environment, rather than direct. Therefore, it is crucial for pedagogical workers such as teacher, teacher assistants etc., to acknowledge the sensitivity of social disadvantages which a family can face to. This chapter aims to highlights the issue of social disadvantages which can occur in kindergarten, with an emphasis on inclusion. By using the case studies the authors have found out how a status of a social disadvantage child influence a child and its family. Also, how this problematic is seen by pedagogical workers in chosen kindergarten.

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GRAHAM, PHILIP. "Social class, social disadvantage and child health." Children & Society 2, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1988.tb00322.x.

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7

Kiepal, Laura Christine, Peter J. Carrington, and Myrna Dawson. "Missing persons and social exclusion." Canadian Journal of Sociology 37, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs10114.

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Abstract The concept of social exclusion is used to explore the relationship between people and groups who are socially and economically disadvantaged and the phenomenon of going missing. Police data about missing persons are compared to census data to determine whether groups who experience family dissolution, labour market exclusion, and other forms of disadvantage and social exclusion are overrepresented among missing persons compared to the general population. The analysis shows that disadvantaged youth, women, Aboriginal people, people who are not in the labour force, unemployed people, and homeless people are all overrepresented among missing persons. People occupying the intersections of multiple high risk categories are at particularly high risk of going missing. Linking missing persons with the concept of social exclusion shows that social and economic disadvantage lead directly and indirectly to peoples’ disappearances. (133 words)

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8

Cornwell, Benjamin. "Social Disadvantage and Network Turnover." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 70, no. 1 (July 5, 2014): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu078.

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9

Viens, A. M. "Disadvantage, Social Justice and Paternalism." Public Health Ethics 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2013): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/pht002.

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10

Goodman, Elizabeth, Bruce S. McEwen, Lawrence M. Dolan, Tara Schafer-Kalkhoff, and Nancy E. Adler. "Social disadvantage and adolescent stress." Journal of Adolescent Health 37, no. 6 (December 2005): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.11.126.

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11

Mechanic, David. "Disadvantage, Inequality, And Social Policy." Health Affairs 21, no. 2 (March 2002): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.48.

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12

Luchins, Daniel. "Psychiatric Treatment of Social Disadvantage." Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 36, no. 1 (October 31, 2008): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10488-008-0193-8.

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13

Brown, Christopher, and Hyung Shik Kim. "Social Work and Disadvantage: Developing an Analysis of Disadvantage To Inform Social Work Practice." International Social Work 28, no. 2 (April 1985): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087288502800204.

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14

York Cornwell, Erin, and Rachel L. Behler. "Urbanism, Neighborhood Context, and Social Networks." City & Community 14, no. 3 (September 2015): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12124.

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Theories of urbanism suggest that the urban context erodes individuals’ strong social ties with friends and family. Recent research has narrowed focus to the neighborhood context, emphasizing how localized structural disadvantage affects community–level cohesion and social capital. In this paper, we argue that neighborhood context also shapes social ties with friends and family—particularly for community–dwelling seniors. We hypothesize that neighborhood disadvantage, residential instability, and disorder restrict residents’ abilities to cultivate close relationships with friends and family, regardless of whether they live in the same neighborhood. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we find that older adults who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods have smaller social networks. Neighborhood disadvantage is also associated with fewer close network ties and less frequent interaction—but only among men. Residents of disordered neighborhoods have both smaller networks and weaker ties. We urge scholars to pay greater attention to how neighborhood context contributes to disparities in network–based access to resources.

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15

Sharp, Gregory. "Eclipsing Community? Neighborhood Disadvantage, Social Mechanisms, and Neighborly Attitudes and Behaviors." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12327.

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This study investigates how objective neighborhood characteristics influence attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of community social organization. Grounded in ecological and neighborhood effects traditions, I extend prior inquiries by adjudicating the social mechanisms that link neighborhood disadvantage with residents’ satisfaction and neighboring. Results from longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey indicate that the neighborhood disadvantage perspective garners support when considering neighborhood satisfaction, while the systemic model marshals support for informal neighboring. Consistent with the local danger model, experiencing fearful feelings toward the neighborhood is detrimental to both satisfaction and neighboring. In addition, a cumulative disadvantage effect exists whereby individuals who live in highly disadvantaged areas and perceive the neighborhood as dangerous exhibit the highest levels of dissatisfaction. Having friendship ties living nearby buffers the impact of fear on neighborhood satisfaction, while being socially isolated exacerbates feelings of local danger. These findings suggest that community investment initiatives could mitigate the factors contributing to disadvantaged neighborhoods and foster local satisfaction and engagement as a result.

