Academic literature on the topic 'Social decision schemes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social decision schemes"
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Nel, Deon, Leyland F. Pitt, Pierre Berthon, and Gerard Prendergast. "Social decision schemes and group processes: some impacts on decision making." Journal of Managerial Psychology 11, no. 6 (September 1996): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949610129712.
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Hidajat, Taofik. "Financial Literacy, Ponzi and Pyramid Scheme in Indonesia." Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen 9, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jdm.v9i2.16261.
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The aim of this research is to examine empirically the influence of financial literacy on investment decisions through ponzi and pyramid schemes. Variables embedded were Social Economic Characteristics, Financial Literacy and Investments Decision. The population of this study were the people who invest their money through a Ponzi scheme and pyramid scheme. The sampling method applied was a snowball sampling of 43 respondents. Based from the research result, it was concluded that social economic characteristics, positively influences financial literacy. While, financial literacy influenced investment decision through ponzi and pyramid schemes. It is freaky because the people with good financial literacy (job occupation, education, gender and income) are still trapped under these junk investment trick modes. It was assumed that there were the other factors as the example, psychological factor like individual greed that influenced the financially literate people to invest through both junk investment schemes. It was also suggested a modification in financial literacy measuring because the existing financial literacy measuring tools had not been able to accommodate the understanding of ponzi and pyramid scheme investment.
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Crott, Helmut W., Johannes A. Zuber, and Thomas Schermer. "Social decision schemes and choice shift: An analysis of group decisions among bets." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90038-7.
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M. Maschendar Goud and V Usha Kiran. "Impact of Social Schemes on the Empowerment of Aam Aadmi - A Study on MGNREGS and Food Security Bill." Think India 18, no. 1 (March 13, 2015): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v18i1.7801.
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Aam Aadmi has achieved tremendous transformation from the stage of isolation to the stage of decision maker in the era of globalization. Increasing political concerns, neglecting the confidence on Aam Aadmi has resulted in huge loss to the dictators. In view of the importance of Aam Aadmi, a great change has occurred in terms of concern for Aam Aadmi in the present era. Increasing initiations of social schemes including Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and National Food Security Bill, 2013 are some of the best examples which show that the government is highly concerned for the development and as well as empowerment. In view of the emergence of two of the most popular schemes by the government, the present paper will critically examine the need for social schemes for Aam Aadmi. Further, the paper also contributes the benefits of the schemes. Further, the challenges ahead for the successful implementation of the scheme have also been presented in the paper. The present paper is mainly based on the secondary data. The data pertaining to the opinions of the common people especially in rural India have also been considered. The paper provides the valuable observations on examining the impact of social schemes for the upliftment of Aam aadmi.
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Hinsz, Verlin B. "Group Decision Making with Responses of a Quantitative Nature: The Theory of Social Decision Schemes for Quantities." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 80, no. 1 (October 1999): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2853.
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Wang, Kun, Zheng Zhang, Liyi Zhu, Xiuzhi Yang, Miao Chen, and Chao Yang. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Dry Stack Tailings Disposal Schemes: A Case Study in Northern China." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121603.
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Alternative tailings disposal technologies can be effective solutions to mining waste safety and environmental problems. The current decision-making processes for tailings disposal schemes lack consideration of environmental impacts. Based on a case study of an open-pit iron mine in northern China, this study adopted the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to compare the environmental impacts of three tailings disposal schemes of conventional slurry disposal technology (CSDT), dry stack disposal technology (DSDT) by belt conveyance and DSDT by truck transport. The results indicated that (1) the environmental impacts of the CSDT scheme were lowest under the premise that water consumption was ignored; (2) the environmental impacts of the DSDT scheme by belt conveyance mainly originated from its transport process, indicating that the tailings storage facilities (TSFs) site planning could be crucial in design decision making; (3) the environmental impacts of the DSDT scheme by truck transport mainly originated from the energy consumption of dry stacking equipment; and (4) the DSDT scheme by truck transport was eventually found to be preferable and implemented in the case study, after comprehensively considering the LCA results, TSF safety and remaining capacity, and social and policy uncertainties. It is therefore recommended to conduct LCA of environmental impacts in the decision-making process for the sustainable design of TSFs.
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Karagkiozi, Polyxeni, Eleni Oxouzi, and Evangelos Papanagiotou. "Factors affecting the integration of local traditional products into quality assurance schemes." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 64, no. 2 (2019): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1902189k.
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This paper investigates the factors that affect the decisions of the Prespes Beans? (Fassolia 'Prespon') producers to certify their product as a product of protected geographical indication (PGI). The study was based on primary data collected by means of a questionnaire completed by both PGI certified and non-certified producers. The logit model was used for the indication of factors that affect the producers? decision to certify or not to certify their product as PGI. Descriptive statistics were also used for the study of leaders? social features. The research results showed that the producers? decision of adopting the protected geographical indication (PGI) certification was significantly linked to membership producer organizations (cooperatives or other groups), the years of agricultural experience, the size of the cultivated land as well as the motives for joining quality assurance schemes.
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Gupta, Suneet, Sumit Kumar, Sunil L. Bangare, Shibili Nuhmani, Arnold C. Alguno, and Issah Abubakari Samori. "Homogeneous Decision Community Extraction Based on End-User Mental Behavior on Social Media." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3490860.
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Aiming at the inadequacy of the group decision-making method with the current attribute value as interval language information, an interval binary semantic decision-making method is proposed, which considers the decision maker’s psychological behavior. The scope of this research is that this paper is based on localized amplification method. The localized amplification method used in this research may amplify physiological movement after removing unwanted noise, allowing the movement trend to be seen with the naked eye, improving the CNN network’s mental identification accuracy. These two algorithms analyze the input picture from various perspectives, allowing the CNN network to extract more information and enhance identification accuracy. A new distance formula with interval binary semantics closer to decision-makers thinking habits is defined; time degree is introduced. An optimization model is established to solve the time series weights by considering the comprehensive consistency of expert evaluation. Based on prospect theory, a prospect deviation value is constructed and minimized weight optimization model, using the interactive multiple attribute decision community making (TODIM) method based on the new distance measure to calculate the total overall dominance of the schemes to rank the schemes. Taking the selection and evaluation of supply chain collaboration partners as an example, the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method are verified.
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Rani and Amita Malik. "Fuzzy-Based Social Relationship-Aware Routing Scheme for Opportunistic Networks." International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfsa.306273.
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Opportunistic network is the current area of research which facilitates message delivery between the nodes where there is no end-to-end connectivity. The most of the existing routing schemes in Opportunistic networks consume high resources and leads to decline in network efficiency. So, designing an efficient routing scheme for OppNets always remains a stimulating task due to high mobility of nodes, absence of an end-to-end connectivity and the lack of further knowledge about the network topology. In this research paper we propose a novel Fuzzy based Social relationshipAware Routing (F-SAR) scheme in which the decision of the best forwarder to forward the message depend on fuzzy inference system considering residual energy, buffer availability and social relationship of nodes. This routing scheme is simulated in “The ONE” simulator and the results shows that it outperforms SnW, Prophet, and FLDEAR in terms of delivery rate, message transmission overhead, and average latency
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Nel, Johannes B., Paul T. Mativenga, and Annlizé L. Marnewick. "A Framework to Support the Selection of an Appropriate Water Allocation Planning and Decision Support Scheme." Water 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121854.
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Water is becoming a scarce resource in many parts of the world, leading to increased competition amongst water users. Optimized water allocation is increasingly important to balance the growing demand for water and the limited supply of accessible clean water. The literature on water allocation schemes and decision support systems, developed for application in specific water management areas or watersheds, was critically reviewed. Although the literature is rich in studies on the application of a broad range of water allocation schemes, there is a lack of information available on the methodology and process of selecting the most applicable scheme that balances the local realities and requirements of stakeholders while considering the local context with regard to the economic, social and environmental impact of water usage. In this article, a framework is presented that water management practitioners can use to select applicable water allocation planning schemes and associated decision support systems based on the characteristics and requirements of the specific water management situation. The framework was used to analyse the water supply situation in South Africa (SA), taking broader factors into account. Based on this, a generic conceptualized water allocation planning and decision support framework for a typical SA water management area is proposed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social decision schemes"
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Perote, Peña Juan. "Compensation schemes in collective decision making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4018.
