Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social disadvantage

Academic literature on the topic 'Social disadvantage'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Social disadvantage"

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Stutzin Donoso, Francisca. "Chronic disease as risk multiplier for disadvantage." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 6 (March 6, 2018): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104321.

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This paper starts by establishing a prima facie case that disadvantaged groups or individuals are more likely to get a chronic disease and are in a disadvantaged position to adhere to chronic treatment despite access through Universal Health Coverage. However, the main aim of this paper is to explore the normative implications of this claim by examining two different but intertwined argumentative lines that might contribute to a better understanding of the ethical challenges faced by chronic disease health policy. The paper develops the argument that certain disadvantages which may predispose to illness might overlap with disadvantages that may hinder self-management, potentially becoming disadvantageous in handling chronic disease. If so, chronic diseases may be seen as disadvantages in themselves, describing a reproduction of disadvantage among the chronically ill and a vicious circle of disadvantage that could both predict and shed light on the catastrophic health outcomes among disadvantaged groups—or individuals—dealing with chronic disease.
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Wikström, Per-Olof H., and Kyle Treiber. "Social Disadvantage and Crime." American Behavioral Scientist 60, no. 10 (April 27, 2016): 1232–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216643134.

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Ryan, Chris. "Social Disadvantage and Education." Australian Economic Review 50, no. 3 (July 2017): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12233.

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Drukker, Marjan, Lydia Krabbendam, Ger Driessen, and Jim van Os. "Social disadvantage and schizophrenia." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, no. 8 (June 2, 2006): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0081-z.

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Stárek, Lukáš, and Eliška Buchtová. "Inclusion in Kindergarten, with An Aspect on Social Disadvantage." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 59 (December 15, 2020): 311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2020.59.19.

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Social disadvantage is a construct that captures various dimensions of social position, such as economic status, educational attainment, as well as ethnicity. There is considerable evidence that social disadvantage is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children (Bergin & Bergin, 2015). Nowadays, the theme of inclusion is accurate hence the issue of social disadvantages is not topic just for the pedagogy and pedagogical workers. At the same level, the authors focus on social disadvantages children in kindergartens. A challenge for intervention includes that social disadvantage is often structural in nature and, as a result, is largely impervious to change. It has been found that much of the association of low family income with adverse child development is indirect, through more proximal processes such as parental mental health and the home environment, rather than direct. Therefore, it is crucial for pedagogical workers such as teacher, teacher assistants etc., to acknowledge the sensitivity of social disadvantages which a family can face to. This chapter aims to highlights the issue of social disadvantages which can occur in kindergarten, with an emphasis on inclusion. By using the case studies the authors have found out how a status of a social disadvantage child influence a child and its family. Also, how this problematic is seen by pedagogical workers in chosen kindergarten.
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GRAHAM, PHILIP. "Social class, social disadvantage and child health." Children & Society 2, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1988.tb00322.x.

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Kiepal, Laura Christine, Peter J. Carrington, and Myrna Dawson. "Missing persons and social exclusion." Canadian Journal of Sociology 37, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs10114.

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Abstract The concept of social exclusion is used to explore the relationship between people and groups who are socially and economically disadvantaged and the phenomenon of going missing. Police data about missing persons are compared to census data to determine whether groups who experience family dissolution, labour market exclusion, and other forms of disadvantage and social exclusion are overrepresented among missing persons compared to the general population. The analysis shows that disadvantaged youth, women, Aboriginal people, people who are not in the labour force, unemployed people, and homeless people are all overrepresented among missing persons. People occupying the intersections of multiple high risk categories are at particularly high risk of going missing. Linking missing persons with the concept of social exclusion shows that social and economic disadvantage lead directly and indirectly to peoples’ disappearances. (133 words)
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Cornwell, Benjamin. "Social Disadvantage and Network Turnover." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 70, no. 1 (July 5, 2014): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu078.

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Viens, A. M. "Disadvantage, Social Justice and Paternalism." Public Health Ethics 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2013): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/pht002.

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Goodman, Elizabeth, Bruce S. McEwen, Lawrence M. Dolan, Tara Schafer-Kalkhoff, and Nancy E. Adler. "Social disadvantage and adolescent stress." Journal of Adolescent Health 37, no. 6 (December 2005): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.11.126.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social disadvantage"

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Maxwell, Karen J. "Fatherhood in the context of social disadvantage : constructions of fatherhood and attitudes towards parenting interventions of disadvantaged men in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9101/.