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16

Prince, Dana M., Anita Rocha, and Paula S. Nurius. "Multiple Disadvantage and Discrimination: Implications for Adolescent Health and Education." Social Work Research 42, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svy016.

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Abstract Multiply disadvantaged youths exhibit worse health and academic success than their less disadvantaged peers, possibly due to greater exposure to social status–based discrimination. Models that capture the additive burden of disadvantage in tandem with multiple forms of discrimination are needed to explicate the unique and combined impact of these factors on adolescent health and academic outcomes. In addition, protective factors like positive family and peer relationships may attenuate these relationships. This study used data from the Beyond High School Study (N = 9,658), which looked at the transition to adulthood among senior class cohorts from 12 high schools in western Washington state, to investigate the influence of multiple disadvantage, four types of discrimination, and protective resources on student physical and mental health and school grades. Results show that both increased multiple disadvantage statuses and experienced discrimination are associated with decrements across outcomes; however, effects are attenuated when protective resources are considered. Yet, as disadvantages mount, the buffering effect of peer and family resources are dampened. No interaction was found between experienced discrimination and protective resources on outcomes.

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17

German, Danielle, and Carl A. Latkin. "Social Stability and Health: Exploring Multidimensional Social Disadvantage." Journal of Urban Health 89, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9625-y.

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18

Ainsworth, Frank. "The social and economic origins of child abuse and neglect." Children Australia 45, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.36.

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AbstractThis commentary aims to start a debate about various dimensions of social disadvantage and the relationship to child abuse and neglect (CAN). These dimensions include poverty, educational attainment, employment status, sub-standard housing, disadvantaged neighbourhoods and social isolation from family. Other aspects such as mental health issues, domestic violence and substance misuse are compounding factors that are critical influences on the relationship between disadvantage and CAN. New South Wales is used as the exemplar Australian state.

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19

valentine, kylie. "Complex Needs and Wicked Problems: How Social Disadvantage Became Multiple." Social Policy and Society 15, no. 2 (July 3, 2015): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746415000342.

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This article traces changes in the descriptions of entrenched social disadvantage, and changes in the way that social description is conceptualised and measured. The article is also an analysis of the importance of categories and categorisation to social policy research; an importance which is recognised relatively rarely. Its focus is on the growing importance of multiplicity as a mode for measuring and conceptualising disadvantage. It argues that multiplicity has become important in social policy, and traces distinct trends in research and policy over the last half-century, and their convergence at particular moments. The rise of multiplicity as a trope for understanding social disadvantage has the effect of rendering social problems as more ‘wicked’ and intractable than they were previously understood to be. The strengths of this are in the sophistication of theoretical, multidisciplinary conceptualisations of disadvantage and the disadvantaged. There may be costs to this, however, in policy responses to addressing people's needs.

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20

Thomas, Brian. "Expanding Social Justice: Exploring Connections Between Immigration and Indigeneity." Southern Journal of Canadian Studies 6 (September 15, 2015): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/sjcs.v6i1.315.

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Most discussions of group--‐differentiated disadvantage seek to explain its covert and overt nature through the experiences of dominant groups and their relations to subordinate groups. This is a vertical approach to social injustice. Instead of taking this approach, I take a horizontal approach that seeks to determine whether there are logics that produce disadvantage that are invisible to the vertical understandings of socially constructed group--‐ differentiated disadvantage. To this end, I critically consider the relationships between disadvantaged groups by reflecting on the experiences of Black Canadians and Canadian Aboriginals. Their experiences reveal the underbelly of Canadian multiculturalism and of discourses of membership and belonging. I explore the ways in which these groups have potentially complex and conflicting modes of injustice that elicit potentially conflicting and complex prescriptions. Recognizing this has the potential to facilitate a finer--‐grained sensitivity to the description and potential amelioration of group--‐differentiated disadvantage and to problematize discourses of membership and belonging in their instantiation in current Canadian practices, norms, and governing arrangements.