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La presente memoria consiste en cuatro artículos independientes de la Teoría de la Elección Social y el diseño de mecanismos. Los dos primeros capítulos están especialmente relacionados, pues comparten el objetivo común de relajar una idea de solidaridad llamada "monotonía de reemplazamiento" o dominancia de bienestar ante cambios de prefefencias propuesta en literatura por Moulin (1987) y Thomson (1993, 1995a, 1995b). Los capítulos 2 y 3 comparten el mismo modelo básico de provisión de un bien público en el que no se permiten compensaciones. Se supone que los agentes tienen preferencias unimodales definidas sobre un único bien unidimensional e investigamos y superamos los pocos procedimientos de elección social que son monotónicos de reemplazamineto en este modelo. El capitulo 2 introduce una propiedad de solidaridad nueva en términos de reciprocidad en este contexto. Esta propiedad permite una clase de procedimientos de elección social mas rica que la que se obtiene con en concepto de solidaridad de Thomson. Nuestra propuesta refleja de alguna manera un concepto de solidaridad introspectivo. Se requiere que cuando alguien cambia de preferencias y la elección social se altera, todos los restantes agentes pueden estar seguros de que el mismo agente que cambió habría sido afectado de forma recíproca si ellos hubieran cambaido de la misma forma. Asimismo se ofrecen caracterizaciones de las reglas que satisfacen la reciprocidad en una versión fuerte y una débil.El capitulo 3 relaja la monotonía de reemplazamiento de una manera mas directa, entendiendo la solidaridad en el sentido de la proporción de agentes que ganan o pierden juntos cuando alguien cambia de preferencias. Se demuestra que la solidaridad entra en conflicto directo con otros conceptos de justicia. De hecho, las elecciones mas centristas o igualitarias están asociadas con el grado de solidaridad mas reducido. Aplicando la "teoría de arbitrajes" de Campbell y Kelly (1993), proponemos medidas razonables tanto de la solidaridad como de la rigidez de los procedimientos elección social y se encuentra un menú de reglas de votación que incorpora los diversos grados de ambas propiedades deseables. Los capítulos 4 y 5 tratan del problema de encontrar mecanismos compatibles con incentivos en dos contextos de producción diferentes cuando se permiten compensaciones para inducir el comportamiento honesto.
En el capitulo 4 tratamos con un problema de implementación en el que el esquema de compensaciones no es parte de las alternativas factibles, sino discreccional del planificador. En este marco, suponemos que el planificador o principal posee la habilidad de diseñar parcialmente la forma funcional del objetivo final de la división para incentivar su comportamiento honesto en el contrato ofrecido a ésta.
En el capítulo 5 tratamos del problema del diseño de un contrato entre los miembros de una compleja organización productiva-como las divisiones dentro de una empresa- para incentivarlos al comportamiento honesto en presencia de información privada acerca de parte de las tecnologías. En particular, proponemos un modelo simple de asignación de tareas conocido en la literatura de programación de redes como Método del Camino Crítico CPM o PERT. Las divisiones tienen que ejecutar tareas en el tiempo que deben ser asignadas en una red. Se prueba la existencia en este contexto de mecanismos anónimos a prueba de estrategias que son eficientes en el sentido de minimizar el tiempo total empleado para acabar el projecto y que también pueden equilibrarse, obteniéndose así la eficiencia completa.
This memory consists of four independent essays on Social Choice Theory and Mechanism Design. The first two chapters are particularly related since they share the common aim of relaxing an idea of solidarity called replacement monotonicity or welfare-domination under preference-replacement proposed in the literature by Moulin (1987) and Thomson (1993, 1995a, 1 995b). Chapters 2 and 3 share the same basic model of public good provision in which no monetary compensations are allowed. Agents are assumed to have single-peaked preferences defined on a single uni-dimensional good and we try to investigate and overcome the limited number of Social Choice procedures that are replacement monotonic within this setup.
Chapter 2 introduces a new property of solidarity in terms of reciprocity for these environments. This property allows for a richer class of social choice procedures than Thomson's solidarity concept of welfare-domination under preference-replacement. Our proposal reflects somehow an introspective concept of solidarity. It requires that when somebody changes his preferences and the social decision is altered, all the remaining agents can be sure that the same agent who has actually changed would have been affected in a reciprocal way if they had changed likewise. Characterizations of the rules satisfying reciprocity in both a strong and a weak version are therefore provided.
Chapter 3 relaxes replacement monotonicity in a more direct way, understanding solidarity in the sense of the proportion of society gaining or losing together when somebody changes his preferences. It is demonstrated that solidarity is in direct conflict with other fairness criteria. Actually, achieving centrist or equitable outcomes leads to the smallest possible solidarity degree. Applying Campbell and Kelly's (1993) Trade-offTheory, we propose reasonable mesures of both solidarity and rigidity of social choice procedures and a menu of voting procedures is found to embody different degrees of both desirable properties.
Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the problem of finding strong incentive compatible mechanisms in two different production contexts when compensations to induce truthful behavior are allowed.
In Chapter 4 we deal with an implementation problem where the compensation sheme is not part of the feasible alternatives, but discretional to the planner. Within this framework, we assume that the planner or principal have the ability to partially design the functional form of the division s final payoffs to incentive their truthful behavior in the contract offered to the divisions.
In Chapter 5 we deal with the same problem of designing a contract between the members of a complex productive organization -say divisions within a firm- to give incentives for truthful behavior in the presence of private information about parts of the technologies. In particular, we propose a simple task allocation model known in the network programming literature as the Critical Path Method, CPM or PERT. Divisions have to undertake time-consuming tasks that have to be allocated in a network. We prove the existence in this environment of anonymous and strategy-proof mechanisms that are efficient in the sense of minimising the total amount of time employed in finalising the project and can also be balanced, so full efficiency is achieved.
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Zhao, de Gosson de Varennes Yuwei. "Benefit Design, Retirement Decisions and Welfare Within and Across Generations in Defined Contribution Pension Schemes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274253.
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Essay 1 (with Juha Alho and Edward Palmer): All around the world, public pension schemes are moving in the direction of non-financial (NDC) and financial defined contribution (DC) schemes. Both rely on accurate projections of life expectancy in the creation of annuities. Accurate projections are critical for system stability, individual utility and inter-generational welfare. This paper suggests a path-breaking innovation that changes the perspective from the Lee-carter (LC) family of trend models which assume a constant rate of change in mortality over time. Our approach is to project the cohort life expectancy on basis of the specific cohort rate of change in mortality. This relaxes the strong trend assumption underlying the LC model, which is the reason why LC model does not work well in the phase of accelerating or decelerating mortality. We use unisex mortality data for $8$ countries to test the performance of our approach both ex-post and ex-ante. The ex-post experiment shows that our approach generally performs better when the rate of change in mortality is accelerating and performs as well as LC model when the rate of change is time-invariant. The ex-ante experiment, on the other hand, shows that our model almost always delivers higher projection of remaining life expectancy than the LC model for the more recent cohorts, which is consistent with the ex-post experimental results.Essay 2: Due to the systematic underestimation of cohort life expectancy, NDC pension schemes face a financial risk that can leads to inter-generational unfairness, given the current practice. This paper proposes an alternative method of computing annuity to address this problem. The proposal is to adjust the annuity based on re-estimations of the remaining life expectancy at intervals after retirement, but only up to a ceiling age. The scheme is assessed using 208 cohort annuity pools from eight sample countries. This experiment shows that the proposed scheme succeeds in reducing the inter-generational unfairness for 60-80% of the cohort annuity pools, compared to current practice of fixing the annuity at age 65. Because the adjustment is borne by the relatively large group of younger persons, the per capita change in utility is rather small assuming risk neutrality.
Essay 3: This paper studies how the incentive to retire in a DC (NDC) scheme is influenced by engaging private information on life expectancy. This is an important question since the decisions made under the two scenarios, optimizing using the private life expectancy or the cohort average made available by the pension provider, create different welfare and financial outcomes. The analytical framework is a standard life-cycle model, accounting for monetary gain from work and non-monetary gain from leisure. The unique feature here is that the individual life expectancy is an explicit driver of disutility of work. The theoretical result is that prevailing private information of a longer-than-average life expectancy can lead to both advancing and delaying retirement, depending on other factors determining utility. The numerical example using Swedish data proves the theoretical results and suggests a rather small average impact on the choice of retirement by engaging private information of life expectancy.