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Background: Research on men’s constructions of fatherhood has proliferated over the last three decades, but most studies have focused on middle-class men. There is a need for more research exploring how disadvantaged men conceptualise good fatherhood and relate to changing societal ideals of fatherhood. In addition, parenting interventions are particularly targeted at disadvantaged parents but little is known about how disadvantaged fathers feel about being targeted, and how best to engage them. This study set out to explore disadvantaged UK men’s constructions of fatherhood and attitudes towards parenting interventions. The THRIVE trial taking place in Glasgow, evaluating two antenatal parenting interventions for vulnerable parents, offered an opportunity to investigate these issues. Methods: Thirty-six fathers or fathers-to-be (aged 15-51) were recruited through their partner’s participation in the THRIVE trial or through community organisations working with families in economically-deprived areas. Men participated in in-depth interviews, incorporating elements of repertory grids method. Interviews focused on the men’s upbringings, current circumstances, understandings of good fatherhood, and attitudes towards parenting interventions. Findings: Socially-disadvantaged men’s constructions of good fatherhood were complex and multi-faceted. Men drew on multiple discourses in constructing fathering identities which combined ideas about ‘involved’ fathering with more ‘traditional’ ideas around provision, protection and responsibility. In doing so, these men worked hard to align themselves with socially-acceptable discourses of good fatherhood, demonstrating their awareness of, and engagement with, societally-dominant discourses of modern-day fatherhood. Barriers to the men enacting their visions of good fatherhood centred around: the legacy of their upbringings; difficult relationships with partners and ex-partners; desire to demonstrate an acceptable masculinity; and their disadvantaged circumstances, including the instability of their lives and lack of work. The majority of these men displayed positive attitudes towards attending a parenting intervention. Factors affecting their intentions to attend included: desire to support their partner and feel involved in her pregnancy, perceiving benefits for themselves and their partners, and the belief that the interventions were relevant and appropriate to their needs. Potential barriers were: fear of public scrutiny, perceived lack of information, perceived lack of ‘need’, and notions of acceptable masculinity. Conclusions: Findings suggest that disadvantaged men held normative ideas about good fatherhood but that there were significant challenges facing them in living up to these ideals. Parenting interventions targeting disadvantaged fathers should therefore: capitalise on men’s excitement and commitment to partner and baby in the antenatal period; emphasize the relevance of content to the needs of disadvantaged men; and bear in mind potential barriers such as perceived lack of ‘need’, overcoming social anxieties, and notions of acceptable masculinity.
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Warner, Steven. "Liberalism, disadvantage and deliberation : the search for solutions to social injustice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363781.

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Michael, Domna. "Educational disadvantage, triligualism and social change: the Pomaks of Greek Thrace." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417612.

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Tuck, Victor David. "Links between social deprivation and harm to children : a study of parenting in social disadvantage." Thesis, n.p, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Hutchings, Judy. "The personal and parental characteristics of preschool children referred to a child and family mental health service and their relation to treatment outcome." Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-personal-and-parental-characteristics-of-preschool-children-referred-to-a-child-and-family-mental-health-service-and-their-relation-to-treatment-outcome(bd60508c-5b03-4c6c-91ba-e74c45cfd081).html.

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Pell, Christopher W. "Neighborhood Social Interaction in Public Housing Relocation." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/67.

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Nationwide, housing authorities demolish public housing communities and relocate the existing residents in an attempt to create more favorable neighborhood environments and to promote safer and more efficacious social interactions for public housing residents. Yet, studies of public housing relocation do not find strong evidence of beneficial social interaction occurring between relocated residents and new neighbors. Despite increased safety and relative increase in neighborhood economic standing, studies find relocated residents socialize outside of their new neighborhoods or else limit existing neighborhood interactions as compared to living in public housing communities. This raises the question of why relocated residents either do or do not choose to interact with their new neighbors within their new residential settings. In an effort to answer this question, I have conducted a study focused on neighborhood social interactions using public housing residents relocated from six of Atlanta, Georgia’s public housing communities. As a backdrop to the study, I present relevant literature concerning both the study of neighborhoods and the study of prior relocation endeavors. I argue that neighborhoods do provide important social landscapes for attempting to benefit public housing residents, though more research and a different framework of analysis are needed in order to manifest theorized outcomes of relocation for all residents involved. I then employ the use of both quantitative survey data from 248 relocated residents and qualitative in-depth interview data from 40 relocated residents to provide further insight into social interaction patterns after relocation from Atlanta’s public housing. This research finds that prior to relocation residents in public housing communities differed in terms of their ideal zones of action and preferred levels of inclusion and engagement in the neighborhood setting and in terms of their surrounding community scene. By examining these different ideal-types of residents in detail, I argue that prior to moving the residents, a better fit between resident and neighborhood can be constructed by housing authorities such that more beneficial social interaction outcomes can be achieved overall in the relocation process.
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Vlahiotis, Anna. "Distance and disparity social disadvantage and the distribution of hazardous waste in America /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6269.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 15, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Davidson, Gillian Moffat. "Poverty amidst plenty : a study of disadvantage, vulnerability and social exclusion in Singapore." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366394.