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21

Lei, Man-Kit, Ronald L. Simons, Mary Bond Edmond, Leslie Gordon Simons, and Carolyn E. Cutrona. "The effect of neighborhood disadvantage, social ties, and genetic variation on the antisocial behavior of African American women: A multilevel analysis." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt1 (April 8, 2014): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000200.

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AbstractSocial disorganization theory posits that individuals who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than are those who live in advantaged neighborhoods and that neighborhood disadvantage asserts this effect through its disruptive impact on social ties. Past research on this framework has been limited in two respects. First, most studies have concentrated on adolescent males. In contrast, the present study focused on a sample of adult African American females. Second, past research has largely ignored individual-level factors that might explain why people who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods often do not engage in antisocial behavior. We investigated the extent to which genetic variation contributes to heterogeneity of response to neighborhood conditions. We found that the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by neighborhood social ties. Further, the analysis indicated that the effects of neighborhood disadvantage and social ties on antisocial behavior were moderated by genetic polymorphisms. Examination of these moderating effects provided support for the differential susceptibility model of Gene × Environment. The effect of Gene × Neighborhood Disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by the effect of Gene × Neighborhood Social Ties, providing support for an expanded view of social disorganization theory.

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22

Bauman, L. J. "Cumulative Social Disadvantage and Child Health." PEDIATRICS 117, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 1321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1647.

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23

Punt, J. "Paul, military imagery and social disadvantage." Acta Theologica 23, no. 1 (October 17, 2016): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/actat.v23i1s.10.

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24

Reading, Richard. "Social disadvantage and infection in childhood." Sociology of Health & Illness 19, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.1997.tb00410.x.

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25

Reading, Richard, and Shirley Reynolds. "Debt, social disadvantage and maternal depression." Social Science & Medicine 53, no. 4 (August 2001): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00347-6.

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26

Currie, Graham. "Australian Urban Transport and Social Disadvantage." Australian Economic Review 42, no. 2 (June 2009): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2009.00549.x.

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27

Reading, Richard. "Social Disadvantage and Infection in Childhood." Sociology of Health & Illness 19, no. 4 (September 1997): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00060.

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28

Reading, Richard. "Social disadvantage and infection in childhood." Sociology of Health and Illness 19, no. 4 (September 1997): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10935449.

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29

Alam, Mohd Sanjeer. "Social Exclusion of Muslims in India and Deficient Debates about Affirmative Action." South Asia Research 30, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272800903000103.

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Many nations today grapple with problems of social exclusion along ethno-religious lines and face demands for some kind of affirmative action by disadvantaged ethnic, racial and religious groups. In India, caste inequalities among Hindus have long been recognised and substantive measures for redressing disadvantages of lower castes have been in place for decades. Since India’s Muslims, too, are faced with various types of social exclusion, there have been ongoing debates about the necessity of state intervention in the form of affirmative action for Muslims. The article interrogates various strands of this debate. While relative socio-economic disadvantages among Muslims cannot be denied, how Muslims are currently presented as a marginalised and excluded community is shown to be too simplistic and actually leads to isolation. In view of the multi-dimensional nature of group disadvantage for Muslims, particularly spatial patterns observable across India, more careful understanding is needed to develop effective affirmative action policies. While deeply flawed reasoning grounds prevailing current arguments in favour of separate affirmative action for Muslims, the article suggests that the aim should be to achieve better development for all disadvantaged people from all communities in any particular space.

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30

Wherry, Frederick F. "SSHA Presidential Address: The Pathways to Disadvantage." Social Science History 44, no. 1 (2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.47.