Essay 4: Pensions in the increasingly popular Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) Pay-as-You-Go Schemes are granted based on cohort-specific life expectancy, regardless socioeconomic differences. This risks perverse intra-generational and unintended inter-generational transfers. This paper introduces an alternative with separate annuity pools for different socioeconomic classes. Using unique Swedish data and the Swedish NDC pension system as an example, the analysis shows a significant gap in life expectancy between socioeconomic classes defined by occupation. In the Swedish context, this implies a perverse transfer of 5% of the pension capital from the manual workers to the non-manual workers, which can be abolished by using the group plan. In addition, the group plan also lessens the risk of inter-generational transfers resulting from the gap in life expectancy.
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Kalinoski, Zachary Thomas. "Recognizing the Implicit and Explicit Aspects of Ethical Decision-Making: Schemas, Work Climates, and Counterproductive Work Behaviors." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1339789100.
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Gutierrez, Romero Mario Fernando. "L'argumentation sur des questions socio-scientifiques : l'influence des contextes culturels dans la prise de décisions." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2075/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser, chez des étudiants colombiens, la compétence qu’ils ont à argumenter lorsqu’ils doivent prendre des décisions sur des projets agro-miniers, et l'impact qu'auraient leur origine ethnique et leur niveau éducatif dans leur manière de réfléchir sur ces sujets. On analyse en particulier l'argumentation sur les problématiques socio-scientifiques que soutiennent les étudiants colombiens de lycée et d'université, issus de deux contextes sociaux et culturels différents. Poser des problèmes en rapport avec la science et la société à des étudiants colombiens, c'est reconnaître à l'avance le discours argumentatif comme une composante primordiale du programme d'études national colombien pour la construction de l'identité du futur citoyen. L’argumentation devient un outil fondamental pour prendre part aux discussions qui, dans le cadre social, ont des implications sur la science et la technologie dans la société actuelle.La première partie a eu pour but de faire un panorama général des avancées théoriques et empiriques autour de l'argumentation et d'expliciter nos choix théoriques. En parcourant diverses recherches, les antécédents théoriques du travail empirique effectué autour de la psychologie, de l'éducation et l'argumentation socio-scientifique ont été examinés. Enfin, dans cette partie les modèles psychologiques et linguistiques qui permettent d'expliquer l'analyse argumentative de l'émotion ont été examinés.Dans la deuxième partie la population indigène colombienne a été caractérisée, et en particulier la population Nasa-Kiwe (Páez) caractéristiques prédominantes, sa localisation géographique ainsi que la langue Páez, le Nasaywe. L'histoire de la Colombie a été parcourue pour offrir des éléments suffisants à la compréhension des questions socio-scientifiques utilisées dans cette recherche. Les sujets qui ont participé à l’expérimentation ont été introduits ainsi que toutes les caractéristiques qui s'avèrent pertinentes, pour rendre compte de leur origine et de leur nature. La tâche qui leur a été présentée et qui a permis d'obtenir le corpus soumis à l’analyse a aussi été introduite. Finalement dans la deuxième partie, on a détaillé le corpus de cette recherche et on a fourni des statistiques et des graphiques pour le présenter globalement. La troisième partie, regroupe les chapitres analytiques. L’analyse interactionnelle du discours de la communauté indigène a mis en évidence des traces d’un discours collaboratif où le raisonnement logique, l’agentivité, l’analyse morale et les références à des espaces cosmiques ont été évoqués pour justifier des arguments. On a retrouvé aussi une demande revendicative sur les droits des indigènes, défendue par des arguments émotionnels qui rappellent la situation de l’agression vécue historiquement par les communautés indigènes en Amérique latine. Une agression que reconnaît la communauté non ethnique indépendamment du niveau scolaire. Au sein du corpus de la population urbaine, aucune cosmogonie spécifique ni religieuse n’ont été retrouvées. L’analyse a été menée essentiellement par le biais de l’argumentation par conséquences employée pour rendre compte des risques de l’exploitation et de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles du pays pour l’environnement et pour la culture indigène. Le tout, en situant la population indigène comme démunie face aux menaces et aux agressions de l’environnement. En tant que but ultime d’une grande partie des arguments, on retrouve l’intérêt de sauvegarde de la Terre Mère (depuis la perspective indigène), ou celui de la préservation de l’environnement (depuis le point de vue urbain), puisque celui-ci est mis en péril sous la pression d’acteurs motivés par des modèles économiques d’exploitation qui diffèrent considérablement de ceux des communautés autochtonesThis thesis has the objective of analyzing the argumentative competence in Colombian students, when they must make decisions pertaining to agricultural mining projects and the impact that their ethnic origin and educational level have on their way of thinking about these topics. In particular special analysis is made in the argumentation of social scientific problematics that Colombian high school and university students sustain, who pertain to two different social contexts and cultures. The first part of this thesis had the aim of giving a panoramic view of the theoretical and empirical advances in relation to the study of argumentation and to express our theoretical opinions. The theoretical background of the empirical work was examined by way of diverse investigations. Lastly, psychological and linguistic models were considered to explain the analytical argumentation of the emotions.In the second part a detailed characterization of the Colombian Indian population was made, in particular of the Nasa-Kiwe (Páez) population. Their predominant characteristics were presented, their geographic location and a presentation of the Páez language, Nasaywe. The history of Colombia was described to offer an understanding of the social-scientific problematics utilized in this investigation. The individuals implicated in the experiment and all of the characteristics that resulted relevant in describing their origin and character, as well as the task that was presented to them and has allowed the presentation of the body of this investigation; as well as the statistics and graphics that allow a more global presentation of the findings.The third part of the investigation contains the analytical chapters. The interactional analysis of the discourse of the indigenous community highlights a collaborative discourse in which rational logic, agentivity, moral analysis and cosmic references are evoked to justify arguments. Also, a vindicated demand in relation to indigenous rights was found; these demands were defended by emotional arguments that made reference to aggressions experienced historically by the indigenous communities in Latin America. An aggression that recognizes the ethnic community, all though not independently of the educational level.In the majority of the urban population, there was no specific cosmogony or religion found. The analysis was principally realized through the argumentation of consequences, which was used to reflect the risks in relation to the environment and for the indigenous culture, specifically exploitation and the utilization of natural resources. All of the subjects situated the indigenous population as defenseless in the face of the aggressions to the environment. The final objective of many of the arguments was the protection of Mother Earth (from an indigenous perspective), or the preservation of the environment (from an urban point of view), now that the possibility of its disappearance is daunting in light of the different actors who are motivated by the economic exploitation in contrast of the perspective maintained by the indigenous communities
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Lucas, D. Pulane. "Disruptive Transformations in Health Care: Technological Innovation and the Acute Care General Hospital." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2996.
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Advances in medical technology have altered the need for certain types of surgery to be performed in traditional inpatient hospital settings. Less invasive surgical procedures allow a growing number of medical treatments to take place on an outpatient basis. Hospitals face growing competition from ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). The competitive threats posed by ASCs are important, given that inpatient surgery has been the cornerstone of hospital services for over a century. Additional research is needed to understand how surgical volume shifts between and within acute care general hospitals (ACGHs) and ASCs. This study investigates how medical technology within the hospital industry is changing medical services delivery. The main purposes of this study are to (1) test Clayton M. Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovation in health care, and (2) examine the effects of disruptive innovation on appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and bariatric surgery (ACBS) utilization. Disruptive innovation theory contends that advanced technology combined with innovative business models—located outside of traditional product markets or delivery systems—will produce simplified, quality products and services at lower costs with broader accessibility. Consequently, new markets will emerge, and conventional industry leaders will experience a loss of market share to “non-traditional” new entrants into the marketplace. The underlying assumption of this work is that ASCs (innovative business models) have adopted laparoscopy (innovative technology) and their unification has initiated disruptive innovation within the hospital industry. The disruptive effects have spawned shifts in surgical volumes from open to laparoscopic procedures, from inpatient to ambulatory settings, and from hospitals to ASCs. The research hypothesizes that: (1) there will be larger increases in the percentage of laparoscopic ACBS performed than open ACBS procedures; (2) ambulatory ACBS will experience larger percent increases than inpatient ACBS procedures; and (3) ASCs will experience larger percent increases than ACGHs. The study tracks the utilization of open, laparoscopic, inpatient and ambulatory ACBS. The research questions that guide the inquiry are: 1. How has ACBS utilization changed over this time? 2. Do ACGHs and ASCs differ in the utilization of ACBS? 3. How do states differ in the utilization of ACBS? 4. Do study findings support disruptive innovation theory in the hospital industry? The quantitative study employs a panel design using hospital discharge data from 2004 and 2009. The unit of analysis is the facility. The sampling frame is comprised of ACGHs and ASCs in Florida and Wisconsin. The study employs exploratory and confirmatory data analysis. This work finds that disruptive innovation theory is an effective model for assessing the hospital industry. The model provides a useful framework for analyzing the interplay between ACGHs and ASCs. While study findings did not support the stated hypotheses, the impact of government interventions into the competitive marketplace supports the claims of disruptive innovation theory. Regulations that intervened in the hospital industry facilitated interactions between ASCs and ACGHs, reducing the number of ASCs performing ACBS and altering the trajectory of ACBS volume by shifting surgeries from ASCs to ACGHs.