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Lawson, Suzanne. "Addressing Complex Problems: Spatial Targeting, Disadvantage and Urban Governance in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366655.

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Over the past 20 years governments in Australia have been experimenting with spatial targeting as a way to address disadvantage. Spatially targeted programs are distinct from traditional functional programs in that they are geographically based and focus on working with communities and across governments to address multiple problems at the local level. In this context NSW and Queensland stand out as two states that adopted explicit spatial responses to urban disadvantage in the form of place management programs. Place management programs were cast as innovative attempts to address concentrated disadvantage in discrete local communities. Why these two states adopted spatial targeting is the central question of this research. The research uses in-depth case study analysis of place management programs in Western Sydney and Brisbane to uncover the multiple factors that led to this form of spatial targeting. Analysis of the decision-making and implementation process for these programs provides insights about the policy process in Australia and the prospects for spatial targeting to tackle complex social policy issues. Place management programs are comparable with examples of spatial targeting in other Western democracies, for example area-based initiatives in the UK. Area-based initiatives sought to address the concentrated disadvantage that arose from restructuring and deindustrialisation, with targeted intensive interventions in local areas. Drawing on the international literature, this research extends the concept of spatial targeting by applying it to the Australian case. Whilst some of the international features are identifiable here, other aspects of spatial targeting are unique to the Australian institutional context. In this thesis it is argued that from the 1980s onwards, economic restructuring and urban redevelopment in Australian cities contributed to the emergence of complex problems. Existing governance arrangements were unable to respond to these problems and the capacity of the service system was undermined by increasing demand as well as public sector reforms and changing welfare policy. Spatially targeted programs were seen as a new way to respond to these issues.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Lindquist, Anthea Clare. "The impact of socioeconomic position on outcomes of severe maternal morbidity amongst women in the UK and Australia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3ec55671-e8b8-42c6-a777-fb7667b33e6e.

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Aims: The aims of this thesis were to investigate the risk of severe maternal morbidity amongst women from different socioeconomic groups in the UK, explore why these differences exist and compare these findings to the setting in Australia. Methods: Three separate analyses were conducted. The first used UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data to assess the incidence and independent odds of severe maternal morbidity by socioeconomic group in the UK. The second analysis used quantitative and qualitative data from the 2010 UK National Maternity Survey (NMS) to explore the possible reasons for the difference in odds of morbidity between socioeconomic groups in the UK. The third analysis used data from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection (VPDC) unit in Austra lia to assess the incidence and odds of severe maternal morbidity by socioeconomic group in Victoria. Results: The UKOSS analysis showed that compared with women from the highest socioeconomic group, women in the lowest 'unemployed' group had 1.22 (95%CI: 0.92 - 1.61) times greater odds associated with severe maternal morbidity. The NMS analysis demonstrated that independent of ethnicity, age and parity, women from the lowest socioeconomic quintiJe were 60% less likely to have had any antenatal care (aOR 0.40; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.87), 40% less likely to have been seen by a health professional prior to 12 weeks gestation (aOR 0.62; 95%CI 0.45 - 0.85) and 45% less likely to have had a postnatal check with their doctor (aOR 0.55; 95%CI 0.42 - 0.70) compared to women from the highest quintile. The Victorian analysis showed that women from the lowest socioeconomic group were 21% (aOR 1.21 ; 95% CI 1.00 - 1.47) more likely and that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women were twice (aOR 2.02; 95%CI 1.32 - 3.09) as likely to experience severe morbidity. Discussion: The resu lts suggest that women from the lowest socioeconomic group in the UK and in Victoria have increased odds of severe maternal morbidity. Further research is needed into why these differences exist and efforts must be made to ensure that these women are appropriately prioritised in the future planning of maternity services provisio n in the UK and Australia.
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Books on the topic "Social disadvantage"

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Avner, De-Shalit, ed. Disadvantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Edwards, John R. Language and disadvantage. 2nd ed. London: Cole and Whurr, 1989.