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ABSTRACTMy presidential address identifies the pathways to disadvantage that complicate our understanding of purposive action. The article explains that (1) first, deception can deepen inequality; (2) disadvantages can emerge in midcourse, as new and unanticipated distributions of resources, sanctions, and opportunities unfold during the course of action; (3) the rules targeting one area of social life can disadvantage groups of people in other areas; and (4) disadvantaging policies can emerge through isomorphism (isomorphic disadvantage), sometimes by virtue of what other policy commissions across the globe are doing about the same social problem. Finally, (5) when there is an unlucky turn of events that leads to a deepening of disadvantage, its consequences depend on more than mere chance to make those disadvantages durable. My article concludes with a brief discussion of the implications for reparations and repair. While these pathways may not be exhaustive, they systematize the sociological intuition that things are not as they appear. And although my discussion of repair is brief, it gestures toward the possibilities that the past offers for understanding the process and the rules of remedy.

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31

Andersen, Signe Hald, Leah S. Richmond-Rakerd, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Avshalom Caspi. "Nationwide evidence that education disrupts the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 31 (July 26, 2021): e2103896118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103896118.

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Despite overall improvements in health and living standards in the Western world, health and social disadvantages persist across generations. Using nationwide administrative databases linked for 2.1 million Danish citizens, we leveraged a three-generation approach to test whether multiple, different health and social disadvantages—poor physical health, poor mental health, social welfare dependency, criminal offending, and Child Protective Services involvement—were transmitted within families and whether education disrupted these statistical associations. Health and social disadvantages concentrated, aggregated, and accumulated within a small, high-need segment of families: Adults who relied disproportionately on multiple, different health and social services tended to have parents who relied disproportionately on multiple, different health and social services and tended to have children who evidenced risk for disadvantage at an early age, through appearance in protective services records. Intra- and intergenerational comparisons were consistent with the possibility that education disrupted this transmission. Within families, siblings who obtained more education were at a reduced risk for later-life disadvantage compared with their cosiblings who obtained less education, despite shared family background. Supporting the education potential of the most vulnerable citizens might mitigate the multigenerational transmission of multiple disadvantages and reduce health and social disparities.

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32

Bottrell, Dorothy. "Dealing With Disadvantage." Youth & Society 40, no. 4 (November 21, 2008): 476–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x08327518.

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33

Durand, Jorge, Douglas S. Massey, and Karen A. Pren. "Double Disadvantage." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 666, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216643507.

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From 1988 to 2008, the United States’ undocumented population grew from 2 million to 12 million persons. It has since stabilized at around 11 million, a majority of whom are Mexican. As of this writing, some 60 percent of all Mexican immigrants in the United States are in the country illegally. This article analyzes the effect of being undocumented on sector of employment and wages earned in the United States. We show that illegal migrants are disproportionately channeled into the secondary labor market, where they experience a double disadvantage, earning systematically lower wages by virtue of working in the secondary sector and receiving an additional economic penalty because they are undocumented. Mexican immigrants, in particular, experienced a substantial decline in real wages between 1970 and 2010 attributable to their rising share of undocumented migrants in U.S. labor markets during a time when undocumented hiring was criminalized.

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34

Angus, Lawrence, Ilana Snyder, and Wendy Sutherland-Smith. "Families, Cultural Resources and the Digital Divide: ICTs and Educational (dis)Advantage." Australian Journal of Education 47, no. 1 (April 2003): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494410304700103.

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By concentrating on cases of family engagement with information communication technologies at a very local level, this paper tries to illustrate that issues related to ‘access’ and social disadvantage require extremely sophisticated and textured accounts of the multiple ways in which interrelated critical elements and various social, economic and cultural dimensions of disadvantage come into play in different contexts. Indeed, to draw a simple dichotomy between the technology haves and have-nots in local settings is not particularly generative. It may be the case that, even when people from disadvantaged backgrounds manage to gain access to technology, they remain relatively disadvantaged.

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35

Forrest, Jim, Kevin McCracken, and Pete Whitecross. "Jarman 8: An index of social disadvantage." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 3, no. 3 (1992): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb92015.

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36

Geronimus, Arline T. "Teenage Childbearing and Social Disadvantage: Unprotected Discourse." Family Relations 41, no. 2 (April 1992): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/584840.

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37

Dodd, Barbara. "Language and Social Disadvantage: Theory into Practice." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 44, no. 3 (January 2009): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701797473.