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Chen, Su-Ying, and 陳素櫻. "The Social Amplification of the Environment Risk-The Application of the Grey Information Relation and SDS (Social Decision Scheme)." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44094498168839216253.
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碩士國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
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Within the past field of the Control of Environment risk, we often consider that the 「objective risk」occurred by Environment risk in unanimity to the 「subjective risk」recognized by personal,(at least showed the linear relation)this is the beginning of the point of contention; it''s hard to deal with. In the real society, the seriousness, the possibility and the acceptive level of the event of Environment risk, it may change by the attitude that the deal of Environment risk, the attitude of explain and the property of the society organization that showed by people. Different properties of Environmental hazard have different demands and styles of consumption. If we want to recognize the differences, we have to return the undividual attitude of Risk perception and the quality of decision behavior, we also have to understand that the different explain of Environment risk and the deal to the society with the style of society collective. This study first to review the reports of Risk perception, Comparative risk assessment and Environmental hazard consumption, to know how people think that the gap of decision is effected by the economy, risk perception and the society interflow. Choosed by different events of different risk levels, the targets of the experiment are the inhabitants of the influenced ranges; compare in the different risk levels, the diacrepancy of Risk perception and hazard consumption. Use Grey information relation to compare with, analyze the interflow relation that influence the inhabitants change decisions, and use Social Decision Scheme to analyze the tread of latent people in the province. After analyze, we find in the study that: (a) The Risk perception levels of the command people have quality and influences that by the Environment risk quality and individual himself. (b) The provinces of different risk have the same understanding to HP/LC and LP/HC, and the fountainhead of LP/HC have strong region characteristic. (c) The inhabitants show low desire both about WTA and WTP, it shows that people wouldn''t accept reward and think that the government should have responsible for the work of prevention for disaster. (d) The process of the spread of the society risk is: physical consequences--media coverage--risk perception--as the basic of public response--at the same time occurred series results of spread under the societal impacts. (e) By way of Social Decision Scheme, it shows that the tread of latent people arranged in order by size: Shizi, Nahu, Sonsan, and the result is the same to the real situation.
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Faustino, Bruno. "Evidence-based clinical decision-making : Conceptual and empirical foundations for an integrative psychological and neurobiological transtheoretical metamodel." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/52489.
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The dialogue between psychotherapy and neuroscience is ongoing. Previous meta-analytic research suggests that 35% of psychotherapy outcome variance is not fully explained, whereas 30% is attributed to patient variables, 15% to therapeutic relationship, 10% to specific therapeutic techniques, 7% to therapist variables and 3% to other factors (Norcross & Wampold, 2019). Several authors emphasize the need for integrative, metatheoretical or transtheoretical approaches to enhance conceptual understanding of clinical phenomena, augmenting psychotherapy responsiveness to patients’ significant variables, such as maladaptive patterns, states of mind, relational styles, emotional difficulties, neurocognitive deficits, and psychological needs. The present doctoral proposal aims to respond to these claims through the establishment of preliminary conceptual and empirical foundations for an Integrative Psychological and Neurobiological Transtheoretical Metamodel. First, an extensive literature review of the relationships between psychotherapy and neuroscience was performed to establish theoretical and conceptual integration of different components of the presently proposed model. Second, several methodological aspects were described to systematize the complex data acquisition process. Third, seven studies were conducted, and implications of the results were discussed. Fourth, an integrative discussion was elaborated, emphasizing the major and general implications of the results for clinical practice and future research.
The first empirical study aimed to develop and/or adapt self-report assessment measures to evaluate several psychological variables (e.g., metacognition, states of mind), which resulted in five scientific articles. Thus, the Metacognitive Self-assessment Scale (Pedone et al., 2017) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems – 32 (IIP-32, Barkham et al., 1998) were validated and adapted to European Portuguese. The State of Mind Questionnaire (SMQ, Faustino et al., 2021b, Emotional Processing Difficulties Scale – R (EPDS-R, Faustino et al., in press) and the Clinical Decision-Making Inventory (Faustino & Vasco, in press) were developed. All instruments showed satisfactory psychometric properties. Nevertheless, the SMQ showed low reliability in the composite scales in smaller subsamples.
For the second empirical study, the main aims were to explore the complex relationships between early disorder determinants, maladaptive schemas and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and critical consequences, mental skills and processes, and adaptive self-domains. This was performed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results showed significant sequential and mediational models between maladaptive schemas, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains with psychological needs. Maladaptive schemas and states of mind were both predictors and mediators in several models. However, the relationship between maladaptive schematic functioning and symptomatology had less significant mediations with the same variables.
For the third study, the main aims were to explore the relationships of early disorder determinants, maladaptive schematic functioning and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains, with several neurocognitive variables. Executive functions were negatively correlated with maladaptive schematic functioning and with defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences. Memory only correlated with psychological needs, self-confidence and with dysfunctional interpersonal cycles. These results emphasize previous assumptions that there is a difference between self-report questionnaires and neuropsychological assessment measures which may difficult the integrated study of psychological and neurocognitive processes.
The fourth study aimed to explore the associations of affective subliminal processing with dispositional states and contextual states, defined in the present work as early disorder determinants, schematic functioning, and defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains. Results showed strong correlations between maladaptive schematic functioning, coping responses, emotional processing difficulties, and expressive suppression with behavioral responses. Dispositional traits and contextual states seem to be associated with affective processing, especially when it comes to the neutral valence of the subliminal stimuli. ERPs waveforms showed an amplitude modulation with a temporal progression: in the first 100 msec the waveform amplitude was highest to the negative condition; Later on, in the time windows after 350 msec, the neutral condition was the one that elicited the ERPs’ heist amplitude. These indexes a cascade of reactions, first a priority to nonconscious negative stimulation; and after that, a later processing phase of affective-cognitive interpretation (350msc) in which neutral stimuli acquire a meaning according to schemas.
The fifth study explored the diagnostic and or transdiagnostic potential of early disorder determinants, maladaptive schematic functioning and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains. Results showed that only early complex trauma and expressive suppression were not statistically different in two subsamples. Individuals in the low-symptoms sub-sample reported lower levels of maladaptive schematic functioning, defensive maneuvers, and psychological inflexibility than individuals in the higher-symptoms subsample.
The sixth study was focused on the exploration of the temporal stability of maladaptive schematic functioning and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities, and adaptive self-domains. Results showed significant differences between moment one and two, with a descending pattern in the mean scores of dysfunctional variables. An inverse pattern was found regarding the adaptive variables. However, mean scores of some variables, such as early maladaptive schemas, emotional schemas, psychological needs, and cognitive reappraisal were not statistically significant.
The seventh study aimed to explore associations of early disorder determinants, maladaptive schemas and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and critical consequences, mental skills and processes and adaptive self-domains, with an empirical based clinical profile (e.g., psychotherapy and motivational stage, coping styles). Results showed significant negative correlations between maladaptive schematic functioning and stage process, motivational stage, therapeutic relationship, attachment style, reactance, and coping style. An inverse pattern was found regarding the adaptive variables.
These preliminary results seem to support a theoretically- and empirically-based integrative and transtheoretical metamodel focused on unifying psychotherapy and neuroscience into a coherent framework. Further research is required to augment and enhance the presently proposed model.
Books on the topic "Social decision schemes"
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Independent Review Service for the Social Fund. The journal and digest of decisions: Changes to the Social Fund Scheme. Birmingham: IRS, 2000.
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Studies, University of North London Faculty of Environmental and Social. BSc Applied social science, modular scheme, SP 302 Organisational decision-making and problem solving: [teaching pack]. [London]: University of North London, 1994.
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Department For Social Development Northern Ireland Staff. Compensation Recovery Scheme: A Medical Appeal Tribunal Is Not Bound by the Decision of a Social Security Appeal Tribunal. Stationery Office, The, 2001.