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Edwards, John R. Language and disadvantage. 2nd ed. London: Whurr Publishers, 1990.

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1970-, Downes Paul, Gilligan Ann Louise, and Institute of Public Administration (Ireland), eds. Beyond educational disadvantage. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 2007.

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Bureau, National Children's, ed. Escape from disadvantage. London: Falmer Press, in association with the National Children's Bureau, 1990.

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Peter, Wedge, ed. Continuities in childhood disadvantage. Aldershot: Gower, 1986.

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Brownlee, Kimberley. Disability and disadvantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Widlake, Paul. Reducing educational disadvantage. Milton Keynes [Buckinghamshire]: Open University Press, 1986.

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Judy, Clegg, and Ginsborg Jane, eds. Language and social disadvantage: Theory into practice. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

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K, Mohanty Ajit, Misra Girishwar 1951-, Utkal University. Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology., and Seminar on "Psychology of Poverty and Disadvantage" (1997 : Bhubaneswar, India), eds. Psychology of poverty and disadvantage. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social disadvantage"

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Clapham, David, Peter Kemp, and Susan J. Smith. "Housing Disadvantage." In Housing and Social Policy, 56–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20676-6_3.

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Haslam, Catherine, Jolanda Jetten, Tegan Cruwys, Genevieve A. Dingle, and S. Alexander Haslam. "Social status and disadvantage." In The New Psychology of Health, 36–62. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315648569-3.

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Brennan, John, Allan Cochrane, Yann Lebeau, and Ruth Williams. "Universities and Social Disadvantage." In The University in its Place, 105–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1296-3_7.

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Hodgson, David, and Lynelle Watts. "POVERTY AND DISADVANTAGE." In Key Concepts and Theory in Social Work, 65–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48784-1_5.

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Williams, Ruth, and Allan Cochrane. "Universities, Regions and Social Disadvantage." In University Engagement With Socially Excluded Communities, 67–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4875-0_4.

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Empson, Janet M. "Social Disadvantage and Child Development." In Culture and Psychological Development, 92–141. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26586-9_5.

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Krokstad, Steinar, Erik R. Sund, Linda Ernstsen, and Jostein Holmen. "Social Disadvantage and Cardiovascular Disease Risk." In Handbook of Psychocardiology, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_35-1.

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Krokstad, Steinar, Erik R. Sund, Linda Ernstsen, and Jostein Holmen. "Social Disadvantage and Cardiovascular Disease Risk." In Handbook of Psychocardiology, 727–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-206-7_35.

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Crow, Ben. "Grain Outflows: Advantage Rich, Disadvantage Poor." In Markets, Class and Social Change, 88–113. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403900845_4.

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Gabbay, Shaul M., and Roger T. A. J. Leenders. "CSC: The Structure of Advantage and Disadvantage." In Corporate Social Capital and Liability, 1–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5027-3_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social disadvantage"

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Němec, Zbyněk, and Lenka Felcmanová. "RECOGNIZING SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE IN THE PROCESS OF ADDRESSING EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES." In 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.0839.

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Li, Yuxi, Rebecca Bentley, Ankur Singh, and Ludmila Fleitas Alfonzo. "OP15 Housing disadvantage in childhood and health: a systematic review." In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-ssmabstracts.15.

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Gong, Jinxue. "The Study on Outsider disadvantage and Its Future Prospects." In 2015 International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-15.2015.62.

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Bonsmith, Kathleen, Arti D. Desai, Chuan Zhou, Chen Kenyon, David P. Johnson, Michelle Lopez, Amy Tyler, Sanyukta Desai, and Rita Mangione-Smith. "Markers of Social Disadvantage and Hospital Quality of Care for Pediatric Respiratory Illness." In AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.592.