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38

Saunders, Peter, Hung Wong, and Wo Ping Wong. "Signposting disadvantage – social exclusion in Hong Kong." Journal of Asian Public Policy 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2013.873338.

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39

Saunders, Peter, and Hung Wong. "Poverty and social disadvantage in Hong Kong." Social Policy & Administration 53, no. 6 (October 17, 2019): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spol.12537.

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40

Crews, Deidra C., and Yoshio N. Hall. "Social Disadvantage: Perpetual Origin of Kidney Disease." Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 22, no. 1 (January 2015): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2014.11.003.

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41

Kopel, Lianne S., Wanda Phipatanakul, and Jonathan M. Gaffin. "Social Disadvantage and Asthma Control in Children." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 15, no. 3 (September 2014): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2014.04.017.

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42

Krishnan, Lilavati. "Social Exclusion, Mental Health, Disadvantage and Injustice." Psychology and Developing Societies 27, no. 2 (September 2015): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333615594053.

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43

Cameron, Helen L. "Social Disadvantage and Families with Young Children." Journal of Family Studies 11, no. 2 (October 2005): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jfs.327.11.2.297.

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44

Hicken, Margaret T., Sara D. Adar, Anjum Hajat, Kiarri N. Kershaw, D. Phuong Do, R. Graham Barr, Joel D. Kaufman, and Ana V. Diez Roux. "Air Pollution, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Social Disadvantage." Epidemiology 27, no. 1 (January 2016): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000367.

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45

Bryan, Brielle. "Paternal Incarceration and Adolescent Social Network Disadvantage." Demography 54, no. 4 (July 12, 2017): 1477–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0589-8.

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46

Reid, Jo-Anne. "Rural education practice and policy in marginalised communities:Teaching and learning on the edge." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 27, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v27i1.111.

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In this paper I focus on the problems that face (teacher) education policy and practice in meeting the challenge of â€˜persistent and entrenched locational disadvantageâ€™ in marginal communities.Â In Dropping off the Edge 2015, Tony Vinson and colleagues (2015) clearly demonstrate that complex and entrenched disadvantage has continued to characterise a number of Australian communities, with few signs of improvement in the past 15 years. A very high proportion of these disadvantaged localities are in rural areas, and they pose an enormous challenge to policy makers and service providers, as well as to the people who live in the communities themselves.Â In such contexts, education is both crucially important and inexorably difficult.Â Agreeing with Vinson, Rawshtorne, Beavis and Ericson, that we need to understand locational disadvantage as a wicked problem for a social equity agenda (2015), I argue that the concept of Rural Social Space (Reid et al., 2010) provides a useful and coherent theoretical resource for understanding and addressing this problem, and rethinking the idea of community in ways that are necessary for change to occur. Using an exemplary case of one locality identified by Vinson as threatened with â€˜dropping off the edgeâ€™, I examine what a wicked problem looks like for social equity in this particular rural social space, and how it calls into question some of our most cherished assumptions about rural communities and rural schooling.Â The example allows consideration of the kind of policy and practice responses that may be necessary if the problem of educational disadvantage in rural locations is to be adequately addressed.

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47

Goldfeld, Sharon, Meredith O’Connor, Dan Cloney, Sarah Gray, Gerry Redmond, Hannah Badland, Katrina Williams, et al. "Understanding child disadvantage from a social determinants perspective." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 3 (December 20, 2017): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209036.

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BackgroundChild health and developmental inequities exist in all countries. Comprehensive and robust concepts of disadvantage are fundamental to growing an evidence base that can reveal the extent of inequities in childhood, and identify modifiable leverage points for change. We conceptualise and test a multidimensional framework of child disadvantage aligned to a social determinants and bioecological perspective.MethodsThe Longitudinal Study of Australian Children is a nationally representative sample of two cohorts of Australian children, including the birth cohort of 5107 infants, which commenced in May 2004. The analysis focused on disadvantage indicators collected at age 4–5 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test a theoretically informed model of disadvantage. Concurrent validity was examined through associations with academic performance at 8–9 years.ResultsThe model comprising four latent factors of sociodemographic (10 indicators), geographical environments (three indicators), health conditions (three indicators) and risk factors (14 indicators) was found to provide a better fit for the data than alternative models. Each factor was associated with academic performance, providing evidence of concurrent validity.ConclusionThe study provides a theoretically informed and empirically tested framework for operationalising relative child disadvantage. Understanding and addressing inequities will be facilitated by capturing the complexity of children’s experiences of disadvantage across the multiple environments in which their development unfolds.