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Walker, Stephen G., and Mark Schafer. Operational Code Theory: Beliefs and Foreign Policy Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.411.
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The process of foreign policy decision making is influenced in large part by beliefs, along with the strategic interaction between actors engendered by their decisions and the resulting political outcomes. In this context, beliefs encompass three kinds of effects: the mirroring effects associated with the decision making situation, the steering effects that arise from this situation, and the learning effects of feedback. These effects are modeled using operational code analysis, although “operational code theory” more accurately describes an alliance of attribution and schema theories from psychology and game theory from economics applied to the domain of politics. This “theory complex” specifies belief-based solutions to the puzzles posed by diagnostic, decision making, and learning processes in world politics. The major social and intellectual dimensions of operational code theory can be traced to Nathan Leites’s seminal research on the Bolshevik operational code, The Operational Code of the Politburo. In the last half of the twentieth century, applications of operational code analysis have emphasized different cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms as intellectual dimensions in explaining foreign policy decisions. The literature on operational code theory may be divided into four general waves of research: idiographic-interpretive studies, nomothetic-typological studies, quantitative-statistical studies, and formal modeling studies. The present trajectory of studies on operational code points to a number of important trends that straddle political psychology and game theory. For example, the psychological processes of mirroring, steering, and learning associated with operational code analysis have the potential to enrich our understanding of game-theoretic models of strategic interaction.
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Handmer, John, and Katharine Haynes, eds. Community Bushfire Safety. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095618.
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Community Bushfire Safety brings together in one accessible and comprehensive volume the results of the most important community safety research being undertaken within the Australian Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre (CRC). Using perspectives deriving from social science, economics and law, it complements the extensive literature already existing on bushfires, which ranges from ecology and fire behaviour to information about emergency management. In doing so, the book supports the increasing emphasis on community safety and the vital role it has to play in Australian bushfire management.
Managing community safety requires a diversity of knowledge and an understanding of the many social processes that shape and ultimately determine a community’s resilience to bushfire. The wide range of issues covered in this volume reflects this diversity, including research into gender and vulnerability; the law and its implications for public/fire agency interactions; the arsonist’s rationale; the influence of the media; the role of economics in bushfire management and decision-making; understanding declines in fire brigade volunteerism; bushfire safety policy and its implementation; the effectiveness of community education and risk reduction schemes; and modes of building ignition.
Community Bushfire Safety is accessible to practitioners, policy-makers, researchers and students. While the research reported has been undertaken in Australia, much of the material is generic and is likely to be relevant and useful to those dealing with community bushfire safety elsewhere in the world.
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Stevens, Daryl, ed. Growing Crops with Reclaimed Wastewater. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643093522.
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This comprehensive work examines the fundamentals required for reclaimed water schemes to deliver sustainable farming operations that achieve the yield and quality of produce necessary for acceptance in the market.
Growing Crops with Reclaimed Wastewater reviews the historical background of water treatment, its use and disposal from Australian wastewater treatment facilities and the technologies now utilised to treat our wastewater for reuse. The major concerns of chemical, physical and pathological qualities of reclaimed water are addressed, ensuring that the environmental, economic and social requirements of today’s society are met.
It reviews the state and national regulatory requirements and guidelines that have made Australia a world leader in the management of reclaimed water and also examines the guidance in the United States of America (Federal) and in California, the World Health Organization guidance and the situation in Israel.
This is the first time such a definitive review has been produced on the use of wastewater for horticulture and it will be a key tool for decision makers, researchers and practitioners to understand the main issues and constraints. It will be of particular interest to agricultural scientists, waste and horticulture consultants, engineers, planners, state agencies, environmental officers and students.
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Lidström, Anders. Political Partisanship and Policy Feedback. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.21.
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Historically, the Social Democratic Party has been the dominant party in Swedish politics. But in 2006 a center-right coalition government came to power in Sweden and ruled until 2014. The chapter asks how this has affected the iconic Swedish welfare state. The center-right government’s legislative action to reform the welfare state was not very radical, but the effects of their non-decisions regarding unemployment benefit continued the long-term hollowing out of its earnings-related component. This triggered many unions to start mandatory group insurance schemes to provide income security for their members. However, the effect of the cash transfers becoming less earnings-related has—so far—not been to undermine the legitimacy of the public sector.
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Asiskovitch, Sharon. Bureaucrats, Politicians, and the Politics of Bureaucratic Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793021.003.0008.
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Bureaucratic actors are located at the center of social policymaking. The chapter illustrates the relevance of conflicts of interests between fiscal bureaucrats and social bureaucrats and politicians, showing that where these conflicts are intense neoliberal reforms may be blocked or muted, at least for a time. The two case studies were selected to illustrate variation in the roles played by state bureaucracies and to cover key domains of social policymaking. The child allowances scheme demonstrates that the level of social policy politicization is influenced by changes in a program’s rules of entitlement, and that in turn the level of politicization determines whether and how bureaucrats are involved in policymaking. The National Health Insurance Law shows how bureaucratic actors may respond to a highly politicized change in the institutional arrangement of a social policy field by shifting the locus of decision-making to the bureaucratic arena, where powerful bureaucracies dominate policymaking.
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Riordan, Jaani. The Liability of Internet Intermediaries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719779.001.0001.
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Internet intermediaries play a central role in modern commerce and society. Although their economic and social importance is well-recognised, their legal liability remains poorly understood, and, until now, no work has specifically addressed their legal responsibility for wrongdoing carried out by third parties using their facilities or platforms. This work fills that gap by providing comprehensive coverage of the legal duties owed by intermediaries and the increasingly complex schemes that regulate their activities. The first part of the work introduces the concept of an internet intermediary, general doctrines of primary and secondary liability, and the European enforcement regime. The second part examines the liability of intermediaries in specific areas of law, with a detailed analysis of the applicable liability rules, and the major English case law, and decisions of the Court of Justice that interpret and apply them. The final part of the work provides guidance on remedies and limitations. Written by an expert author from the intellectual property chambers at 8 New Square, Lincoln's Inn, this is an essential guide for lawyers advising on liability, privacy, and online regulation.
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Jullien, Clémence, and Roger Jeffery, eds. Childbirth in South Asia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130718.001.0001.
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This book illustrates the continuing challenges as well as the new paradoxes linked to childbirth in South Asia. It brings together anthropologists and sociologists working in different contexts (at the hospital, within the community) and in a variety of settings (rural, urban) in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. While women in Western countries have pressed for more home deliveries, and for the mitigation of some of the effects of the male appropriation and over-medicalized experience of motherhood, most developing countries are promoting institutionalized deliveries and stigmatizing poor women who deliver at home. In addition, new information technologies are being pressed into service; for example, to identify high-risk mothers and to offer them advice through social media. Such an evolution is particularly salient in South Asia where childbirth has long been an issue, not only for the colonial government, which sometimes used women’s poor health to justify imperialist interests, but also for independent successor states, who have implemented decisive schemes within the last decade, after being long accused of neglecting women’s healthcare. Despite the increased attention being paid to maternal and child health, and the steady rise in institutional deliveries in South Asia, progress on reducing maternal and infant mortality has been slow and halting, with significant disparities across regions and social groups. Far from withering away, traditional birth attendants have seen a resurgence, in part due to the demeaning conditions offered to poor, low-caste, rural women in formal health settings. With this backdrop, the authors explore the ethical and social implications of the changes being introduced in the technologies and social arrangements of childbirth in South Asia.
Book chapters on the topic "Social decision schemes"
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Kirchhelle, Claas. "Conclusion." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements, 239–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62792-8_13.
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AbstractThe conclusion reflects on Harrison’s achievements as a campaigner and analyses the wider changes of animal welfare politics, science, and activism that occurred during her life. Between 1920 and 2000, synthesist Edwardian campaigning gave rise to professionalised activism and new concepts of animal cognition, affective states, and welfare. The “backstage” of British corporatist welfare politics was similarly transformed by polarising “frontstage” public protest and animal rights thinking. Aided by the rise of a new “mandated” animal welfare science and European integration, the turbulent 1970s eventually resulted in a new world of British welfare politics characterised by transnational decision-making and market-driven assurance schemes, which relied on consumer citizens rather than citizen campaigners to drive change. Determined to bear witness to animal welfare, Harrison shaped and witnessed most of these changes even though the economic drivers of welfare were becoming divorced from the universalist moral framework she believed in.