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Hodgson, Caroline, Clare Lawrance, and Maddy Cox. "P-48 Death: a social disadvantage? supporting under-represented groups in end of life care." In Transforming Palliative Care, Hospice UK 2018 National Conference, 27–28 November 2018, Telford. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-hospiceabs.73.

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Choudhury, R., L. Ahmed, G. Oligbu, and M. Blair. "G337(P) Gender, ethnicity and social disadvantage patterns in ed attendance – not such a simple story." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 13–15 March 2018, SEC, Glasgow, Children First – Ethics, Morality and Advocacy in Childhood, The Journal of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-rcpch.327.

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Grinchel, B. M., and E. А. Nazarova. "Disproportions and balancing of social and economic development of the regions of the North-Western Federal District." In REGIONAL ECONOMY AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT. INSTITUTE OF PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-7310-5861-2-2022-16-1-22-33.

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The study examines the socio-economic development of the regions from the point of view of the disproportions and balance of the competitive attractiveness of the regions of Russia. A method for calculating interregional and interfacial imbalances and the balance of regional development based on point estimates of competitive attractiveness is proposed. It is shown that the disproportions and balancing in terms of the competitive attractiveness of regions can be indicators of the quality of the development of the territory, and the evaluation results reflect the features, disadvantages and reserves of improving the efficiency of development by reducing the disproportions and increasing the balance of the factors of the competitive attractiveness of regions. A common disadvantage of regional development management is the lack of attention and effort in innovative development, which is reflected in significant interregional and interfacial imbalances of innovative development relative to other factors of competitive attractiveness. The calculations were carried out on the basis of official statistical data for 2020.
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Albert, Maria Jose, Clara Perez-Molina, Maria J. Mudarra, Maria Garcia Perez, Manuel Castro, Nevena Mileva, and Nikolay Paulov. "The TESI Project: An Adaptative Personalized System for Creating Expression Tools in Social Inclusion of Disadvantage Learners." In 2018 IEEE 5th International Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cist.2018.8596475.

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Chatzi, G., T. Chandola, A. Cernat, and N. Shlomo. "OP84 Is social disadvantage a chronic stressor? socioeconomic position and chronic stress among older adults living in england." In Society for Social Medicine 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting, Hosted by the MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 5–7 September 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-ssmabstracts.83.

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Grazia-Simone, Maria. "Children and Pre-Adolescents in Social Disadvantage and Marginality Conditions. Towards New Special Education Needs and Action Criteria." In I Congreso internacional en Interculturalidad, Inclusión y Equidad en Educación. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/0aq0321183190.

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Reports on the topic "Social disadvantage"

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Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. A world apart: The disadvantage and social isolation of married adolescent girls. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1010.

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This brief is based on a paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Despite the program attention and funding that have been devoted to adolescents, early marriage and married adolescents have fallen largely outside of the field’s concern. Comprising the majority of sexually active adolescent girls in developing countries, this large and vulnerable subpopulation has received neither program and policy consideration in the adolescent sexual and reproductive health field, nor special attention from reproductive health and development programs for adult women. While adolescent girls, irrespective of marital status, are vulnerable in many settings and deserve program, policy, and resource support, the purpose of this brief is to describe the distinctive and often disadvantaged situations of married girls and to propose possible future policy and program options.
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Thomson, Sue. PISA 2018: Australia in Focus Number 1: Academic resilience among Australian students. Australian Council for Educational Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-624-6.

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Socioeconomically disadvantaged students (i.e. those whose scores on a constructed measure of social and cultural capital are below a specified cut-off, usually the 25th percentile) have been found to be more likely to drop out of school, repeat a grade, achieve lower levels at senior secondary school, and score lower on tests such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Despite this association between socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer outcomes related to education, a percentage of students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds enjoy success at school. This apparent success despite the odds is of interest to researchers and educators alike – what, if any, characteristics do these academically resilient students share, why might this be and what can we learn from this group of students, however small, that might assist in improving outcomes for all students, regardless of their socioeconomic background?
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Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. Married adolescents: An overview. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1005.