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48

Mericle, Amy A., Lee A. Kaskutas, Doug L. Polcin, and Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe. "Independent and Interactive Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Social Network Characteristics on Problem Drinking After Treatment." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.1.1.

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Socioecological approaches to public health problems like addiction emphasize the importance of person-environment interactions. Neighborhood and social network characteristics may influence the likelihood of relapse among individuals in recovery, but these factors have been understudied, particularly with respect to conceptualizing social network characteristics as moderators of neighborhood disadvantage. Drawing from a larger prospective study of individuals recruited from outpatient treatment (N = 451) and interviewed 1, 3, 5, and 7 years later, the aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of neighborhood and social network characteristics on continued problem drinking after treatment. Models using generalized estimating equations controlling for demographic and other risk factors found the number of heavy drinkers in one's network increases risk of relapse, with the effects being significantly stronger among those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods than among those in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. No independent effects were found for neighborhood disadvantage or for the number of network members supporting reduced drinking. Future research is needed to examine potential protective factors in neighborhoods which may offset socioeconomic disadvantage as well as to investigate the functions that network members serve in helping to improve long-term treatment outcomes.

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Bridger, Emma, and Michael Daly. "Cognitive ability as a moderator of the association between social disadvantage and psychological distress: evidence from a population-based sample." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 09 (August 24, 2018): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002118.

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AbstractBackgroundSocial disadvantage consistently predicts both self-reported distress and clinically diagnosed disorders such as depression. Yet, many individuals who are exposed to disadvantage do not report high levels of distress. This study extends our recent work showing that high cognitive ability may protect against the negative health consequences of exposure to disadvantaged backgrounds. We test whether this ‘buffer effect’ exists across clinically relevant indices of mental health in a population-representative sample.MethodsIn total, 27 985 participants were drawn from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society). Clinical diagnoses of depression and clinically relevant measures of psychological distress [i.e. Short Form-12 (SF-12) Mental Component, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)] and trait neuroticism were assessed. Cognitive ability was derived from performance on word recall, verbal fluency and numerical ability tasks. Early-life disadvantage was gauged using family background measures assessing parental education and occupation at age 14.ResultsBackground disadvantage predicted increased levels of reported psychological distress and neuroticism. These associations were moderated by cognitive ability. Across all available mental health measures, the negative association between early-life disadvantage and poor adult mental health was strongest at low (−1 s.d.) cognitive ability and was no longer evident at high (+1 s.d.) levels of cognitive ability.ConclusionsThe results provide support for a cognitive buffering hypothesis linking high cognitive ability to a decrease in the magnitude of the social gradient in mental health. Those disadvantaged by both low socioeconomic status and low cognitive ability may benefit from targeted prevention and treatment programmes aiming to reduce socioeconomic disparities in mental health.

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Park, Sojung, BoRin Kim, and Yoonsun Han. "Differential Aging in Place and Depressive Symptoms: Interplay Among Time, Income, and Senior Housing." Research on Aging 40, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027517697106.

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Objective: We examined cumulative and differential experiences of aging in place. Method: Data came from the 2002 and 2010 wave of the Health Retirement Study. We modeled the trajectory of later-life depressive symptoms, and how senior-housing environments moderate the negative association between economic disadvantages and depressive symptoms. Results: At baseline, economically disadvantaged older adults were more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms. However, detrimental effects of income group (non-low income vs. moderate income; non-low income vs. low income) on depressive symptoms did not significantly change over time. The age-leveler hypothesis may account for nonsignificant effects of disadvantaged income groups over time. Discussion: Findings suggest that moderate-income seniors may experience positive differentials if they age in place in a supportive senior-housing environment. Moderate-income seniors may have broader opportunities in senior housing compared to private-home peers. Senior housing might partially counter risks such as low mental health, emerging from life-course disadvantage.

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