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Mladen-Macovei, Luise, and Andra-Bertha Sănduleasa. "Informal Care of Dependent Older People—Support Services and Funding Schemes." In Decisions and Trends in Social Systems, 203–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69094-6_17.
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ten Brink, Tobias, Armin Müller, and Tao Liu. "The Introduction of Pension, Accident, and Health Insurance in Urban China." In Global Dynamics of Social Policy, 33–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91088-4_2.
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AbstractSince the initiation of reform and opening policies, social protection for urban workers in China has transformed massively. Before the 1980s, state-owned enterprises were responsible for protecting workers from social risks such as old age, accidents, and illness. Today, these three areas are organised as contribution-based social insurance systems with Chinese characteristics. This chapter identifies the causal mechanisms that led to the introduction of insurance schemes in the 1990s and early 2000s. We find three causal mechanisms: (neutral and strategic) policy experimentation, top-leader intervention, and (consensus-based and enforced) elite cooperation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the presence or absence of complementarity between the international environment and the domestic actor constellation had a decisive effect on how those mechanisms played out.
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Ivanova Boncheva, Antonina, and Alfredo Bermudez-Contreras. "Blue Carbon in Emissions Markets: Challenges and Opportunities for Mexico." In Springer Climate, 265–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_13.
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AbstractMangroves are ecosystems made up of trees or shrubs that develop in the intertidal zone and provide many vital environmental services for livelihoods in coastal areas. They are a habitat for the reproduction of several marine species. They afford protection from hurricanes, tides, sea-level rise and prevent the erosion of the coasts. Just one hectare of mangrove forest can hold up to 1,000 tons of carbon dioxide, more than tropical forests and jungles. Mexico is one of the countries with the greatest abundance of mangroves in the world, with more than 700,000 ha. Blue carbon can be a novel mechanism for promoting communication and cooperation between the investor, the government, the users, and beneficiaries of the environmental services of these ecosystems, creating public–private-social partnerships through mechanisms such as payment for environmental services, credits, or the voluntary carbon market. This chapter explores the possibilities of incorporating blue carbon in emissions markets. We explore the huge potential of Mexico’s blue carbon to sequester CO2. Then we analyse the new market instrument that allows countries to sell or transfer mitigation results internationally: The Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM), established in the Paris Agreement. Secondly, we present the progress of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) to standardize the methodologies to assess their stock and determine the magnitude of the blue carbon sinks. Thirdly, as an opportunity for Mexico, the collaboration with the California cap-and-trade program is analysed. We conclude that blue carbon is a very important mitigation tool to be included in the compensation schemes on regional and global levels. Additionally, mangrove protection is an excellent example of the mitigation-adaptation-sustainable development relationship, as well as fostering of governance by the inclusion of the coastal communities in decision-making and incomes.
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Laughlin, Patrick R. "Social Combination Models." In Group Problem Solving. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147918.003.0002.
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This chapter studies the historical development of social combination models. The social combination approach assumes that groups combine the group member preferences by some process to formulate a single collective group response. A social decision scheme formalizes any assumption about the group process that assigns probabilities of each group response given each distribution of member preferences. The assumptions may come from the constitutions or bylaws of a group, from previous research, or any other hypothesized group process. Different social decision schemes or social combination models may then be tested competitively against actual group performance as a test of the assumptions formalized by the social decision schemes. Stasser gives an excellent overall presentation of social decision scheme theory, including model formation, model testing, and using the equations for prospective modeling.
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Voronin, Albert N. "Vector Distribution of Limited Resources in Complex Systems." In Techno-Social Systems for Modern Economical and Governmental Infrastructures, 160–73. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5586-5.ch007.
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The problem of distribution of the given global resource of the system under the constraints imposed on individual resources is considered. It is shown that the problem lies in constructing an adequate objective function for optimization of the resources distribution under their limitations. For solving the considered problem, the multicriteria optimization approach is undertaken with the nonlinear trade-off scheme. The proposed nonlinear compromise scheme has the property to adapt to the situation of multicriteria decision-making. The adaptation to the situation of a nonlinear scheme is carried out continuously, while the traditional selection of compromise schemes is done discretely that adds to subjective errors the errors, associated with the quantization compromise schemes. Model examples are given.
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Bania, Konstantina. "State Aid Control in the Broadcasting Sector." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 97–124. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0891-7.ch008.
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The application of the State aid rules to public service broadcasting has never been a straightforward exercise for the European Commission (hereafter the Commission). The picture became more complex in the digital era in light of the expansion of public broadcasting organizations to new media markets. Yet, in spite of the challenges it faced, the Commission has not limited itself to a marginal compatibility assessment checking solely whether the provision of related services outweighs the harm to competition. Through its decision-making and the adoption of a soft law instrument, the Broadcasting Communication, the Commission gradually managed to inject into national schemes supporting broadcasting activities its own perspective of “good” State aid policy. This chapter discusses the impact that the Commission State aid practice has had on national systems and reflects on whether the latter has struck the right balance between the conflicting values involved, namely competition and public service broadcasting. The chapter argues that, while in several instances the Commission went beyond the Treaty letter, its control over relevant State measures has contributed substantially to ensuring a level playing field between public broadcasters and commercial undertakings operating in the wider context of the media market.
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Lakshmi, P., and S. Visalakshmi. "Role of Women Empowerment in Public and Corporate Leadership." In Research Anthology on Challenges for Women in Leadership Roles, 702–10. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8592-4.ch038.
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The present study attempts to highlight the social and economic benefits of leadership of Indian women based on past evidence; current trends; challenges faced and the path forward in the public and corporate arena. Women empowerment has been a vital issue that has come to limelight in the recent years. Despite numerous government schemes and policy decisions, women in India remain deprived of equal opportunities in terms of education, employment and skill development. Many social scientists have derived that economic independence plays a vital role in ensuring that women get equal opportunities in the society and thereby enjoy and benefit from their other rights. This makes women empowerment as much of an economic issue as a social one. In corporate and public life, success of policies is determined by decisions that incorporate the viewpoints of both men and women. Hence, it becomes essential to understand the nature and extent of gender equality especially in public and corporate leadership and decision making roles. The outcomes of this study from these perspectives will serve to help both sectors in narrowing the gender bias in leadership roles.
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Lakshmi, P., and S. Visalakshmi. "Role of Women Empowerment in Public and Corporate Leadership." In Handbook of Research on Women's Issues and Rights in the Developing World, 297–305. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3018-3.ch018.
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The present study attempts to highlight the social and economic benefits of leadership of Indian women based on past evidence; current trends; challenges faced and the path forward in the public and corporate arena. Women empowerment has been a vital issue that has come to limelight in the recent years. Despite numerous government schemes and policy decisions, women in India remain deprived of equal opportunities in terms of education, employment and skill development. Many social scientists have derived that economic independence plays a vital role in ensuring that women get equal opportunities in the society and thereby enjoy and benefit from their other rights. This makes women empowerment as much of an economic issue as a social one. In corporate and public life, success of policies is determined by decisions that incorporate the viewpoints of both men and women. Hence, it becomes essential to understand the nature and extent of gender equality especially in public and corporate leadership and decision making roles. The outcomes of this study from these perspectives will serve to help both sectors in narrowing the gender bias in leadership roles.
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Feltsan, Inna. "CLIL AS A COMPLEX TECHNOLOGY FOR ACHIEVING MULTI-TARGET RESULTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING." In Pedagogical concept and its features, social work and linguology (2nd ed.). 2nd ed. Primedia eLaunch LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/pcaifswal.ed-2.04.
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Modern realia of education withstand the necessity to reform methodology of foreign language teaching and develop knowledge and skills required under current circumstances. Integration is an approach applied at many fields which enables creation of mental schemes of interrelated notions and expands the total set of a possible use. For many, foreign language (FL) is being regarded as an instrument to act in other fields, usually not related to language itself. Diversified informational background creates chaos of ideas and facts for a person, so educational technologies must include methods to teach critical thinking, analyzation, comparison, decision taking etc. Purpose of the article is to discuss the effectiveness of CLIL and its relation to the needs of a modern society. Practical skills are among primary results of the technology which is aimed at creating pretexts for communication. Beside the development of a higher-level notions like personal independence, critical thinking, interaction of minds, concepts and fields, CLIL augments development of speech, listening, verbal and non-verbal communication, grammar accuracy, translation efficiency. The findings have proven that content and language integrated leaning has a complex character and helps accumulate larger experience as it makes student a leader of the process responsible for own outcomes (the same philosophy promoted at M. Montessori training-centers); it activates theory, creates space for self-development and self-management, promotes independence at learning and work consequently. To understand current state of functioning and issues debated in modern practice, it seemed reasonable to address the methods of theoretical analysis, observation, study of practical experience and pedagogical feedback.