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The nascent work reviewed in this compendium indicates that married girls experience significant social isolation and limited autonomy. Across the studies examined, on indicators of mobility, exposure to media, and social networks, married girls are consistently disadvantaged compared to their unmarried peers. Similarly, across studies, on most of the domains explored here (mobility, decision-making, control over economic resources, and possibly gender-based violence), married girls tend to be less empowered and more isolated than slightly older married females. There may also be health issues associated with marriage during adolescence. Married girls are frequently at a disadvantage in terms of reproductive health information—particularly regarding STIs and HIV. First-time mothers, many of whom are adolescents, by virtue of their parity may have distinct maternal health needs and risks. Finally, early marriage potentially plays a role in exposing girls and young women to severe reproductive health risks, including HIV. Many of these elevated health risks may be largely, though not exclusively, derivative of their social vulnerability.
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Oviedo, Daniel, Yisseth Scorcia, and Lynn Scholl. Ride-hailing and (dis)Advantage: Perspectives from Users and Non-users. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003656.

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The introduction of ride-hailing in cities of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) remains a relatively new topic in regional research and a contentious issue in local policy and practice. Evidence regarding users and how do they differ from non-users is scarce, and there is little documented evidence about how user preferences and perceptions may influence the uptake of ride-hailing. This paper uses primary data from a survey collected from users and non-users of ride-hailing in Bogotá during 2019 to develop a Latent Class Analysis Model (LCA) to identify clusters of users and non-users of ride-hailing. The paper builds on results from the LCA to reflect on conditions of advantage and disadvantage that may make ride-hailing attractive and beneficial for particular social groups. The paper identifies four unique clusters: Carless middle-income ride-hailing users, Disadvantaged non-users, Young middle-class non-users, and Advantaged ride-hailing users. The research uses data on such perceptions to draw insights that may inform commercial and policy decisions. Findings suggest that issues such as the perception of legality in ride-hailing and aversion to crime play a significant role in the choice of such a mode in the context of Bogotá, particularly among socially and transport advantaged users.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000.

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This brief is based on a background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The final paper is entitled “Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy.” The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Married adolescent girls are outside the conventionally defined research interests, policy diagnosis, and basic interventions that have underpinned adolescent reproductive health programming and many HIV/AIDS prevention activities. They are an isolated, often numerically large, and extremely vulnerable segment of the population, largely untouched by current intervention strategies. As stated in this brief, promoting later marriage, to at least age 18, and shoring up protection options within marriage may be essential means of stemming the epidemic.
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Dehejia, Rajeev, Thomas DeLeire, Erzo F. P. Luttmer, and Joshua Mitchell. The Role of Religious and Social Organizations in the Lives of Disadvantaged Youth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13369.

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Muthengi, Eunice, and Annabel Erulkar. Delaying early marriage among disadvantaged rural girls in Amhara, Ethiopia, through social support, education, and community awareness. Population Council, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy12.1031.

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Isaacs, Robert. A Lifelong Journey in Aboriginal Affairs and Community: Nulungu Reconciliation Lecture 2021. Edited by Melissa Marshall, Gillian Kennedy, Anna Dwyer, Kathryn Thorburn, and Sandra Wooltorton. Nulungu Research Institute, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/ni/2021.6.

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In this 2021 Nulungu Reconciliation lecture, Dr Robert Isaacs AM OAM will explore the meaning of reconciliation and the lessons of his personal journey in two worlds. As part of the Stolen Generation, and born at the dawn of the formal Aboriginal Rights Movement, this lecture outlines the changing social attitudes through the eyes of the lived experience and the evolving national policy framework that has sought to manage, then heal, the wounds that divided a nation. Aspirations of self-determination, assimilation and reconciliation are investigated to unpack the intent versus the outcome, and why the deep challenges not only still exist, but in some locations the divide is growing. The Kimberley is an Aboriginal rights location of global relevance with Noonkanbah at the beating heart. The Kimberley now has 93 percent of the land determined through Native Title yet the Kimberley is home to extreme disadvantage, abuse and hopelessness. Our government agencies are working “nine-to-five” but our youth, by their own declaration, are committing suicide out of official government hours. The theme of the Kimberley underpins this lecture. This is the journey of a man that was of two worlds but now walks with the story of five - the child of the Bibilmum Noongar language group and the boy that was stolen. The man that became a policy leader and the father of a Yawuru-Bibilmum-Noongar family and the proud great-grandson that finally saw the recognition of the courageous act of saving fifty shipwrecked survivors in 1876.
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García, Jorge Luis, James Heckman, and Victor Ronda. The Lasting Effects of Early Childhood Education on Promoting the Skills and Social Mobility of Disadvantaged African Americans. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29057.

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