Conference papers on the topic "Social decision schemes"
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Brandt, Felix, Patrick Lederer, and Warut Suksompong. "Incentives in Social Decision Schemes with Pairwise Comparison Preferences." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/19.
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Social decision schemes (SDSs) map the preferences of individual voters over multiple alternatives to a probability distribution over the alternatives. In order to study properties such as efficiency, strategyproofness, and participation for SDSs, preferences over alternatives are typically lifted to preferences over lotteries using the notion of stochastic dominance (SD). However, requiring strategyproofness or strict participation with respect to this preference extension only leaves room for rather undesirable SDSs such as random dictatorships. Hence, we focus on the natural but little understood pairwise comparison (PC) preference extension, which postulates that one lottery is preferred to another if the former is more likely to return a preferred outcome. In particular, we settle three open questions raised by Brandt in Rolling the dice: Recent results in probabilistic social choice (2017): (i) there is no Condorcet-consistent SDS that satisfies PC-strategyproofness; (ii) there is no anonymous and neutral SDS that satisfies PC-efficiency and PC-strategyproofness; and (iii) there is no anonymous and neutral SDS that satisfies PC-efficiency and strict PC-participation. All three impossibilities require m>=4 alternatives and turn into possibilities when m<=3.
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Bing, Wei, and Li Li. "Optimization for Heating System Schemes Based on GRA Method." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54080.
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In China, the overall economical performances of heating systems are not very high, there are still some problems of high energy consumption, high gas emission and low heat utilization. The energy conversation and emission reduction are two most important things. The option of the heating system schemes is the key to improve such situation. An optimal heating scheme will be a good beginning to the whole heating system. In this paper, the GRA (Grey Relation Analysis) method is introduced and used, and with the example of a heating district, the most used and upcoming used heating schemes are listed, calculated and compared by using the method of GRA. The option of a heating system scheme is a typical multi-objective decision-making problem. The schemes are the district boiler heating system (including gas-fired, oil-fired, and coal-fired boilers), solar energy heat pump system and combined heating and power system etc. In the process of optimization calculation, the aspects of energy saving, economics benefit, environment benefit and social benefit are concerned about, and the initial cost, operating cost, employment life, environment influence and system reliability are taken into account. According to the calculation results, combined heating and power system is proposed to be optimal heating system scheme.
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Pescatore, C., and A. Va´ri. "The Stepwise Approach to Decision Making for Long-Term Radioactive Waste Management: Activities of the OECD/NEA Forum on Stakeholder Confidence." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4959.
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The context of long-term radioactive waste management is being shaped by changes in modern society. Values such as health, environmental protection and safety are increasingly important in our society, demanding new forms of risk governance in dealing with hazardous activities. These changes necessitate, in turn, new forms of dialogue and decision-making processes that include a large number of stakeholders. The development and implementation of radioactive waste management schemes take place over a long time scale, on the order of decades. In this complex context, a “decision” no longer means opting, in one go and for all time, for a complete package solution. Instead, a decision is one step in an overall, cautious process of examining and making choices that preserve the safety and well-being of the present generation and the coming ones while not needlessly depriving the latter of their right of choice. Consideration is thus increasingly being given to concepts such as “stepwise decision making” and “adaptive staging” in which the public, and especially the most affected local public, are meaningfully involved in the planning process. This paper is based on the work of the Forum on Stakeholder Confidence. It reviews the current developments regarding the stepwise approach with the aim to pinpoint where it stands, to highlight its societal dimensions, to analyse its roots in social sciences, and to identify guiding principles and issues in implementation.
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Lederer, Patrick. "Strategyproof Randomized Social Choice for Restricted Sets of Utility Functions." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/43.
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When aggregating preferences of multiple agents, strategyproofness is a fundamental requirement. For randomized voting rules, so-called social decision schemes (SDSs), strategyproofness is usually formalized with the help of utility functions. A classic result shown by Gibbard in 1977 characterizes the set of SDSs that are strategyproof with respect to all utility functions and shows that these SDSs are either indecisive or unfair. For finding more insights into the trade-off between strategyproofness and decisiveness, we propose the notion of U-strategyproofness which requires that only voters with a utility function in the set U cannot manipulate. In particular, we show that if the utility functions in U value the best alternative much more than other alternatives, there are U-strategyproof SDSs that choose an alternative with probability 1 whenever all but k voters rank it first. We also prove for rank-based SDSs that this large gap in the utilities is required to be strategyproof and that the gap must increase in k. On the negative side, we show that U-strategyproofness is incompatible with Condorcet-consistency if U satisfies minimal symmetry conditions and there are at least four alternatives. For three alternatives, the Condorcet rule can be characterized based on U-strategyproofness for the set U containing all equi-distant utility functions.
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Cap, Constant. "The Importance of Participation and Inclusion in African Urbanization. A focused look at Transport and Housing Projects." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dmcz6151.
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According to the World Bank (2015) Africa’s urbanization rate has surpassed other parts of the world. It is believed that by 2030, over 50% of Africans will reside in Urban Centres. Kenya is among the African counties that has experienced a tremendous increase in her urban population. This is most visible in the capital, the primate city of Nairobi. The growth has led to increased pressure on basic needs like housing, transport, water, education and security. Coupled with unequal economic development and social benefits, the result has been the tremendous expansion of informal sectors across fields. To respond to some of this pressure, the central government has vowed initiate large projects in housing, transport, water and others (Republic of Kenya, 2018). Newly enacted legislation also provides for the establishment of multi-sectoral urban boards to oversee the delivery of some services. Among the major projects coming up include Affordable Housing schemes and Mass Rapid Transport investments such as Bus Rapid Transit and expanded commuter rail systems. However, experience from the past both in Nairobi and other Cities has taught us the importance of inclusion, empathy and participation in such projects. Recent times have shown that public projects tend to ignore these and other key elements leading to massive failure of investment. The paper investigates case studies from similar projects in other parts of Africa, Bus Rapid Transit Projects in Lagos, Dar es Salaam and South African Cities; past Slum Upgrading and Housing Projects in Nairobi and other parts of the continent. The research methods also involve data collection on inclusion and participation from those who are affected directly by these proposed projects as well as the impacts that previous projects have had. The results from the study show that without proper communication and participation there are several misunderstandings on liveable spaces in cities. These include misinterpretations of the challenge’s citizens face, on the intentions of proposed solutions as well as the socioeconomic decision-making process of citizens. The implication of this leaves an unhealthy competition between existing informal ‘structures’ in various sectors against the new government driven proposals. The results are that those meant to benefit end up not being the primary beneficiaries. In conclusion, the role of putting people primarily as the centre objective of planning remains critical and key. For African planners, diverting from this will increase the existing inequalities and lead to further social divisions.
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Hassanin, Islam Saleh. "The role of Internet of Things on intelligent transport system: A traffic optimization model." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iii.8.
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The road traffic congestion has become an excessive problem and a great pressure on both the governmental and social aspects especially in megacities. Hence, developing control systems that administrate the traffic flows is a vigorous solution, which can solve the problem of traffic congestion especially in megacities that should convert their services to be smart. The Intelligent Transport System (ITS) one of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications that provides a group of pioneer schemes for handling the challenges of traffic congestion. Traditionally, sensor-based structures have been used for gathering traffic information, but the coverage, cost, and real-time matters have remained unexplained. Thus, this paper aims at proposing a new model named Traffic Flow Optimization Model (TFOM) applied in Alexandria as a case study, which is considered a cost-effective and easily maintainable traffic congestion minimization method. It combines Infra-Red (IR) and active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies. TFOM is designed to minimize traffic congestion, given reroute options to the users, taken decisions regarding congestion, and finally it could be an initial step to help future predictions in linear megacities.
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Zamora Santacruz, Mario Fernando, and Mario Alejandro Ruiz González. "Agile Methodology for the Integral and Eco-Sustainable Management of Oil Projects." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210880-ms.
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Abstract The integral management and eco-sustainable projects, could be framed within the classification of agile methodologies but not under its definition, because the latter allow adapting the working structure to the project conditions, seeking to improve flexibility and immediacy in the response to modify the project and its development into specific circumstances of the environment, something that is unfeasible and impractical in most projects of infrastructure, exploitation, operation of goods and services, environmental emergencies attention and/or any other that does not have as an objective the product/service positioning, promotion or sale but the fulfillment of obligations of a contractual, legal and/or environmental nature. The integral management and eco-sustainable projects developed eight (8) years ago and in a constant process of continuous improvement, it has been adapted to different scenarios and conditions, managing to balance the financial, environmental, technical and social components of the project, under a decision-making model based on the low risk objectives classification (L.R.O) and high risk objectives classification (H.R.O), allowing operative autonomy to be distributed by phases and roles, speeding up the implementation of corrective and reactive actions based on key performance indicators (KPIs). The methodology also has a two-dimensional resource distribution scheme (Plan X: Cost, Plan Y: Time), tracing the critical path of the project and allowing the consumption of resources to be followed based on its evolution, the corrective actions and reaction implemented and the dynamics of performance indicators.
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Law, Karen H., Michael J. Chan, and Michael D. Jackson. "Societal Costs of Transportation Fuels: Enabling a True Comparison of Alternatives to Conventional Fuels." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91465.
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Petroleum-based conventional fuels dominate the transportation sector due to simple economics. Per unit of energy, few fuels can rival gasoline and diesel in terms of total cost of ownership to the consumer. While some fuels, such as natural gas and electricity, offer lower fuel costs and/or higher vehicle efficiencies than conventional fuels, the fuel price differentials may not be sufficient to offset the higher initial costs of the vehicles, especially if petroleum prices are low. Even when total costs of ownership are similar or slightly lower for alternative fuels than conventional fuels, differences in attributes, such as vehicle range, fueling time, cargo space, vehicle availability, and fuel availability, and consumer loss aversion suggest that more substantial differences in costs are required before consumers are willing to adopt the alternatives. In order for the transportation sector to achieve greater energy sustainability, the traditional economic paradigm for the vehicle purchase decision must expand to incorporate the true benefits of alternatives to conventional fuels, namely the societal benefits of increased energy security, lower criteria pollutant emissions, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. These benefits are not purely economic and yet are crucial to the future of transportation. To capture these benefits in the economic scheme, the societal costs of transportation fuels to the U.S. have been monetized according to measurable impacts. For energy security, the costs are tied to decreased economic output, loss of national gross product, economic strain and volatility, oil supply shocks and price spikes, supply disruption, and import costs. For criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, the costs are tied to human health impacts, property damage, loss of agricultural productivity, and destruction of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These societal costs then applied to the use of specific fuels in two representative market segments, representing distinct applications, duty cycles, fuel consumption, and vehicle lifetime. Incorporating the monetized societal costs of transportation fuels in the total costs of ownership enables a fair comparison that reflects the benefits of alternatives to conventional fuels. As a result, these societal costs provide a justifiable framework for a real discussion on incentives and the direction of energy policy, beyond the mere objective of low fuel prices that has pervaded policy discussions to date.
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Jiang, Ying. "A Care-oriented Design Process Model for Sustainable Design Education." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002421.
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In the unsustainable development of commodity production and resource consumption, designers are both part of the root of the problem and the agents of its solution. Education institutions and teaching plans bear a profound moral responsibility to improve designers’ ability to create a sustainable future. This chapter goes deep into the design education curriculum to explore a design process model that can be specifically applied to the field of care design.Education for sustainable development has become the main concern of environmental education since the 1990s (United Nations 1992). David W. Orr calls for an education system shift: ‘This crisis cannot be solved by the same kind of education that helped create the problems. Against the test of sustainability, our ideas, theories, sciences, humanities, social sciences, pedagogy, and educational institutions have not measured up’ (1992, p. 83). The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014) highlighted the key role of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), aiming at ‘integrating the principles and practices of sustainable development into all aspects of education and learning, to encourage changes in knowledge, values and attitudes with the vision of enabling a more sustainable and just society for all’ (UNESCO, 2005, p.9). It fundamentally mobilized education to create relevant teaching rationales, teaching methods and learning content.The evolution of design for sustainability has been advanced ESD in higher education institutions and has created a wide array of teaching methods and tools, such as Service Design (Miso, 2020), Design Futuring (Fry, 2009), Transition Design (Jones, 2014), Systemic Design (Irwin, 2015), Design for Behaviour Change (Bhamra & Dewberry, 2007) and Ecology of Care (Coxon, 2017). The continuous improvement of sustainable design education helps designers to conceive a number of different conceptual solutions as a whole, and to take into consideration the wide array of impacts that their decisions have on people, the environment and the economy. However, the problem in curriculum education is that its focus is more on the designer’s sustainable achievements, rather than the designer's sustainable awareness and behavior changes. Strengthen the correlation between designers’sustainability awareness and design results would be appreciated.East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) is a comprehensive university with a strong background in science and engineering. The fundamental design course teaching at the School of Art Design and Media has provided me with excellent research opportunities. In this context, I could integrate the care-oriented sustainable design course into the curriculum system and conduct research directly. I noticed that sustainable design is a special and independent concept rarely mentioned in existing design courses. As expected from traditional courses, design courses focus on creating visually compelling and fully functional works. Although some ‘green’ design projects are sometimes carried out, in most cases green design courseworks focus on finding solutions in terms of principles, technology, materials, etc., and finally propose a small product design concept without considering the whole systemof thought at the basis of design. Also, most part of the courses are devoted to the introduction of the double diamond model that guides the design process, even though it does not make full use of the scientific nature of the design process itself. Sometimes, design research is separated from design results. I am interested in reshaping the way designers think about sustainability in the field of traditional design education, by considering all the different impacts of design decisions on people, the environment and the economy.By understanding the nature of care, I intend to develop a design process model and teaching tools from the perspective of care, which can be extrapolated as a care-oriented, sustainable design education course. The design process can be seen as a learning process which provides deeper information about sustainability challenges and opportunities by influencing students’ design thinking and design activity. On the one hand, the design process model could build a clear teaching idea for teachers. On the other hand, it could raise students’ awareness of caring, and transform this consciousness into specific design schemes, which can provide insight into problems and propose solutions from larger and more complex perspectives, thereby generating new sustainable design ideas. This newly developed design process emphasizes the role of the immediate-environment in promoting clients and products care.
Reports on the topic "Social decision schemes"
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Boyes, Allison, Jamie Bryant, Alix Hall, and Elise Mansfield. Barriers and enablers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer to accessing timely cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. The Sax Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/ieoy3254.
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• Older adults have complex and unique needs that can influence how and when cancer is diagnosed, the types of treatment that are offered, how well treatment is tolerated and treatment outcomes. • This Evidence Check review identified 41 studies that specifically addressed barriers and enablers to cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment among adults aged 65 years and older. • Question 1: The main barriers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer to access and participate in timely cancer screening relate to lack of knowledge, fear of cancer, negative beliefs about the consequences of cancer, and hygiene concerns in completing testing. The main enablers to participation in timely cancer screening include positive/helpful beliefs about screening, social influences that encourage participation and knowledge. • Question 2: The main barriers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer to access and/or seek timely cancer diagnosis relate to lack of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of cancer that are distinct from existing conditions and ageing, healthcare accessibility difficulties, perceived inadequate clinical response from healthcare providers, and harmful patient beliefs about risk factors and signs of cancer. The main enablers to accessing and/or seeking a timely cancer diagnosis include knowledge of the signs and symptoms of cancer, and support from family and friends that encourage help-seeking for symptoms. • Question 3: The main barriers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer in accessing and completing cancer treatment include discrimination against patients in the form of ageism, lack of knowledge, patient concern about the adverse effects of treatment, predominantly on their independence, healthcare accessibility difficulties including travel and financial burden, and patients’ caring responsibilities. The main enablers to accessing and completing cancer treatment are social support from peers in a similar situation, family and friends, the influence of healthcare providers, and involving patients in treatment decision making. • Implications. The development of strategies to address the inequity of cancer outcomes in people aged 65 years and older in NSW should consider: Increasing community members’ and patients’ knowledge and awareness by providing written information and decision support tools from a trusted source Reducing travel and financial burden by widely disseminating information about existing support schemes and expanding remote patient monitoring and telehealth Improving social support by promoting peer support, and building the support capacity of family carers Addressing ageism by supporting patients in decision making, and disseminating education initiatives about geriatric oncology to healthcare providers Providing interdisciplinary geriatric oncology care by including a geriatrician as part of multidisciplinary teams and/or expanding geriatric oncology clinics.